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id="toc-Sub-divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Local government</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Local_government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Local government subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Local_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bodies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bodies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Bodies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bodies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Biodiversity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landmarks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landmarks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Landmarks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landmarks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Ethnicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population_genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Population genetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population_genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teenage_pregnancy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teenage_pregnancy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Teenage pregnancy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teenage_pregnancy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_deprivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_deprivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Social deprivation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_deprivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ONS_ITL" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ONS_ITL"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>ONS ITL</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ONS_ITL-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Support_organisations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support_organisations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Support organisations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Support_organisations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enterprise_zones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enterprise_zones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Enterprise zones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enterprise_zones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_heritage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_heritage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Industrial heritage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Industrial_heritage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Industrial heritage subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Industrial_heritage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alkali_manufacturing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alkali_manufacturing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Alkali manufacturing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alkali_manufacturing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Salt_making" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salt_making"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Salt making</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salt_making-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Glass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coal_mining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coal_mining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Coal mining</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coal_mining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shipbuilding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shipbuilding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>Shipbuilding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shipbuilding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wood_to_iron_and_steel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wood_to_iron_and_steel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5.1</span> <span>Wood to iron and steel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wood_to_iron_and_steel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maritime_innovation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maritime_innovation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5.2</span> <span>Maritime innovation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maritime_innovation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th-century_decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th-century_decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5.3</span> <span>20th-century decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th-century_decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_engineering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_engineering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5.4</span> <span>Science and engineering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_engineering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Innovations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Innovations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.6</span> <span>Innovations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Innovations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sport subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Football" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Football"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Football</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Football-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_"world_cup"_winners_and_influential_amateurs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_"world_cup"_winners_and_influential_amateurs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.1</span> <span>First "world cup" winners and influential amateurs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_"world_cup"_winners_and_influential_amateurs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_associated_footballers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_associated_footballers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1.2</span> <span>Notable associated footballers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_associated_footballers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Horse_racing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horse_racing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Horse racing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horse_racing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Golf" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Golf"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Golf</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Golf-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cricket" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cricket"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Cricket</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cricket-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Athletics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Athletics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5</span> <span>Athletics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Athletics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transport subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Rail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Road" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Road</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Sea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.4</span> <span>Air</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.5</span> <span>Transport policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Primary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Secondary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-College" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#College"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.3</span> <span>College</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-College-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-University" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#University"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.4</span> <span>University</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-University-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">North East England</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 60 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-60" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">60 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82_%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="شمال شرق إنجلترا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شمال شرق إنجلترا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-este_d%27Anglaterra" title="Nord-este d'Anglaterra – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Nord-este d'Anglaterra" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordeste_d%27Inglaterra" title="Nordeste d'Inglaterra – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Nordeste d'Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="উত্তর-পূর্ব ইংল্যান্ড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উত্তর-পূর্ব ইংল্যান্ড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang-pak_Eng-l%C3%A2n" title="Tang-pak Eng-lân – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tang-pak Eng-lân" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Североизточна Англия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Североизточна Англия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biz_Bro-Saoz" title="Biz Bro-Saoz – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Biz Bro-Saoz" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_East_England" title="North East England – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="North East England" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Severov%C3%BDchodn%C3%AD_Anglie" title="Severovýchodní Anglie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Severovýchodní Anglie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gogledd-ddwyrain_Lloegr" title="Gogledd-ddwyrain Lloegr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gogledd-ddwyrain Lloegr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_East_England" title="North East England – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="North East England" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_East_England" title="North East England – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="North East England" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Βορειοανατολική Αγγλία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βορειοανατολική Αγγλία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regi%C3%B3n_del_Nordeste_de_Inglaterra" title="Región del Nordeste de Inglaterra – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Región del Nordeste de Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordorienta_Anglio" title="Nordorienta Anglio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nordorienta Anglio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipar-ekialdeko_Ingalaterra" title="Ipar-ekialdeko Ingalaterra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ipar-ekialdeko Ingalaterra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="شمال شرقی انگلستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شمال شرقی انگلستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angleterre_du_Nord-Est" title="Angleterre du Nord-Est – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Angleterre du Nord-Est" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noardeast-Ingel%C3%A2n" title="Noardeast-Ingelân – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Noardeast-Ingelân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oirthuaisceart_Shasana" title="Oirthuaisceart Shasana – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Oirthuaisceart Shasana" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordeste_de_Inglaterra" title="Nordeste de Inglaterra – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nordeste de Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BBng-pet_England" title="Tûng-pet England – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Tûng-pet England" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EC%8A%A4%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EC%9E%89%EA%B8%80%EB%9E%9C%EB%93%9C" title="노스이스트잉글랜드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="노스이스트잉글랜드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5_%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="नॉर्थ ईस्ट इंग्लैंड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नॉर्थ ईस्ट इंग्लैंड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjeveroisto%C4%8Dna_Engleska" title="Sjeveroistočna Engleska – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sjeveroistočna Engleska" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inggris_Timur_Laut" title="Inggris Timur Laut – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Inggris Timur Laut" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nor%C3%B0austur-England" title="Norðaustur-England – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Norðaustur-England" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord_Est_(Inghilterra)" title="Nord Est (Inghilterra) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nord Est (Inghilterra)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F-%D7%9E%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%97_%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94" title="צפון-מזרח אנגליה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צפון-מזרח אנגליה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uingereza_Kaskazini-Mashariki" title="Uingereza Kaskazini-Mashariki – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uingereza Kaskazini-Mashariki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zieme%C4%BCaustrumanglija" title="Ziemeļaustrumanglija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ziemeļaustrumanglija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0iaur%C4%97s_Ryt%C5%B3_Anglija" title="Šiaurės Rytų Anglija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šiaurės Rytų Anglija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_East_England" title="North East England – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="North East England" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1" title="ईशान्य इंग्लंड – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ईशान्य इंग्लंड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordeste_de_la_Anglaterra" title="Nordeste de la Anglaterra – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Nordeste de la Anglaterra" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_East_England" title="North East England – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="North East England" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8E%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89" title="ノース・イースト・イングランド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ノース・イースト・イングランド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuurd_Uast_Ingelun" title="Nuurd Uast Ingelun – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Nuurd Uast Ingelun" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord%C3%B8st-England" title="Nordøst-England – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nordøst-England" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordaust-England" title="Nordaust-England – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nordaust-England" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_East_England" title="North East England – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="North East England" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordeste_da_Inglaterra" title="Nordeste da Inglaterra – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nordeste da Inglaterra" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_East_England" title="North East England – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="North East England" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinchay_anti_Inlatirra_suyu" title="Chinchay anti Inlatirra suyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chinchay anti Inlatirra suyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE-%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Северо-Восточная Англия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Северо-Восточная Англия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_East_England" title="North East England – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="North East England" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_East_England" title="North East England – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="North East England" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Североисточна Енглеска – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Североисточна Енглеска" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjeveroisto%C4%8Dna_Engleska" title="Sjeveroistočna Engleska – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sjeveroistočna Engleska" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koillis-Englanti" title="Koillis-Englanti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Koillis-Englanti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord%C3%B6stra_England" title="Nordöstra England – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nordöstra England" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="นอร์ทอีสต์อิงแลนด์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นอร์ทอีสต์อิงแลนด์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuzeydo%C4%9Fu_%C4%B0ngiltere" title="Kuzeydoğu İngiltere – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kuzeydoğu İngiltere" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%A1%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Північно-Східна Англія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Північно-Східна Англія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="شمال مشرقی انگلستان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شمال مشرقی انگلستان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_East_England" title="North East England – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=North_East_England&params=55.00_N_1.87_W_region:GB-ENG_type:adm1st"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">55°00′N</span> <span class="longitude">1°52′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">55.00°N 1.87°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">55.00; -1.87</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Region of England</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output 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The reason given is: <b>Most of the information here is not in the body of the article and is unsupported by references.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_East_England&action=edit">improve the lead</a> and read the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">lead layout guide</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Region in England</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output 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.ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">North East</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_England" title="Regions of England">Region</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div style="height:123px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Angel_of_the_North_2-10-14.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Angel_of_the_North_2-10-14.png/238px-Angel_of_the_North_2-10-14.png" decoding="async" width="238" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Angel_of_the_North_2-10-14.png/357px-Angel_of_the_North_2-10-14.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Angel_of_the_North_2-10-14.png/476px-Angel_of_the_North_2-10-14.png 2x" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="1679" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:80px;max-width:80px"><div style="height:117px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saltburn_Pier_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Saltburn_Pier_1.jpg/78px-Saltburn_Pier_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="78" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Saltburn_Pier_1.jpg/117px-Saltburn_Pier_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Saltburn_Pier_1.jpg/156px-Saltburn_Pier_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="1072" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:158px;max-width:158px"><div style="height:117px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spanish_City,_Whitley_Bay_(geograph_7492725).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Spanish_City%2C_Whitley_Bay_%28geograph_7492725%29.jpg/156px-Spanish_City%2C_Whitley_Bay_%28geograph_7492725%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Spanish_City%2C_Whitley_Bay_%28geograph_7492725%29.jpg/234px-Spanish_City%2C_Whitley_Bay_%28geograph_7492725%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Spanish_City%2C_Whitley_Bay_%28geograph_7492725%29.jpg/312px-Spanish_City%2C_Whitley_Bay_%28geograph_7492725%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:126px;max-width:126px"><div style="height:82px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hexham_Abbey_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4017740.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Hexham_Abbey_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4017740.jpg/124px-Hexham_Abbey_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4017740.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Hexham_Abbey_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4017740.jpg/186px-Hexham_Abbey_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4017740.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Hexham_Abbey_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4017740.jpg/248px-Hexham_Abbey_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4017740.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2896" data-file-height="1931" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:112px;max-width:112px"><div style="height:82px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Durham_cathedral_(geograph_6974622).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Durham_cathedral_%28geograph_6974622%29.jpg/110px-Durham_cathedral_%28geograph_6974622%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Durham_cathedral_%28geograph_6974622%29.jpg/165px-Durham_cathedral_%28geograph_6974622%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Durham_cathedral_%28geograph_6974622%29.jpg/220px-Durham_cathedral_%28geograph_6974622%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:128px;max-width:128px"><div style="height:65px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Newcastle-upon-Tyne-bridges-and-skyline_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Newcastle-upon-Tyne-bridges-and-skyline_cropped.jpg/126px-Newcastle-upon-Tyne-bridges-and-skyline_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Newcastle-upon-Tyne-bridges-and-skyline_cropped.jpg/189px-Newcastle-upon-Tyne-bridges-and-skyline_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Newcastle-upon-Tyne-bridges-and-skyline_cropped.jpg/252px-Newcastle-upon-Tyne-bridges-and-skyline_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2076" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:110px;max-width:110px"><div style="height:65px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Middlesbrough_Transporter_Bridge,_stockton_side.