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approach</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: economic approach"> <meta name="keywords" content="economic approach"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none 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action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="economic approach"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 19493</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: economic approach</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">19493</span> The Limits of the Effectiveness of Digital Advertising: Demonstration by the Economic Approach of Measuring Advertising Effectiveness</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Barkaoui%20Asma">Barkaoui Asma</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In our article, we use the economic approach of measuring advertising effectiveness to show the margin of advertising spread gained through digital communication. For economists, profit maximization depends on determining the optimal advertising budget. For this, they use the theories of the marginalist current to determine when the maximum level of benefits is reached. Using the economic approach we show the significant return on investment for advertisers. We then discuss the risks of perception of advertising pressure by consumers. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=digital%20advertising" title="digital advertising">digital advertising</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=economic%20approach" title=" economic approach"> economic approach</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=effectiveness" title=" effectiveness"> effectiveness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pressure" title=" pressure"> pressure</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/70558/the-limits-of-the-effectiveness-of-digital-advertising-demonstration-by-the-economic-approach-of-measuring-advertising-effectiveness" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/70558.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">304</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">19492</span> Using the Simple Fixed Rate Approach to Solve Economic Lot Scheduling Problem under the Basic Period Approach</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yu-Jen%20Chang">Yu-Jen Chang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yun%20Chen"> Yun Chen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hei-Lam%20Wong"> Hei-Lam Wong</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Economic Lot Scheduling Problem (ELSP) is a valuable mathematical model that can support decision-makers to make scheduling decisions. The basic period approach is effective for solving the ELSP. The assumption for applying the basic period approach is that a product must use its maximum production rate to be produced. However, a product can lower its production rate to reduce the average total cost when a facility has extra idle time. The past researches discussed how a product adjusts its production rate under the common cycle approach. To the best of our knowledge, no studies have addressed how a product lowers its production rate under the basic period approach. This research is the first paper to discuss this topic. The research develops a simple fixed rate approach that adjusts the production rate of a product under the basic period approach to solve the ELSP. Our numerical example shows our approach can find a better solution than the traditional basic period approach. Our mathematical model that applies the fixed rate approach under the basic period approach can serve as a reference for other related researches. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=economic%20lot" title="economic lot">economic lot</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=basic%20period" title=" basic period"> basic period</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=genetic%20algorithm" title=" genetic algorithm"> genetic algorithm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fixed%20rate" title=" fixed rate"> fixed rate</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28582/using-the-simple-fixed-rate-approach-to-solve-economic-lot-scheduling-problem-under-the-basic-period-approach" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/28582.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">563</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">19491</span> Techno-Economic Analysis Framework for Wave Energy Conversion Schemes under South African Conditions: Modeling and Simulations </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Siyanda%20S.%20Biyela">Siyanda S. Biyela</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Willie%20A.%20Cronje"> Willie A. Cronje</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents a desktop study of comparing two different wave energy to electricity technologies (WECs) using a techno-economic approach. This techno-economic approach forms basis of a framework for rapid comparison of current and future technologies. The approach also seeks to assist in investment and strategic decision making expediting future deployment of wave energy harvesting in South Africa. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cost%20of%20energy%20%28COE%29%20tool" title="cost of energy (COE) tool">cost of energy (COE) tool</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sea%20state" title=" sea state"> sea state</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wave%20energy%20converter%20%28WEC%29" title=" wave energy converter (WEC)"> wave energy converter (WEC)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=WEC-Sim" title=" WEC-Sim"> WEC-Sim</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51914/techno-economic-analysis-framework-for-wave-energy-conversion-schemes-under-south-african-conditions-modeling-and-simulations" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51914.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">289</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">19490</span> The Feasibility of Economic Science in Islam With an Emphasis on Sadr's Vantage Point</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yahya%20Jahangiri">Yahya Jahangiri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ali%20Almasi"> Ali Almasi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Currently capitalism is one of the most important economic issues discussed by great scholars around the world. But Islamic approach, regarding this issue may differ both western and eastern views. A greatest scholar in Islamic economy ‘especially in Shia’ is Martyr Muhammad Baqir Al-Sadr. He wrote “Our economy” (Iqtisaduna) to present an economic point of view according to the Islamic teachings. In this regard firstly we will mention three approaches which are common in Muslim scullers about the economic science and then the main approach which is Sadr's view is described here. His claim explains that Islam and capitalism are in conflict with each other. And finally he explains the relationship between Islam and economy and he suggests the Islamic point of view in economy and its foundations as a solution for economic problems which we face today. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=economic%20science" title=" economic science"> economic science</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=capitalism" title=" capitalism"> capitalism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Martyr%20Sadr" title=" Martyr Sadr"> Martyr Sadr</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15427/the-feasibility-of-economic-science-in-islam-with-an-emphasis-on-sadrs-vantage-point" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/15427.