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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Algae_blooms_and_red_tides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Algae blooms and red tides</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Algae_blooms_and_red_tides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biological_decay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_decay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Biological decay</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biological_decay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutrient_pollution_and_eutrophication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrient_pollution_and_eutrophication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Nutrient pollution and eutrophication</span> </div> </a> <ul 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<span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Prevention and investigation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevention_and_investigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notable events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Localized die-off of fish populations</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Fishkill_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Fishkill (disambiguation)">Fishkill</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fish_kill_pollution.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Fish_kill_pollution.jpg/300px-Fish_kill_pollution.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Fish_kill_pollution.jpg/450px-Fish_kill_pollution.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Fish_kill_pollution.jpg/600px-Fish_kill_pollution.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1973" /></a><figcaption>There are many causes of fish kill, but <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_depletion" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygen depletion">oxygen depletion</a> is the most common cause.</figcaption></figure> <p>The term <b>fish kill</b>, known also as <b>fish die-off</b>, refers to a localized <a href="/wiki/Mass_mortality_event" title="Mass mortality event">mass die-off</a> of fish populations which may also be associated with more generalized mortality of aquatic life.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2005_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2005-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most common cause is reduced oxygen in the water, which in turn may be due to factors such as <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">drought</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harmful_algal_bloom" title="Harmful algal bloom">harmful algal bloom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Overpopulation_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Overpopulation (biology)">overpopulation</a>, or a sustained increase in water temperature. <a href="/wiki/Fish_diseases_and_parasites" title="Fish diseases and parasites">Infectious diseases and parasites</a> can also lead to fish kill. <a href="/wiki/Toxicity" title="Toxicity">Toxicity</a> is a real but far less common cause of fish kill, and is often associated with man-made <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">water pollution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fish kills are often the first visible signs of <a href="/wiki/Environmental_stress" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental stress">environmental stress</a> and are usually investigated as a matter of urgency by environmental agencies to determine the cause of the kill. Many fish species have a relatively low tolerance of variations in environmental conditions and their death is often a potent indicator of problems in their environment that may be affecting other animals and plants and may have a direct impact on other uses of the water such as for <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">drinking water</a> production. Pollution events may affect fish species and <a href="/wiki/Age_class_structure" title="Age class structure">fish age classes</a> in different ways. If it is a cold-related fish kill, <a href="/wiki/Juvenile_fish" title="Juvenile fish">juvenile fish</a> or species that are not cold-tolerant may be selectively affected. If <a href="/wiki/Toxicity" title="Toxicity">toxicity</a> is the cause, species are more generally affected and the event may include amphibians and shellfish as well. A reduction in <a href="/wiki/Dissolved_oxygen" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolved oxygen">dissolved oxygen</a> may affect larger specimens more than smaller fish as these may be able to access oxygen richer water at the surface, at least for a short time. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_kill&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scheme_eutrophication-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Scheme_eutrophication-en.svg/300px-Scheme_eutrophication-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Scheme_eutrophication-en.svg/450px-Scheme_eutrophication-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Scheme_eutrophication-en.svg/600px-Scheme_eutrophication-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1485" data-file-height="955" /></a><figcaption>Depleted oxygen levels are the most common cause of fish kills. In this way <a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">eutrophication</a> can have devastating consequences for the health of <a href="/wiki/Benthos" title="Benthos">benthic life</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Fish kills may result from a variety of causes. Of known causes, fish kills are most frequently caused by pollution from agricultural runoff or biotoxins. <a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">Ecological hypoxia</a> (oxygen depletion) is one of the most common natural causes of fish kills. The suffocating event may be brought on by factors such as <a href="/wiki/Algae_bloom" class="mw-redirect" title="Algae bloom">algae blooms</a>, droughts, high temperatures<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Thermal_pollution" title="Thermal pollution">thermal pollution</a>. Fish kills may also occur due to the presence of disease, <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_runoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural runoff">agricultural runoff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">sewage</a> discharges, oil or <a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">hazardous waste</a> spills, <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fracturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic fracturing">hydraulic fracturing</a> wastewater, <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">sea-quakes</a>, inappropriate re-stocking of fish, <a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">poaching</a> with chemicals, underwater <a href="/wiki/Explosion" title="Explosion">explosions</a>, and other catastrophic events that upset a normally stable aquatic population.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2005_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2005-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the difficulty and lack of standard protocol to investigate fish kills, many fish kill cases are designated as having an unknown cause.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oxygen_depletion">Oxygen depletion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_kill&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Oxygen depletion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">Hypoxia (environmental)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_in_fish" title="Hypoxia in fish">Hypoxia in fish</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dead_and_dying_Cyprinus_carpio_carpio_in_Lake_Albert.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Dead_and_dying_Cyprinus_carpio_carpio_in_Lake_Albert.jpg/220px-Dead_and_dying_Cyprinus_carpio_carpio_in_Lake_Albert.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Dead_and_dying_Cyprinus_carpio_carpio_in_Lake_Albert.jpg/330px-Dead_and_dying_Cyprinus_carpio_carpio_in_Lake_Albert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Dead_and_dying_Cyprinus_carpio_carpio_in_Lake_Albert.jpg/440px-Dead_and_dying_Cyprinus_carpio_carpio_in_Lake_Albert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1313" /></a><figcaption>Dead and dying <a href="/wiki/European_carp" class="mw-redirect" title="European carp">European carp</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lake_Albert_(New_South_Wales)" title="Lake Albert (New South Wales)">Lake Albert</a>. Fish kills are often a sign of environmental stress.</figcaption></figure> <p>Oxygen enters the water through <a href="/wiki/Diffusion" title="Diffusion">diffusion</a>. The amount of oxygen that can be dissolved in water depends on the <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">atmospheric pressure</a>, the water temperature and whether the water is salty.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, at 20 °C (68 °F) and one atmosphere of pressure, a maximum of 8 mg/L of oxygen can dissolve in <a href="/wiki/Sea_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea water">sea water</a> (35 mg/L <a href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">salinity</a>) while a maximum of 9 mg/L of oxygen can dissolve in fresh water. The amount of oxygen that can be dissolved in the water decreases by about 1 mg/L for each 10 °C increase in water temperature above 20 °C. </p><p>Many cold water fish that live in clean cold waters become stressed when oxygen concentrations fall below 8 mg/L while warm water fish generally need at least 5 ppm (5 mg/L) of dissolved oxygen. Fish can endure short periods of reduced oxygen. Depleted oxygen levels are the most common cause of fish kills. Oxygen levels normally fluctuate even over the course of a day and are affected by weather, temperature, the amount of sunlight available, and the amount of living and dead plant and animal matter in the water.<sup id="cite_ref-BGWM_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGWM-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In temperate zones oxygen levels in <a href="/wiki/Eutrophic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eutrophic">eutrophic</a> rivers in summertime can exhibit very large <a href="/wiki/Diurnal_cycle" title="Diurnal cycle">diurnal</a> fluctuations with many hours of oxygen <a href="/wiki/Supersaturation" title="Supersaturation">supersaturation</a> during daylight followed by <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_depletion" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxygen depletion">oxygen depletion</a> at night.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Associated with these <a href="/wiki/Photosynthetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Photosynthetic">photosynthetic</a> rhythms there is a matching <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> rhythm as <a href="/wiki/Bicarbonate_ion" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicarbonate ion">bicarbonate ion</a> is metabolised by plant cells. This can lead to pH stress even when oxygen levels are high. </p><p>Additional dissolved organic loads are the most common cause of oxygen depletion and such organic loads may come from sewage, farm waste, <a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">tip/landfill</a> <a href="/wiki/Leachate" title="Leachate">leachate</a> and many other sources. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diseases_and_parasites">Diseases and parasites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_kill&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Diseases and parasites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fish_diseases_and_parasites" title="Fish diseases and parasites">Fish diseases and parasites</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cadmans_Pool,_New_Forest._-_geograph.org.uk_-_61031.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Cadmans_Pool%2C_New_Forest._-_geograph.org.uk_-_61031.jpg/220px-Cadmans_Pool%2C_New_Forest._-_geograph.org.uk_-_61031.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Cadmans_Pool%2C_New_Forest._-_geograph.org.uk_-_61031.jpg/330px-Cadmans_Pool%2C_New_Forest._-_geograph.org.uk_-_61031.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Cadmans_Pool%2C_New_Forest._-_geograph.org.uk_-_61031.jpg/440px-Cadmans_Pool%2C_New_Forest._-_geograph.org.uk_-_61031.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>This pond in <a href="/wiki/New_Forest" title="New Forest">New Forest</a>, England, has been restored following a <a href="/wiki/Viral_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Viral infection">viral infection</a> which killed all the fish.</figcaption></figure> <p>Fish are subject to various <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">viruses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a> in addition to parasites such as <a href="/wiki/Protozoan" class="mw-redirect" title="Protozoan">protozoans</a>, flukes and worms, or crustaceans. These are naturally occurring in many bodies of water, and fish that are stressed for other reasons, such as spawning or suboptimal water quality, are more susceptible. Signs of disease include sores, missing scales or lack of slime, strange growths or visible parasites, and abnormal behavior–lazy, erratic, gasping at the water surface or floating head, tail or belly up. </p><p>For example, since 2004 fish kills have been observed in the <a href="/wiki/Shenandoah_River" title="Shenandoah River">Shenandoah River</a> basin in the spring, from the time water temperatures are in the 50s (°F) until they reach the mid-70s. So far, investigators suspect certain bacteria, along with environmental and contaminant factors that may cause <a href="/wiki/Immune_suppression" class="mw-redirect" title="Immune suppression">immune suppression</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Fish_farming" title="Fish farming">fish farming</a>, where populations are optimized for the available resources, <a href="/wiki/Parasites" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasites">parasites</a> or disease can spread quickly. In <a href="/wiki/Channel_catfish" title="Channel catfish">channel catfish</a> <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_catfish" title="Aquaculture of catfish">aquaculture ponds</a>, for example, the "hamburger gill disease" is caused by a protozoan called <i>Aurantiactinomyxon</i> and can kill all the fish in an affected pond. In addition to altered behavior, affected fish have swollen gills that are mottled and have the appearance of ground hamburger meat.<sup id="cite_ref-BGWM_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGWM-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some early warning signs of fish suffering from disease or parasite infections include:<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Discolouration, open sores, reddening of the skin, bleeding, black or white spots on the skin</li> <li>Abnormal shape, swollen areas, abnormal lumps, or popeyes</li> <li>Abnormal distribution of the fish such as crowding at the surface, inlet, or pond edges (though crowding at the surface during specific times of day, such as early morning, is more likely a sign of low oxygen)</li> <li>Abnormal activity such as flashing, twisting, whirling, convulsions, loss of buoyancy</li> <li>Listlessness, weakness, sluggishness, lack of activity</li> <li>Loss of appetite or refusal to feed.