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Middlesbrough_Transporter_Bridge%2C_stockton_side.jpg/108px-Middlesbrough_Transporter_Bridge%2C_stockton_side.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Middlesbrough_Transporter_Bridge%2C_stockton_side.jpg/162px-Middlesbrough_Transporter_Bridge%2C_stockton_side.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Middlesbrough_Transporter_Bridge%2C_stockton_side.jpg/216px-Middlesbrough_Transporter_Bridge%2C_stockton_side.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="625" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-caption"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Left to right; top: <i><a href="/wiki/Angel_of_the_North" title="Angel of the North">Angel of the North</a></i></li><li>Upper: <a href="/wiki/Saltburn_Pier" title="Saltburn Pier">Saltburn Pier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_City" title="Spanish City">Spanish City</a></li><li>Lower: <a href="/wiki/Hexham_Abbey" title="Hexham Abbey">Hexham Abbey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Durham_Cathedral" title="Durham Cathedral">Durham Cathedral</a></li><li>Bottom: <a href="/wiki/Gateshead_Millennium_Bridge" title="Gateshead Millennium Bridge">Tyne Millennium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tees_Transporter_Bridge" title="Tees Transporter Bridge">Tees Transporter</a> bridges</li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:North_East_England_in_England.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="North East region shown within England"><img alt="North East region shown within England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/North_East_England_in_England.svg/250px-North_East_England_in_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/North_East_England_in_England.svg/375px-North_East_England_in_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/North_East_England_in_England.svg/500px-North_East_England_in_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="816" data-file-height="991" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">North East region shown within <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=North_East_England&params=55.00_N_1.87_W_region:GB-ENG_type:adm1st"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">55°00′N</span> <span class="longitude">1°52′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">55.00°N 1.87°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">55.00; -1.87</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign state</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Government_Offices_for_the_English_regions" title="Government Offices for the English regions">GO</a> established</th><td class="infobox-data">1994</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regional_development_agency" title="Regional development agency">RDA</a> established</th><td class="infobox-data">1998</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">GO abolished</th><td class="infobox-data">2011</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">RDA abolished</th><td class="infobox-data">31 March 2012</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>4 <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">counties</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/County_Durham" title="County Durham">County Durham</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Northumberland" title="Northumberland">Northumberland</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/North_Yorkshire" title="North Yorkshire">North Yorkshire</a> (part) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Tyne_and_Wear" title="Tyne and Wear">Tyne and Wear</a> </li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>2 <a href="/wiki/Combined_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined authority">combined authorities</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/North_East_Combined_Authority" title="North East Combined Authority">North East</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Tees_Valley" title="Tees Valley">Tees Valley</a> </li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>12 <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_England" title="Districts of England">districts</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 7 <a href="/wiki/Unitary_authorities_of_England" title="Unitary authorities of England">unitary</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 5 <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_borough" title="Metropolitan borough">metropolitan</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">MPs</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_constituencies_in_North_East_England" title="Parliamentary constituencies in North East England">29 MPs</a> (of 650)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-ONS_Standard_Area_Measurement_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ONS_Standard_Area_Measurement-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">3,350 sq mi (8,676 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">3,313 sq mi (8,581 km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_England#List_of_regions" title="Regions of England">8th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2022)<sup id="cite_ref-popstats_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-popstats-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,683,040</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_England#List_of_regions" title="Regions of England">9th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">810/sq mi (313/km<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Ethnicity <span style="font-weight:normal;">(<a href="/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_census" title="2021 United Kingdom census">2021</a>)</span><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-2021_Nomis_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021_Nomis-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom">Ethnic groups</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 93.0% <a href="/wiki/White_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="White people in the United Kingdom">White</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 3.7% <a href="/wiki/British_Asians" title="British Asians">Asian</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1.3% <a href="/wiki/Mixed_(United_Kingdom_ethnicity_category)" title="Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)">Mixed</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1.0% <a href="/wiki/Black_British_people" title="Black British people">Black</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1.0% <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom">other</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Religion <span style="font-weight:normal;">(2021)</span><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-2021_Nomis_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2021_Nomis-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">Religion</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 50.8% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England#Christianity" title="Religion in England">Christianity</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 40.0% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Irreligion in the United Kingdom">no religion</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 2.7% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_England" title="Islam in England">Islam</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.4% <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_England" title="Hinduism in England">Hinduism</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.3% <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_England" title="Sikhism in England">Sikhism</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.3% <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_England" title="Buddhism in England">Buddhism</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.2% <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_England" title="History of the Jews in England">Judaism</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 0.4% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">other</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 5.0% not stated </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B0" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+0">UTC+0</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time" title="Greenwich Mean Time">GMT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Summer_Time" title="British Summer Time">BST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/International_Territorial_Level" title="International Territorial Level">ITL code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">TLC</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/GSS_coding_system" title="GSS coding system">GSS 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_England" title="Category:Politics of England">a series</a> within the<br /><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Politics of the United Kingdom">Politics of the United Kingdom</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_England" title="Politics of England">Politics of England</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_arms_of_England.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Royal_arms_of_England.svg/130px-Royal_arms_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Royal_arms_of_England.svg/195px-Royal_arms_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Royal_arms_of_England.svg/260px-Royal_arms_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">The Crown</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">Monarch</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_the_British_throne" title="Succession to the British throne">Heir Apparent</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/William,_Prince_of_Wales" title="William, Prince of Wales">William, Prince of Wales</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Republicanism in the United Kingdom">Republicanism in the United Kingdom</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Governance_of_England" title="Governance of England">Governance</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/King-in-Council" title="King-in-Council">King-in-Council</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Keir_Starmer" title="Keir Starmer">Keir Starmer</a> (<a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">L</a>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Deputy Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Deputy Prime Minister</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Angela_Rayner" title="Angela Rayner">Angela Rayner</a> (<a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">L</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Legislative</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/King-in-Parliament" title="King-in-Parliament">King-in-Parliament</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Speaker" title="Lord Speaker">Lord Speaker</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_McFall,_Baron_McFall_of_Alcluith" title="John McFall, Baron McFall of Alcluith">The Lord McFall of Alcluith</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reform_of_the_House_of_Lords" title="Reform of the House of Lords">Reform of the House of Lords</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Commons_(United_Kingdom)" title="Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom)">Speaker</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lindsay_Hoyle" title="Lindsay Hoyle">Sir Lindsay Hoyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_for_constituencies_in_England_(2024%E2%80%93present)" title="List of MPs for constituencies in England (2024–present)">MPs for England Constituencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Affairs_Committee" title="Regional Affairs Committee">Regional Affairs Committee</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_England" title="Elections