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">327</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">19489</span> Measuring the Economic Impact of Cultural Heritage: Comparative Analysis of the Multiplier Approach and the Value Chain Approach</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nina%20Ponikvar">Nina Ponikvar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Katja%20Zajc%20Kej%C5%BEar"> Katja Zajc Kejžar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> While the positive impacts of heritage on a broad societal spectrum have long been recognized and measured, the economic effects of the heritage sector are often less visible and frequently underestimated. At macro level, economic effects are usually studied based on one of the two mainstream approach, i.e. either the multiplier approach or the value chain approach. Consequently, there is limited comparability of the empirical results due to the use of different methodological approach in the literature. Furthermore, it is also not clear on which criteria the used approach was selected. Our aim is to bring the attention to the difference in the scope of effects that are encompassed by the two most frequent methodological approaches to valuation of economic effects of cultural heritage on macroeconomic level, i.e. the multiplier approach and the value chain approach. We show that while the multiplier approach provides a systematic, theory-based view of economic impacts but requires more data and analysis, the value chain approach has less solid theoretical foundations and depends on the availability of appropriate data to identify the contribution of cultural heritage to other sectors. We conclude that the multiplier approach underestimates the economic impact of cultural heritage, mainly due to the narrow definition of cultural heritage in the statistical classification and the inability to identify part of the contribution of cultural heritage that is hidden in other sectors. Yet it is not possible to clearly determine whether the value chain method overestimates or underestimates the actual economic impact of cultural heritage since there is a risk that the direct effects are overestimated and double counted, but not all indirect and induced effects are considered. Accordingly, these two approaches are not substitutes but rather complementary. Consequently, a direct comparison of the estimated impacts is not possible and should not be done due to the different scope. To illustrate the difference of the impact assessment of the cultural heritage, we apply both approaches to the case of Slovenia in the 2015-2022 period and measure the economic impact of cultural heritage sector in terms of turnover, gross value added and employment. The empirical results clearly show that the estimation of the economic impact of a sector using the multiplier approach is more conservative, while the estimates based on value added capture a much broader range of impacts. According to the multiplier approach, each euro in cultural heritage sector generates an additional 0.14 euros in indirect effects and an additional 0.44 euros in induced effects. Based on the value-added approach, the indirect economic effect of the “narrow” heritage sectors is amplified by the impact of cultural heritage activities on other sectors. Accordingly, every euro of sales and every euro of gross value added in the cultural heritage sector generates approximately 6 euros of sales and 4 to 5 euros of value added in other sectors. In addition, each employee in the cultural heritage sector is linked to 4 to 5 jobs in other sectors. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=economic%20value%20of%20cultural%20heritage" title="economic value of cultural heritage">economic value of cultural heritage</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=multiplier%20approach" title=" multiplier approach"> multiplier approach</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=value%20chain%20approach" title=" value chain approach"> value chain approach</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=indirect%20effects" title=" indirect effects"> indirect effects</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=slovenia" title=" slovenia"> slovenia</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/173837/measuring-the-economic-impact-of-cultural-heritage-comparative-analysis-of-the-multiplier-approach-and-the-value-chain-approach" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/173837.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">75</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">19488</span> The Role of Social Enterprise in Supporting Economic Development in Nigeria</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Susan%20P.%20Teru">Susan P. Teru</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jerome%20Nyameh"> Jerome Nyameh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Many contemporary organizations are placing a greater emphasis on business enterprise systems as a means of generating higher levels of economic development. Many business research and literature has also concur that enterprise drive economic development, giving little or no credit to social enterprise, whose profit is reinvest to the community development compare to the business enterprise that share their profit to shareholders. Economic development includes economic policies that affect the beneficiaries of the economic entity. We suggest that producing social enterprise increments may be best achieved by orienting social enterprise entrepreneurs system to promote economic development. To this end, we describe a new approach to the social enterprise process that includes social entrepreneur and the key drivers of economic development at each stage. We present a model of social enterprise that incorporates the main ideas of the paper and suggests a new perspective for thinking about how to foster and manage social enterprise to achieve high levels of economic development. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20enterprise" title="social enterprise">social enterprise</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=economic%20development" title=" economic development"> economic development</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nigeria" title=" Nigeria"> Nigeria</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=business%20and%20management" title=" business and management"> business and management</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19763/the-role-of-social-enterprise-in-supporting-economic-development-in-nigeria" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19763.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">512</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">19487</span> Determinants of Economic Growth in Pakistan: A Structural Vector Auto Regression Approach</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Ajmair">Muhammad Ajmair</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This empirical study followed structural vector auto regression (SVAR) approach proposed by the so-called AB-model of Amisano and Giannini (1997) to check the impact of relevant macroeconomic determinants on economic growth in Pakistan. Before that auto regressive distributive lag (ARDL) bound testing technique and time varying parametric approach along with general to specific approach was employed to find out relevant significant determinants of economic growth. To our best knowledge, no author made such a study that employed auto regressive distributive lag (ARDL) bound testing and time varying parametric approach with general to specific approach in empirical literature, but current study will bridge this gap. Annual data was taken from World Development Indicators (2014) during period 1976-2014. The widely-used Schwarz information criterion and Akaike information criterion were considered for the lag length in each estimated equation. Main findings of the study are that remittances received, gross national expenditures and inflation are found to be the best relevant positive and significant determinants of economic growth. Based on these empirical findings, we conclude that government should focus on overall economic growth augmenting factors while formulating any policy relevant to the concerned sector. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=economic%20growth" title="economic growth">economic growth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=gross%20national%20expenditures" title=" gross national expenditures"> gross national expenditures</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inflation" title=" inflation"> inflation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=remittances" title=" remittances"> remittances</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79706/determinants-of-economic-growth-in-pakistan-a-structural-vector-auto-regression-approach" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/79706.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">199</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">19486</span> Supporting Women's Economic Development in Rural Papua New Guinea</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Katja%20Mikhailovich">Katja Mikhailovich</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Barbara%20Pamphilon"> Barbara Pamphilon</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Farmer training in Papua New Guinea has focused mainly on technology transfer approaches. This has primarily benefited men and often excluded women whose literacy, low education and role in subsistence crops has precluded participation in formal training. The paper discusses an approach that uses both a brokerage model of agricultural extension to link smallholders with private sector agencies and an innovative family team’s approach that aims to support the economic empowerment of women in families and encourages sustainable and gender equitable farming and business practices. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=women" title="women">women</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=economic%20development" title=" economic development"> economic development</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=agriculture" title=" agriculture"> agriculture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=training" title=" training"> training</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37256/supporting-womens-economic-development-in-rural-papua-new-guinea" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/37256.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">391</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">19485</span> Financial Assets Return, Economic Factors and Investor's Behavioral Indicators Relationships Modeling: A Bayesian Networks Approach</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nada%20Souissi">Nada Souissi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mourad%20Mroua"> Mourad Mroua</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The main purpose of this study is to examine the interaction between financial asset volatility, economic factors and investor's behavioral indicators related to both the company's and the markets stocks for the period from January 2000 to January2020. Using multiple linear regression and Bayesian Networks modeling, results show a positive and negative relationship between investor's psychology index, economic factors and predicted stock market return. We reveal that the application of the Bayesian Discrete Network contributes to identify the different cause and effect relationships between all economic, financial variables and psychology index. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Financial%20asset%20return%20predictability" title="Financial asset return predictability">Financial asset return predictability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Economic%20factors" title=" Economic factors"> Economic factors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Investor%27s%20psychology%20index" title=" Investor's psychology index"> Investor's psychology index</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Bayesian%20approach" title=" Bayesian approach"> Bayesian approach</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Probabilistic%20networks" title=" Probabilistic networks"> Probabilistic networks</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Parametric%20learning" title=" Parametric learning"> Parametric learning</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/123056/financial-assets-return-economic-factors-and-investors-behavioral-indicators-relationships-modeling-a-bayesian-networks-approach" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/123056.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">149</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">19484</span> Statistic Regression and Open Data Approach for Identifying Economic Indicators That Influence e-Commerce</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Apollinaire%20Barme">Apollinaire Barme</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Simon%20Tamayo"> Simon Tamayo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arthur%20Gaudron"> Arthur Gaudron</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper presents a statistical approach to identify explanatory variables linearly related to e-commerce sales. The proposed methodology allows specifying a regression model in order to quantify the relevance between openly available data (economic and demographic) and national e-commerce sales. The proposed methodology consists in collecting data, preselecting input variables, performing regressions for choosing variables and models, testing and validating. The usefulness of the proposed approach is twofold: on the one hand, it allows identifying the variables that influence e- commerce sales with an accessible approach. And on the other hand, it can be used to model future sales from the input variables. Results show that e-commerce is linearly dependent on 11 economic and demographic indicators. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=e-commerce" title="e-commerce">e-commerce</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=statistical%20modeling" title=" statistical modeling"> statistical modeling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=regression" title=" regression"> regression</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=empirical%20research" title=" empirical research"> empirical research</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90284/statistic-regression-and-open-data-approach-for-identifying-economic-indicators-that-influence-e-commerce" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90284.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">226</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">19483</span> Advocacy for Increasing Health Care Budget in Parepare City with DALY Approach: Case Study on Improving Public Health Insurance Budget</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kasman">Kasman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Darmawansyah"> Darmawansyah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alimin%20Maidin"> Alimin Maidin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amran%20Razak"> Amran Razak</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Background: In decentralization, advocacy is needed to increase the health budget in Parepare District. One of the advocacy methods recommended by the World Bank is the economic loss approach. Methods: This research is observational in the field of health economics that contributes directly to the magnitude of the economic loss of the community and the government and provides advocacy to the executive and legislative to see the harm it causes. Results: The research results show the amount of direct cost, which consists of household expenditure for transport Rp.295,865,500. Indirect Cost of YLD of Rp.14.688.000, and YLL of Rp.28.986.336.00, so the amount of DALY is Rp.43.674.336.000. The total economic loss of Rp.43.970.201.500. These huge economic losses can be prevented by increasing the allocation of health budgets for promotive and preventive efforts and expanding the coverage of health insurance for the community. Conclusion: There is a need to advocate the executive and legislative about the importance of guarantee on public health financing by conducting studies in terms of economic losses so that all strategic alliances believe that health is an investment. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=advocacy" title="advocacy">advocacy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=economic%20lost" title=" economic lost"> economic lost</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=health%20insurance" title=" health insurance"> health insurance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=economic%20losses" title=" economic losses"> economic losses</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/118755/advocacy-for-increasing-health-care-budget-in-parepare-city-with-daly-approach-case-study-on-improving-public-health-insurance-budget" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/118755.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">114</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">19482</span> Understanding the Complex Relationship Between Economic Independency and Intimate Partner Violence by Applying a Socio-Ecological Analysis Framework</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Suzanne%20Bouma">Suzanne Bouma</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the Netherlands, the assumed causal relationship between employment, economic independence and individual freedom of choice has been extended to the approach of intimate partner violence (IPV). In the interests of combating IPV, it is crucial to further investigate this relationship. Based on a literature review, this article shows that the relationship between economic independence and IPV is highly complex. To unravel this complex relationship, a socio-ecological analysis framework has been applied. First, it is a layered relation, in where employment does not necessarily lead to economic independence, which can be explained by social inequalities. Second, the relation is bidirectional, where women do not by definition have access to their own financial recourses due to tactics of financial control by the intimate partner. This reveals the coexistence of IPV and economic abuse and the extent to which an intimate relationship affects the scope for individual choice. Third, there is a paradoxical relationship in which employment is both a protective and risk factor for IPV. This, in turn, cannot be separated from traditional norms about masculinity and femininity, where men occupy a position of power and derive status from being the breadwinner. These findings imply that not only the approach to IPV but also the labor market policy requires a gender-sensitive approach. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=intimate%20partner%20violence" title="intimate partner violence">intimate partner violence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=economic%20independence" title=" economic independence"> economic independence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=literature%20review" title=" literature review"> literature review</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=socio-ecological%20analysis%20framework" title=" socio-ecological analysis framework"> socio-ecological analysis framework</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/140601/understanding-the-complex-relationship-between-economic-independency-and-intimate-partner-violence-by-applying-a-socio-ecological-analysis-framework" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/140601.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">228</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">19481</span> Interpreting Privacy Harms from a Non-Economic Perspective</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Christopher%20Muhawe">Christopher Muhawe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Masooda%20Bashir"> Masooda Bashir</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> With increased Internet Communication Technology(ICT), the virtual world has become the new normal. At the same time, there is an unprecedented collection of massive amounts of data by both private and public entities. Unfortunately, this increase in data collection has been in tandem with an increase in data misuse and data breach. Regrettably, the majority of data breach and data misuse claims have been unsuccessful in the United States courts for the failure of proof of direct injury to physical or economic interests. The requirement to express data privacy harms from an economic or physical stance negates the fact that not all data harms are physical or economic in nature. The challenge is compounded by the fact that data breach harms and risks do not attach immediately. This research will use a descriptive and normative approach to show that not all data harms can be expressed in economic or physical terms. Expressing privacy harms purely from an economic or physical harm perspective negates the fact that data insecurity may result into harms which run counter the functions of privacy in our lives. The promotion of liberty, selfhood, autonomy, promotion of human social relations and the furtherance of the existence of a free society. There is no economic value that can be placed on these functions of privacy. The proposed approach addresses data harms from a psychological and social perspective. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=data%20breach%20and%20misuse" title="data breach and misuse">data breach and misuse</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=economic%20harms" title=" economic harms"> economic harms</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=privacy%20harms" title=" privacy harms"> privacy harms</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=psychological%20harms" title=" psychological harms"> psychological harms</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/135187/interpreting-privacy-harms-from-a-non-economic-perspective" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/135187.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">195</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">19480</span> How Do Crisis Affect Economic Policy?</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eva%20Kotl%C3%A1nov%C3%A1">Eva Kotlánová</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> After recession that began in 2007 in the United States and subsequently spilled over the Europe we could expect recovery of economic growth. According to the last estimation of economic progress of European countries, this recovery is not strong enough. Among others, it will depend on economic policy, where and in which way, the economic indicators will proceed. Economic theories postulate that the economic subjects prefer stably, continual economic policy without repeated and strong fluctuations. This policy is perceived as support of economic growth. Mostly in crises period, when the government must cope with consequences of recession, the economic policy becomes unpredictable for many subjects and economic policy uncertainty grows, which have negative influence on economic growth. The aim of this paper is to use panel regression to prove or disprove this hypothesis on the example of five largest European economies in the period 2008–2012. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=economic%20crises%20in%20Europe" title="economic crises in Europe">economic crises in Europe</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=economic%20policy" title=" economic policy"> economic policy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=uncertainty" title=" uncertainty"> uncertainty</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=panel%20analysis%20regression" title=" panel analysis regression"> panel analysis regression</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8675/how-do-crisis-affect-economic-policy" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/8675.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">386</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">19479</span> Deterministic Modelling to Estimate Economic Impact from Implementation and Management of Large Infrastructure</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dimitrios%20J.%20Dimitriou">Dimitrios J. Dimitriou </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> It is widely recognised that the assets portfolio development is helping to enhance economic growth, productivity and competitiveness. While numerous studies and reports certify the positive effect of investments in large infrastructure investments on the local economy, still, the methodology to estimate the contribution in economic development is a challenging issue for researchers and economists. The key question is how to estimate those economic impacts in each economic system. This paper provides a compact and applicable methodological framework providing quantitative results in terms of the overall jobs and income generated into the project life cycle. According to a deterministic mathematical approach, the key variables and the modelling framework are presented. The numerical case study highlights key results for a new motorway project in Greece, which is experienced economic stress for many years, providing the opportunity for comparisons with similar cases. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=quantitative%20modelling" title="quantitative modelling">quantitative modelling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=economic%20impact" title=" economic impact"> economic impact</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=large%20transport%20infrastructure" title=" large transport infrastructure"> large transport infrastructure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=economic%20assessment" title=" economic assessment"> economic assessment</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80752/deterministic-modelling-to-estimate-economic-impact-from-implementation-and-management-of-large-infrastructure" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/80752.