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mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>The John Templeton Foundation (Templeton Foundation) is a <a href="/wiki/Philanthropy" title="Philanthropy">philanthropic</a> organization that reflects the ideas of its founder, <a href="/wiki/John_Templeton" title="John Templeton">John Templeton</a>. Templeton became wealthy as a <a href="/wiki/Contrarian_investing" title="Contrarian investing">contrarian investor</a>, and wanted to support progress in religious and spiritual knowledge, especially at the <a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">intersection of religion and science</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bailey-3">[3]</a> He also sought to fund research on methods to promote and develop <a href="/wiki/Moral_character" title="Moral character">moral character</a>, intelligence, and creativity in people, and to promote free markets.<a href="#cite_note-Nature2011-4">[4]</a> In 2008, the foundation was awarded the <a href="/wiki/National_Humanities_Medal" title="National Humanities Medal">National Humanities Medal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> In 2016, <a href="/wiki/Inside_Philanthropy" title="Inside Philanthropy">Inside Philanthropy</a> called it "the oddest—or most interesting—big foundation around."<a href="#cite_note-Oddest-6">[6]</a> <table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">John Templeton Foundation</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Templeton_Foundation_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/50/John_Templeton_Foundation_logo.svg/250px-John_Templeton_Foundation_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/50/John_Templeton_Foundation_logo.svg/375px-John_Templeton_Foundation_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/50/John_Templeton_Foundation_logo.svg/500px-John_Templeton_Foundation_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="160"></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">1987; 37 years ago (1987)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Templeton" title="John Templeton">John Templeton</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/West_Conshohocken,_Pennsylvania" title="West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania">West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Scientific research</li><li>Religious studies</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language </div></th><td class="infobox-data">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">President</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Heather Templeton Dill</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Revenue <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(2016) </div></th><td class="infobox-data">$30.2 million<a href="#cite_note-Ratings-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Expenses <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2016)</th><td class="infobox-data">$182.2 million<a href="#cite_note-Ratings-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/Financial_endowment" title="Financial endowment">Endowment</a></th><td class="infobox-data">$3.9 billion<a href="#cite_note-Vision,_Mission,_Impact-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://templeton.org">templeton.org</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Templeton founded the organization in 1987 and headed it as chairman until he died in 2008. Templeton's son, <a href="/wiki/John_Templeton_Jr." title="John Templeton Jr.">John Templeton Jr.</a>, served as its president from its founding until his death in 2015, at which point Templeton Jr.'s daughter, Heather Templeton Dill, became president. The foundation administers the annual <a href="/wiki/Templeton_Prize" title="Templeton Prize">Templeton Prize</a> for achievements in the field of spirituality, including those at the intersection of science and religion. It has an extensive grant-funding program (around $150 million per year as of 2016)<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> aimed at supporting research in physics, biology, psychology, and the social sciences as well as philosophy and theology. It also supports programs related to genetics, "exceptional cognitive talent and genius" and "individual freedom and free markets".<a href="#cite_note-Nature2011-4">[4]</a> The foundation receives both praise and criticism for its awards, regarding the breadth of its coverage, and ideological perspectives asserted to be associated with them. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Leadership">1 Leadership</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Endowment">2 Endowment</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Prizes">3 Prizes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Grants">4 Grants</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Physics">4.1 Physics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#QISS_(Quantum_Information_Structure_of_Spacetime)">4.1.1 QISS (Quantum Information Structure of Spacetime)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Black_Hole_Initiative">4.1.2 Black Hole Initiative</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Complexity_at_the_Santa_Fe_Institute">4.1.3 Complexity at the Santa Fe Institute</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Biology_and_human_development">4.2 Biology and human development</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Social_sciences">4.3 Social sciences</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#Pew_Research_Center">4.3.1 Pew Research Center</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="#Center_on_Religion_and_Chinese_Society">4.3.2 Center on Religion and Chinese Society</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Psychology">4.4 Psychology</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#Positive_psychology,_religion_and_medicine">4.4.1 Positive psychology, religion and medicine</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#Scientific_development_of_virtue_interventions">4.4.2 Scientific development of virtue interventions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Science_education">4.5 Science education</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#History">4.6 History</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Reception">5 Reception</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Religious_funding">5.1 Religious funding</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Intelligent_design">5.2 Intelligent design</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Conservatism">5.3 Conservatism</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Climate_change_denial">6 Climate change denial</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Templeton_Press">7 Templeton Press</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#References">8 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#External_links">9 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Leadership">Leadership</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=John_Templeton_Foundation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Leadership" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <a href="/wiki/John_Templeton" title="John Templeton">John Templeton</a> (29 November 1912 – 8 July 2008) was an American-born British <a href="/wiki/Investor" title="Investor">investor</a>, banker, <a href="/wiki/Asset_management" title="Asset management">fund manager</a>, and philanthropist. In 1954, he entered the <a href="/wiki/Mutual_fund" title="Mutual fund">mutual fund market</a> and created the <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Templeton_Investments" title="Franklin Templeton Investments">Templeton Growth Fund</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYTobit-8">[8]</a> According to a 2011 profile of the foundation: <blockquote>Like many of his generation, Templeton was a great believer in progress, learning, initiative, and the power of human imagination — not to mention the free-enterprise system that allowed him, a middle-class boy from Winchester, Tennessee, to earn billions of dollars on Wall Street. ... Unlike most of his peers, however, Templeton thought that the principles of progress should also apply to religion. He described himself as "an enthusiastic Christian" — but was also open to learning from Hinduism, Islam and other religious traditions. Why, he wondered, couldn't religious ideas be open to the type of constructive competition that had produced so many advances in science and the free market?