in England">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">UK General Elections in England</div> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="First Parliament of the United Kingdom">1801 co-option</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1802_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1802 United Kingdom general election">1802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1806_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1806 United Kingdom general election">1806</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1807_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1807 United Kingdom general election">1807</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1812_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1812 United Kingdom general election">1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1818_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1818 United Kingdom general election">1818</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1820_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1820 United Kingdom general election">1820</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1826_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1826 United Kingdom general election">1826</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1830_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1830 United Kingdom general election">1830</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1831_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1831 United Kingdom general election">1831</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1832_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1832 United Kingdom general election">1832</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1835_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1835 United Kingdom general election">1835</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1837_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1837 United Kingdom general election">1837</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1841_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1841 United Kingdom general election">1841</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1847_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1847 United Kingdom general election">1847</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1852_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1852 United Kingdom general election">1852</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1857_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1857 United Kingdom general election">1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1859_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1859 United Kingdom general election">1859</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1865_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1865 United Kingdom general election">1865</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1868 United Kingdom general election">1868</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1874_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1874 United Kingdom general election">1874</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1880 United Kingdom general election">1880</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1885_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1885 United Kingdom general election">1885</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1886_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1886 United Kingdom general election">1886</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1892 United Kingdom general election">1892</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1895_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1895 United Kingdom general election">1895</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1900 United Kingdom general election">1900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1906_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1906 United Kingdom general election">1906</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_1910_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="January 1910 United Kingdom general election">1910 (Jan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_1910_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="December 1910 United Kingdom general election">1910 (Dec)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1918_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1918 United Kingdom general election">1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1922_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1922 United Kingdom general election">1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1923 United Kingdom general election">1923</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1924 United Kingdom general election">1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1929_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1929 United Kingdom general election">1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1931 United Kingdom general election">1931</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1935 United Kingdom general election">1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1945_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1945 United Kingdom general election">1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1950 United Kingdom general election">1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1951 United Kingdom general election">1951</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1955_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1955 United Kingdom general election">1955</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1959 United Kingdom general election">1959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1964 United Kingdom general election">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1966 United Kingdom general election">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1970 United Kingdom general election">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_1974_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="February 1974 United Kingdom general election">1974 (Feb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_1974_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="October 1974 United Kingdom general election">1974 (Oct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_England" title="1979 United Kingdom general election in England">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_England" title="1983 United Kingdom general election in England">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_England" title="1987 United Kingdom general election in England">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_England" title="1992 United Kingdom general election in England">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_England" title="1997 United Kingdom general election in England">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_England" title="2001 United Kingdom general election in England">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_England" title="2005 United Kingdom general election in England">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_England" title="2010 United Kingdom general election in England">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_England" title="2015 United Kingdom general election in England">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_England" title="2017 United Kingdom general election in England">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_England" title="2019 United Kingdom general election in England">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_United_Kingdom_general_election_in_England" title="2024 United Kingdom general election in England">2024</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_England_and_Wales" title="Judiciary of England and Wales">Judiciary</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/King-on-the-Bench" class="mw-redirect" title="King-on-the-Bench">King-on-the-Bench</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Supreme Court of the United Kingdom">Supreme Court</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="President of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom">President</a>: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Reed,_Baron_Reed_of_Allermuir" title="Robert Reed, Baron Reed of Allermuir">The Lord Reed of Allermuir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice" title="High Court of Justice">High Court of Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courts_of_England_and_Wales" title="Courts of England and Wales">Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">English Law</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_England" title="Regions of England">Regions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_of_England" title="East of England">East of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Midlands" title="East Midlands">East Midlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_(region)" title="West Midlands (region)">West Midlands</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">North East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_West_England" title="North West England">North West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_East_England" title="South East England">South East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_West_England" title="South West England">South West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_and_the_Humber" title="Yorkshire and the Humber">Yorkshire and the Humber</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_England" title="Local government in England">Administration</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_local_government_in_England" title="History of local government in England">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_England" title="Subdivisions of England">Subdivisions</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_counties_of_England" title="Historic counties of England">Historic Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">Ceremonial Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_and_non-metropolitan_counties_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties of England">Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_county" title="Metropolitan county">Metropolitan county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-metropolitan_county" title="Non-metropolitan county">Non-metropolitan county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_London" title="Greater London">Greater London</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_authorities_of_England" title="Unitary authorities of England">Unitary authorities</a> (<a href="/wiki/Template:Unitary_authorities_of_England" title="Template:Unitary authorities of England">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_England" title="Districts of England">Districts</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_English_districts" title="List of English districts">list</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_borough" title="Metropolitan borough">Metropolitan Borough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-metropolitan_district" title="Non-metropolitan district">Non-metropolitan District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Borough" class="mw-redirect" title="London Borough">London Borough</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_authorities_and_combined_county_authorities" title="Combined authorities and combined county authorities">Combined authorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayoral_Council_for_England" title="Mayoral Council for England">Mayoral Council for England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_parishes_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil parishes