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toxins">Toxins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_kill&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Toxins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fish_toxins" title="Fish toxins">Fish toxins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyanide_fishing" title="Cyanide fishing">Cyanide fishing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution#Toxins" title="Marine pollution">Marine pollution § Toxins</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_runoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural runoff">Agricultural runoff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">sewage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">surface runoff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemical_spill" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical spill">chemical spills</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">hazardous waste</a> spills can all potentially lead to water <a href="/wiki/Toxicity" title="Toxicity">toxicity</a> and fish kill. Some algae species also produce toxins. In Florida, these include <i><a href="/wiki/Aphanizomenon" title="Aphanizomenon">Aphanizomenon</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Anabaena" title="Anabaena">Anabaena</a></i> and <i>Microcystis</i>. Some notable fish kills in Louisiana in the 1950s were due to a <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticide</a> called <a href="/wiki/Endrin" title="Endrin">endrin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Natural instances of toxic conditions can occur, especially in poorly <a href="/wiki/Buffer_solution" title="Buffer solution">buffered</a> water. Aluminium compounds can cause complete fish kills, sometimes associated with autumn turn-over of lakes leading to complex chemical interactions between pH, <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a> ions and complex <a href="/wiki/Polymeric" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymeric">polymeric</a> salts of aluminium.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Human-induced fish kills are unusual, but occasionally a spilled substance causes direct toxicity or a shift in water temperature or pH that can lead to fish kill. For example, in 1997 a <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphate</a> plant in <a href="/wiki/Mulberry,_Florida" title="Mulberry, Florida">Mulberry, Florida</a>, accidentally dumped 60 million US gal (0.23 million kl) of acidic process water into Skinned Sapling Creek, reducing the pH from about 8 to less than 4 along 36 miles (58 km) of creek, resulting in the death of about 1.3 million fish.<sup id="cite_ref-BGWM_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGWM-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is often difficult or impossible to determine whether a potential toxin is the direct cause of a fish kill. For example, hundreds of thousands of fish died after an accidental spill of <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_whiskey" title="Bourbon whiskey">bourbon whiskey</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Kentucky_River" title="Kentucky River">Kentucky River</a> near <a href="/wiki/Lawrenceburg,_Kentucky" title="Lawrenceburg, Kentucky">Lawrenceburg</a>. However, officials could not determine whether the fish kill was due to the bourbon directly or to oxygen depletion that resulted when aquatic <a href="/wiki/Microbe" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbe">microbes</a> rapidly began to consume and digest the liquor.<sup id="cite_ref-BGWM_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGWM-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cyanide" title="Cyanide">Cyanide</a> is a particular toxic compound that has been <a href="/wiki/Cyanide_fishing" title="Cyanide fishing">used to poach fish</a>. In cyanide poisoning the gills turn a distinctive cherry red. <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a> introduced as alkaline hypochlorite solution is also extremely toxic,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leaving pale mucilaginous gills and an over-production of mucilage across the whole body. <a href="/wiki/Calcium_oxide" title="Calcium oxide">Lime</a> produces similar symptoms but is also often associated with milk eyes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Algae_blooms_and_red_tides">Algae blooms and red tides</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_kill&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Algae blooms and red tides"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:River_Cam_green.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/River_Cam_green.JPG/220px-River_Cam_green.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/River_Cam_green.JPG/330px-River_Cam_green.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/River_Cam_green.JPG/440px-River_Cam_green.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1248" data-file-height="1008" /></a><figcaption>A small algae bloom on <a href="/wiki/River_Cam" title="River Cam">River Cam</a> near Trinity College</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cwall99_lg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Cwall99_lg.jpg/250px-Cwall99_lg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Cwall99_lg.jpg/330px-Cwall99_lg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Cwall99_lg.jpg/500px-Cwall99_lg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>A large algae bloom off the southern coast of England in 1999</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_tide.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Red_tide.jpg/220px-Red_tide.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Red_tide.jpg/330px-Red_tide.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Red_tide.jpg/440px-Red_tide.jpg 2x" data-file-width="563" data-file-height="422" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Red_tide" class="mw-redirect" title="Red tide">Red tide</a> is a reddish algae bloom caused by a microorganism common in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Algae_bloom" class="mw-redirect" title="Algae bloom">Algae bloom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Red_tide" class="mw-redirect" title="Red tide">Red tide</a></div> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Algae_bloom" class="mw-redirect" title="Algae bloom">algae bloom</a> is the appearance of a large amount of <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a> or <a href="/wiki/Impurities" class="mw-redirect" title="Impurities">scum</a> floating on the surface of a body of water. Algae blooms are a natural occurrence in nutrient-rich lakes and rivers, though sometimes <a href="/wiki/Nutrient_pollution" title="Nutrient pollution">increased nutrient levels</a> leading to algae blooms are due to fertilizer or animal waste <a href="/wiki/Land_runoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Land runoff">runoff</a>. A few species of algae produce <a href="/wiki/Toxin" title="Toxin">toxins</a>, but most fish kills due to algae bloom are a result of decreased oxygen levels. When the algae die, <a href="/wiki/Decomposition" title="Decomposition">decomposition</a> uses oxygen in the water that would be available to fish. A fish kill in a lake in Estonia in 2002 was attributed to a combination of algae bloom and high temperatures.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When people manage algae blooms in <a href="/wiki/Fish_pond" title="Fish pond">fish ponds</a>, it is recommended that treatments be staggered to avoid too much algae dying at once, which may result in a large drop in oxygen content. </p><p>Some diseases result in mass die-offs.<sup id="cite_ref-Moyle466_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moyle466-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the more bizarre and recently discovered diseases produces huge fish kills in shallow marine waters. It is caused by the <a href="/wiki/Ambush_predator" title="Ambush predator">ambush predator</a> <a href="/wiki/Dinoflagellate" title="Dinoflagellate">dinoflagellate</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Pfiesteria_piscicida" title="Pfiesteria piscicida">Pfiesteria piscicida</a></i>. When large numbers of fish, like <a href="/wiki/Shoaling_and_schooling" title="Shoaling and schooling">shoaling</a> <a href="/wiki/Forage_fish" title="Forage fish">forage fish</a>, are in confined situations such as shallow bays, the excretions from the fish encourage this dinoflagellate, which is not normally toxic, to produce free-swimming <a href="/wiki/Zoospores" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoospores">zoospores</a>. If the fish remain in the area, continuing to provide nourishment, then the zoospores start secreting a <a href="/wiki/Neurotoxin" title="Neurotoxin">neurotoxin</a>. This toxin results in the fish developing bleeding lesions, and their skin flakes off in the water. The dinoflagellates then eat the blood and flakes of tissue while the affected fish die.<sup id="cite_ref-Burkholder_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burkholder-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fish kills by this dinoflagellate are common, and they may also have been responsible for kills in the past which were thought to have had other causes.<sup id="cite_ref-Burkholder_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burkholder-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kills like these can be viewed as natural mechanisms for regulating the population of exceptionally abundant fish. The rate at which the kills occur increases as organically polluted <a href="/wiki/Land_runoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Land runoff">land runoff</a> increases.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Red_tide" class="mw-redirect" title="Red tide">Red tide</a> is the name commonly given to an algal bloom of <i><a href="/wiki/Karenia_brevis" title="Karenia brevis">Karenia brevis</a></i>, a microscopic marine dinoflagellate which is common in <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a> waters. In high concentrations it discolors the water which often appears reddish-brown in color. It produces a toxin which paralyses the central nervous system of fish so they cannot breathe. Dead fish wash up on beaches around Texas and Florida. Humans can also become seriously ill from eating oysters and other shellfish contaminated with the red tide toxin.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "red tide" is also commonly used to describe harmful algal blooms on the northern east coast of the United States, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Maine" title="Gulf of Maine">Gulf of Maine</a>. This type of bloom is caused by another species of <a href="/wiki/Dinoflagellate" title="Dinoflagellate">dinoflagellate</a> known as <i><a href="/wiki/Alexandrium_fundyense" title="Alexandrium fundyense">Alexandrium fundyense</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These blooms are natural phenomena, but the exact combination of factors that result in red tide outbreaks is not fully understood.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biological_decay">Biological decay</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_kill&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Biological decay"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Just as an algae bloom can lead to oxygen depletion, introduction of a large amount of <a href="/wiki/Decomposition" title="Decomposition">decaying</a> biological material in general to a body of water leads to oxygen depletion as <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganisms</a> use up available oxygen in the process of breaking down <a href="/wiki/Organic_matter" title="Organic matter">organic matter</a>. For example, a 10 miles (16 km) fish kill in September, 2010, in the <a href="/wiki/Sangamon_River" title="Sangamon River">Sangamon River</a> in Illinois was traced to discharge of animal waste into the river from a large dairy operation. The illegal discharge resulted in a complete kill of fish, frogs, <a href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">mussels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mudpuppy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudpuppy">mudpuppies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nutrient_pollution_and_eutrophication">Nutrient pollution and eutrophication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_kill&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Nutrient pollution and eutrophication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dead_Zone_NASA_NOAA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Dead_Zone_NASA_NOAA.jpg/250px-Dead_Zone_NASA_NOAA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Dead_Zone_NASA_NOAA.jpg/330px-Dead_Zone_NASA_NOAA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Dead_Zone_NASA_NOAA.jpg/500px-Dead_Zone_NASA_NOAA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="816" /></a><figcaption>Map of the dead zone in the Gulf of Mexico</figcaption></figure> <p>Excessive <a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">anthropogenic</a> <a href="/wiki/Nutrient_pollution" title="Nutrient pollution">nutrient enrichment</a> of phosphorus and nitrogen allow for rapid growth and multiplication of <a href="/wiki/Algal_bloom" title="Algal bloom">phytoplankton</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>. As phytoplankton continue to rapidly grow under optimal conditions, their biomass is almost doubled every 24 hours. In the water, higher concentrations of organic matter are present because of the high reproductive rate of the phytoplankton over a short period of time. The rapid growth of phytoplankton causes <a href="/wiki/Turbidity" title="Turbidity">turbidity</a> in the waters of the Mississippi and the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>. Turbidity is defined as the measure of water clarity by how much the suspended material, such as algae and phytoplankton, constrict the passage of sunlight through water. Hence, as phytoplankton begin to multiply more rapidly, turbidity in the river and gulf increases.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The increasing turbidity blocks plants from absorbing sunlight. The process of turbidity results in limited photosynthesis production, and sometimes even death from sunlight deprivation of the submerged aquatic vegetation that are affected by the opaque turbid water accumulating at the surface. </p><p>Furthermore, a significant detrimental outcome caused by <a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">eutrophication</a> in the Mississippi River is the increased uptake of dissolved oxygen by bacteria, in response to higher concentrations of organic matter. After eutrophication starts and is in progress, the phytoplankton reach their maximum <a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">population density</a> and begin to die.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the dead phytoplankton accumulate, detritus, or organic matter waste, forms at the surface along with other bacteria and algae. As more phytoplankton die, the higher the concentration of organic matter becomes; and with a higher concentration of organic matter, more bacteria will reproduce. </p><p>Consequently, as more bacteria, phytoplankton, and algae exponentially grow and multiply, the more submerged aquatic vegetation die, because they do not have access to sunlight due to eutrophication. Once this snowball-like course of action is in full motion, a dead zone has been created. As a result of the excess nutrient enrichment in the Mississippi River, dead zones appear in the Gulf of Mexico, created from the process of eutrophication. The dead zones in the gulf are mainly created by the nitrogen and phosphorus enrichment of the Lower Mississippi River. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spawning_fatalities">Spawning fatalities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_kill&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Spawning fatalities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dead_salmon_in_spawning_season.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Dead_salmon_in_spawning_season.jpg/250px-Dead_salmon_in_spawning_season.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Dead_salmon_in_spawning_season.jpg/330px-Dead_salmon_in_spawning_season.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Dead_salmon_in_spawning_season.jpg/500px-Dead_salmon_in_spawning_season.jpg 2x" data-file-width="584" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a> which has died after spawning</figcaption></figure> <p>Some species of fish exhibit mass simultaneous mortality as part of their natural life cycle. Fish kill due to spawning fatalities can occur when fish are exhausted from <a href="/wiki/Spawn_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spawn (biology)">spawning activities</a> such as courtship, nest building, and the release of eggs or <a href="/wiki/Milt" title="Milt">milt</a> (sperm). Fish are generally weaker after spawning and are less resilient than usual to smaller changes in the environment. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_salmon" title="Atlantic salmon">Atlantic salmon</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sockeye_salmon" title="Sockeye salmon">Sockeye salmon</a> where many of the females routinely die immediately after spawning. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_temperature">Water temperature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_kill&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Water temperature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thermal_pollution" title="Thermal pollution">Thermal pollution</a></div> <p>A fish kill can occur with rapid fluctuations in temperature or sustained high temperatures. Generally, cooler water has the potential to hold more oxygen, so a period of sustained high temperatures can lead to decreased dissolved oxygen in a body of water. An August 2010 fish kill in <a href="/wiki/Delaware_Bay" title="Delaware Bay">Delaware Bay</a> was attributed to low oxygen as a result of high temperatures.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A massive (hundreds of thousands) fish kill at the mouth of the Mississippi River in <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, September, 2010, was attributed to a combination of high temperatures and low tide. Such kills are known to happen in this region in late summer and early fall, but this one was unusually large.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A short period of hot weather can increase temperatures in the surface layer of water, as the warmer water tends to stay near the surface and be further heated by the air. In this case, the top warmer layer may have more oxygen than the lower, cooler layers because it has constant access to atmospheric oxygen. If a heavy wind or cold rain then occurs (usually during the autumn but sometimes in summer), the <a href="/wiki/Stratification_(water)" title="Stratification (water)">layers can mix</a>. If the volume of low oxygen water is much greater than the volume in the warm surface layer, this mixing can reduce oxygen levels throughout the <a href="/wiki/Water_column" title="Water column">water column</a> and lead to fish kill. </p><p>Fish kills can also result from a dramatic or prolonged drop in air (and thus, water) temperature. This kind of fish kill is selective – usually the dead fish are species that cannot tolerate cold. This has been observed in cases where a fish native to a more tropical region has been introduced to cooler waters, such as the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Tilapia" title="Tilapia">tilapia</a> to bodies of water in Florida. Native to Africa's <a href="/wiki/Nile_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Nile River">Nile River</a>, the tilapia stop feeding when water temperatures drop below 60 °F (16 °C) and die when it reaches 45 °F (7 °C). Thus, tilapia that have survived and successfully reproduced in Florida are occasionally killed by a winter cold front.<sup id="cite_ref-BGWM_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGWM-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January, 2011, a selective fish kill affecting an estimated 2 million juvenile <a href="/wiki/Spot_croaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Spot croaker">spot fish</a> was attributed to a combination of cold stress and overpopulation after a particularly large spawn.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Hundreds of thousands" of fish were found dead in <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> in June 2023 due to warming water.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Underwater_explosions">Underwater explosions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_kill&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Underwater explosions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Underwater_explosion" title="Underwater explosion">Underwater explosions</a> can lead to fish kill, and fish with <a href="/wiki/Swim_bladder" title="Swim bladder">swim bladders</a> are more susceptible. Sometimes underwater explosions are used on purpose to induce fish kills, a generally illegal practice known as <a href="/wiki/Blast_fishing" title="Blast fishing">blast fishing</a>. Underwater explosions may be accidental or planned, such as for construction, <a href="/wiki/Exploration_geophysics" title="Exploration geophysics">seismic testing</a>, mining or blast testing of structures under water. In many places, an assessment of potential effects of underwater explosions on marine life must be completed and preventive measures taken before blasting.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Droughts_and_overstocking">Droughts and overstocking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_kill&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Droughts and overstocking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Droughts and overstocking can also result in inland fish kills. </p><p>A drought can lead to lower water volumes so that even if the water contains a high level of dissolved oxygen, the reduced volume may not be enough for the fish population. Droughts often occur in conjunction with high temperatures so that the oxygen <a href="/wiki/Carrying_capacity" title="Carrying capacity">carrying capacity</a> of the water may also be reduced. Low river flows also reduce the available dilution for permitted discharges of treated sewage or <a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">industrial waste</a>. The reduced dilution increases the organic demand for oxygen further reducing the oxygen concentration available to fish </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fish_stocking" title="Fish stocking">Overstocking</a> of fish (or an unusually large <a href="/wiki/Spawn_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spawn (biology)">spawn</a>) can also result in inland fish kills. Fish kill due to insufficient oxygen is really a matter of too much demand and too little supply for whatever reason(s). Recommended stocking densities are available from many sources for bodies of water ranging from a home <a href="/wiki/Aquarium" title="Aquarium">aquarium</a> or backyard pond to commercial <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">aquaculture</a> facilities. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Estimation">Estimation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_kill&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Estimation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Estimating the magnitude of a kill presents a number of problems.<sup id="cite_ref-Labay_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Labay-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Polluted waters are often very <a href="/wiki/Turbidity" title="Turbidity">turbid</a> or have low transparency making it difficult or impossible to see fish that have sunk</li> <li>Rivers and streams can move fish downstream out of the investigation area.</li> <li>Small fish and <a href="/wiki/Fry_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fry (biology)">fry</a> can decompose or become buried in sediments very quickly and are lost from the count.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predator" class="mw-redirect" title="Predator">Predators</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scavenger" title="Scavenger">scavengers</a> remove and eat fish.</li> <li>Stressed fish may swim up tributaries and die there</li> <li>Many kills are reported only when dead fish resurface due to decompositional gas formation, often several hours after the kill has occurred.</li></ol> <p>Some very large fish kills may never be estimated because of these factors. The discharge of red aluminium <a href="/wiki/Sludge" title="Sludge">sludge</a> from a reservoir in <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> into the Marcai River is acknowledged as causing environmental devastation,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The loss of adult fish also can have long-term impacts on the success of the fishery as the following year's <a href="/wiki/Spawn_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spawn (biology)">spawning</a> stock may have been lost and recovery of the pre-kill population may take years. The loss of food supplies or recreational income may be very significant to the local economy.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention_and_investigation">Prevention and investigation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_kill&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Prevention and investigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fish kills are difficult to predict. Even when conditions that contribute to fish kill are known to exist, prevention is hard because often conditions cannot be improved and fish cannot be safely removed in time. In small ponds, mechanical <a href="/wiki/Water_aeration" title="Water aeration">aeration</a> and/or removal of decaying matter (such as fallen leaves or dead algae) may be reasonable and effective preventive measures. </p><p>Many countries in the developed world have specific provisions in place to encourage the public to report fish kills<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so that a proper investigation can take place.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Investigation of the cause of a kill requires a multi-disciplinary approach including on-site <a href="/wiki/Water_quality_monitoring" class="mw-redirect" title="Water quality monitoring">environmental measurements</a>, investigation of inputs, review of meteorology and past history, toxicology, fish autopsy, invertebrate analysis and a robust knowledge of the area and its problems.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_events">Notable events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_kill&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notable events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The counts given below are all estimates. They tend to be underestimates, and may omit, for example, small fish, those removed by scavengers and those that settle to the bottom.<sup id="cite_ref-Labay_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Labay-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Event/Location </th> <th>Date </th> <th>Count </th> <th>Species </th> <th>Remarks </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a> (<a href="/wiki/Corpus_Christi,_Texas" title="Corpus Christi, Texas">Corpus Christi</a>) </td> <td>1935 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="22000000 !">22,000,000</span> </td> <td> </td> <td>Caused by <a href="/wiki/Red_tide" class="mw-redirect" title="Red tide">red tide</a>. This event caused coughing, sneezing and watery red eyes in humans.<sup id="cite_ref-Reisinger_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reisinger-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/River_Aeron" title="River Aeron">River Aeron</a> </td> <td>1974 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="00010000 !">10,000</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trout" title="Trout">trout</a> </td> <td>Discharge of <a href="/wiki/Creamery" title="Creamery">creamery</a> waste through poorly maintained sewer. Successful prosecution followed. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/River_Neath" title="River Neath">River Neath</a> </td> <td>1976 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="00050000 !">50,000</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trout" title="Trout">trout</a> </td> <td>Extreme drought left fish stranded in stagnant pools into which sewers drained. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/River_Ogmore" title="River Ogmore">River Ogmore</a> </td> <td>1979 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="00050000 !">50,000</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trout" title="Trout">trout</a> </td> <td>Spillage of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kymene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kymene (page does not exist)">Kymene</a> from a <a href="/wiki/Paper_mill" title="Paper mill">paper mill</a> on the <a href="/wiki/River_Llynfi" title="River Llynfi">River Llynfi</a> a tributary of the Ogmore. Successful prosecution followed and substantial compensation. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a> </td> <td>1986 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="22000000 !">22,000,000</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gulf_menhaden" title="Gulf menhaden">Gulf menhaden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Striped_mullet" class="mw-redirect" title="Striped mullet">striped mullet</a>, various other species<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Caused by <a href="/wiki/Red_tide" class="mw-redirect" title="Red tide">red tide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Reisinger_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reisinger-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhine_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhine River">Rhine River</a> </td> <td>1986 01 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="00500000 !">500,000</span> </td> <td> </td> <td>Caused by spill from Swiss chemical warehouse<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Texas coast </td> <td>1997–1998 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="21000000 !">21,000,000</span> </td> <td> </td> <td>Caused by a bloom of <i><a href="/wiki/Karenia_brevis" title="Karenia brevis">Karenia brevis</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/White_River_(Indiana)" title="White River (Indiana)">White River</a>; <a href="/wiki/West_Fork,_Indiana" title="West Fork, Indiana">West Fork, Indiana</a> </td> <td>1999 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="4800000 !">4,800,000</span> </td> <td> </td> <td>Caused by an automotive parts maker in <a href="/wiki/Anderson,_Indiana" title="Anderson, Indiana">Anderson, Indiana</a>, which had discharged 10,000 gallons of the chemical HMP 2000 into the river. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/River_Dee_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="River Dee (United Kingdom)">River Dee (United Kingdom)</a> </td> <td>2000 07 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="00100000 !">100,000</span><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trout" title="Trout">trout</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perch" title="Perch">perch</a> </td> <td>Unconfirmed link to release of <a href="/wiki/Whey" title="Whey">whey</a> into river </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2002_Klamath_River_fish_kill" title="2002 Klamath River fish kill">Klamath River</a> </td> <td>2002 09 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="00070000 !">70,000</span><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a> </td> <td>Low flow of water due to drought and water diversions for agriculture led to heated and shallow water, increasing vulnerability to a gill disease. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Neuse_River" title="Neuse River">Neuse River</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> </td> <td>2004 09 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="01900000 !">1,900,000</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Menhaden" title="Menhaden">menhaden</a> </td> <td>"Natural upwelling" of an acknowledged polluted river. <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">Hydrogen sulfide</a> smell reported<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Taal_Lake" title="Taal Lake">Taal Lake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a>, Philippines </td> <td>2008 01 05 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="00010000 !">50 metric tons</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tilapia" title="Tilapia">tilapia</a> </td> <td>May be linked to <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_activity" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic activity">volcanic activity</a> and large <a href="/wiki/Fish_farms" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish farms">fish farms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Liuxihe_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Liuxihe River">Liuxihe River</a> <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a> People's Republic of China </td> <td>2008 09 09 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="00010000 !">10,000</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carp" title="Carp">carp</a> </td> <td>Unknown<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Beaches at <a href="/wiki/Thanet_District" title="Thanet District">Thanet</a>, Kent, England </td> <td>2010 01 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="00010000 !">20,000</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Velvet_crab" title="Velvet crab">velvet crab</a> </td> <td>20000 + dead crabs – along with dead starfish, lobsters, sponges and anemones. Probably killed by <a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">hypothermia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ting_River" title="Ting River">Ting River</a> <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a> People's Republic of China </td> <td>2010 07 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="01000000 !">>1,000,000</span> Enough to feed 70,000 people a year<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td>Part of the <a href="/wiki/Zijin_Mining#July_2010_acid_incident" title="Zijin Mining">Zijin mining disaster</a><sup id="cite_ref-bloom1_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bloom1-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>; <a href="/wiki/Plaquemines_Parish,_Louisiana" title="Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana">Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana</a> </td> <td>2010 09 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="00100000 !">100,000</span><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Redfish" title="Redfish">redfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trout" title="Trout">trout</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flounder" title="Flounder">flounder</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_River" title="Arkansas River">Arkansas River</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ozark,_Arkansas" title="Ozark, Arkansas">Ozark, Arkansas</a> </td> <td>2010 12 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="00100000 !">100,000</span><sup id="cite_ref-CNN1_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_drum" title="Freshwater drum">freshwater drum</a> </td> <td>Coincided with death of 5,000 <a href="/wiki/Red-winged_blackbird" title="Red-winged blackbird">red-winged blackbirds</a> that fell from the sky. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake Bay</a> </td> <td>2011 01 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="02000000 !">2,000,000</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spot_croaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Spot croaker">spot croakers</a> </td> <td>Included some juvenile <a href="/wiki/Croakers" class="mw-redirect" title="Croakers">croakers</a>. Cold water stress was believed to be the cause.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jiaxing" title="Jiaxing">Jiaxing</a> <a href="/wiki/Xiuzhou_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Xiuzhou District">Xiuzhou District</a> People's Republic of China </td> <td>2011 01 06 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="00250000 !">250,000</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bream" title="Bream">bream</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carp" title="Carp">carp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murrel" class="mw-redirect" title="Murrel">murrel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silver_carp" title="Silver carp">silver carp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grass_carp" title="Grass carp">grass carp</a> </td> <td>Fish caught and transported to market held in large fish tanks fed with river water. Very rapid die-off and loss exceeded 100 tonnes. Only fish caught from a river under <a href="/wiki/China_National_Highway_320" title="China National Highway 320">China National Highway 320</a> east died.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Redondo_Beach,_California" title="Redondo Beach, California">Redondo Beach, California</a> </td> <td>2011 03 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="01000000 !">millions</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Anchovies" class="mw-redirect" title="Anchovies">anchovies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mackerel" title="Mackerel">mackerel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardines" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardines">sardines</a> and other small fish </td> <td>Caused by oxygen deprivation<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Taal_Lake" title="Taal Lake">Taal Lake</a>, Batangas, Philippines </td> <td>2011 05 29 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="00010000 !">750 metric tons</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tilapia" title="Tilapia">Tilapia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milkfish" title="Milkfish">milkfish</a> </td> <td>Caused by oxygen deprivation and large <a href="/wiki/Fish_farms" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish farms">fish farms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lingayen_Gulf" title="Lingayen Gulf">Lingayen Gulf</a>, Anda, Pangasinan, Philippines </td> <td>2011 05 30 </td> <td><span data-sort-value="00010000 !">500 metric tons</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Milkfish" title="Milkfish">Milkfish</a> </td> <td>Oxygen depletion and change of water climate </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nordreisa_Municipality" title="Nordreisa Municipality">Nordreisa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Troms" title="Troms">Troms</a>, Norway </td> <td>2011 12 31 </td> <td>several tons </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Herring" title="Herring">herring</a> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a>, People's Republic of China </td> <td>2012 01 15 </td> <td>40 metric tons </td> <td>Various </td> <td>Caused by <a href="/wiki/2012_Guangxi_cadmium_spill" title="2012 Guangxi cadmium spill">2012 Guangxi cadmium spill</a><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Menindee_Lakes" title="Menindee Lakes">Menindee Lakes</a>, NSW, Australia </td> <td>2018 12 </td> <td>1,000,000 </td> <td>Murray cod, silver perch, golden perch, bony herring, carp </td> <td>An independent assessment found that three significant fish death events were primarily caused by local hydrological and climatic conditions, shaped by a broader climatic, hydrologic and basin management context that placed the lower Darling River at risk of such fish deaths. The immediate cause was oxygen depletion when the weir pool destratified.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oder" title="Oder">Oder</a> river, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> </td> <td>2022 </td> <td>10+ metric tons </td> <td>various: <a href="/wiki/Zander" title="Zander">zander</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catfish" title="Catfish">catfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gudgeon_(fish)" title="Gudgeon (fish)">gudgeon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loach" title="Loach">loach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chub" title="Chub">chub</a>, etc. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2022_Oder_environmental_disaster" title="2022 Oder environmental disaster">2022 Oder environmental disaster</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Menindee, NSW, Australia </td> <td>2023 03 17 </td> <td>Millions </td> <td>Mostly bony herring </td> <td>Oxygen depletion<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Brazoria County, Texas, USA </td> <td>2023 06 13 </td> <td>Tens of thousands </td> <td> </td> <td>Oxygen depletion<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_kill&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fish_killing" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Fish killing">Fish killing</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aflockalypse" class="mw-redirect" title="Aflockalypse">Aflockalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_biomonitoring" title="Aquatic biomonitoring">Aquatic biomonitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_kill" title="Bird kill">Bird kill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish-kill_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish-kill tree">Fish-kill tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmful_algal_bloom" title="Harmful algal bloom">Harmful algal bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_mortality_event" title="Mass mortality event">Mass mortality event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramoebiasis" title="Paramoebiasis">Paramoebiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roadkill" title="Roadkill">Roadkill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel_species" title="Sentinel species">Sentinel species</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_kill&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/305b/98report/98brochure.pdf">"The Quality of Our Nation’s Waters - A Summary of the National Water Quality Inventory: 1998 Report to Congress."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080724052358/http://www.epa.gov/305b/98report/98brochure.pdf">Archived</a> 24 July 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Document no. EPA-841-S-00-001. p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2005-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2005_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2005_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">University of Florida. Gainesville, FL (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aquat1.ifas.ufl.edu/guide/fiskil.html">"Fish kill."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080924135959/http://aquat1.ifas.ufl.edu/guide/fiskil.html">Archived</a> 24 September 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Plant Management in Florida's Waters.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Noga, Fish Disease: Diagnosis and Treatment, 2010, John Wiley and Sons <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8138-0697-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8138-0697-6">0-8138-0697-6</a>, p. 316</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oregon State University (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-10/osu-dhe103006.php">"Deadly hypoxic event finally concludes"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110314083456/http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2006-10/osu-dhe103006.php">Archived</a> 14 March 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">La, V. and S. J. Cooke. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vantla.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/RFS-La-Cooke-2011.pdf">"Advancing the science and practice of fish kill investigations."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425145844/http://vantla.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/RFS-La-Cooke-2011.pdf">Archived</a> 25 April 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Reviews in Fisheries Science. 19(1): 21-33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Saraghan, M. (October, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=epa-scientist-points-at-fracking-in-fish-kill-mystery&page=3">EPA Scientist Points at Fracking in Fish-Kill Mystery.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131213233127/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=epa-scientist-points-at-fracking-in-fish-kill-mystery&page=3">Archived</a> 13 December 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Scientific American. Retrieved 8 September 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/oxygen-solubility-water-d_841.html">Oxygen Solubility in Fresh and Sea Water</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110103230758/http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/oxygen-solubility-water-d_841.html">Archived</a> 3 January 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Engineeringtoolbox.com. Retrieved on 2012-05-23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BGWM-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BGWM_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BGWM_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BGWM_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BGWM_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BGWM_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">A Beginner's Guide to Water Management – Fish Kills, Information Circular 107, University of Florida IFAS Extension, 2003 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/topic_fish_kills">read online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110504040737/http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/topic_fish_kills">Archived</a> 4 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/wat/wq/BCguidelines/do/do-02.htm">Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Dissolved Oxygen</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100811091231/http://www.env.gov.bc.ca/wat/wq/BCguidelines/do/do-02.htm">Archived</a> 11 August 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Env.gov.bc.ca. Retrieved on 2012-05-23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deq.state.va.us/info/srfishkill.html">information from the Department of Environmental Quality, Virginia, USA</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110524035958/http://www.deq.state.va.us/info/srfishkill.html">Archived</a> 24 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; see also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deq.state.va.us/info/srfishkillhistory.html">History of fish kills in the Shenandoah watershed, Virginia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110524044853/http://www.deq.state.va.us/info/srfishkillhistory.html">Archived</a> 24 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100610081128/http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-252/420-252.pdf">Fish Kills - Their Causes and Prevention, Virginia Tech, Virginia Cooperative Extension Publication 420-252, 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Larson et al., 1997, Pesticides in Surface Waters: distribution, trends and governing factors. CRC Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57504-006-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-57504-006-9">1-57504-006-9</a> p. 278</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sekj.org/PDF/anzf33/anzf33-517p.pdf">http://www.sekj.org/PDF/anzf33/anzf33-517p.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110828232501/http://www.sekj.org/PDF/anzf33/anzf33-517p.pdf">Archived</a> 28 August 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved on 2012-05-23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110317032617/http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/202794/nsw-fish-kill.pdf">Fish Kills in New South Wales</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEstonian_Academy_Publishers2005" class="citation book cs1">Estonian Academy Publishers (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zGqUHtmTCuoC&pg=PA67"><i>Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences, Biology and Ecology</i></a>. Estonian Academy Publishers. p. 67.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Estonian+Academy+of+Sciences%2C+Biology+and+Ecology&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Estonian+Academy+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Estonian+Academy+Publishers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzGqUHtmTCuoC%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish+kill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moyle466-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Moyle466_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moyle and Cech, 2004, page 466</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burkholder-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burkholder_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burkholder_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Burkholder JM, Glasgow HB and Hobbs CW (1995) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.int-res.com/articles/meps/124/m124p043.pdf">"Fish kills linked to a toxic ambush-predator dinoflagellate: distribution and environmental conditions"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120223203635/https://www.int-res.com/articles/meps/124/m124p043.pdf">Archived</a> 23 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Marine Ecology Progress Series</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Magnien RE (2001) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051%5B0843:TDOSPA%5D2.0.CO%3B2">"The Dynamics of Science, Perception, and Policy during the Outbreak of Pfiesteria in the Chesapeake Bay"</a> <i>BioScience</i> <b>51</b>(10):843-852.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/landwater/water/environconcerns/hab/redtide/faq.phtml#q9">"Red Tide FAQ - Is it safe to eat oysters during a red tide?"