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Nelson, Ph.D., Expert Historian of Blackdom, New Mexico and The Significance of Afro-Frontierism - Academia.edu</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/43990270/THE_SIGNIFICANCE_OF_THE_AFRO_FRONTIER_IN_AMERICAN_HISTORY_BLACKDOM_BARRATRY_AND_BAWDYHOUSES_IN_THE_BORDERLANDS_1900_1930" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '5344d39f87ad6dc88183d5be85d529e8caf724da'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1732736613000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1732736613000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"Introduction: The current narratives about Black people migrating from the South to America’s western frontier at the turn of the Twentieth Century fundamentally fail to capture the full nature of the extraordinary undertaking Black migrants endured with both great success and failure. Exoduster was a pervasive term that characterizes Black migration during the late Nineteenth Century and early Twentieth Century. The theme of Exoduster literature filtered the activities of Black people through the lens of fear. The “exodus” captured the idea that Black people migrated to escape the horrors of racist subjugation and violence indicative of Southern politics and culture. Often stories of All-Black Towns describe a promised land—one ordained by God and predetermined for the refugees. These scholarly narratives imply Black inferiority or lacking control over their fate. Narratives about frontier spaces reflect peoples’ entrepreneurship, opportunism, and grit. However, compared to the narratives focused on White frontiersmen, Black peoples within the same period and in the same spaces appear feckless side notes to the historical trajectory of history. Blackdom’s history offers the opportunity to construct a new narrative that allows for the further expansion in the study of Black People of the West with the use of a new conceptual framework. Afro-Frontierism.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Timothy E . Nelson, Ph.D., Expert Historian of Blackdom, New Mexico and The Significance of Afro-Frontierism"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2020-08-31","dateModified":"2022-01-03","datePublished":"2015-01-01","headline":"THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE AFRO-FRONTIER IN AMERICAN HISTORY BLACKDOM, BARRATRY, AND BAWDYHOUSES IN THE BORDERLANDS 1900 - 1930","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["American History","19th Century US West","Borders and Frontiers","Borders and Borderlands","African American and African Studies/History"],"locationCreated":null,"publication":"Dissertation","publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":null},"image":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/43990270/THE_SIGNIFICANCE_OF_THE_AFRO_FRONTIER_IN_AMERICAN_HISTORY_BLACKDOM_BARRATRY_AND_BAWDYHOUSES_IN_THE_BORDERLANDS_1900_1930","sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":"utep"}]}</script><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" 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{"work":{"id":43990270,"created_at":"2020-08-31T15:34:13.292-07:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2022-03-02T11:28:45.151-08:00","_data":{"doi":"10000761","abstract":"Introduction: The current narratives about Black people migrating from the South to America’s western frontier at the turn of the Twentieth Century fundamentally fail to capture the full nature of the extraordinary undertaking Black migrants endured with both great success and failure. Exoduster was a pervasive term that characterizes Black migration during the late Nineteenth Century and early Twentieth Century. The theme of Exoduster literature filtered the activities of Black people\nthrough the lens of fear. The “exodus” captured the idea that Black people migrated to escape the horrors of racist subjugation and violence indicative of Southern politics and culture. Often stories of All-Black Towns describe a promised land—one ordained by God and predetermined for the refugees. These scholarly narratives imply Black inferiority or lacking control over their fate.\nNarratives about frontier spaces reflect peoples’ entrepreneurship, opportunism, and grit. However, compared to the narratives focused on White frontiersmen, Black peoples within the same period and in the same spaces appear feckless side notes to the historical trajectory of history. Blackdom’s history offers the opportunity to construct a new narrative that allows for the further expansion in the study of Black People of the West with the use of a new conceptual framework. Afro-Frontierism.","publication_date":"2015,,","publication_name":"Dissertation"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE AFRO-FRONTIER IN AMERICAN HISTORY BLACKDOM, BARRATRY, AND BAWDYHOUSES IN THE BORDERLANDS 1900 - 1930","broadcastable":true,"draft":false,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [167561195]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":81595699,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE AFRO-FRONTIER IN AMERICAN HISTORY BLACKDOM, BARRATRY, AND BAWDYHOUSES IN THE BORDERLANDS 1900 - 