in England">Civil parishes</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_civil_parishes_in_England" title="List of civil parishes in England">list</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_England" title="Category:Politics of England">Category</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England"><img alt="England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:England" title="Portal:England">England portal</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_England" title="Template:Politics of England"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_England" title="Template talk:Politics of England"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_England" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of England"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>North East England</b> is one of nine official <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_England" title="Regions of England">regions of England</a> at the first level of <a href="/wiki/ITL_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="ITL (UK)">ITL</a> for <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">statistical</a> purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has three administrative levels below regional level: <a href="/wiki/Combined_authorities" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined authorities">combined authorities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unitary_authorities_of_England" title="Unitary authorities of England">unitary authorities</a> or <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_borough" title="Metropolitan borough">metropolitan boroughs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Civil_parish" title="Civil parish">civil parishes</a>. There are also multiple divisions without administrative functions; <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceremonial counties">ceremonial counties</a>, emergency services (<a href="/wiki/Fire_services_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Fire services in the United Kingdom">fire-and-rescue</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_police_forces_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of police forces of the United Kingdom">police</a>), <a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of urban areas in the United Kingdom">built-up areas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Historic_counties_of_England" title="Historic counties of England">historic counties</a>. The largest settlements in the region are <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middlesbrough" title="Middlesbrough">Middlesbrough</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunderland" title="Sunderland">Sunderland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gateshead" title="Gateshead">Gateshead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darlington" title="Darlington">Darlington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hartlepool" title="Hartlepool">Hartlepool</a> and <a href="/wiki/Durham,_England" title="Durham, England">Durham</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_East_England&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Durham_St_Cuthbert.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Durham_St_Cuthbert.jpg/170px-Durham_St_Cuthbert.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Durham_St_Cuthbert.jpg/255px-Durham_St_Cuthbert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Durham_St_Cuthbert.jpg/340px-Durham_St_Cuthbert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>12th-century wall-painting of St Cuthbert in Durham Cathedral</figcaption></figure> <p>The region's historic importance is displayed by Northumberland's ancient castles, the two <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage Sites">World Heritage Sites</a> of <a href="/wiki/Durham_Cathedral" title="Durham Cathedral">Durham Cathedral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Durham_Castle" title="Durham Castle">Durham Castle</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Hadrian's Wall">Hadrian's Wall</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one of the frontiers of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. In fact, Roman archaeology can be found widely across the region and a special exhibition based around the Roman Fort of Segedunum at Wallsend<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the other forts along Hadrian's Wall are complemented by the numerous artifacts that are displayed in the Great North Museum Hancock<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Newcastle. <a href="/wiki/St_Peter%27s_Church,_Monkwearmouth" title="St Peter's Church, Monkwearmouth">St. Peter's Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Monkwearmouth" title="Monkwearmouth">Monkwearmouth</a>, Sunderland and St. Pauls in <a href="/wiki/Jarrow" title="Jarrow">Jarrow</a> also hold significant historical value and have a joint bid to become a World Heritage Site.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The area has a strong religious past, as can be seen in works such as the <a href="/wiki/Lindisfarne_Gospels" title="Lindisfarne Gospels">Lindisfarne Gospels</a> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle" title="Anglo-Saxon Chronicle">Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The works of <a href="/wiki/Cuthbert" title="Cuthbert">Cuthbert</a> (634–687 AD), <a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a> (673–735 AD) and <a href="/wiki/Hilda_of_Whitby" title="Hilda of Whitby">Hilda of Whitby</a> (614–680 AD) were hugely influential in the early church, and are still venerated by some today.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These saints are usually associated with the monasteries on the island of <a href="/wiki/Lindisfarne" title="Lindisfarne">Lindisfarne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wearmouth-Jarrow" class="mw-redirect" title="Wearmouth-Jarrow">Wearmouth-Jarrow</a>, and the Abbey at <a href="/wiki/Whitby" title="Whitby">Whitby</a>, though they are also associated with many other religious sites in the region. Bede is regarded as the greatest Anglo-Saxon scholar. He worked at the monasteries of Wearmouth and Jarrow, translating some forty books on all areas of knowledge, including nature, history, astronomy, poetry and theological matters such as the lives of the saints. His best known work is "<a href="/wiki/The_Ecclesiastical_History_of_the_English_People" class="mw-redirect" title="The Ecclesiastical History of the English People">The Ecclesiastical History of the English People</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most famous pieces of art and literature created in the region is the <i><a href="/wiki/Lindisfarne_Gospels" title="Lindisfarne Gospels">Lindisfarne Gospels</a></i>, thought to be the work of a monk named Eadfrith, who became Bishop of Lindisfarne in 698. This body of work is thought to have been created in honour of Cuthbert, around 710–720.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 793, the Vikings arrived on the shores of north-east England with a raiding party from Norway who attacked the monastic settlement on Lindisfarne.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The monks fled or were slaughtered, and Bishop Higbald sought refuge on the mainland. A chronicler recorded: "On the 8th June, the harrying of the heathen miserably destroyed God's church by rapine and slaughter." There were three hundred years of Viking raids, battles and settlement until <a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William the Conqueror</a> defeated King Harold at Hastings in 1066.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Anglo-Saxon Chronicle</i> notes the change from raiding to settlement when it records that in 876 the Vikings "Shared out the land of the Northumbrians and they proceeded to plough and support themselves"<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Northumbria extended from the Scottish borders (then <a href="/wiki/Pictish" class="mw-redirect" title="Pictish">Pictish</a> borders) at the Firth of Forth to the north, and to the south of <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a>, its capital, down to the Humber. The last independent Northumbrian king from 947–8 was <a href="/wiki/Eric_Bloodaxe" title="Eric Bloodaxe">Eric Bloodaxe</a>, who died at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stainmore" title="Battle of Stainmore">Battle of Stainmore</a>, Westmorland, in 954. After Eric Bloodaxe's death, all England was ruled by <a href="/wiki/Eadred" title="Eadred">Eadred</a>, the grandson of <a href="/wiki/Alfred_the_Great" title="Alfred the Great">Alfred the Great</a>; and so began the machinery of national government.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, the Viking legacy can still be found in the language and place names of north-east England and in the <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> of its people.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle</a> comes from the castle built shortly after the conquest in 1080 by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Curthose" title="Robert Curthose">Robert Curthose</a>, William the Conqueror's eldest son.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sub-divisions">Sub-divisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_East_England&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sub-divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The region has the following sub-divisions: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Local authority</th> <th>Ceremonial county</th> <th>Historic county</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Combined_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Combined authority">Combined authority</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Fire_services_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire services of the United Kingdom">Fire and rescue services</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Police_forces_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Police forces of the United Kingdom">Police forces</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Northumberland" title="Northumberland">Northumberland</a> </td> <td rowspan="3">Northumberland </td> <td rowspan="7"><a href="/wiki/North_East_Combined_Authority" title="North East Combined Authority">North East</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Northumberland_Fire_%26_Rescue_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Northumberland Fire & Rescue Service">Northumberland</a> </td> <td rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Northumbria_Police" title="Northumbria Police">Northumbria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a> </td> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Tyne_and_Wear" title="Tyne and Wear">Tyne and Wear</a> </td> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Tyne_%26_Wear_Fire_%26_Rescue_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyne & Wear Fire & Rescue Service">Tyne & Wear</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Tyneside" title="North Tyneside">North Tyneside</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Tyneside" title="South Tyneside">South Tyneside</a> </td> <td rowspan="7">County Durham </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gateshead" title="Gateshead">Gateshead</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/City_of_Sunderland" title="City of Sunderland">Sunderland</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/County_Durham_(district)" title="County Durham (district)">County Durham</a> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/County_Durham" title="County Durham">County Durham</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/County_Durham_%26_Darlington_Fire_%26_Rescue_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="County Durham & Darlington Fire & Rescue Service">County Durham & Darlington</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Durham_Constabulary" title="Durham Constabulary">Durham</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Darlington_(borough)" class="mw-redirect" title="Darlington (borough)">Darlington</a> </td> <td rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Tees_Valley" title="Tees Valley">Tees Valley</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hartlepool_(borough)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hartlepool (borough)">Hartlepool</a> </td> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Fire_Brigade" title="Cleveland Fire Brigade">Cleveland</a> </td> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Police" title="Cleveland Police">Cleveland</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stockton-on-Tees_(borough)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stockton-on-Tees (borough)">Stockton-on-Tees</a><br /><small>(north Tees)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stockton-on-Tees_(borough)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stockton-on-Tees (borough)">Stockton-on-Tees</a><br /><small>(south Tees)</small> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/North_Yorkshire" title="North Yorkshire">North Yorkshire</a><br /><small>(part only)</small> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a><br /><small>(part only)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Redcar_and_Cleveland" title="Redcar and Cleveland">Redcar and Cleveland</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Middlesbrough_(borough)" class="mw-redirect" title="Middlesbrough (borough)">Middlesbrough</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Created in 1994, the region was defined as <a href="/wiki/Northumberland" title="Northumberland">Northumberland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tyne_and_Wear" title="Tyne and Wear">Tyne and Wear</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Durham" title="County Durham">County Durham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_(county)" title="Cleveland (county)">Cleveland</a>. A 1996 local-government reform created ceremonial counties and unitary authorities, allowing districts to govern outside their designated counties. The reform also abolished Cleveland with it split between County Durham and <a href="/wiki/North_Yorkshire" title="North Yorkshire">North Yorkshire</a>, the latter county covers parts of two regions since. </p><p>The region is mostly parished with some remaining unparished areas following the 1974 creation of the Cleveland districts, <a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Darlington" title="Borough of Darlington">Darlington</a>, Tyne and Wear districts, <a href="/wiki/Derwentside" title="Derwentside">Derwentside</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wear_Valley" title="Wear Valley">Wear Valley</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Local_government">Local government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_East_England&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Local government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elections">Elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_East_England&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The North East has a strong tendency to vote <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2015 United Kingdom general election">2015 election</a>, 47% of the electorate voted Labour, while 25% voted <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a>, 17% UKIP, 6% <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrat</a> and 4% Green. At the <a href="/wiki/2009_European_Parliament_election_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="2009 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom">2009 European election</a>, Labour got 25% of the region's vote, the Conservatives 20%, the Liberal Democrats 18%, and <a href="/wiki/UK_Independence_Party" title="UK Independence Party">UK Independence Party</a> 15%.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in recent years, the North East has seen a significant swing away from Labour. In the 2019 election, many constituencies were targeted by the Conservatives and their representation increased to 10 MPs. The region wide vote shares were 43% for Labour and 38% for the Conservatives, with the <a href="/wiki/Brexit_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Brexit Party">Brexit Party</a> a distant third on 8%. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10">Numbers of MPs returned per party </th></tr> <tr bgcolor="CCCCCC"> <td colspan="2" rowspan="1" align="center" valign="top"><b>Affiliation</b> </td> <td valign="top"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_for_constituencies_in_England_(2010%E2%80%932015)" title="List of MPs for constituencies in England (2010–2015)">2010–15</a></b> </td> <td valign="top"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_for_constituencies_in_England_(2015%E2%80%932017)" title="List of MPs for constituencies in England (2015–2017)">2015–17</a></b> </td> <td valign="top"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_for_constituencies_in_England_(2017%E2%80%932019)" title="List of MPs for constituencies in England (2017–2019)">2017–19</a></b> </td> <td valign="top"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_for_constituencies_in_England_(2019%E2%80%932024)" title="List of MPs for constituencies in England (2019–2024)">2019–24</a></b> </td> <td valign="top"><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_MPs_for_constituencies_in_England_(2024%E2%80%93present)" title="List of MPs for constituencies in England (2024–present)">2024–present</a></b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#0087DC"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a> </td> <td align="right">2 </td> <td align="right">3 </td> <td align="right">3 </td> <td align="right">10 </td> <td align="right">1 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#E4003B"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> </td> <td align="right">25 </td> <td align="right">26 </td> <td align="right">26 </td> <td align="right">19 </td> <td align="right">26 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:#FAA61A"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrat</a> </td> <td align="right">2 </td> <td align="right">0 </td> <td align="right">0 </td> <td align="right">0 </td> <td align="right">0 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color:inherit;background:black"> </td> <td><b>TOTAL SEATS</b> </td> <td align="right">29 </td> <td align="right">29 </td> <td align="right">29 </td> <td align="right">29 </td> <td align="right">27 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Constituencies_in_North_East_England_(27)173" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Constituencies_in_North_East_England" title="Template:Constituencies in North East England"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Constituencies_in_North_East_England" title="Template talk:Constituencies in North East England"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Constituencies_in_North_East_England" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Constituencies in North East England"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Constituencies_in_North_East_England_(27)173" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_constituencies_in_North_East_England" title="Parliamentary constituencies in North East England">Constituencies in North East England</a> (27)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour</a> (26)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_Auckland_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Bishop Auckland (UK Parliament constituency)">Bishop Auckland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaydon_and_Consett_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Blaydon and Consett (UK Parliament constituency)">Blaydon and Consett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blyth_and_Ashington_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Blyth and Ashington (UK Parliament constituency)">Blyth and Ashington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Durham_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="City of Durham (UK Parliament constituency)">City of Durham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cramlington_and_Killingworth_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Cramlington and Killingworth (UK Parliament constituency)">Cramlington and Killingworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darlington_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Darlington (UK Parliament constituency)">Darlington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easington_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Easington (UK Parliament constituency)">Easington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gateshead_Central_and_Whickham_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Gateshead Central and Whickham (UK Parliament constituency)">Gateshead Central and Whickham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartlepool_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Hartlepool (UK Parliament constituency)">Hartlepool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexham_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Hexham (UK Parliament constituency)">Hexham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houghton_and_Sunderland_South_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Houghton and Sunderland South (UK Parliament constituency)">Houghton and Sunderland South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarrow_and_Gateshead_East_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Jarrow and Gateshead East (UK Parliament constituency)">Jarrow and Gateshead East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middlesbrough_and_Thornaby_East_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Middlesbrough and Thornaby East (UK Parliament constituency)">Middlesbrough and Thornaby East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middlesbrough_South_and_East_Cleveland_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Middlesbrough South and East Cleveland (UK Parliament constituency)">Middlesbrough South and East Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne_Central_and_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Newcastle upon Tyne Central and West (UK Parliament constituency)">Newcastle upon Tyne Central and West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne_East_and_Wallsend_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Newcastle upon Tyne East and Wallsend (UK Parliament constituency)">Newcastle upon Tyne East and Wallsend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne_North_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Newcastle upon Tyne North (UK Parliament constituency)">Newcastle upon Tyne North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_Aycliffe_and_Spennymoor_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Newton Aycliffe and Spennymoor (UK Parliament constituency)">Newton Aycliffe and Spennymoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Durham_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="North Durham (UK Parliament constituency)">North Durham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Northumberland_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="North Northumberland (UK Parliament constituency)">North Northumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redcar_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Redcar (UK Parliament constituency)">Redcar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Shields_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="South Shields (UK Parliament constituency)">South Shields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockton_North_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Stockton North (UK Parliament constituency)">Stockton