</a>. Texas Parks and Wildlife Department. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090706100608/http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/landwater/water/environconcerns/hab/redtide/faq.phtml#q9">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Red+Tide+FAQ+-+Is+it+safe+to+eat+oysters+during+a+red+tide%3F&rft.pub=Texas+Parks+and+Wildlife+Department&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tpwd.state.tx.us%2Flandwater%2Fwater%2Fenvironconcerns%2Fhab%2Fredtide%2Ffaq.phtml%23q9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish+kill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/hab/redtide/">"Harmful Algal Blooms: Red Tide: Home"</a>. US Centers for Disease Control. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090509084035/http://www.cdc.gov/hab/redtide/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Harmful+Algal+Blooms%3A+Red+Tide%3A+Home&rft.pub=US+Centers+for+Disease+Control&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fhab%2Fredtide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish+kill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mass.gov/?pageID=eohhs2modulechunk&L=4&L0=Home&L1=Provider&L2=Guidance+for+Businesses&L3=Food+Safety&sid=Eeohhs2&b=terminalcontent&f=dph_environmental_foodsafety_p_red_tide&csid=Eeohhs2">"Red Tide Fact Sheet - Red Tide (Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning)"</a>. Massachusetts Department of Public Health. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090826001901/http://www.mass.gov/?pageID=eohhs2modulechunk&L=4&L0=Home&L1=Provider&L2=Guidance+for+Businesses&L3=Food+Safety&sid=Eeohhs2&b=terminalcontent&f=dph_environmental_foodsafety_p_red_tide&csid=Eeohhs2">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Red+Tide+Fact+Sheet+-+Red+Tide+%28Paralytic+Shellfish+Poisoning%29&rft.pub=Massachusetts+Department+of+Public+Health&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mass.gov%2F%3FpageID%3Deohhs2modulechunk%26L%3D4%26L0%3DHome%26L1%3DProvider%26L2%3DGuidance%2Bfor%2BBusinesses%26L3%3DFood%2BSafety%26sid%3DEeohhs2%26b%3Dterminalcontent%26f%3Ddph_environmental_foodsafety_p_red_tide%26csid%3DEeohhs2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish+kill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/landwater/water/environconcerns/hab/redtide/faq.phtml">"Red Tide FAQ"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Red+Tide+FAQ&rft.pub=Texas+Parks+and+Wildlife+Department&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tpwd.state.tx.us%2Flandwater%2Fwater%2Fenvironconcerns%2Fhab%2Fredtide%2Ffaq.phtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish+kill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pantagraph.com/news/local/contaminated-water-kills-fish-in-central-illinois/article_a64ef8bc-bf50-11df-9804-001cc4c002e0.html">Contaminated Water Kills Fish in Central Illinois</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160415154155/http://www.pantagraph.com/news/local/contaminated-water-kills-fish-in-central-illinois/article_a64ef8bc-bf50-11df-9804-001cc4c002e0.html">Archived</a> 15 April 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWrightBoorse2014" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Richard T.; Boorse, Dorothy F. (2014). <i>Environmental Science: Toward a Sustainable Future</i>. 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Newjerseynewsroom.com (2010-08-12). Retrieved on 2012-05-23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/news/pictures/slideshow?articleId=USRTR2IDT7">Slideshow: Massive fish kill</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222203924/http://www.reuters.com/news/pictures/slideshow?articleId=USRTR2IDT7">Archived</a> 22 February 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Reuter’s News Service report of massive fish kill at the mouth of the Mississippi River in September, 2010. The Division of Wildlife stated that the fish kill was unrelated to the oil spill that had recently occurred in the Gulf of Mexico: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aolnews.com/2010/09/16/massive-mississippi-river-fish-kill-not-bps-fault/">http://www.aolnews.com/2010/09/16/massive-mississippi-river-fish-kill-not-bps-fault/ Massive Fish Kill Not BP's Fault</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121007233913/http://www.aolnews.com/2010/09/16/massive-mississippi-river-fish-kill-not-bps-fault/">Archived</a> 7 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2011/US/01/06/maryland.fish.kill/index.html?iref=obinsite">CNN story on Jan 6, 2011 Fish kill in Maryland</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121109035058/http://www.cnn.com/2011/US/01/06/maryland.fish.kill/index.html?iref=obinsite">Archived</a> 9 November 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Cnn.com (2011-01-06). Retrieved on 2012-05-23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tf1info.fr/international/etats-unis-golfe-du-mexique-des-milliers-de-poissons-morts-s-echouent-sur-les-plages-du-texas-a-cause-de-la-chaleur-de-l-eau-2260239.html">"Hécatombe aux États-Unis : des milliers de poissons morts s'échouent sur les plages du Texas à cause de la chaleur de l'eau"</a>. <i>TF1 INFO</i> (in French). 15 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TF1+INFO&rft.atitle=H%C3%A9catombe+aux+%C3%89tats-Unis+%3A+des+milliers+de+poissons+morts+s%27%C3%A9chouent+sur+les+plages+du+Texas+%C3%A0+cause+de+la+chaleur+de+l%27eau&rft.date=2023-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tf1info.fr%2Finternational%2Fetats-unis-golfe-du-mexique-des-milliers-de-poissons-morts-s-echouent-sur-les-plages-du-texas-a-cause-de-la-chaleur-de-l-eau-2260239.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish+kill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis, 1996, Effects of Underwater Explosions on Life in the Sea, report DSTO-GD-0080 to the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Department_of_Defence" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Department of Defence">Australian Department of Defence</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dspace.dsto.defence.gov.au/dspace/bitstream/1947/3763/1/DSTO-GD-0080%20PR.pdf">read online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706121631/http://dspace.dsto.defence.gov.au/dspace/bitstream/1947/3763/1/DSTO-GD-0080%20PR.pdf">Archived</a> 6 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; Govoni, et al., 2008, Effects of Underwater Explosions on Larval Fish: Implications for a Coastal Engineering Project, Journal of Coastal Research 2(S):228-233 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2112%2F05-0518.1">10.2112/05-0518.1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Labay-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Labay_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Labay_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLabayBizan1999" class="citation journal cs1">Labay, Andrew A.; Bizan, Dave (1999). 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"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008-09/12/content_7020664.htm">Chinadaily.com.cn</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121023144838/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008-09/12/content_7020664.htm">Archived</a> 23 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." <i>Dead fish mystery in Guangzhou probed.</i> Retrieved on 2010-01-08.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">hk.apple.nextmedia.com. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.hk.apple.nextmedia.com/template/apple/art_main.php?iss_id=20080911&sec_id=15335&art_id=11585511">hk.apple.nextmedia.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110714181512/http://www1.hk.apple.nextmedia.com/template/apple/art_main.php?iss_id=20080911&sec_id=15335&art_id=11585511">Archived</a> 14 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." <i>廣州流溪河污染　魚屍數萬條.</i> Retrieved on 2010-01-08.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/kent/8456514.stm">"Thousands of dead crabs wash up on Kent beaches"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 13 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Thousands+of+dead+crabs+wash+up+on+Kent+beaches&rft.date=2010-01-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fengland%2Fkent%2F8456514.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish+kill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thanetcoastlife.blogspot.com/2011/01/winter-crab-deaths-statistics-and.html"><i>Winter Crab deaths - the statistics and a ramble</i> - Thanet coast life</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110708065354/http://thanetcoastlife.blogspot.com/2011/01/winter-crab-deaths-statistics-and.html">Archived</a> 8 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved on 2011-01-08</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">National geographics. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/12/101221-next-water-pollution-disasters-/">National Geographic</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101225112609/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/12/101221-next-water-pollution-disasters-/">Archived</a> 25 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." <i>Water pollution disaster.</i> Retrieved on 2010-01-08.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bloom1-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bloom1_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bloomberg.com. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-12-28/zijin-mining-officials-fined-1-16-million-yuan-for-waste-spills-in-fujian.html">Bloomberg.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140304120438/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-12-28/zijin-mining-officials-fined-1-16-million-yuan-for-waste-spills-in-fujian.html">Archived</a> 4 March 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." <i>Zijin mining officials fined 1.16 million yuan for waste spills in fujian.</i> Retrieved on 2010-01-08.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110120114351/http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/09/15/national/main6868602.shtml">"Massive La. Fishkill Prompts Oil Spill Questions Hundreds of Thousands of Dead Fish in Bayou Near Mississippi River; Oil, Chemical Dispersant, Oxygen Levels Eyed as Culprits"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a></i>. 15 September 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2010/09/15/national/main6868602.shtml">the original</a> on 20 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2011</span>. <q>Hundreds of thousands of dead fish were floating west of the Mississippi River, in Bayou Chaland.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=Massive+La.+Fishkill+Prompts+Oil+Spill+Questions+Hundreds+of+Thousands+of+Dead+Fish+in+Bayou+Near+Mississippi+River%3B+Oil%2C+Chemical+Dispersant%2C+Oxygen+Levels+Eyed+as+Culprits&rft.date=2010-09-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fstories%2F2010%2F09%2F15%2Fnational%2Fmain6868602.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish+kill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNN1-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CNN1_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2011/US/01/02/arkansas.fish.kill/index.html">"Massive fish kill blankets Arkansas River"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a></i>. 3 January 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110104085200/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/US/01/02/arkansas.fish.kill/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2011</span>. <q>Dead drum fish floated in the water and lined the banks of a 20-mile stretch of the Arkansas River near Ozark, about 125 miles northwest of Little Rock, said Keith Stephens of the Arkansas Game and Fish Commission. A tugboat operator discovered the fish kill Thursday night, and fisheries officials collected some of the dying animals to conduct tests. ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Massive+fish+kill+blankets+Arkansas+River&rft.date=2011-01-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2011%2FUS%2F01%2F02%2Farkansas.fish.kill%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish+kill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maryland Department of the Environment, Baltimore, MD (5 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mde.state.md.us/programs/PressRoom/Pages/010511.aspx">"MDE Investigates Large Fish Kill in Chesapeake Bay."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110109002334/http://www.mde.state.md.us/programs/PressRoom/Pages/010511.aspx">Archived</a> 9 January 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Press release.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">News.big5.enorth.com.cn. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.big5.enorth.com.cn/system/2011/01/07/005539358.shtml">News.big5.enorth.com.cn</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707015030/http://news.big5.enorth.com.cn/system/2011/01/07/005539358.shtml">Archived</a> 7 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." <i>嘉興一水產市場2.5萬斤魚暴斃或有人投毒.</i> Retrieved on 2010-01-08.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tech-food.com. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tech-food.com/news/2011-1-7/n0473675.htm">Tech-food.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110111065159/http://www.tech-food.com/news/2011-1-7/n0473675.htm">Archived</a> 11 January 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." <i>浙江嘉兴市水产批发市场约2.5万斤鱼死亡.</i> Retrieved on 2010-01-08.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna41972653">msnbc.com</a> . MSNBC. Retrieved on 2012-05-23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLofstad,_Ralf2012" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lofstad, Ralf (2 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dagbladet.no/2012/01/02/nyheter/dyrenes_nyheter/innenriks/fiskedod/19632870/">"Over natta var stranda full av død sild"</a> [Overnight the beach was full of dead herring]. <i><a href="/wiki/Dagbladet" title="Dagbladet">Dagbladet</a></i> (in Norwegian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120107091519/http://www.dagbladet.no/2012/01/02/nyheter/dyrenes_nyheter/innenriks/fiskedod/19632870/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dagbladet&rft.atitle=Over+natta+var+stranda+full+av+d%C3%B8d+sild&rft.date=2012-01-02&rft.au=Lofstad%2C+Ralf&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dagbladet.no%2F2012%2F01%2F02%2Fnyheter%2Fdyrenes_nyheter%2Finnenriks%2Ffiskedod%2F19632870%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish+kill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120914161505/http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/europe/news/article_1683583.php/Mass-death-of-herring-off-northern-Norway-puzzles-locals">"Mass death of herring off northern Norway puzzles locals"</a>. <i>Monsters & Critics</i>. <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Presse-Agentur" title="Deutsche Presse-Agentur">Deutsche Presse-Agentur</a>. 2 January 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/europe/news/article_1683583.php/Mass-death-of-herring-off-northern-Norway-puzzles-locals">the original</a> on 14 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monsters+%26+Critics&rft.atitle=Mass+death+of+herring+off+northern+Norway+puzzles+locals&rft.date=2012-01-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.monstersandcritics.com%2Fnews%2Feurope%2Fnews%2Farticle_1683583.php%2FMass-death-of-herring-off-northern-Norway-puzzles-locals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish+kill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2012-02/04/content_14536059.htm">Officials fired over cadmium spill|Nation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120206103615/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2012-02/04/content_14536059.htm">Archived</a> 6 February 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. chinadaily.com.cn (2012-02-04). Retrieved on 2012-05-23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVertessyBarmaBaumgartnerMitrovic2023" class="citation report cs1">Vertessy, Robert; Barma, Daren; Baumgartner, Lee; Mitrovic, Simon; Sheldon, Fran; Bond, Nicholas (8 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opal.latrobe.edu.au/articles/report/Final_report_of_the_Independent_Assessment_of_the_2018-19_fish_deaths_in_the_lower_Darling/16869591/2">Independent Assessment of the 2018-19 fish deaths in the lower Darling - Final Report</a> (Report). La Trobe. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.26181%2F16869591.v2">10.26181/16869591.v2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Independent+Assessment+of+the+2018-19+fish+deaths+in+the+lower+Darling+-+Final+Report&rft.pub=La+Trobe&rft.date=2023-02-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.26181%2F16869591.v2&rft.aulast=Vertessy&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Barma%2C+Daren&rft.au=Baumgartner%2C+Lee&rft.au=Mitrovic%2C+Simon&rft.au=Sheldon%2C+Fran&rft.au=Bond%2C+Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopal.latrobe.edu.au%2Farticles%2Freport%2FFinal_report_of_the_Independent_Assessment_of_the_2018-19_fish_deaths_in_the_lower_Darling%2F16869591%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish+kill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCSIRO" class="citation web cs1">CSIRO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csiro.au/en/news/news-releases/2023/expert-commentary-on-menindee-fish-kill">"Expert commentary: Menindee fish kill"</a>. <i>www.csiro.au</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.csiro.au&rft.atitle=Expert+commentary%3A+Menindee+fish+kill&rft.au=CSIRO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csiro.au%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fnews-releases%2F2023%2Fexpert-commentary-on-menindee-fish-kill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish+kill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAP" class="citation web cs1">AP. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-06-13/tens-of-thousands-of-dead-fish-wash-up-on-a-texas-beach-due/102474300">"Tens of thousands of dead fish wash up on Texas beach due to low oxygen levels in water"</a>. <i>amp.abc.net.au</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=amp.abc.net.au&rft.atitle=Tens+of+thousands+of+dead+fish+wash+up+on+Texas+beach+due+to+low+oxygen+levels+in+water&rft.au=AP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2023-06-13%2Ftens-of-thousands-of-dead-fish-wash-up-on-a-texas-beach-due%2F102474300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFish+kill" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_kill&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 240px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604121445/http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-1295443816859346212">Red tide outbreak and fish kill</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Herring, and Scott (2002) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/oman/"><i>Fish Kill in the Gulf of Oman: A space-based diagnosis</i></a> <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>: Earth Observatory, featured article.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/oxygen-solubility-water-d_841.html">Oxygen Depletion in Ponds, University of Georgia Cooperative Extension Service, Publication L233, 1993</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100610081128/http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/420/420-252/420-252.pdf">Fish Kills – Their Causes and Prevention, Virginia Tech, Virginia Cooperative Extension Publication 420-252, 2009</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Diversity_of_fish" title="Template:Diversity of fish"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Diversity_of_fish" title="Template talk:Diversity of fish"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Diversity_of_fish" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Diversity of fish"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fish574" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">Fish</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">About <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_of_fish" title="Diversity of fish">Diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnoichthyology" title="Ethnoichthyology">Ethnoichthyology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_fish" title="Evolution of fish">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_diseases_and_parasites" title="Fish diseases and parasites">Diseases and parasites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">Fishing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">Fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fishing" title="Environmental impact of fishing">Environmental impact of fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_as_food" title="Fish as food">- as food</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_fish" title="Fear of fish">Fear of -</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fish kill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_in_fish" title="Hypoxia in fish">Hypoxia in -</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyology" title="Ichthyology">Ichthyology</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="11" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antennarius_striatus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Striated frogfish"><img alt="Striated frogfish" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Antennarius_striatus.jpg/250px-Antennarius_striatus.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Antennarius_striatus.jpg/330px-Antennarius_striatus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="209" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fish_anatomy" title="Fish anatomy">Anatomy</a><br /> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Fish_physiology" title="Fish physiology">physiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_determination_in_fish" title="Age determination in fish">Age determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguilliformity" title="Anguilliformity">Anguilliformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_bone" title="Fish bone">Bone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dermal_bone" title="Dermal bone">dermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intramembranous_ossification" title="Intramembranous ossification">intramembranous ossification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleithrum" title="Cleithrum">Cleithrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatophore" title="Chromatophore">Chromatophore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_fin" title="Fish fin">Fins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_fin" title="Dorsal fin">dorsal fin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_gill" title="Fish gill">Gill</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Branchial_arch" title="Branchial arch">branchial arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gill_raker" title="Gill raker">gill raker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gill_slit" title="Gill slit">gill slit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_arch" title="Pharyngeal arch">pharyngeal arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_slit" title="Pharyngeal slit">pharyngeal slit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudobranch" title="Pseudobranch">pseudobranch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossohyal" title="Glossohyal">Glossohyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_jaw" title="Fish jaw">Jaw</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyomandibula" title="Hyomandibula">hyomandibula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_jaw" title="Pharyngeal jaw">pharyngeal jaw</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leydig%27s_organ" title="Leydig's organ">Leydig's organ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauthner_cell" title="Mauthner cell">Mauthner cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meristics" title="Meristics">Meristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operculum_(fish)" title="Operculum (fish)">Operculum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operculum_papillare" title="Operculum papillare">papillare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papilla_(fish_anatomy)" title="Papilla (fish anatomy)">Papilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophore" title="Photophore">Photophore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_effect" title="Root effect">Root effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_cartilage" title="Shark cartilage">Shark cartilage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_scale" title="Fish scale">Scales</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganoine" title="Ganoine">ganoine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_valve" title="Spiral valve">Spiral valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suckermouth" title="Suckermouth">Suckermouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swim_bladder" title="Swim bladder">Swim bladder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physoclisti" title="Physoclisti">physoclisti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physostome" title="Physostome">physostome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeth">Teeth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_teeth" title="Pharyngeal teeth">pharyngeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_tooth" title="Shark tooth">shark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleost_leptins" title="Teleost leptins">Teleost leptins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Fish_Library" title="Digital Fish Library">Digital Library</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sensory_systems_in_fish" title="Sensory systems in fish">Sensory<br />systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ampullae_of_Lorenzini" title="Ampullae of Lorenzini">Ampullae of Lorenzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbel_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbel (anatomy)">Barbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrodynamic_reception" title="Hydrodynamic reception">Hydrodynamic reception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroreception_and_electrogenesis" title="Electroreception and electrogenesis">Electroreception and electrogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamming_avoidance_response" title="Jamming avoidance response">Jamming avoidance response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_line" title="Lateral line">Lateral line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otolith" title="Otolith">Otolith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_fish" title="Pain in fish">Capacity for pain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schreckstoff" title="Schreckstoff">Schreckstoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_wave_detection_by_animals" title="Surface wave detection by animals">Surface wave detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_in_fishes" class="mw-redirect" title="Vision in fishes">Vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weberian_apparatus" title="Weberian apparatus">Weberian apparatus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fish_reproduction" title="Fish reproduction">Reproduction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bubble_nest" title="Bubble nest">Bubble nest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clasper" title="Clasper">Clasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_case_(Chondrichthyes)" title="Egg case (Chondrichthyes)">Egg case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_development" title="Fish development">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyoplankton" title="Ichthyoplankton">Ichthyoplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juvenile_fish" title="Juvenile fish">Juvenile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_history_theory" title="Life history theory">Life history theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milt" title="Milt">Milt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouthbrooder" title="Mouthbrooder">Mouthbrooder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyandry_in_fish" title="Polyandry in fish">Polyandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_in_fish" title="Pregnancy in fish">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roe" title="Roe">Roe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequential_hermaphroditism" title="Sequential hermaphroditism">Sequential hermaphroditism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spawn_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spawn (biology)">Spawning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spawning_trigger" title="Spawning trigger">triggers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fish_locomotion" title="Fish locomotion">Locomotion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fin_and_flipper_locomotion" title="Fin and flipper locomotion">Fin and flipper locomotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphibious_fish" title="Amphibious fish">Amphibious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_fish" title="Walking fish">Walking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_fish" title="Flying fish">Flying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undulatory_locomotion" title="Undulatory locomotion">Undulatory locomotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradeoffs_for_locomotion_in_air_and_water" title="Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water">Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RoboTuna" title="RoboTuna">RoboTuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />behaviour</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_predation" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquatic predation">Aquatic predation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_respiration" title="Aquatic respiration">Aquatic respiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bait_ball" title="Bait ball">Bait ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottom_feeder" title="Bottom feeder">Bottom feeders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleaner_fish" title="Cleaner fish">Cleaner fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corallivore" title="Corallivore">Corallivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diel_vertical_migration" title="Diel vertical migration">Diel vertical migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_fish" title="Electric fish">Electric fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filter_feeder" title="Filter feeder">Filter feeders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forage_fish" title="Forage fish">Forage fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_migration" title="Fish migration">Migratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paedophagy" title="Paedophagy">Paedophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predatory_fish" title="Predatory fish">Predatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_run" title="Salmon run">Salmon run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardine_run" title="Sardine run">Sardine run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepidophagy" title="Lepidophagy">Scale eaters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoaling_and_schooling" title="Shoaling and schooling">Schooling fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_in_fish" title="Sleep in fish">Sleep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venomous_fish" title="Venomous fish">Venomous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_intelligence" title="Fish intelligence">Intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Marine_habitat" title="Marine habitat">habitat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavefish" title="Cavefish">Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_fish" title="Coastal fish">Coastal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coldwater_fish" title="Coldwater fish">Coldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef_fish" title="Coral reef fish">Coral reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep-sea_fish" title="Deep-sea fish">Deep-sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">Demersal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euryhaline" title="Euryhaline">Euryhaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_fish" title="Freshwater fish">Freshwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Groundfish">Groundfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_fish" title="Pelagic fish">Pelagic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_fish" title="Tropical fish">Tropical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bait_fish" title="Bait fish">Bait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coarse_fishing" title="Coarse