<a href="#cite_note-Nature2011-4">[4]</a></blockquote> These were the values he sought to promote first through the <a href="/wiki/Templeton_Prize" title="Templeton Prize">Templeton Prize</a> which he started in 1972 and then through the foundation, which he founded in 1987 and ran until he died in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-Nature2011-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Templeton_Jr." title="John Templeton Jr.">John Templeton Jr.</a> was president of the foundation from its inception in 1987 and worked as a pediatric surgeon; he was chief of pediatric surgery at <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Hospital_of_Philadelphia" title="Children's Hospital of Philadelphia">Children's Hospital of Philadelphia</a> in 1995, when he stopped practicing medicine to join the foundation.<a href="#cite_note-Bailey-3">[3]</a> He took over as chairman when his father died. He was an <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Christian">evangelical Christian</a> and supported various <a href="/wiki/American_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="American conservatism">American conservative</a> causes.<a href="#cite_note-NYT2015-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-philly.com-10">[10]</a> He always maintained that he tried to run the foundation according to his father's wishes instead of his own.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> He died in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-NYT2015-9">[9]</a> Heather Templeton Dill, the daughter of John Templeton Jr., became president in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Endowment">Endowment</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=John_Templeton_Foundation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Endowment" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> Templeton bequeathed around $500 million to the foundation when he died in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-Nature2011-4">[4]</a> As of 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Templeton_Foundation&action=edit">[update]</a> the foundation's total endowment had grown to $3.34 billion.<a href="#cite_note-Bailey-3">[3]</a> The foundation reports that it has issued over 3,300 grants, with over 2,800 of those going to recipients in North America.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> In 2016, the foundation disbursed over $151,000,000 in grants.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Prizes">Prizes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=John_Templeton_Foundation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prizes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Templeton_Prize" title="Templeton Prize">Templeton Prize</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mother_Teresa_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Mother_Teresa_1.jpg/220px-Mother_Teresa_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="5512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 303px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Mother_Teresa_1.jpg/220px-Mother_Teresa_1.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="303" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Mother_Teresa_1.jpg/330px-Mother_Teresa_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Mother_Teresa_1.jpg/440px-Mother_Teresa_1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a> received the inaugural Templeton Prize in 1973.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LowResMarcelo-Gleiser.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/LowResMarcelo-Gleiser.jpg/220px-LowResMarcelo-Gleiser.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 330px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/LowResMarcelo-Gleiser.jpg/220px-LowResMarcelo-Gleiser.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="330" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/LowResMarcelo-Gleiser.jpg/330px-LowResMarcelo-Gleiser.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/LowResMarcelo-Gleiser.jpg/440px-LowResMarcelo-Gleiser.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marcelo_Gleiser" title="Marcelo Gleiser">Marcelo Gleiser</a> won the Templeton Prize in 2019.</figcaption></figure> The Templeton Prize was established by <a href="/wiki/John_Templeton" title="John Templeton">John Templeton</a> and he administered the prize until the foundation was established in 1987, which took it over.<a href="#cite_note-Nature2011-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-economist-15">[15]</a> The prize has "a value of about $1.7 million, making it one of the world’s largest annual awards given to an individual".<a href="#cite_note-Bailey-3">[3]</a> The early prizes were given solely to people who had made great achievements in the field of religion; <a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a> received the inaugural award in 1973,<a href="#cite_note-Nature2011-4">[4]</a> with other early winners including Sir <a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan</a> (1975),<a href="#cite_note-indy-16">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chiara_Lubich" title="Chiara Lubich">Chiara Lubich</a> (1977),<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nikky%C5%8D_Niwano" title="Nikkyō Niwano">Nikkyō Niwano</a> (1979).<a href="#cite_note-humble-18">[18]</a> In the 1980s, John Templeton began considering the intersection of science and religion, and after he appointed two scientists to the judging panel, scientists who worked at the intersection began receiving it; <a href="/wiki/Alister_Hardy" title="Alister Hardy">Alister Hardy</a> was the first, in 1987.<a href="#cite_note-Nature2011-4">[4]</a> More recent winners of the Templeton Prize have included the <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a> in 2012,<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <a href="/wiki/King_Abdullah_II_of_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="King Abdullah II of Jordan">King Abdullah II of Jordan</a> in 2018,<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Brazilian Jewish physicist and astronomer <a href="/wiki/Marcelo_Gleiser" title="Marcelo Gleiser">Marcelo Gleiser</a> in 2019,<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Primatology" title="Primatology">primatologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Jane_Goodall" title="Jane Goodall">Jane Goodall</a> in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Grants">Grants</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=John_Templeton_Foundation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Grants" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> Templeton "was a great believer in progress, learning, initiative and the power of human imagination—not to mention the free-enterprise system".<a href="#cite_note-Nature2011-4">[4]</a> While most of its funding goes to topics in science, philosophy, and religion, around 40 percent of its annual grants go to character development, genius, freedom, free enterprise, and fields associated with <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical liberalism</a>. Grants are given to people across all religions since Templeton believed progress in the field of spirituality could come from anywhere.<a href="#cite_note-Nature2011-4">[4]</a> The field of grants was broadened in the 1980s to include scientific fields like neuroscience, psychology, and cosmology, seen as being aligned with the mission.<a href="#cite_note-Nature2011-4">[4]</a> Some research programs supported by the foundation included the development of <a href="/wiki/Positive_psychology" title="Positive psychology">positive psychology</a> by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Seligman" title="Martin Seligman">Martin Seligman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angela_Duckworth" title="Angela Duckworth">Angela Duckworth</a> and others;<a href="#cite_note-UPenn-23">[23]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hole_Initiative" title="Black Hole Initiative">Black Hole Initiative</a> at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>;<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gen2Gen_Encore_Prize&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gen2Gen Encore Prize (page does not exist)">Gen2Gen Encore Prize</a>; the <a href="/wiki/World_Science_Festival" title="World Science Festival">World Science Festival</a>;<a href="#cite_note-WSF-26">[26]</a> Pew religious demographics surveys;<a href="#cite_note-Pew_Forum-27">[27]</a> and programs that engage with Buddhist, Jewish, Muslim, Hindu, Orthodox, Catholic, and Protestant traditions, including support for dialogue with scientists in synagogues,<a href="#cite_note-Rubin-28">[28]</a> and a grant for advancing scientific literacy in <a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">madrasas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fallon-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Khan-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Madrasa-31">[31]</a> As of 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Templeton_Foundation&action=edit">[update]</a>, the foundation awarded nearly a billion dollars in grants and charitable contributions and was the 55th largest grantor among American foundations.