1930”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/81595699/mini_magick20220302-15392-kdw5td.png?1646249001" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE AFRO-FRONTIER IN AMERICAN HISTORY BLACKDOM, BARRATRY, AND BAWDYHOUSES IN THE BORDERLANDS 1900 - 1930</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="167561195" href="https://utep.academia.edu/TimothyNelsonPhDRecognizedExpertHistorianofBlackdomNewMexico"><img alt="Profile image of Timothy E . Nelson, Ph.D., Expert Historian of Blackdom, New Mexico and The Significance of Afro-Frontierism" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/167561195/47076199/36177971/s65_timothy.nelson_phd..jpg" />Timothy E . Nelson, Ph.D., Expert Historian of Blackdom, New Mexico and The Significance of Afro-Frontierism</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2015, Dissertation</p><a class="js-loswp-work-card-doi-link ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" href="https://doi.org/10000761" rel="nofollow">https://doi.org/10000761</a><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">34 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 43990270; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=43990270"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (viewCountBody) { viewCountBody.textContent = `${viewCount} views`; } else { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Introduction: The current narratives about Black people migrating from the South to America’s western frontier at the turn of the Twentieth Century fundamentally fail to capture the full nature of the extraordinary undertaking Black migrants endured with both great success and failure. Exoduster was a pervasive term that characterizes Black migration during the late Nineteenth Century and early Twentieth Century. The theme of Exoduster literature filtered the activities of Black people through the lens of fear. The “exodus” captured the idea that Black people migrated to escape the horrors of racist subjugation and violence indicative of Southern politics and culture. Often stories of All-Black Towns describe a promised land—one ordained by God and predetermined for the refugees. These scholarly narratives imply Black inferiority or lacking control over their fate. Narratives about frontier spaces reflect peoples’ entrepreneurship, opportunism, and grit. However, compared to the narratives focused on White frontiersmen, Black peoples within the same period and in the same spaces appear feckless side notes to the historical trajectory of history. Blackdom’s history offers the opportunity to construct a new narrative that allows for the further expansion in the study of Black People of the West with the use of a new conceptual framework. Afro-Frontierism.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":81595699,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/43990270/THE_SIGNIFICANCE_OF_THE_AFRO_FRONTIER_IN_AMERICAN_HISTORY_BLACKDOM_BARRATRY_AND_BAWDYHOUSES_IN_THE_BORDERLANDS_1900_1930"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":81595699,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/43990270/THE_SIGNIFICANCE_OF_THE_AFRO_FRONTIER_IN_AMERICAN_HISTORY_BLACKDOM_BARRATRY_AND_BAWDYHOUSES_IN_THE_BORDERLANDS_1900_1930"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="81595699" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/43990270/THE_SIGNIFICANCE_OF_THE_AFRO_FRONTIER_IN_AMERICAN_HISTORY_BLACKDOM_BARRATRY_AND_BAWDYHOUSES_IN_THE_BORDERLANDS_1900_1930" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="79855930" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/79855930/Freedoms_Racial_Frontier_African_Americans_in_the_Twentieth_Century_West">Freedom's Racial Frontier: African Americans in the Twentieth-Century West</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="50920995" href="https://stanford.academia.edu/ClayborneCarson">Clayborne Carson</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2019</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Freedom's Racial Frontier: African Americans in the Twentieth-Century West","attachmentId":86430215,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/79855930/Freedoms_Racial_Frontier_African_Americans_in_the_Twentieth_Century_West","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/79855930/Freedoms_Racial_Frontier_African_Americans_in_the_Twentieth_Century_West"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="103835298" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/103835298/The_Exodusters_Black_Moses_and_the_Frontier_for_Freedom">The Exodusters: Black Moses and the Frontier for Freedom</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="47888385" href="https://204.academia.edu/iJouranls">iJOURNALS PUBLICATIONS IJSHRE | IJSRC</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The Exodusters movement, one of the most overlooked racial migrations in United States history, occurred during a pivotal point in the Reconstruction South. 