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">204</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">19478</span> Generalized Additive Model Approach for the Chilean Hake Population in a Bio-Economic Context</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Selin%20Guney">Selin Guney</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Andres%20Riquelme"> Andres Riquelme</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The traditional bio-economic method for fisheries modeling uses some estimate of the growth parameters and the system carrying capacity from a biological model for the population dynamics (usually a logistic population growth model) which is then analyzed as a traditional production function. The stock dynamic is transformed into a revenue function and then compared with the extraction costs to estimate the maximum economic yield. In this paper, the logistic population growth model for the population is combined with a forecast of the abundance and location of the stock by using a generalized additive model approach. The paper focuses on the Chilean hake population. This method allows for the incorporation of climatic variables and the interaction with other marine species, which in turn will increase the reliability of the estimates and generate better extraction paths for different conservation objectives, such as the maximum biological yield or the maximum economic yield. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bio-economic" title="bio-economic">bio-economic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fisheries" title=" fisheries"> fisheries</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GAM" title=" GAM"> GAM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=production" title=" production"> production</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59045/generalized-additive-model-approach-for-the-chilean-hake-population-in-a-bio-economic-context" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/59045.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">252</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">19477</span> Infrastructural Investment and Economic Growth in Indian States: A Panel Data Analysis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jonardan%20Koner">Jonardan Koner</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Basabi%20Bhattacharya"> Basabi Bhattacharya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Avinash%20Purandare"> Avinash Purandare </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The study is focused to find out the impact of infrastructural investment on economic development in Indian states. The study uses panel data analysis to measure the impact of infrastructural investment on Real Gross Domestic Product in Indian States. Panel data analysis incorporates Unit Root Test, Cointegration Teat, Pooled Ordinary Least Squares, Fixed Effect Approach, Random Effect Approach, Hausman Test. The study analyzes panel data (annual in frequency) ranging from 1991 to 2012 and concludes that infrastructural investment has a desirable impact on economic development in Indian. Finally, the study reveals that the infrastructural investment significantly explains the variation of economic indicator. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infrastructural%20investment" title="infrastructural investment">infrastructural investment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=real%20GDP" title=" real GDP"> real GDP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=unit%20root%20test" title=" unit root test"> unit root test</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cointegration%20teat" title=" cointegration teat"> cointegration teat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pooled%20ordinary%20least%20squares" title=" pooled ordinary least squares"> pooled ordinary least squares</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fixed%20effect%20approach" title=" fixed effect approach"> fixed effect approach</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=random%20effect%20approach" title=" random effect approach"> random effect approach</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hausman%20test" title=" Hausman test"> Hausman test</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6380/infrastructural-investment-and-economic-growth-in-indian-states-a-panel-data-analysis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/6380.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">402</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">19476</span> Consequential Investigations on the Impact of Zakat Towards the Promotion of Socio-Economic Development in Morocco: A Theoretical Framework</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mennani%20Maha">Mennani Maha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Attak%20El%20Houssain"> Attak El Houssain</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Under the massive effect of the Covid-19 health crisis, marked by a loss of competitiveness, a slowdown in growth and an accumulation of the repercussions of socio-economic inequalities, a considerable effort must be combined, in Morocco, to put into perspective macro-political, macro-economic and social opportunities. The development of a new economic and social approach is essential in order to respond to the authenticity of the new development model that will be used by the country. The appropriation of strategies of solidarity and social cohesion constitutes a participatory, competitive and inclusive approach to support the functionalities of the economic, social and political system. Therefore, the search for alternative financial resources has become a necessity to achieve the objectives of sustainable socio-economic growth on the one hand; and to promote, on the other hands, the dynamics, of large scale, social investments. The zakat remains a site of the Islamic economy dedicated to stimulating the bases of a collective adhesion of the population on the economic, as well as on the social level, thanks to a fair and equitable distribution of the zakat funds. However, Morocco is one of the few Muslim countries that has not yet had an institution for collecting and distributing this Islamic duty, which makes it difficult to measure the socio-economic impact of zakat. This theoretical document essentially ensures the development of the crucial utility of institutionalizing zakat in order to reinforce the objectives of social solidarity in Morocco in line with the process of conceptualizing a new development model. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=zakat" title="zakat">zakat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=socio-economic%20development" title=" socio-economic development"> socio-economic development</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=solidarity" title=" solidarity"> solidarity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20investment" title=" social investment"> social investment</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/144104/consequential-investigations-on-the-impact-of-zakat-towards-the-promotion-of-socio-economic-development-in-morocco-a-theoretical-framework" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/144104.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">140</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">19475</span> Transport Infrastructure and Economic Growth in South Africa</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abigail%20Mosetsanagape%20Mooketsi">Abigail Mosetsanagape Mooketsi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Itumeleng%20Pleasure%20Mongale"> Itumeleng Pleasure Mongale</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Joel%20Hinaunye%20Eita"> Joel Hinaunye Eita</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of this study is to analyse the impact of transport infrastructure on economic growth in South Africa through Engle Granger two step approach using the data from 1970 to 2013. GDP is used as a proxy for economic growth whilst rail transport (rail lines, rail goods transported) and air transport(air passengers carried, air freight) are used as proxies for transport infrastructure. The results showed that there is a positive long-run relationship between transport infrastructure and economic growth. The results show that South Africa’s economic growth can be boosted by providing transport infrastructure. The estimated models were simulated and the results that the model is a good fit. The findings of this research will be beneficial to policy makers, academics and it will also enhance the ability of the investors to make informed decisions about investing in South Africa. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transport" title="transport">transport</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=infrastructure" title=" infrastructure"> infrastructure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=economic%20growth" title=" economic growth"> economic growth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=South%20Africa" title=" South Africa"> South Africa</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62516/transport-infrastructure-and-economic-growth-in-south-africa" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/62516.