<a href="#cite_note-Bailey-3">[3]</a> The top ten largest grants as of 2018 were:<a href="#cite_note-Grants_2018-32">[32]</a> <table class="sortable wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Project </th> <th>Applicants </th> <th>Institution </th> <th>Amount </th></tr> <tr> <td>Science for Seminaries: Phase II</td> <td>Jennifer Wiseman, Se Kim</td> <td>American Association for the Advancement of Science</td> <td>$6,182,109 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Character Lab Research Network: Revolutionizing Research on Character Development</td> <td>Angela Duckworth, Sean Talamas</td> <td>The Character Lab</td> <td>$3,717,258 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Doing Development Differently</td> <td>Matt Warner, Brad Lips</td> <td>Atlas Economic Research Foundation</td> <td>$3,095,213 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Freedom Forum Global Expansion</td> <td>Thor Halvorssen, Alex Gladstein</td> <td>Human Rights Foundation</td> <td>$3,074,788 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Small-Scale Fundamental Physics Block Grant</td> <td>Gerald Gabrielse</td> <td>Northwestern University</td> <td>$3,000,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Epigenetic Diagnostics for Preventative Medicine</td> <td>Michael Skinner</td> <td>Washington State University</td> <td>$2,936,242 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Exploring the Informational Transitions Bridging Simple Chemistry and Minimal Life</td> <td>Sarah Walker, Paul Davies</td> <td>Arizona State University Foundation for a New American University</td> <td>$2,904,374 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Spiritual Exemplars: A Global Project on Engaged Spirituality</td> <td>Donald Miller, Megan Sweas</td> <td>University of Southern California</td> <td>$2,783,594 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Reasoning in moral thought and action</td> <td>Liane Young, Fiery Cushman</td> <td>Boston College Trustees</td> <td>$2,743,961 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Character Strength Interventions in Adolescents: Engaging Scholars and Practitioners to Promote Virtue Development</td> <td>Sarah Schnitker, Benjamin Houltberg</td> <td>Fuller Theological Seminary</td> <td>$2,616,085 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <caption class="nowrap">The ten largest grants from 2012 through 2017<a href="#cite_note-Grants_2018-32">[32]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Project </th> <th>Applicants </th> <th>Institution </th> <th>Year </th> <th>Amount </th></tr> <tr> <td>Putting the Extended Evolutionary Synthesis to the Test</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Laland" class="mw-redirect" title="Kevin Laland">Kevin Laland</a>, Tobias Uller</td> <td>University of St Andrews</td> <td>2016</td> <td>$7,480,634 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gratitude Britain</td> <td>James Arthur</td> <td>University of Birmingham</td> <td>2012</td> <td>$8,514,979 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Landmark Spirituality and Health Survey</td> <td>Neal Krause</td> <td>University of Michigan</td> <td>2013</td> <td>$8,028,154 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Service Britain</td> <td>James Arthur</td> <td>University of Birmingham</td> <td>2015</td> <td>$7,940,543 </td></tr> <tr> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Black_Hole_Initiative" title="Black Hole Initiative">Black Hole Initiative</a>: Towards a Center for Interdisciplinary Research</td> <td>Sheperd Doeleman, Abraham Loeb</td> <td>Harvard University</td> <td>2016</td> <td>$7,204,252 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nautilus Media</td> <td>John Steele</td> <td>Nautilus Ventures, LLC</td> <td>2012</td> <td>$7,127,212 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Intellectual Humility in Public Discourse</td> <td>Michael Lynch, Brendan Kane</td> <td>University of Connecticut</td> <td>2016</td> <td>$6,054,682 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Transformative Britain</td> <td>James Arthur</td> <td>University of Birmingham</td> <td>2017</td> <td>$5,747,960 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Advancing the Science of Imagination: Toward an "Imagination Quotient"</td> <td>Martin Seligman, Scott Barry Kaufman</td> <td>Imagination Institute</td> <td>2014</td> <td>$5,647,094 </td></tr> <tr> <td>New Frontiers in Astronomy and Cosmology</td> <td>Don York</td> <td>The University of Chicago</td> <td>2012</td> <td>$5,559,107 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <caption class="nowrap">The ten largest grants up to 2011<a href="#cite_note-Nature2011-4">[4]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Project </th> <th>Amount </th></tr> <tr> <td>Foundational Questions in Evolutionary Biology</td> <td>$10,500,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Foundational Questions in Physics and Cosmology</td> <td>$8,812,078 </td></tr> <tr> <td>The SEVEN Fund: Enterprise Based Solutions to Poverty</td> <td>$8,742,911 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Establishing an Institute for Research on Unlimited Love</td> <td>$8,210,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>The Purpose Prize for Social Innovators Over the Age of 60</td> <td>$8,148,322 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Templeton–Cambridge Journalism Fellowships and Seminars in Science and Religion</td> <td>$6,187,971 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Accelerating Progress at the Interface of Positive Psychology and Neuroscience</td> <td>$5,816,793 </td></tr> <tr> <td>AAAS Dialogue on Science, Ethics, and Religion</td> <td>$5,351,707 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Promoting a Culture of Generosity, Part I: Feature Film</td> <td>$5,000,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Promoting a Culture of Generosity, Part II: The Philanthropy Channel</td> <td>$5,000,000 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physics">Physics</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=John_Templeton_Foundation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Physics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Holes_-_Monsters_in_Space.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Black_Holes_-_Monsters_in_Space.jpg/220px-Black_Holes_-_Monsters_in_Space.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4400" data-file-height="2475"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Black_Holes_-_Monsters_in_Space.jpg/220px-Black_Holes_-_Monsters_in_Space.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Black_Holes_-_Monsters_in_Space.jpg/330px-Black_Holes_-_Monsters_in_Space.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Black_Holes_-_Monsters_in_Space.jpg/440px-Black_Holes_-_Monsters_in_Space.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Black_Hole_Initiative" title="Black Hole Initiative">Black Hole Initiative</a> at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> received a Templeton Foundation grant of over seven million dollars in 2016.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="QISS_(Quantum_Information_Structure_of_Spacetime)">QISS (Quantum Information Structure of Spacetime)</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=John_Templeton_Foundation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: QISS (Quantum Information Structure of Spacetime)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The John Templeton Foundation granted over two million dollars in 2019, and then 4.5 million dollars in 2022 to QISS.