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href="https://www.academia.edu/31849880/THE_PECULIAR_IMMOBILITY_Regional_affinity_and_the_Postbellum_Black_Migrant">THE PECULIAR IMMOBILITY: Regional affinity and the Postbellum Black Migrant</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="61464925" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PhilipGraves1">Philip Graves</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="61511786" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RobertSexton3">Robert Sexton</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Why did newly freed slaves and their descendants wait a half a century before migrating in large numbers to the superior economic opportunities in the North? Census lifetime migration data on both movers and stayers are examined intertemporally for both whites and blacks. Regression analysis reveals that before 1920 Southern blacks had a very strong affinity for the "Southern way of life."</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"THE PECULIAR IMMOBILITY: Regional affinity and the Postbellum Black Migrant","attachmentId":52140987,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/31849880/THE_PECULIAR_IMMOBILITY_Regional_affinity_and_the_Postbellum_Black_Migrant","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/31849880/THE_PECULIAR_IMMOBILITY_Regional_affinity_and_the_Postbellum_Black_Migrant"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="101026486" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/101026486/US_Slaverys_Diaspora_Black_Atlantic_History_at_the_Crossroads_of_Race_Enslavement_and_Colonisation">US Slavery's Diaspora: Black Atlantic History at the Crossroads of ‘Race’, Enslavement, and Colonisation</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="75882557" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BenSchiller2">Ben Schiller</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Slavery &amp; Abolition, 2011</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"US Slavery's Diaspora: Black Atlantic History at the Crossroads of ‘Race’, Enslavement, and Colonisation","attachmentId":101679761,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/101026486/US_Slaverys_Diaspora_Black_Atlantic_History_at_the_Crossroads_of_Race_Enslavement_and_Colonisation","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/101026486/US_Slaverys_Diaspora_Black_Atlantic_History_at_the_Crossroads_of_Race_Enslavement_and_Colonisation"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="6762942" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6762942/Ken_Donovan_review_of_Blacks_on_the_Border_The_Black_Refugees_in_British_North_America_1815_1860_By_Harvey_Amani_Whitfield_Burlington_University_of_Vermont_Press_Hanover_N_H_University_Press_of_New_England_2006_Pp_xviii_180_65_00_cloth_24_95_paper">Ken Donovan, review of Blacks on the Border: The Black Refugees in British North America, 1815–1860 . By Harvey Amani Whitfield . (Burlington: University of Vermont Press / Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England, 2006. Pp. xviii, 180. $65.00 cloth; $24.95 paper</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="10998730" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KENDONOVAN">KEN DONOVAN</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">New England Quarterly-a Historical Review of New England Life and Letters, 2007</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Ken Donovan, review of Blacks on the Border: The Black Refugees in British North America, 1815–1860 . By Harvey Amani Whitfield . (Burlington: University of Vermont Press / Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England, 2006. Pp. xviii, 180. $65.00 cloth; $24.95 paper","attachmentId":36682098,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/6762942/Ken_Donovan_review_of_Blacks_on_the_Border_The_Black_Refugees_in_British_North_America_1815_1860_By_Harvey_Amani_Whitfield_Burlington_University_of_Vermont_Press_Hanover_N_H_University_Press_of_New_England_2006_Pp_xviii_180_65_00_cloth_24_95_paper","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/6762942/Ken_Donovan_review_of_Blacks_on_the_Border_The_Black_Refugees_in_British_North_America_1815_1860_By_Harvey_Amani_Whitfield_Burlington_University_of_Vermont_Press_Hanover_N_H_University_Press_of_New_England_2006_Pp_xviii_180_65_00_cloth_24_95_paper"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="121985190" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/121985190/To_the_Promised_Land_Education_and_the_Black_Exodus">To the Promised Land": Education and the Black Exodus</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="51740967" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MargoR">Robert Margo</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Nber Chapters, 1990</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"To the Promised Land\": Education and the Black Exodus","attachmentId":116739303,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/121985190/To_the_Promised_Land_Education_and_the_Black_Exodus","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/121985190/To_the_Promised_Land_Education_and_the_Black_Exodus"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="62872475" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/62872475/Review_of_Farewell_Were_Good_and_Gone_The_Great_Black_Migration_by_C_Marks">Review of "Farewell, We're Good and Gone: The Great Black Migration" by C. Marks</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="51788373" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MichaelHoney2">Michael