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">482</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">19474</span> Impact of Health Sector Economic Reforms in Underdeveloped Countries</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Haga%20Abdelrahman%20Elimam">Haga Abdelrahman Elimam</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper investigates the connotation, and some of the realistic implications, of the economic reform of health sector in under developed countries. The paper investigates the issues that economic reforms have to address, and the policy targets they are considered to accomplish. The work argues that the development of economic reform is not connected only with understanding the priorities and refining them, furthermore with reformation and restructuring the organizations through which health policies are employed. Considering various organizational values, that are likely to be regular to all economic reform programs, a regulatory approach to institutional reform is unsuitable. The paper further investigates the selection of economic reform that may as well influence via technical suggestions and analysis, but the verdict to continue, and the consequent success of execution, eventually depends on the progressive political sustainability. The paper concludes by giving examples of institutional reforms from various underdeveloped countries and includes recommendation of the responsibility and control of donor organizations. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=economic%20reform" title="economic reform">economic reform</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=health%20sector" title=" health sector"> health sector</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=underdeveloped%20countries" title=" underdeveloped countries"> underdeveloped countries</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=technical%20suggestions" title=" technical suggestions"> technical suggestions</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27909/impact-of-health-sector-economic-reforms-in-underdeveloped-countries" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/27909.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">423</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">19473</span> Convergence or Divergence of Economic Growth within the ASEAN Community: Challenges for the AEC</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Philippe%20Gugler">Philippe Gugler</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This contribution reflects some important questions regarding inter alia the economic development occurring in the light of the ASEAN’s goal of creating the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) by 2015. We observe a continuing economic growth of GDP per capita over recent years despite the negative effects of the world economic crisis. IMF forecasts indicate that this trend will continue. The paper focuses on the analysis and comparison of economic growth trends of ASEAN countries. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=convergence" title=" convergence"> convergence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=divergence" title=" divergence"> divergence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=economic%20growth" title=" economic growth"> economic growth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=globalization" title=" globalization"> globalization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=integration" title=" integration"> integration</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25809/convergence-or-divergence-of-economic-growth-within-the-asean-community-challenges-for-the-aec" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/25809.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">518</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">19472</span> Tracing Economic Policies to Ancient Indian Economic Thought</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Satish%20Y.%20Deodhar">Satish Y. Deodhar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Science without history is like a man without memory. The colossal history of India stores many ideas on economic ethics and public policy, which have been forgotten in the course of time. This paper is an attempt to bring to the fore contributions from ancient Indian treatises. In this context, the paper briefly summarizes alternative economic ideas such as communism, capitalism, and the holistic approach of ancient Indian writings. Thereafter, the idea of a welfare brick for an individual consisting of three dimensions -Purusharthas, Ashramas, and Varnas is discussed. Given the contours of the welfare brick, the concept of the state, its economic policies, markets, prices, interest rates, and credit are covered next. This is followed by delving into the treatment of land, property rights, guilds, and labour relations. The penultimate section summarises the economic advice offered to the head of a household in the treatise Shukranitisara. Finally, in concluding comments, the relevance of ancient Indian writings for modern times is discussed -both for pedagogy and economic policies. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ancient%20Indian%20treatises" title="ancient Indian treatises">ancient Indian treatises</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=history%20of%20economic%20thought" title=" history of economic thought"> history of economic thought</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=science%20of%20political%20economy" title=" science of political economy"> science of political economy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sanskrit" title=" Sanskrit"> Sanskrit</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/172645/tracing-economic-policies-to-ancient-indian-economic-thought" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/172645.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">97</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">19471</span> Governance and Economic Growth: Evidence for Ten Asian Countries</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chiung-Ju%20Huang">Chiung-Ju Huang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study utilizes a frequency domain approach over the period of 1996 to 2013 to examine the causal relationship between governance and economic growth in ten Asian countries, which have different levels of democracy; classified as “Free”, “Partly Free”, and “Not Free” countries. The empirical results show that there is no Granger causality running from governance to economic growth in “Not Free” countries and “Partly Free” countries with the exception of Singapore. As for “Free” countries such as South Korea and Taiwan, there is a one-way causality running from governance to economic growth. The findings of this study indicate that policy makers in South Korea, Taiwan, and Singapore could use governance index to improve their predictions of the future economic growth. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=economic%20growth" title="economic growth">economic growth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=frequency%20domain" title=" frequency domain"> frequency domain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=governance" title=" governance"> governance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=granger%20causality" title=" granger causality"> granger causality</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29724/governance-and-economic-growth-evidence-for-ten-asian-countries" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/29724.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">363</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">19470</span> An Econometric Analysis of the Impacts of Inflation on the Economic Growth of South Africa</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Gisele%20Mah">Gisele Mah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Paul%20Saah"> Paul Saah</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The rising rates of inflation are hindering economic growth in developing nations. Hence, this study investigated the effects of inflation rates on the economic growth of South Africa using the secondary time series data from 1987 to 2022. The main objectives of this study were to investigate the long run relationship between inflation and economic growth, and also to determine the causality direction between these two variables. The study utilized the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds test of co-integration to investigate whether there is a long-run relationship between inflation and economic growth. The Pairwise Granger causality approach was employed to determine the second objective, which is the direction of causality. The study discovered only one co-integration relationship between our variables and it was between inflation and economic growth. The results showed that there is a negative and significant relationship between inflation and economic growth. There appeared to be a positive and significant relationship between economic growth and exchange rate. The interest rates have shown to be negative and insignificant in explaining economic growth. The study also established that inflation does Granger cause economic growth which is given as GDP. Similarly, the study discovered that inflation Granger causes exchange rates. Therefore, the study recommends that inflation should be decreased in South Africa, in order for economic growth to increase. Contrary, this study recommends that South Africa should increase its exchange rates, in order for economic growth to also increase. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inflation%20rate" title="inflation rate">inflation rate</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=economic%20growth" title=" economic growth"> economic growth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=South%20Africa" title=" South Africa"> South Africa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=autoregressive%20distributed%20lag%20model" title=" autoregressive distributed lag model"> autoregressive distributed lag model</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/185947/an-econometric-analysis-of-the-impacts-of-inflation-on-the-economic-growth-of-south-africa" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/185947.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">48</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">19469</span> Indigenous Engagement: Towards a Culturally Sensitive Approach for Inclusive Economic Development</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Karla%20N.%20Penna">Karla N. Penna</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Eloise%20J.%20Hoffman"> Eloise J. Hoffman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tonya%20R.%20Carter"> Tonya R. Carter</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper suggests that effective cultural landscape management plans in an Indigenous context should be undertaken using multidisciplinary approach taken into consideration context-related social and cultural aspects. In relation to working in Indigenous and mining contexts, we draw upon and contribute to International policies on human rights that promote the development of management plans on that are co-designed through genuine engagement processes. We suggest that the production of management plans that are built upon culturally relevant frameworks, lead to more inclusive economic development, a greater sense of trust, and shared managerial responsibilities. In this paper, three issues related to Indigenous engagement and cultural landscape management plans will be addressed: (1) the need for effective communication channels between proponents and Traditional Owners (Australian original Aboriginal peoples who inhabited specific regions), (2) the use of a culturally sensitive approach to engage local representatives in the decision making processes, and (3) how design of new management plans can help in establishing shared management. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=culture-centred%20approach" title="culture-centred approach">culture-centred approach</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Holons%E2%80%99%20hierarchy" title=" Holons’ hierarchy"> Holons’ hierarchy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=inclusive%20economic%20development" title=" inclusive economic development"> inclusive economic development</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=indigenous%20engagement" title=" indigenous engagement"> indigenous engagement</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142437/indigenous-engagement-towards-a-culturally-sensitive-approach-for-inclusive-economic-development" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/142437.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">202</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">19468</span> Solving Nonconvex Economic Load Dispatch Problem Using Particle Swarm Optimization with Time Varying Acceleration Coefficients</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alireza%20Alizadeh">Alireza Alizadeh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hossein%20Ghadimi"> Hossein Ghadimi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Oveis%20Abedinia"> Oveis Abedinia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Noradin%20Ghadimi"> Noradin Ghadimi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A Particle Swarm Optimization with Time Varying Acceleration Coefficients (PSO-TVAC) is proposed to determine optimal economic load dispatch (ELD) problem in this paper. The proposed methodology easily takes care of solving non-convex economic load dispatch problems along with different constraints like transmission losses, dynamic operation constraints and prohibited operating zones. The proposed approach has been implemented on the 3-machines 6-bus, IEEE 5-machines 14-bus, IEEE 6-machines 30-bus systems and 13 thermal units power system. The proposed technique is compared to solve the ELD problem with hybrid approach by using the valve-point effect. The comparison results prove the capability of the proposed method giving significant improvements in the generation cost for the economic load dispatch problem. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=PSO-TVAC" title="PSO-TVAC">PSO-TVAC</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=economic%20load%20dispatch" title=" economic load dispatch"> economic load dispatch</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=non-convex%20cost%20function" title=" non-convex cost function"> non-convex cost function</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=prohibited%20operating%20zone" title=" prohibited operating zone"> prohibited operating zone</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=transmission%20losses" title=" transmission losses"> transmission losses</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/13428/solving-nonconvex-economic-load-dispatch-problem-using-particle-swarm-optimization-with-time-varying-acceleration-coefficients" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/13428.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">387</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">19467</span> The Relationship between Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in Turkey: A Time Series Analysis</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Burcu%20Guvenek">Burcu Guvenek</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Volkan%20Alptekin"> Volkan Alptekin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Turkey is a country in the process of development and its economy has undergone structural reforms in order to realize a sustainable development and energy has vital role as a basic input for this aim. Turkey has been in the process of economic growth and development and, because of this, has an increasing energy need. This paper investigates relationship between economic growth and electricity consumption using annual data for Turkey between 1970-2008 by using bounds test. As economic growth and energy consumption variables used in empirical analysis was different order of integration I(0) and I(1), we employed bounds test approach. We have not found co-integration relationship between the variables. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bounds%20test" title="bounds test">bounds test</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=economic%20growth" title=" economic growth"> economic growth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=energy%20consumption" title=" energy consumption"> energy consumption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Turkey" title=" Turkey"> Turkey</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32145/the-relationship-between-energy-consumption-and-economic-growth-in-turkey-a-time-series-analysis" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/32145.