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> The QISS consortium brings together specialists from <a href="/wiki/Quantum_gravity" title="Quantum gravity">quantum gravity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quantum_information" title="Quantum information">quantum information</a>, foundations of <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a>, as well <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy of Science">Philosophy of Science</a> to the physics of quantum <a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">spacetime</a> on an information theoretical basis, bring within reach empirical access to <a href="/wiki/Phenomenological_quantum_gravity" title="Phenomenological quantum gravity">quantum gravity phenomenology</a> leveraging rapidly advancing quantum technologies, and promote interactions between physicists and philosophers. The broader goal of QISS is to establish a long-term research program that brings together represented communities. Marios Christodoulou and <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rovelli" title="Carlo Rovelli">Carlo Rovelli</a> are the project leaders. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Black_Hole_Initiative">Black Hole Initiative</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=John_Templeton_Foundation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Black Hole Initiative" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 2016, the foundation granted over seven million dollars to the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hole_Initiative" title="Black Hole Initiative">Black Hole Initiative</a> (BHI), an interdisciplinary program at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> that includes the fields of <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">Astronomy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">Philosophy</a>, and is said to be the first center in the world to focus on the study of <a href="/wiki/Black_holes" class="mw-redirect" title="Black holes">black holes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BHI-2016-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-THC-2016-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-JTF-2016-37">[37]</a> Notable principal participants include Sheperd Doeleman, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Galison" title="Peter Galison">Peter Galison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avi_Loeb" title="Avi Loeb">Avi Loeb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramesh_Narayan" title="Ramesh Narayan">Ramesh Narayan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Strominger" title="Andrew Strominger">Andrew Strominger</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shing-Tung_Yau" title="Shing-Tung Yau">Shing-Tung Yau</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BHI-2016-35">[35]</a> The BHI Inauguration was held on 18 April 2016 and was attended by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Hawking-2016-38">[38]</a> related workshop events were held on 19 April 2016.<a href="#cite_note-BHI-2016-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Complexity_at_the_Santa_Fe_Institute">Complexity at the Santa Fe Institute</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=John_Templeton_Foundation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Complexity at the Santa Fe Institute" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_Institute" title="Santa Fe Institute">Santa Fe Institute</a> was awarded a three-year, $2.5 million grant to support the development of a general theory of complexity, constituting "a concise, parsimonious, and potentially mathematizable framework for understanding complex adaptive systems".<a href="#cite_note-SFI-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biology_and_human_development">Biology and human development</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=John_Templeton_Foundation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Biology and human development" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prehistoric_Tools_-_Les_Combarelles_-_Les_Eyzies_de_Tayac_-_MNP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Prehistoric_Tools_-_Les_Combarelles_-_Les_Eyzies_de_Tayac_-_MNP.jpg/220px-Prehistoric_Tools_-_Les_Combarelles_-_Les_Eyzies_de_Tayac_-_MNP.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3290" data-file-height="2468"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Prehistoric_Tools_-_Les_Combarelles_-_Les_Eyzies_de_Tayac_-_MNP.jpg/220px-Prehistoric_Tools_-_Les_Combarelles_-_Les_Eyzies_de_Tayac_-_MNP.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Prehistoric_Tools_-_Les_Combarelles_-_Les_Eyzies_de_Tayac_-_MNP.jpg/330px-Prehistoric_Tools_-_Les_Combarelles_-_Les_Eyzies_de_Tayac_-_MNP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Prehistoric_Tools_-_Les_Combarelles_-_Les_Eyzies_de_Tayac_-_MNP.jpg/440px-Prehistoric_Tools_-_Les_Combarelles_-_Les_Eyzies_de_Tayac_-_MNP.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A grant of over three million dollars to the <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age_Institute" title="Stone Age Institute">Stone Age Institute</a> supports the study of what factors led human ancestors to things such as toolmaking.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indo-European_branches_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Indo-European_branches_map.svg/220px-Indo-European_branches_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Indo-European_branches_map.svg/220px-Indo-European_branches_map.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Indo-European_branches_map.svg/330px-Indo-European_branches_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Indo-European_branches_map.svg/440px-Indo-European_branches_map.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A 2019 grant supports the study of the distribution of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a>.</figcaption></figure> In 2016, the foundation awarded $5.4 million to the Foundation for Applied Molecular Evolution (FfAME) to study the origin of life on Earth, particularly investigating questions of how early <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a> interacted with water, which is necessary for life but also degrades RNA, and how the introduction of energy to organic materials yielded life rather than turning it into tar.<a href="#cite_note-Oddest-6">[6]</a> The project is headed by molecular biophysicist and chemist <a href="/wiki/Steven_A._Benner" title="Steven A. Benner">Steven A. Benner</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Oddest-6">[6]</a> The foundation also awarded an $8 million grant to a program examining a theory in evolutionary biology called <a href="/wiki/Extended_evolutionary_synthesis" title="Extended evolutionary synthesis">extended evolutionary synthesis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Oddest-6">[6]</a> This project is headed by evolutionary biologist <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Laland" class="mw-redirect" title="Kevin Laland">Kevin Laland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Several grants specifically supported inquiry into various aspects of human evolution. A 2014 grant of $4.9 million supports an effort at <a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_University" title="Arizona State University">Arizona State University</a> by <a href="/wiki/Paleoanthropology" title="Paleoanthropology">paleoanthropologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Donald_Johanson" title="Donald Johanson">Donald Johanson</a> to explore how we became human, and a $3.2 million grant to <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University" title="Indiana University">Indiana University</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age_Institute" title="Stone Age Institute">Stone Age Institute</a> supports the study of "what factors led human ancestors to develop skills like making tools, developing language, and seeking out information".<a href="#cite_note-Oddest-6">[6]</a> In March 2019, the foundation provided the bulk of a group of grants adding up to over $7 million to enable the Institute for Interdisciplinary Brain and Behavioral Science (The Brain Institute) at <a href="/wiki/Chapman_University" title="Chapman University">Chapman University</a> to examine "how the human brain enables conscious control of decisions and actions".<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> A grant from the foundation supports a study of religion and health conducted by <a href="/wiki/Tyler_VanderWeele" title="Tyler VanderWeele">Tyler VanderWeele</a> of <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>. VanderWeele is the <a href="/wiki/John_L._Loeb" class="mw-redirect" title="John L. Loeb">John L. Loeb</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frances_Lehman_Loeb" class="mw-redirect" title="Frances Lehman Loeb">Frances Lehman Loeb</a> Professor of <a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</a> in the Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics at the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_T.H._Chan_School_of_Public_Health" title="Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health">Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health</a>, and co-director the University's Initiative on Health, Religion and Spirituality. His research has focused on the application of <a href="/wiki/Causal_inference" title="Causal inference">causal inference</a> to epidemiology, as well as on the relationship between <a href="/wiki/Religion_and_health" title="Religion and health">religion and health</a>.