fishing">Coarse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_of_fish" title="Diversity of fish">Diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_fish" title="Game fish">Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_fish" title="Genetically modified fish">Genetically modified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallucinogenic_fish" title="Hallucinogenic fish">Hallucinogenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oily_fish" title="Oily fish">Oily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poisonous_fish" title="Poisonous fish">Poisonous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rough_fish" title="Rough fish">Rough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitefish_(fisheries_term)" title="Whitefish (fisheries term)">Whitefish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_commercially_important_fish_species" title="List of commercially important fish species">Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fish_farming" title="Fish farming">Farming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carp#Aquaculture" title="Carp">Carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_catfish" title="Aquaculture of catfish">Catfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopus_aquaculture" title="Octopus aquaculture">Octopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_salmonids" title="Aquaculture of salmonids">Salmonids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_tilapia" title="Aquaculture of tilapia">Tilapia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wild_fisheries" title="Wild fisheries">Wild fisheries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Predatory_fish" title="Predatory fish">Predatory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billfish" title="Billfish">billfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackerel" title="Mackerel">mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna">tuna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forage_fish" title="Forage fish">Forage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchovy" title="Anchovy">anchovy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herring" title="Herring">herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardine" title="Sardine">sardine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprat" title="Sprat">sprats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">Demersal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cod" title="Cod">cod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatfish" title="Flatfish">flatfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollock" title="Pollock">pollock</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnatha" title="Agnatha">Jawless</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hagfish" title="Hagfish">hagfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperoartia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperoartia">lampreys</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chondrichthyes" title="Chondrichthyes">Cartilaginous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocephali" title="Holocephali">chimaeras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">sharks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Batoidea">rays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteichthyes" title="Osteichthyes">Bony</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinopterygii" title="Actinopterygii">spiny-finned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcopterygii" title="Sarcopterygii">fleshy-finned</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_aquarium_life" title="Lists of aquarium life">Aquarium life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_fish" title="Blind fish">Blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fish_common_names" title="List of fish common names">Fish common names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fish_families" title="List of fish families">Fish families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ichthyology" title="Glossary of ichthyology">Glossary of ichthyology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_fish" title="List of largest fish">Largest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_smallest_fish" title="List of smallest fish">Smallest</a></li> <li>Threatened <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_threatened_rays" title="List of threatened rays">rays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_threatened_sharks" title="List of threatened sharks">sharks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_prehistoric_fish" title="Lists of prehistoric fish">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Lists_of_fishes" title="Category:Lists of fishes">more lists...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Fish" title="Category:Fish">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fishes" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Fishes">WikiProject</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fish_diseases_and_parasites74" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fish_disease_topics" title="Template:Fish disease topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fish_disease_topics" title="Template talk:Fish disease topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fish_disease_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fish disease topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fish_diseases_and_parasites74" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fish_diseases_and_parasites" title="Fish diseases and parasites">Fish diseases and parasites</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pathogens</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aeromonas_salmonicida" title="Aeromonas salmonicida">Aeromonas salmonicida</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betanodavirus" title="Betanodavirus">Nervous necrosis virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columnaris" title="Columnaris">Columnaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enteric_redmouth_disease" title="Enteric redmouth disease">Enteric redmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fin_rot" title="Fin rot">Fin rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_dropsy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish dropsy">Fish dropsy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flavobacterium" title="Flavobacterium">Flavobacterium</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infectious_hematopoietic_necrosis_virus" title="Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus">Hematopoietic necrosis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heterosigma_akashiwo" title="Heterosigma akashiwo">Heterosigma akashiwo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_and_lateral_line_erosion" title="Head and lateral line erosion">Hole in the head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infectious_hypodermal_and_hematopoietic_necrosis" title="Infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis">Hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infectious_pancreatic_necrosis" title="Infectious pancreatic necrosis">Infectious pancreatic necrosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprinid_herpesvirus_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyprinid herpesvirus 3">Koi herpes virus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mycobacterium_marinum" title="Mycobacterium marinum">Mycobacterium marinum</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Aquarium_granuloma" title="Aquarium granuloma">Aquarium granuloma</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Novirhabdovirus" title="Novirhabdovirus">Novirhabdovirus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pfiesteria_piscicida" title="Pfiesteria piscicida">Pfiesteria piscicida</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photobacterium_damselae_subsp._piscicida" title="Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida">Photobacterium damselae ssp piscicida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infectious_salmon_anemia_virus" title="Infectious salmon anemia virus">Salmon anemia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_iniae" title="Streptococcus iniae">Streptococcus iniae</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_viraemia_of_carp" title="Spring viraemia of carp">Spring viraemia of carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taura_syndrome" title="Taura syndrome">Taura syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulcerative_dermal_necrosis" title="Ulcerative dermal necrosis">UDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_hemorrhagic_septicemia" title="Viral hemorrhagic septicemia">VHS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_spot_syndrome" title="White spot syndrome">White spot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellowhead_disease" title="Yellowhead disease">Yellowhead</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parasites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abergasilus" title="Abergasilus">Abergasilus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoebic_gill_disease" title="Amoebic gill disease">Amoebic gill disease</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anisakis" title="Anisakis">Anisakis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argulidae" title="Argulidae">Carp lice</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ceratomyxa_shasta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceratomyxa shasta">Ceratomyxa shasta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clinostomum_marginatum" title="Clinostomum marginatum">Clinostomum marginatum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dactylogyrus_vastator" title="Dactylogyrus vastator">Dactylogyrus vastator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diphyllobothrium" title="Diphyllobothrium">Diphyllobothrium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cymothoa_exigua" title="Cymothoa exigua">Cymothoa exigua</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eustrongylidosis" title="Eustrongylidosis">Eustrongylidosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epizootic_ulcerative_syndrome" title="Epizootic ulcerative syndrome">Epizootic ulcerative syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trematoda" title="Trematoda">Flukes</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Glugea" title="Glugea">Glugea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gyrodactylus_salaris" title="Gyrodactylus salaris">Gyrodactylus salaris</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henneguya_zschokkei" title="Henneguya zschokkei">Henneguya zschokkei</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichthyophthirius_multifiliis" title="Ichthyophthirius multifiliis">Ich (freshwater)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptocaryon" title="Cryptocaryon">Ich (marine)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kudoa_thyrsites" title="Kudoa thyrsites">Kudoa thyrsites</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lernaeocera_branchialis" title="Lernaeocera branchialis">Lernaeocera branchialis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsporidia" title="Microsporidia">Microsporidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monogenea" title="Monogenea">Monogenea</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Myxobolus_cerebralis" title="Myxobolus cerebralis">Myxobolus cerebralis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myxosporea" title="Myxosporea">Myxosporea</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nanophyetus_salmincola" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanophyetus salmincola">Nanophyetus salmincola</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudorhabdosynochus" title="Pseudorhabdosynochus">Pseudorhabdosynochus</a></i> spp.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_louse" title="Salmon louse">Salmon lice</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saprolegnia" title="Saprolegnia">Saprolegnia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schistocephalus_solidus" title="Schistocephalus solidus">Schistocephalus solidus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_louse" title="Sea louse">Sea louse</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sphaerothecum_destruens" title="Sphaerothecum destruens">Sphaerothecum destruens</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swim_bladder_disease" title="Swim bladder disease">Swim bladder disease</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tetracapsuloides_bryosalmonae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae">Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_(fish_disease)" title="Velvet (fish disease)">Velvet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenoma" title="Xenoma">Xenoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fish groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diseases_and_parasites_in_cod" class="mw-redirect" title="Diseases and parasites in cod">Diseases and parasites in cod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diseases_and_parasites_in_salmon" title="Diseases and parasites in salmon">Diseases and parasites in salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disease_in_ornamental_fish" title="Disease in ornamental fish">Disease in ornamental fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aquarium_diseases" title="List of aquarium diseases">List of aquarium diseases</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amnesic_shellfish_poisoning" title="Amnesic shellfish poisoning">Amnesic shellfish poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brevetoxin" title="Brevetoxin">Brevetoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciguatera" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciguatera">Ciguatera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarrheal_shellfish_poisoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Diarrheal shellfish poisoning">Diarrheal shellfish poisoning</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fish kill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_viruses" title="Marine viruses">Marine viruses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotoxic_shellfish_poisoning" title="Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning">Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paralytic_shellfish_poisoning" title="Paralytic shellfish poisoning">Paralytic shellfish poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxitoxin" title="Saxitoxin">Saxitoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scombroid_food_poisoning" title="Scombroid food poisoning">Scombroid food poisoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fishery_science_topics26" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fishery_science_topics" title="Template:Fishery science topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fishery_science_topics" title="Template talk:Fishery science topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fishery_science_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fishery science topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fishery_science_topics26" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">Fishery</a> science topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Fisheries_science_and_wild_fisheries26" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_science" title="Fisheries science">Fisheries science</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wild_fisheries" title="Wild fisheries">wild fisheries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_science" title="Fisheries science">Fisheries<br />science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_dynamics_of_fisheries" title="Population dynamics of fisheries">Population dynamics of fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifting_baseline" title="Shifting baseline">Shifting baseline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_stocks" title="Fish stocks">Fish stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_mortality" title="Fish mortality">Fish mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condition_index_in_fish" title="Condition index in fish">Condition index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_assessment" title="Stock assessment">Stock assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_measurement" title="Fish measurement">Fish measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_weight_in_fish" title="Standard