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">363</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">19466</span> The Role of Development in Settling Migration Crisis: The Preventive Approach of the European Union in Relations with Sub-Saharan African States</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Artsiom%20Zinchanka">Artsiom Zinchanka</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The world faces now one of the largest migration crisis and the European Union meets challenges in accepting the flow of migrants that could not be handled finally at this step. This crisis is complicated with many factors, such as military conflict in the Middle East; absence of the appropriate conditions in the refugees’ camps; but also with the complicity of the migration flow consisting of the Sub-Saharan migrants. This type of migrants leave their homelands for many reasons including poverty, not appropriate level of social and economic conditions, absence of infrastructure and access to the education and medical care. In practice, when the restrictive approach directed to limit the flow of illicit migration and to send illicit migrants back to their homelands is not always working, the approach directed to the root causes of the migration crisis can be more effective in settling the crisis. The Cotonou Agreement and the following treaties concluded between the European Union, and Sub-Saharan states show that the European Union considers the development of human rights and appropriate social and economic conditions in the Sub-Saharan states as one of the most important factors addressing the migration crisis. The preventive approach as the efforts of the European Union to develop appropriate social and economic conditions in Sub-Saharan states is considered in this article, as well as its evolution and current condition. This article also considers pros and cons of this approach and the obstacles that this approach faces. The research methods include review of literature and documents, analytical and descriptive methods. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=migration%20crisis" title="migration crisis">migration crisis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=preventive%20approach" title=" preventive approach"> preventive approach</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sub-Saharan%20States" title=" Sub-Saharan States"> Sub-Saharan States</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=the%20European%20Union" title=" the European Union"> the European Union</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/97751/the-role-of-development-in-settling-migration-crisis-the-preventive-approach-of-the-european-union-in-relations-with-sub-saharan-african-states" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/97751.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">134</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">19465</span> An Examination of the Link between Social Enterprise Orientation of an Organization and the Pursuit of Corporate Sustainability</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Susan%20P.%20Teru">Susan P. Teru</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jerome%20Nyameh"> Jerome Nyameh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Many contemporary organizations are placing a greater emphasis on business enterprise systems as a means of generating higher levels of economic development and sustainability. Many business research and literature has also concur that enterprise drive economic development, giving little or no credit to social enterprise, whose profit is reinvest to the community development compare to the business enterprise that share their profit to shareholders. Economic development and corporate sustainability includes economic policies that affect the beneficiaries of the economic entity and how it support corporate sustainability as a multifaceted concept that requires organizational change and adaptation on different levels. In this paper, we provide a closer examination of this suggested link between the social enterprise orientation of an organization and the pursuit of corporate sustainability. We suggest that producing social enterprise increments may be best achieved by orienting social enterprise entrepreneurs system to promote economic development and corporate sustainability, which is the new approach to organizational excellent. To this end, we describe a new approach to the social enterprise process that includes social entrepreneur and the key drivers of economic development and corporate sustainability at each stage. We present a model of social enterprise that incorporates the main ideas of the paper and suggests a new perspective for thinking about how to foster and manage social enterprise to achieve high levels of economic development and corporate sustainability as a new ways of achieving organizational excellence. Specifically, we seek to assess (1) what constitutes a corporate sustainability-oriented organization culture, (2) whether it is possible for organizations to display a unified corporate sustainability as a result of social enterprise (3) whether organizations can become more sustainable through social enterprise change. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=social%20enterprise%20orientation" title="social enterprise orientation">social enterprise orientation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=organization" title=" organization"> organization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=the%20pursuit%20of%20corporate%20sustainability" title=" the pursuit of corporate sustainability"> the pursuit of corporate sustainability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=business%20and%20management" title=" business and management "> business and management </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19777/an-examination-of-the-link-between-social-enterprise-orientation-of-an-organization-and-the-pursuit-of-corporate-sustainability" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19777.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">423</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">19464</span> Entrepreneurship Education as a 21st Century Strategy for Economic Growth and Sustainable Development</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Fems%20Kurotimi">M. Fems Kurotimi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Agada%20Franklin"> Agada Franklin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Godsave%20Aladei"> Godsave Aladei</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Opigo%20Helen"> Opigo Helen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Within the last 30 years, entrepreneurship education (EE) has continued to gain massive interest both in the field of research and among policy makers. This surge in interest can be attributed to the perceived importance EE plays in the equipping of potential entrepreneurs and as a 21<sup>st</sup> century strategy to foster economic growth and development. This paper sets out to ascertain the correlation between EE and economic growth and development. A desk research approach was adopted where a multiplicity of literatures in the field were studied intensely. The findings reveal that indeed EE has a positive effect on entrepreneurship engagement thereby fostering economic growth and development. However, some research studies reported the contrary. That although EE may be able to equip potential entrepreneurs with requisite entrepreneurial skills and competencies, it will only be successful in producing entrepreneurs if they are internally driven to become entrepreneurs, because we cannot make people what they are not. The findings also reveal that countries that adopted EE early have more innovations inspired by entrepreneurs and are more developed than those that only recently adopted EE as a viable tool for entrepreneurship and economic development. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=entrepreneurship" title="entrepreneurship">entrepreneurship</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=entrepreneurship%20education" title=" entrepreneurship education"> entrepreneurship education</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=economic%20development" title=" economic development"> economic development</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=economic%20growth" title=" economic growth"> economic growth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainable%20development" title=" sustainable development"> sustainable development</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/73314/entrepreneurship-education-as-a-21st-century-strategy-for-economic-growth-and-sustainable-development" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/73314.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">336</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=economic%20approach&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=economic%20approach&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" 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