<a href="#cite_note-VanderWeele-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ducharme-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Storrs-44">[44]</a> In June 2019, the foundation awarded one of its largest grants to the Blavatnik Institute at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Medical_School" title="Harvard Medical School">Harvard Medical School</a> for its <a href="/wiki/Ancient_DNA" title="Ancient DNA">Ancient DNA</a> Atlas project that seeks to sequence the DNA of ancient human remains to tell the story of human migration and development through the addition of DNA sequences of 10,000 individuals spanning 50,000 years.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> The funding was used to solve a riddle that had puzzled historians, classicists, linguists, anthropologists and archaeologists for 200 years - whether the bulk of the <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">European civilization</a> had arrived from <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">Pontic Steppes</a> of <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, and how <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> languages <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_migrations" title="Indo-European migrations">spread</a> over an enormous geographical area from <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Britain</a> to <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, becoming the largest <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistic</a> group today.<a href="#cite_note-hms.harvard.edu-46">[46]</a> The funding was used to embrace a multi-disciplinary approach and crowd-sourced results before the final manuscripts were completed, receiving commentary and feedback from academics of various institutions on several continents, according to geneticist <a href="/wiki/David_Reich_(geneticist)" title="David Reich (geneticist)">David Reich</a>,<a href="#cite_note-hms.harvard.edu-46">[46]</a> lead researcher on the project. The study was also funded by the governments of the <a href="/wiki/US_research_institute" class="mw-redirect" title="US research institute">US</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Russia</a>, Germany (<a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Planck Institute">Max Planck Institute</a>), <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Research_Programme" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union Research Programme">European Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_India" title="Science and technology in India">India</a>. Results have been published in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/full/10.1126/science.aat7487">Science</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(19)30967-5">Cell</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_sciences">Social sciences</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=John_Templeton_Foundation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Social sciences" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pew_Research_Center">Pew Research Center</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=John_Templeton_Foundation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Pew Research Center" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a></div> The Pew Research Center, an American fact tank or research organization, has been "jointly and generously funded" by <a href="/wiki/The_Pew_Charitable_Trusts" title="The Pew Charitable Trusts">The Pew Charitable Trusts</a> and the foundation for its studies focusing on demographics of religions in the world, part of the series entitled Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pew_Forum-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Center_on_Religion_and_Chinese_Society">Center on Religion and Chinese Society</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=John_Templeton_Foundation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Center on Religion and Chinese Society" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Center on Religion and Chinese Society of the <a href="/wiki/Purdue_University" title="Purdue University">Purdue University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a> is funded by the foundation.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> The current director of the center, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Americans" title="Chinese Americans">Chinese American</a> Christian scholar <a href="/wiki/Fenggang_Yang" title="Fenggang Yang">Fenggang Yang</a>, has been granted more than $9.5 million to support his projects,<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The center has published research on <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">religion in China</a>, especially based on Yang's own theory of the so-called "religious market", with speculations were based on a report of the Pew Research Center, another publication backed by the foundation.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Some scholars of Chinese religion have criticized Yang's sociological theories about religion in China,<a href="#cite_note-Liang2016-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> although the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a> has referred to Yang as "a pioneer in the study of the sociology of religion in China",<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Journal">Wall Street Journal</a> has deemed him a "leading scholar on Chinese church-society relation".<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychology">Psychology</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=John_Templeton_Foundation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Psychology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Positive_psychology,_religion_and_medicine">Positive psychology, religion and medicine</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=John_Templeton_Foundation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Positive psychology, religion and medicine" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Harold_G._Koenig" title="Harold G. Koenig">Harold G. Koenig</a>, Dale Mathews, David Larson, Jeffrey Levin, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Benson" title="Herbert Benson">Herbert Benson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_McCullough_(psychologist)" title="Michael McCullough (psychologist)">Michael McCullough</a> are scholars to whom the foundation has provided funds to "report the positive relations" between <a href="/wiki/Religion_and_health" title="Religion and health">religion and medicine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> One field in which the foundation has been particularly supportive is <a href="/wiki/Positive_psychology" title="Positive psychology">positive psychology</a>, as developed by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Seligman" title="Martin Seligman">Martin Seligman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angela_Duckworth" title="Angela Duckworth">Angela Duckworth</a> and others.<a href="#cite_note-UPenn-23">[23]</a> Positive psychology is "the scientific study of what makes life most worth living",<a href="#cite_note-Peterson2008-57">[57]</a> or "the scientific study of positive human functioning and flourishing on multiple levels that include the biological, personal, relational, institutional, cultural, and global dimensions of life".<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Positive psychology is concerned with <a href="/wiki/Eudaimonia" title="Eudaimonia">eudaimonia</a>, "the good life", reflection about what holds the greatest value in life – the factors that contribute the most to a well-lived and fulfilling life. Positive psychology began as a new domain of psychology in 1998 when Seligman chose it as the theme for his term as president of the <a href="/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Time-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scientific_development_of_virtue_interventions">Scientific development of virtue interventions</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=John_Templeton_Foundation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Scientific development of virtue interventions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 2019, the foundation awarded $2.6 million grant to Sarah Schnitker of <a href="/wiki/Baylor_University" title="Baylor University">Baylor University</a> and Benjamin Houltberg of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_California" title="University of Southern California">University of Southern California</a> to "galvanize widespread scientific development of virtue interventions for adolescents across a diversity of contexts".