Honey</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">1992</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Review of \"Farewell, We're Good and Gone: The Great Black Migration\" by C. Marks","attachmentId":75498655,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/62872475/Review_of_Farewell_Were_Good_and_Gone_The_Great_Black_Migration_by_C_Marks","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/62872475/Review_of_Farewell_Were_Good_and_Gone_The_Great_Black_Migration_by_C_Marks"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="43259333" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43259333/More_than_Metaphor_Settler_Colonialism_Frontier_Logic_and_the_Continuities_of_Racialized_Dispossession_in_a_Southwest_U_S_City">More than Metaphor: Settler Colonialism, Frontier Logic, and the Continuities of Racialized Dispossession in a Southwest U.S. City</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2690610" href="https://ucd.academia.edu/GeoffBoyce">Geoff Boyce</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Annals of the American Association of Geographers, 2021</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Human geographers have long noted the colonial tropes and frontier imaginaries used to stimulate investment and normalize predatory property speculation within North American cities. Drawing on the insights of indigenous scholars and theorists of settler colonialism, in this article we argue a need to move beyond an analogical deployment of the “frontier” as a mere trope or imaginary and suggest that in settler colonial contexts, like the United States, the frontier and its structuring logic remain an ongoing feature of racial governance and capital accumulation over time. To develop this argument, we examine a genealogy of multiple and heterogeneous cycles of colonization, dispossession, and resistance in Tucson, Arizona. Attending to the racial and racist violence that shapes this history, we consider how the devaluation of nonwhite territorial and economic relations consistently structures urban real estate markets, driving the ongoing displacement and dispossession of communities of color. Viewing the frontier as a structuring logic of racial capitalism (rather than a symbolic motif or metaphorical condition) helps to explain why these racial patterns of dispossession can be observed as a hallmark outcome of processes of gentrification in settler countries like the United States. Meanwhile, through our case study we show how grassroots actors already are using the language of settler colonialism as a framework for naming and analyzing those outcomes just described, indicating a need for greater theoretical work that engages with these grassroots framings and narratives.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"More than Metaphor: Settler Colonialism, Frontier Logic, and the Continuities of Racialized Dispossession in a Southwest U.S. City","attachmentId":63530979,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/43259333/More_than_Metaphor_Settler_Colonialism_Frontier_Logic_and_the_Continuities_of_Racialized_Dispossession_in_a_Southwest_U_S_City","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/43259333/More_than_Metaphor_Settler_Colonialism_Frontier_Logic_and_the_Continuities_of_Racialized_Dispossession_in_a_Southwest_U_S_City"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":81595699,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":81595699,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_81595699" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="65991661" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/65991661/Blackdom_in_the_Borderlands_El_Palacio_Magazine_March_2021">Blackdom in the Borderlands | El Palacio Magazine | March 2021</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="167561195" href="https://utep.academia.edu/TimothyNelsonPhDRecognizedExpertHistorianofBlackdomNewMexico">Timothy E . 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style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="54091879" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/54091879/Review_of_Black_Ranching_Frontiers_African_Cattle_Herders_of_the_Atlantic_World_1500_1900_by_Andrew_Sluyter">Review of Black Ranching Frontiers: African Cattle Herders of the Atlantic World, 1500-1900 by Andrew Sluyter</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="40162016" href="https://independent.academia.edu/NathanSayre">Nathan Sayre</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Pastoralism: Research, Policy and Practice, 2014</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline 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translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="6164432" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6164432/When_the_Levee_Breaks_Black_Migration_and_Economic_Development_in_the_American_South">When the Levee Breaks: Black Migration and Economic Development in the American South</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="9378798" href="https://jntuworld.academia.edu/SureshNaidu">Suresh Naidu</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2012</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"When the Levee Breaks: 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