CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9133ccc18d314c41',cH: 'IP6CALzwx3a.D1XP_1fE.sPjfwuD3AH8TwvQKIcqFc8-1739774571-1.2.1.1-WFuopPJ5ZdPAw72mfNU.uItF.pMAPRSrP1QlD0CdmM3Y3BF6OFFilw4cIg4ubGW8',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=economic%20growth&__cf_chl_tk=rxHDMkSK5JFYasBIgOBX32LKvCq8TtsNSj42JtYE6k4-1739774571-1.0.1.1-i9XREFTop8jqvEIeiBL9SJTVX8HaUuFYaIe7lugxiCU",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739774571',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=economic%20growth&__cf_chl_f_tk=rxHDMkSK5JFYasBIgOBX32LKvCq8TtsNSj42JtYE6k4-1739774571-1.0.1.1-i9XREFTop8jqvEIeiBL9SJTVX8HaUuFYaIe7lugxiCU",md: "mIi7lbZOWjcOcO38V5uCfdb4JGLuRs9U38XpgYYZc8A-1739774571-1.2.1.1-AcpVaA7I_MO4rPsBcdqkkwz5T7VyHlc3ywR50_QfiYX.KD1Tprv4DeJGo58326k9liHnmKb4Vo7.O.Di70TlmbzroemFqgOb4lVjVaqxxMHqQ_CvVCdWVY55VG7zfQAWxRAMJ61uelZzhksUx0CFXRkbo5cEgqn25b3s6oPio0zZx8PDYr4G7RxabMNEqejdblA7d6HhOZWnLbhEzhOqOaNcIrH2HGopA9G52CR9fs44nrcPhv_9oeW8C.J6ZNDyxuiUDxXkyQAcziTqUfsN1riS4cPIPd1J4iyj7zN2qeYioRczB5toaKc5RJiUesRIRYYF0pPYoKx0IHx3YF55LMSj_xoCmyXNarnZK3cApm2UI_TzS172Txu09.pNZSby2XTqaKVIjBh5C0PRETkH7G4TeV8zGgrQT3SmlmFHFvfamqVV3kiQmMb6p3si2TWMh6BBUQsGDgXk5duv.ovW.UCSNl3ijJHwpeC.bCLA7THRMovCiTJuwhrILVcJ5Oyge5mZQ06fBWhQvS_VcMODf_b3zwPGc5i.68ODTOZw5djrRBZDAfjtlUqGfftAar_9BN91I3w4WiHyTYvQ2D2Ekql5HBav03kRdwJbMKT3fiZ2KwLYea_iVxzhDv.NIwiGfJ.1eDxw2CZKZZ_tGcyCCMtBTFYnRX5yVfc0r6My8snNgMDsdEEpm_n6zFvZ9z37E04S.QKJNPZAcWO8_.WF44kHeGv8NCYitwFd50EDwU1q0kzPORQG.n74xzpXKI.nm7cg1yxSZWZlOC4tuaDI.37as5UuK5EBCkZ5oVktTH50o1_RZk_jIMlDo_j6k6lZvqcQugp59vJaCt1H8UfZrN1KouOUdwFWwu1PiBaOq2IRvJ66VcH1kAccg442SYrkDSCoJeWekQZbCFzWL8vdGXDl.ruCIVSZie.G72.BEJRC3l8iaBsv7xe4p6nBM1VpdJZPikT21qQ1Z5a8ggN1sieCAYEe7127VrMiwGDdDaYiuJnfJvtVua7B3Jby8Gox4PS34jaUV18lvnD39KF0kmuj7XHWhsdSm048UOiLkWLxDDRQ72Ls8sqbaKsy6TxaSwh1EuQb0mt_ATJrWivj7ni7dE5TBBytVgc2fx_hEQS3uf352kuXWZTALAN1dnsR8BKEYPRpQ1.5WLiiclzbnSeZdAzrpek9yozMBi4zMlYDtEzwZb6dzjUK2i5V1xqjd3F.7_iuBq1PVK9SqYm1W_HkASlbgPRCSbNNbf6oeNAmo3DmGK4Vqe1IMahbhih7EqeFcoz7duDRb_s6FYGysyKXzqt0piZ35qM8xIDBOmhcX.5uZ.augaoQVoi4uLYOZbHRgIqt_KL_KFxQKyRAe8JZnI42HJA3Tu22fweg4Gxwcn_rE1xro81f5dlU.XCRRMpdMqwPfzFK2sO8DsYoLlL9Ji5_dTvz80GT28wjwVr2vriyhaXgDXmJSlU7lc.M3Y52RojA.78KC4tz3WSo6pcCsAmGGHYlaY_U0Jsiu2e7e8MrBS3c4KLmkNqk7_1eJA0kPMzzH1vfH3JrVz1fZmq0BAbgMrEes826XtsyHR2VgFeIiaiY3tDvOnu0d.vHJmbW1uUcl8NIC8kITeSlxMN4lnKr5_1M2kjQ.GtFBHvHPsD5dEi2wzNy9RG5Lkx42VnEd7Zb.Cb_caikxY21UbV0LA5Ayia7iCHheHTR8TqxSpAf7sV7LrU43ycObUqUERPrYLMTQQKUjMDdVQ4g4fHiIQgVw6d.hir4IsahhgJBOKNOZVxmsFwKLqXh9rsi5CZU6f4tTT3KcTXCykfjBH4afSt5lWgHPgVymvaLeElAwm4VvQ8JS2XMleXjs3iqpzYYFPYaEz0LKZseQaA9IJNjdkah1oDVj6G__rEXx89hh3b0qBhukNAtEnf7tzUxCKzfluRprsxbIjYEStcg3NStW2410Uywbrhgb5IvJF8",mdrd: "WJrWuUZKl0h40NQnt_bED03RLXFWjyjRMRS7VSdu0wc-1739774571-1.2.1.1-AzOecxx5iu5kV8QEZB.PTeMmNO1D862aTKEfcJZxIfaVJAOYU.b9AcO0.mH1.eWyNzAuKbM0JzvR2CdTwjc_urLhcsG2WtV3.Je1ayThOl12RuD7Nlzd58Gy4F0mOVbWfGlJGHLPEAFSV_7eAR7vT.UBy73t4PIgjYi3dN46Yx5LtS6X.2LMRX.gRiVLe4TPK87QMyHU.zsXCz1YDK9wHmjWD9Rvb1tmfgN_UQuD0fbZOXMSpoHehsM1nIIu1U42RFbwdaDK3fS6t2_K9Pv1HmEg6jueD1BEmH7u7LmMix8DCU1P3sDSb_M6xm6.3XmoLicFMg4Q2O4f_5u9mCzQ941ARTyE1cYDCHQLykFAHtaijYUj41Dgra9QSaMh0uQrpJzyGH.8bOnAeIihUsMg9gXfr5nzRrjitInagKkUBZxpxAsQGU2oiQkIDJoLU7tHcodzPkiDTiSGBSye_0NBgwtMBU1M5o.Oi9BLYrFqdQ1_xnG4K2noOz5TtfMSYPLl2iN8sNqULnljVeesYvUSpvEdiVmEwvJUjUbrwn5UcEKnXFsAJKgxLPon68JuNJTscwc.jwN0BLXcAFAjkQdPvonAgZxRA.9JP4S6c_hvniYOnRAexCYezZs2eQDsPp0j.OhBJDOlssT2j.IN67GPb1LtCt3sZyhP87nHipgmJiBwJhPgRHdF5R9EKL6BOiDjJQYH7KJ9cqY6.bhrisCz3IBAH_eU3brmykb5DqYlkpajUZXxT4ZD3W24hsLEK1mRanpUK4KF2SYGB6xJzp0oW5A5p3Lnjq7Fbp1OEDi_t2kM7mIwpz8IDBQR93lbsJV1YPKWxmNT9mirxrY77xSd2hZJJJKgB9q8Jq070IPmMpOKAS.7b0evVIcjD98dxtqF7Wao_QOYjFHacoOn03MbL6W4NrI0d_SX7bF.NGk8gfKkycNoKm2oAZia4y0rzo9P9okCNAFGAmJ.pKG7jUB3FA.ICg1sRTGLTBuXd9HFA2Tr73CJzp_F_HOMZx7us_3BRAeloiWuEbh0Er2H9H4QdRo4MU0a1IoYCblEUnhal2AFqeR.K_iPe.3Qe43xeQ3EZqx8aIQlIiSQVBr957agBj16bUWLeaTBIIqJaBHGfqumUc99TjVOYx1YlOLsV683cu8BCnf.eS5fSHiDw1.7IKB0SGNm_W62gP4DYoQvMNGz12Te1yp5jLhZMYPqNK8mXb2OMa3D_JHN8kj2dAWOEkiUsOCEqssQ0MWOwrKV1o6Annwv76EIAQXxw3RZVXDOQCrF8G9wd7yoN2sNKUeFrNveRtIWlgRni_DCzFmbsLBFovvswV_r_exDxeZdqVgevfeUHSv9ebI6C6_3V64HVQyuUz4SvUEaTTn3dE2GnMaLwc5GGulHtqmzqAS2Qb19FZvzwknboVQ9Zq1Q_S.MAcPaFSWr5yEj6g4uPu18kkiTWHZs0iGheMe4l1KpXMvNhsy9HCcvN_55nxkNKRAEEWUKm35ANElhGbsxzft4drZNgordP5BhyJRzSb5J9jRh6WQp_d8yYqBa7UfrRvXVonEK7IjalwJwXuN04TrwlowJw._e2aNO3Hx6u6WqEw71TscPigVdABF7K1XCo8Rb8_Pl6L9Erx.nLMDTZr7F0Vc2aNWHuX94DQbRyv6DKBKDgUdcFBYUYIBcLO5CgeGRcBqa93vqH13_D6R6eGCDKzKWoXDpxzNrj5temlByK7C2ZuB2E5u3wUwwTjI8cFF9Hff3jxT64Kq3CygUJ4VVH24bGhrqLflOrYaOzYYeeEXCA_QTHjNuNIF1AmRV9JZ37XHQaXqftVtk9LNz_FSdBpdBpb1UgKW0NP_iqRWQ3NbE9iphXzn_7GKw60ieI_ZhEak6aoxX_cjY.b.HrdnPvkrw4TqCxPcaNEsR.004OLpSt_qMgqFHfoybygVKyvNmpZu9I69SsVfjIj.cjrPF5ZHB_ENAc6g60Q1V0hO7Ui3M"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9133ccc18d314c41';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=economic%20growth&__cf_chl_rt_tk=rxHDMkSK5JFYasBIgOBX32LKvCq8TtsNSj42JtYE6k4-1739774571-1.0.1.1-i9XREFTop8jqvEIeiBL9SJTVX8HaUuFYaIe7lugxiCU" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>