<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> A grant from the foundation supports a study of religion and health conducted by <a href="/wiki/Tyler_VanderWeele" title="Tyler VanderWeele">Tyler VanderWeele</a> of <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>. VanderWeele is the <a href="/wiki/John_L._Loeb" class="mw-redirect" title="John L. Loeb">John L. Loeb</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frances_Lehman_Loeb" class="mw-redirect" title="Frances Lehman Loeb">Frances Lehman Loeb</a> Professor of <a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</a> in the Departments of Epidemiology and Biostatistics at the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_T.H._Chan_School_of_Public_Health" title="Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health">Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health</a>, and co-director the University's Initiative on Health, Religion and Spirituality. His research has focused on the application of <a href="/wiki/Causal_inference" title="Causal inference">causal inference</a> to epidemiology, as well as on the relationship between <a href="/wiki/Religion_and_health" title="Religion and health">religion and health</a>.<a href="#cite_note-VanderWeele-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ducharme-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Storrs-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_education">Science education</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=John_Templeton_Foundation&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Science education" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The foundation has provided grants in support of dialogue with scientists in synagogues,<a href="#cite_note-Rubin-28">[28]</a> and a grant for advancing scientific literacy in <a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">madrasas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fallon-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Khan-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Madrasa-31">[31]</a> It has also sponsored a major, multi-year, multi-million-dollar effort to integrate science education in North American seminaries, including Mainline Protestant, Evangelical Protestant, and Catholic and Orthodox institutions. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=John_Templeton_Foundation&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The foundation provided funding for the book Galileo Goes to Jail and Other Myths about Science and Religion, which was edited by historian of science <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Numbers" title="Ronald Numbers">Ronald Numbers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=John_Templeton_Foundation&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Reception" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> The foundation has received both praise and criticism for its awards. The <a href="/wiki/Centre_national_de_la_recherche_scientifique" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre national de la recherche scientifique">French National Center for Scientific Research</a> (CNRS) has been critical of the foundation for funding "initiatives to bring science and religion closer together."<a href="#cite_note-CNRS-63">[63]</a> Science journalist <a href="/wiki/Chris_Mooney_(journalist)" title="Chris Mooney (journalist)">Chris Mooney</a>, an atheist, received a 2010 Templeton-Cambridge Journalism Fellowship. In a 2010 article on his Discover magazine blog, Mooney wrote, "I can honestly say that I have found the lectures and presentations that we've heard here to be serious and stimulating. The same goes for the discussions that have followed them".<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Some scholars have expressed concerns about the nature of the awards, research projects, and publications backed by the foundation. These concerns include questioning its integrity, cronyism, and its Templeton Freedom Awards. Journalist Sunny Bains pointed out in 2011 that Templeton Freedom Awards are administered by the Atlas Economic Research Foundation, a group that opposes taking action on climate change and defends the tobacco industry, which also gives the foundation funding.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_funding">Religious funding</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=John_Templeton_Foundation&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Religious funding" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Davies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Paul_Davies.jpg/220px-Paul_Davies.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="441" data-file-height="599"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 299px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Paul_Davies.jpg/220px-Paul_Davies.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="299" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Paul_Davies.jpg/330px-Paul_Davies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Paul_Davies.jpg/440px-Paul_Davies.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Paul_Davies" title="Paul Davies">Paul Davies</a>, physicist and 1995 Templeton Prize laureate, has defended the foundation's role in the scientific community.</figcaption></figure> Critics have asserted that the foundation has supported Christian-oriented research in the field of the scientific <a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">study of religions</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Wiebe-71">[71]</a> although the foundation has awarded both the Templeton Prize and numerous grants to persons of widely varied religious backgrounds, having provided extensive funding of Islamic scholarship, Buddhist research, and Jewish public engagement. Wired magazine has noted that "the scientists who apply to the foundation for support, though, are not required to state their religious beliefs, or to have any".<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> In 2006, <a href="/wiki/John_Horgan_(journalist)" title="John Horgan (journalist)">John Horgan</a>, a 2005 Templeton-Cambridge fellow then working as a freelance science journalist, wrote in <a href="/wiki/The_Chronicle_of_Higher_Education" title="The Chronicle of Higher Education">The Chronicle of Higher Education</a> that he had enjoyed his fellowship, but felt guilty that by taking money from the foundation, he had contributed to the mingling of science with religion.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Horgan stated "misgivings about the foundation's agenda of reconciling religion and science". He said that a conference he attended favored scientists who "offered a perspective clearly skewed in favor of religion and Christianity."<a href="#cite_note-Edge_Horgan-74">[74]</a> Horgan fears recipients of large grants from the foundation sometimes write what the foundation wants rather than what they believe.<a href="#cite_note-Edge_Horgan-74">[74]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a>, in his 2006 book <a href="/wiki/The_God_Delusion" title="The God Delusion">The God Delusion</a>, interprets Horgan as saying that "Templeton's money corrupts science", and characterizes the prize as going "usually to a scientist who is prepared to say something nice about religion".<a href="#cite_note-GodDelusion-75">[75]</a> Donald Wiebe, a scholar of <a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">religious studies</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a>, similarly criticized the foundation in a 2009 article entitled Religious Biases in Funding Religious Studies Research?. According to him, the foundation supports Christian bias in the field of religious studies, by deliberately imposing constraints to steer the results of the research.<a href="#cite_note-Wiebe-71">[71]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Davies" title="Paul Davies">Paul Davies</a>, physicist and 1995 Templeton Prize laureate, gave a defense of the foundation's role in the scientific community in the Times Higher Education Supplement in March 2005.