weight in fish">Standard weight in fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_counter" title="Fish counter">Fish counter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_storage_tag" title="Data storage tag">Data storage tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catch_per_unit_effort" title="Catch per unit effort">Catch per unit effort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otolith_microchemical_analysis" title="Otolith microchemical analysis">Otolith microchemical analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass_(ecology)" title="Biomass (ecology)">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_acoustics" title="Fisheries acoustics">Fisheries acoustics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_tag" title="Acoustic tag">Acoustic tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coded_wire_tag" title="Coded wire tag">Coded wire tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIS_and_aquatic_science" title="GIS and aquatic science">GIS and aquatic science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop-up_satellite_archival_tag" title="Pop-up satellite archival tag">Pop-up satellite archival tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EcoSCOPE" title="EcoSCOPE">EcoSCOPE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_class_structure" title="Age class structure">Age class structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophic_level" title="Trophic level">Trophic level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophic_cascade" title="Trophic cascade">Trophic cascades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrographic_containment" title="Hydrographic containment">Hydrographic containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Match/mismatch" title="Match/mismatch">Match/mismatch hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_fisheries" title="Climate change and fisheries">Climate change and fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_biology" title="Marine biology">Marine biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem" title="Aquatic ecosystem">Aquatic ecosystems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioeconomics_(fisheries)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioeconomics (fisheries)">Bioeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EconMult" title="EconMult">EconMult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecopath" title="Ecopath">Ecopath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Census_of_Marine_Life" title="Census of Marine Life">Census of Marine Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSTM/Jason-2" title="OSTM/Jason-2">OSTM/Jason-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fisheries_databases" title="Category:Fisheries databases">Fisheries databases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fisheries_and_aquaculture_research_institutes" title="Category:Fisheries and aquaculture research institutes">Institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_science#Notable_contributors" title="Fisheries science">Fisheries scientists</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Barracuda_off_the_Netherland_Antilles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Great_Barracuda_off_the_Netherland_Antilles.jpg/250px-Great_Barracuda_off_the_Netherland_Antilles.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Great_Barracuda_off_the_Netherland_Antilles.jpg/330px-Great_Barracuda_off_the_Netherland_Antilles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Wild_fisheries" title="Wild fisheries">Wild<br />fisheries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_fisheries" title="Ocean fisheries">Ocean fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_of_fish" title="Diversity of fish">Diversity of fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_fish" title="Coastal fish">Coastal fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef_fish" title="Coral reef fish">Coral reef fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">Demersal fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forage_fish" title="Forage fish">Forage fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_fish" title="Pelagic fish">Pelagic fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_fisheries" title="Cod fisheries">Cod fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_fisheries" title="Crab fisheries">Crab fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eel_life_history" title="Eel life history">Eel fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krill_fishery" title="Krill fishery">Krill fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelp#Kelp_in_history_and_culture" title="Kelp">Kelp fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobster_fishing" title="Lobster fishing">Lobster fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_fishery" title="Shrimp fishery">Shrimp fishery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eel_ladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Eel ladder">Eel ladder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_ladder" title="Fish ladder">Fish ladder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_screen" title="Fish screen">Fish screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_migration" title="Fish migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_run" title="Salmon run">Salmon run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardine_run" title="Sardine run">Sardine run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoaling_and_schooling" title="Shoaling and schooling">Shoaling and schooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_habitat" title="Marine habitat">Marine habitat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_snow" title="Marine snow">Marine snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_column" title="Water column">Water column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upwelling" title="Upwelling">Upwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_Current" title="Humboldt Current">Humboldt current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algal_bloom" title="Algal bloom">Algal blooms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_zone_(ecology)" title="Dead zone (ecology)">Dead zones</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fish kill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Fisheries_law,_management,_sustainability_and_conservation26" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_law" title="Fisheries law">Fisheries law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">management</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fishery" title="Sustainable fishery">sustainability</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation" title="Marine conservation">conservation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_law" title="Fisheries law">Fisheries law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">Exclusive economic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing" title="Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing">Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Fish_Stocks_Agreement" title="United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement">United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_Convention" title="Fisheries Convention">Fisheries Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnuson%E2%80%93Stevens_Fishery_Conservation_and_Management_Act" title="Magnuson–Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act">Magnuson–Stevens Act</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellowfin_tuna_nurp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Yellowfin_tuna_nurp.jpg/250px-Yellowfin_tuna_nurp.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Yellowfin_tuna_nurp.jpg/330px-Yellowfin_tuna_nurp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1558" data-file-height="1106" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">Fisheries management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_monitoring_control_and_surveillance" title="Fisheries monitoring control and surveillance">Monitoring control and surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vessel_monitoring_system" title="Vessel monitoring system">Vessel monitoring system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishery_Resources_Monitoring_System" title="Fishery Resources Monitoring System">Fishery Resources Monitoring System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catch_reporting" title="Catch reporting">Catch reporting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_observer" title="Fisheries observer">Fisheries observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catch_share" title="Catch share">Catch share</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individual_fishing_quota" title="Individual fishing quota">Individual fishing quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_landing_size" title="Minimum landing size">Minimum landing size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse_fishing" title="Pulse fishing">Pulse fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slot_limit" title="Slot limit">Slot limit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Fisheries_Policy" title="Common Fisheries Policy">EU Common Fisheries Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Fishery_MLS" title="European Fishery MLS">EU MLS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Fisheries_Control_Agency" title="European Fisheries Control Agency">European Fisheries Control Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Marine_Fisheries_Service" title="National Marine Fisheries Service">National Marine Fisheries Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_fishery_body" title="Regional fishery body">Regional fishery body</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_fishery_management_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional fishery management organisation">Regional fishery management organisation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Sustainability</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fishery" title="Sustainable fishery">Sustainable fishery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_sustainable_yield" title="Maximum sustainable yield">Maximum sustainable yield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_commercially_important_fish_species" title="List of commercially important fish species">List of commercially important fish species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_seafood" title="Sustainable seafood">Sustainable seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">Overfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fishing" title="Environmental impact of fishing">Environmental impact of fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_down_the_food_web" title="Fishing down the food web">Fishing down the food web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destructive_fishing_practices" title="Destructive fishing practices">Destructive fishing practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Marine_Animal_Populations" title="Future of Marine Animal Populations">Future of Marine Animal Populations</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sunken_Billions" title="The Sunken Billions">The Sunken Billions</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_the_Line_(book)" title="The End of the Line (book)">The End of the Line</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bycatch" title="Bycatch">Bycatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discards" title="Discards">Discards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incidental_catch" title="Incidental catch">Incidental catch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cetacean_bycatch" title="Cetacean bycatch">Cetacean bycatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_excluder_device" title="Turtle excluder device">Turtle excluder device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp-Turtle_Case" title="Shrimp-Turtle Case"><i>Shrimp-Turtle</i> case</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Conservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_protected_area" title="Marine protected area">Marine protected area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_reserve" title="Marine reserve">Marine reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation" title="Marine conservation">Marine conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation_activism" title="Marine conservation activism">Marine conservation activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_conservation" title="Salmon conservation">Salmon conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_nurse_shark_conservation" title="Grey nurse shark conservation">Grey nurse shark conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_sanctuary" title="Shark sanctuary">Shark sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Environmental_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="European Environmental Agency">European Environmental Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service">U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Advocacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FishAct" title="FishAct">FishAct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Stewardship_Council" title="Marine Stewardship Council">Marine Stewardship Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_Stewardship_Council" title="Aquaculture Stewardship Council">Aquaculture Stewardship Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friend_of_the_Sea" title="Friend of the Sea">Friend of the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SeaChoice" title="SeaChoice">SeaChoice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafood_Watch" title="Seafood Watch">Seafood Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Conservancy" title="Ocean Conservancy">Ocean Conservancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Outcomes" title="Ocean Outcomes">Ocean Outcomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceana_(non-profit_group)" title="Oceana (non-profit group)">Oceana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Save_Our_Seas_Foundation" title="Save Our Seas Foundation">Save Our Seas Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Around_Us_(organization)" title="Sea Around Us (organization)">Sea Around Us</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WorldFish" title="WorldFish">WorldFish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defying_Ocean%27s_End" title="Defying Ocean's End">Defying Ocean's End</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotspot_Ecosystem_Research_and_Man%27s_Impact_On_European_Seas" title="Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas">HERMIONE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROFISH" title="PROFISH">PROFISH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Seafood_Sustainability_Foundation" title="International Seafood Sustainability Foundation">International Seafood Sustainability Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Shepherd_Conservation_Society" title="Sea Shepherd Conservation Society">Sea Shepherd Conservation Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Related issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CalCOFI" title="CalCOFI">CalCOFI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_slaughter" title="Fish slaughter">Fish slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Marine pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_in_fish" title="Mercury in fish">Mercury in fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_culling" title="Shark culling">Shark culling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_finning" title="Shark finning">Shark finning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_threatened_sharks" title="List of threatened sharks">Threatened sharks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_threatened_rays" title="List of threatened rays">Threatened rays</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_fishing" title="Outline of fishing">Outline of fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_fishing_articles" title="Index of fishing articles">Index of fishing articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_fishery_terms" title="Glossary of fishery terms">Glossary of fishery terms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox 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