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> In 2010, journalist <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Schneider" title="Nathan Schneider">Nathan Schneider</a> published a lengthy investigative article about the foundation, entitled God, Science and Philanthropy, in <a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a>. In the article, he aired complaints about the foundation, but observed that many of its critics and grantees alike failed to appreciate "the breadth of the foundation's activities, much less the quixotic vision of its founder, John Templeton". Schneider observed: "At worst, Templeton could be called heterodox and naïve; at best, his was a mind more open than most, reflective of the most inventive and combinatorial strains of American religious thought, eager to radically reinterpret ancient wisdom and bring it up to speed with some version from the present."<a href="#cite_note-schneider-77">[77]</a> Though the foundation, in Schneider's view, "has associated itself with political and religious forces that cause it to be perceived as threatening the integrity of science and protecting the religious status quo," these alliances meant the foundation "is also better positioned than most to foster a conservatism—and a culture generally—that holds the old habits of religions and business responsible to good evidence, while helping scientists better speak to people's deepest concerns".<a href="#cite_note-schneider-77">[77]</a> In 2011, the science journal Nature took note of the ongoing controversy among scientists over working with Templeton.<a href="#cite_note-Nature2011-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Coyne" title="Jerry Coyne">Jerry Coyne</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> evolutionary biologist, sees a fundamental impossibility in attempting to reconcile faith with science.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Coyne told Nature writer Mitchell Waldrop that the foundation's purpose is to eliminate the wall between religion and science, and to use science's prestige to validate religion. Other scientists, including Foundation grantees like University of Chicago psychologist John Cacioppo and Anthony Aguirre, a University of California—Santa Cruz astrophysicist, told Nature that they have never felt pressured by Templeton to spin their research toward religion-friendly conclusions.<a href="#cite_note-Nature2011-4">[4]</a> Sunny Bains of <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a> Faculty of Engineering Science claimed that there is "evidence of cronyism (especially in the awarding of those million-dollar-plus Templeton prizes), a misleading attempt to move away from using religious language (without changing the religious agenda), [and] the funding of right-wing anti-science groups".<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Bains feels that grants from the foundation "blur the line between science and religion". Bains' claims have been disputed by Josh Rosenau of the <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Science_Education" title="National Center for Science Education">National Center for Science Education</a>, who wrote that "the story [Bains] wrote is not convincing", stating that "[k]ey assertions are couched in equivocal language that relies on her judgment or her assumptions, not on any evidence offered to the reader", and that "[o]bvious opportunities for detailed investigation – financial records, grantmaking decisions, interviews with Templeton staff, interviews with grantees, examination of correspondence between grantees and Templeton – are entirely absent".<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intelligent_design">Intelligent design</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=John_Templeton_Foundation&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Intelligent design" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> A 2007 article in the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a> described the foundation as having "drawn criticism for its early support of intelligent design",<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> but by the 2010s, Charles L. Harper Jr., a former senior vice president of the foundation, told BusinessWeek that the foundation had become one of the "principal critics" of the intelligent design movement and funded projects that challenged that movement.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Harper Jr. told The New York Times: "From the point of view of rigor and intellectual seriousness, the intelligent design people don't come out very well in our world of scientific review".<a href="#cite_note-NYT2005-83">[83]</a> Some organizations funded by the foundation in the 1990s gave book-writing grants to <a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Gonzalez_(astronomer)" title="Guillermo Gonzalez (astronomer)">Guillermo Gonzalez</a> and to <a href="/wiki/William_A._Dembski" title="William A. Dembski">William Dembski</a>, proponents of <a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">intelligent design</a> who later joined the <a href="/wiki/Discovery_Institute" title="Discovery Institute">Discovery Institute</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nature2011-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> The foundation also gave money directly to the Discovery Institute which in turn passed it through to Baylor University, which used the funds to support Dembski's salary at its short-lived <a href="/wiki/Michael_Polanyi_Center" title="Michael Polanyi Center">Michael Polanyi Center</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Trojan-85">[85]</a>: 306 <a href="#cite_note-wedgeatwork-86">[86]</a> The foundation funded projects by <a href="/wiki/Bruce_L._Gordon" title="Bruce L. Gordon">Bruce L. Gordon</a>, associate director of the center, after the center was dissolved.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Some media outlets described the foundation as a supporter of intelligent design during the <a href="/wiki/Kitzmiller_v._Dover_Area_School_District" title="Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District">Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District</a> litigation in the mid-2000s, a charge which the foundation denied.<a href="#cite_note-Nature2011-4">[4]</a> The foundation "explicitly warns intelligent-design researchers not to bother submitting proposals: they will not be considered."<a href="#cite_note-Nature2011-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYT2005-83">[83]</a> In March 2009, the Discovery Institute accused the foundation of blocking its involvement in <a href="/wiki/Biological_Evolution:_Facts_and_Theories" title="Biological Evolution: Facts and Theories">Biological Evolution: Facts and Theories</a>, a Vatican-backed, Templeton-funded conference in Rome. On the lack of involvement of any speakers supporting intelligent design, the conference director Rev. Marc Leclerc said, "We think that it's not a scientific perspective, nor a theological or philosophical one ... This makes a dialogue difficult, maybe impossible".<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> In 2011, <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a> stated that the Templeton Prize is "explicitly critical of such pseudoscientific gibberish as intelligent design".<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conservatism">Conservatism</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=John_Templeton_Foundation&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Conservatism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> A number of journalists have highlighted connections with conservative causes. A 1997 article in <a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)">Slate</a> written by <a href="/wiki/David_Plotz" title="David Plotz">David Plotz</a> said the foundation had given a significant amount of financial support to groups, causes and individuals considered <a href="/wiki/American_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="American conservatism">conservative</a>, including gifts to <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Himmelfarb" title="Gertrude Himmelfarb">Gertrude Himmelfarb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_E._Williams" title="Walter E. Williams">Walter E. Williams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julian_Lincoln_Simon" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian Lincoln Simon">Julian Lincoln Simon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Lefkowitz" title="Mary Lefkowitz">Mary Lefkowitz</a>, and called John Templeton Jr. a "sugar daddy" for such thinkers.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> The foundation also has a history of supporting the <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">libertarian</a> think-tank and <a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a> <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservative</a> think-tank,<a href="#cite_note-Dembicki-91">[91]</a> as well as projects at major research centers and universities such as <a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto_(economist)" title="Hernando de Soto (economist)">Hernando de Soto</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Liberty_and_Democracy" title="Institute for Liberty and Democracy">Instituto Libertad Y Democracia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/X_Prize_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="X Prize Foundation">X Prize Foundation</a>, which is described as "a nonprofit organization that designs and manages <a href="/wiki/Inducement_prize_contest" title="Inducement prize contest">public competitions</a> intended to encourage technological development that could benefit humanity". In a 2007 article in <a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a> <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Ehrenreich" title="Barbara Ehrenreich">Barbara Ehrenreich</a> drew attention to the foundation's former president John M. Templeton Jr. funding of the conservative group <a href="/wiki/Freedom%27s_Watch" title="Freedom's Watch">Freedom's Watch</a>, and referred to the foundation as a "right-wing venture".<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Pamela Thompson, former Vice President of Communications of the foundation, replied that "the Foundation is, and always has been, run in accordance with the wishes of Sir John Templeton Sr, who laid very strict criteria for its mission and approach", that it is "a non-political entity with no religious bias" and it "is totally independent of any other organisation and therefore neither endorses, nor contributes to political candidates, campaigns, or movements of any kind".<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Climate_change_denial">Climate change denial</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=John_Templeton_Foundation&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Climate change denial" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <a href="/wiki/Drexel_University" title="Drexel University">Drexel University</a> sociologist <a href="/wiki/Robert_Brulle" title="Robert Brulle">Robert Brulle</a> listed the foundation as among the largest financial contributors to the <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">climate change denial</a> movement between 2003 and 2010.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Templeton_Press">Templeton Press</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=John_Templeton_Foundation&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Templeton Press" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> The foundation also funds an affiliated <a href="/wiki/Publisher" class="mw-redirect" title="Publisher">publisher</a>, Templeton Press,<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> which from 2004 to 2010 published the periodical In Character: A Journal of Everyday Virtues.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> From 2000 to 2003 it published Research news & opportunities in science and theology,<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> in which <a href="/wiki/Bruce_L._Gordon" title="Bruce L. Gordon">Bruce L. Gordon</a> published a piece on the state of "design theory" in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Michael_Polanyi_Center" title="Michael Polanyi Center">Michael Polanyi Center</a> affair.<a href="#cite_note-Trojan-85">[85]</a>: 378 <a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Templeton Press has a partnership with the <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>, producing books on character and Foundational Questions in Science.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=John_Templeton_Foundation&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Ratings-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ratings_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ratings_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200808233458/https://s3.amazonaws.com/irs-form-990/201733059349100703_public.xml?_ga=2.172144547.1277348753.1553048283-524418911.1552927313">"John Templeton Foundation"</a>. ProPublica. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://s3.amazonaws.com/irs-form-990/201733059349100703_public.xml?_ga=2.172144547.1277348753.1553048283-524418911.1552927313">the original</a> on 8 August 2020. 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Retrieved 1 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Right%27s+Academic+Universe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fehrenreich.blogs.com%2Fbarbaras_blog%2F2007%2F10%2Fthe-rights-acad.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Templeton+Foundation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchultz2013" class="citation magazine cs1">Schultz, Colin (December 23, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/meet-the-money-behind-the-climate-denial-movement-180948204/">"Meet the Money Behind the Climate Denial Movement"</a>. Smithsonian. Retrieved June 10, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian&rft.atitle=Meet+the+Money+Behind+the+Climate+Denial+Movement&rft.date=2013-12-23&rft.aulast=Schultz&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fsmart-news%2Fmeet-the-money-behind-the-climate-denial-movement-180948204%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Templeton+Foundation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.templetonpress.org">"Going beyond books to explore our place in the universe"</a>. Templeton Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Going+beyond+books+to+explore+our+place+in+the+universe&rft.pub=Templeton+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.templetonpress.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Templeton+Foundation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://incharacter.org">"In Character, A Journal of Everyday Virtues by the John Templeton Foundation"</a>. Incharacter.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+Character%2C+A+Journal+of+Everyday+Virtues+by+the+John+Templeton+Foundation&rft.pub=Incharacter.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fincharacter.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Templeton+Foundation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Research news & opportunities in science and theology. WorldCat. 2000. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/44423629">44423629</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Research+news+%26+opportunities+in+science+and+theology.&rft.pub=WorldCat&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F44423629&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Templeton+Foundation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2001" class="citation journal cs1">Gordon, Bruce (January 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asa3.org/ASA/topics/Apologetics/ResearchNews1-01Gordon.html">"Intelligent Design Movement Struggles with Identity Crisis"</a>. Research News & Opportunities in Science and Theology: 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Research+News+%26+Opportunities+in+Science+and+Theology&rft.atitle=Intelligent+Design+Movement+Struggles+with+Identity+Crisis&rft.pages=9&rft.date=2001-01&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asa3.org%2FASA%2Ftopics%2FApologetics%2FResearchNews1-01Gordon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Templeton+Foundation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.templetonpress.org/blog/yale-university-press-and-templeton-press-present-new-series-foundational-questions-science">"Yale University Press and Templeton Press Present A New Series: Foundational Questions in Science"</a>. January 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yale+University+Press+and+Templeton+Press+Present+A+New+Series%3A+Foundational+Questions+in+Science&rft.date=2015-01-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.templetonpress.org%2Fblog%2Fyale-university-press-and-templeton-press-present-new-series-foundational-questions-science&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Templeton+Foundation" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=John_Templeton_Foundation&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> 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