North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunderland_Central_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Sunderland Central (UK Parliament constituency)">Sunderland Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tynemouth_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Tynemouth (UK Parliament constituency)">Tynemouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_and_Gateshead_South_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Washington and Gateshead South (UK Parliament constituency)">Washington and Gateshead South</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> (1)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stockton_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Stockton West (UK Parliament constituency)">Stockton West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bodies">Bodies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_East_England&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bodies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Authority 1 </th> <th>Authority 2 </th> <th>Authority 3 </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/North_East_Assembly" title="North East Assembly">North East Assembly</a> (NEA), 1998–2009 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Association_of_North_East_Councils" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of North East Councils">Association of North East Councils</a> (ANEC), 2009–2016<br /><a href="/wiki/One_NorthEast" title="One NorthEast">One NorthEast</a> (1NE), 2009–2012 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/North_East_Combined_Authority" title="North East Combined Authority">North East Combined Authority</a> (NECA), 2014–2023 </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Tees_Valley_Combined_Authority" title="Tees Valley Combined Authority">Tees Valley Combined Authority</a> (TVCA), 2016–present </td></tr> <tr> <td>NECA </td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_of_Tyne_Combined_Authority" title="North of Tyne Combined Authority">North of Tyne Combined Authority</a> (NTCA), 2018–2023 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/North_East_Mayoral_Combined_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="North East Mayoral Combined Authority">North East Mayoral Combined Authority</a> (NEMCA), 2024–present </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In November 2004, a <a href="/wiki/2004_Northern_England_devolution_referendums" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Northern England devolution referendums">referendum</a> on whether a directly elected regional assembly should be set up for North East England resulted in a decisive "no" vote. The number of people who voted against the plans was 696,519 (78%), while 197,310 (22%) voted in favour. <a href="/wiki/John_Prescott" title="John Prescott">John Prescott</a>, the Deputy Prime Minister at the time, admitted that his plans for regional devolution had suffered an "emphatic defeat" to the no campaign, spearheaded by <a href="/wiki/Dominic_Cummings" title="Dominic Cummings">Dominic Cummings</a>. Bernard Jenkin, the Conservative spokesman for the regions, said the vote would mean the end of plans for a North East Assembly. He told the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>: "The whole idea of regional government has been blown out of the water by this vote".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The former <a href="/wiki/Association_of_North_East_Councils" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of North East Councils">Association of North East Councils</a> was based in <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a>, and the preceding <a href="/wiki/North_East_Assembly" title="North East Assembly">North East Assembly</a> was based in <a href="/wiki/Gateshead" title="Gateshead">Gateshead</a> until its dissolution in 2009. <a href="/wiki/Local_enterprise_partnership" title="Local enterprise partnership">Local enterprise partnerships</a> were established, these later became combined authorities. The <a href="/wiki/North_East_Combined_Authority" title="North East Combined Authority">North East Combined Authority</a> was established in 2014 and covered much of the region excluding <a href="/wiki/Tees_Valley" title="Tees Valley">Tees Valley</a>. <a href="/wiki/North_of_Tyne" class="mw-redirect" title="North of Tyne">North of Tyne</a> authorities later split off, leaving authorities south of the River Tyne. </p><p>The Tees Valley boroughs (Darlington, Hartlepool, Stockton-on-Tees, Redcar & Cleveland, and Middlesbrough) established the <a href="/wiki/Tees_Valley_Combined_Authority" title="Tees Valley Combined Authority">Tees Valley Combined Authority</a> in 2016. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_East_England&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Geographic features</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:119px;max-width:119px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:87px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Now_you_see_it_-_geograph.org.uk_-_915963.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Now_you_see_it_-_geograph.org.uk_-_915963.jpg/117px-Now_you_see_it_-_geograph.org.uk_-_915963.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Now_you_see_it_-_geograph.org.uk_-_915963.jpg/176px-Now_you_see_it_-_geograph.org.uk_-_915963.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Now_you_see_it_-_geograph.org.uk_-_915963.jpg/234px-Now_you_see_it_-_geograph.org.uk_-_915963.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Lindisfarne_Castle" title="Lindisfarne Castle">Lindisfarne Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lindisfarne" title="Lindisfarne">Holy Island</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:119px;max-width:119px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:87px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:High_Force_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1295229.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/High_Force_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1295229.jpg/117px-High_Force_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1295229.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/High_Force_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1295229.jpg/176px-High_Force_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1295229.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/High_Force_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1295229.jpg/234px-High_Force_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1295229.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/High_Force" title="High Force">High Force</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teesdale" title="Teesdale">Teesdale</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:119px;max-width:119px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:87px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Summit_of_Windy_Gyle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_670034.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Summit_of_Windy_Gyle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_670034.jpg/117px-Summit_of_Windy_Gyle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_670034.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Summit_of_Windy_Gyle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_670034.jpg/176px-Summit_of_Windy_Gyle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_670034.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Summit_of_Windy_Gyle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_670034.jpg/234px-Summit_of_Windy_Gyle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_670034.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Cheviot_Hills" title="Cheviot Hills">Cheviot Hills</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:119px;max-width:119px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:87px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Whitley_Bay_Beach_-_geograph.org.uk_-_714360.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Whitley_Bay_Beach_-_geograph.org.uk_-_714360.jpg/117px-Whitley_Bay_Beach_-_geograph.org.uk_-_714360.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Whitley_Bay_Beach_-_geograph.org.uk_-_714360.jpg/176px-Whitley_Bay_Beach_-_geograph.org.uk_-_714360.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Whitley_Bay_Beach_-_geograph.org.uk_-_714360.jpg/234px-Whitley_Bay_Beach_-_geograph.org.uk_-_714360.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Whitley_Bay" title="Whitley Bay">Whitley Bay</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>The region is generally hilly and sparsely populated in the North and West, and urban and arable in the East and South. The highest point in the region is <a href="/wiki/The_Cheviot" title="The Cheviot">The Cheviot</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Cheviot_Hills" title="Cheviot Hills">Cheviot Hills</a>, at 815 metres (2,674 ft). </p><p>The region contains the urban centres of <a href="/wiki/Tyneside" title="Tyneside">Tyneside</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wearside" title="Wearside">Wearside</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Teesside" title="Teesside">Teesside</a> and is noted for the rich natural beauty of its coastline, <a href="/wiki/Northumberland_National_Park" title="Northumberland National Park">Northumberland National Park</a>, and the section of the <a href="/wiki/Pennines" title="Pennines">Pennines</a> that includes <a href="/wiki/Teesdale" title="Teesdale">Teesdale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Weardale" title="Weardale">Weardale</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_East_England&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>North East England has a <a href="/wiki/Marine_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine climate">Marine west coast climate</a> (generally found along the west coast of middle latitude continents) with narrower temperature ranges than the south of England and sufficient precipitation in all months. Summers and winters are mild rather than extremely hot or cold, due to the strong maritime influence of the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Current" title="North Atlantic Current">North Atlantic Current</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Met_Office" title="Met Office">Met Office</a> operates several weather stations in the region<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are able to show the regional variations in temperature and its relation to the distance from the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>. The warmest summers in the region are found in Stockton-on-Tees and the <a href="/wiki/Middlesbrough" title="Middlesbrough">Middlesbrough</a> area, with a 1981–2010 July average high of 20.4 °C (68.7 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Precipitation is often low by English standards, in spite of the low levels of sunshine, with Stockton-on-Tees averaging only 574.2 millimetres (22.61 in) annually, and with the seaside town of Tynemouth (despite its slightly sunnier climate) recording 597.2 millimetres (23.51 in) annually.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The summers on the northern coastlines are significantly cooler than in the southern and central inland areas: Tynemouth is only just above 18 °C (64 °F) in July. Further inland, frosts during winter are more common, due to the higher elevations and distance from the sea. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_East_England&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Biodiversity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The region has a diverse landscape that includes maritime cliffs and extensive <a href="/wiki/Moorland" title="Moorland">moorland</a> that contains a number of <a href="/wiki/Rare_species" title="Rare species">rare species</a> of <a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">flora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a>. Of particular importance are the saltmarshes of <a href="/wiki/Lindisfarne" title="Lindisfarne">Lindisfarne</a>, the <a href="/wiki/River_Tees" title="River Tees">Tees Estuary</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Heath_(habitat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heath (habitat)">heaths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bog" title="Bog">bogs</a> and traditional upland hay meadows of the North Pennines, and the Arctic-alpine flora of Upper Teesdale. </p><p>The beauty of the <a href="/wiki/Northumberland_Coast_National_Landscape" title="Northumberland Coast National Landscape">Northumbrian coastline</a> has led to its designation as an <a href="/wiki/Area_of_Outstanding_Natural_Beauty" title="Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty">area of outstanding natural beauty</a> (AONB) stretching 100 miles from <a href="/wiki/Berwick-Upon-Tweed" class="mw-redirect" title="Berwick-Upon-Tweed">Berwick-Upon-Tweed</a> to the <a href="/wiki/River_Coquet" title="River Coquet">River Coquet</a> estuary.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the 290 bird species identified on the <a href="/wiki/Farne_Islands" title="Farne Islands">Farne Islands</a>, is the rare <a href="/wiki/Seabird" title="Seabird">seabird</a> the <a href="/wiki/Roseate_tern" title="Roseate tern">roseate tern</a>. One of the foremost bird sanctuaries and observatory for migratory and wading birds in the UK is now operated at "Saltholme" which is part of a wider site of special scientific interest called <a href="/wiki/Seal_Sands" title="Seal Sands">Seal Sands</a>. The Saltholme reserve is managed by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_for_the_Protection_of_Birds" title="Royal Society for the Protection of Birds">Royal Society for the Protection of Birds</a> (RSPB). This project was pronounced as one of the best places to view birds by <a href="/wiki/Bill_Oddie" title="Bill Oddie">Bill Oddie</a>, the former host of the BBC's <i>Spring Watch</i> Programme. In December 2012 he also presented the project with a prize as the UK's favorite <a href="/wiki/National_Lottery_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Lottery (United Kingdom)">National Lottery</a> funded project.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The seal colony at Seal Sands on the mouth of the River Tees is thriving and in 2013 had more than 60 <a href="/wiki/Harbour_seals" class="mw-redirect" title="Harbour seals">harbour seals</a>. This is the only breeding colony of this species on the northeast coast.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "<a href="/wiki/Rainton_Meadows" title="Rainton Meadows">Rainton Meadows</a>" is also a recently<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (May 2023)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> created bird-watching site.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The region is also the English stronghold of black grouse<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and contains 80–90% of the UK population of yellow marsh <a href="/wiki/Saxifraga" title="Saxifraga">saxifrage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Magnesian_Limestone" title="Magnesian Limestone">Magnesian Limestone</a> grasslands of East Durham are a unique habitat not found anywhere else in the world which is particularly important to many species of butterfly and moths.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Northeast of England also features woodland such as <a href="/wiki/Kielder_Forest" title="Kielder Forest">Kielder Forest</a>, the largest man-made forest in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is located within Northumberland National Park and contains an important habitat for the <a href="/wiki/Endangered" class="mw-redirect" title="Endangered">endangered</a> <a href="/wiki/Red_squirrel" title="Red squirrel">red squirrel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Landmarks">Landmarks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_East_England&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Landmarks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1275594942">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center .gallery{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left .gallery{justify-content:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right .gallery{justify-content:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery 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.thumb.thumb.thumb img{background:none!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb img:not([alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]):not([alt*="\200b \200b \200c "]){background:white!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .mod-gallery img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]{filter:invert(1)hue-rotate(180deg)}}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bamburgh_2006_closeup.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bamburgh Castle"><img alt="Bamburgh Castle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Bamburgh_2006_closeup.jpg/180px-Bamburgh_2006_closeup.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Bamburgh_2006_closeup.jpg/270px-Bamburgh_2006_closeup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Bamburgh_2006_closeup.jpg/360px-Bamburgh_2006_closeup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bamburgh_Castle" title="Bamburgh Castle">Bamburgh Castle</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Raby_Castle_(geograph_7268712).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Raby Castle"><img alt="Raby Castle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Raby_Castle_%28geograph_7268712%29.jpg/180px-Raby_Castle_%28geograph_7268712%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Raby_Castle_%28geograph_7268712%29.jpg/270px-Raby_Castle_%28geograph_7268712%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Raby_Castle_%28geograph_7268712%29.jpg/360px-Raby_Castle_%28geograph_7268712%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Raby_Castle" title="Raby Castle">Raby Castle</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Auckland_Castle,_Bishop_Auckland_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4826226.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Auckland Castle"><img alt="Auckland Castle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Auckland_Castle%2C_Bishop_Auckland_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4826226.jpg/180px-Auckland_Castle%2C_Bishop_Auckland_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4826226.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Auckland_Castle%2C_Bishop_Auckland_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4826226.jpg/270px-Auckland_Castle%2C_Bishop_Auckland_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4826226.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Auckland_Castle%2C_Bishop_Auckland_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4826226.jpg/360px-Auckland_Castle%2C_Bishop_Auckland_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4826226.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Auckland_Castle" title="Auckland Castle">Auckland Castle</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Holy_Island_Sunrise_(again)_(15064111624).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Holy Island and Lindisfarne Castle"><img alt="Holy Island and Lindisfarne Castle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Holy_Island_Sunrise_%28again%29_%2815064111624%29.jpg/180px-Holy_Island_Sunrise_%28again%29_%2815064111624%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Holy_Island_Sunrise_%28again%29_%2815064111624%29.jpg/270px-Holy_Island_Sunrise_%28again%29_%2815064111624%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Holy_Island_Sunrise_%28again%29_%2815064111624%29.jpg/360px-Holy_Island_Sunrise_%28again%29_%2815064111624%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6798" data-file-height="4537" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lindisfarne" title="Lindisfarne">Holy Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lindisfarne_Castle" title="Lindisfarne Castle">Lindisfarne Castle</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alnwick_-_Barbican,_Alnwick_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4286646.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alnwick Castle gatehouse"><img alt="Alnwick Castle gatehouse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Alnwick_-_Barbican%2C_Alnwick_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4286646.jpg/180px-Alnwick_-_Barbican%2C_Alnwick_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4286646.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Alnwick_-_Barbican%2C_Alnwick_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4286646.jpg/270px-Alnwick_-_Barbican%2C_Alnwick_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4286646.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Alnwick_-_Barbican%2C_Alnwick_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4286646.jpg/360px-Alnwick_-_Barbican%2C_Alnwick_Castle_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4286646.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Alnwick_Castle" title="Alnwick Castle">Alnwick Castle</a> gatehouse</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Angel_of_the_North,_Gormley_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Angel of the North in Gateshead"><img alt="The Angel of the North in Gateshead" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Angel_of_the_North%2C_Gormley_5.jpg/180px-Angel_of_the_North%2C_Gormley_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Angel_of_the_North%2C_Gormley_5.jpg/270px-Angel_of_the_North%2C_Gormley_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Angel_of_the_North%2C_Gormley_5.jpg/360px-Angel_of_the_North%2C_Gormley_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <i><a href="/wiki/Angel_of_the_North" title="Angel of the North">Angel of the North</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Gateshead" title="Gateshead">Gateshead</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Penshaw_Hill.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Penshaw Monument"><img alt="Penshaw Monument" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Penshaw_Hill.jpg/180px-Penshaw_Hill.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Penshaw_Hill.jpg/270px-Penshaw_Hill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Penshaw_Hill.jpg/360px-Penshaw_Hill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1494" data-file-height="976" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Penshaw_Monument" title="Penshaw Monument">Penshaw Monument</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bowes_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Bowes Museum in Barnard Castle"><img alt="The Bowes Museum in Barnard Castle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Bowes_Museum.jpg/180px-Bowes_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Bowes_Museum.jpg/270px-Bowes_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Bowes_Museum.jpg/360px-Bowes_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1599" data-file-height="1131" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Bowes_Museum" title="Bowes Museum">Bowes Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Barnard_Castle" title="Barnard Castle">Barnard Castle</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Northumberland_Hadrian%27s_Wall_Aerial_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hadrian's Wall"><img alt="Hadrian's Wall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Northumberland_Hadrian%27s_Wall_Aerial_2.jpg/180px-Northumberland_Hadrian%27s_Wall_Aerial_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Northumberland_Hadrian%27s_Wall_Aerial_2.jpg/270px-Northumberland_Hadrian%27s_Wall_Aerial_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Northumberland_Hadrian%27s_Wall_Aerial_2.jpg/360px-Northumberland_Hadrian%27s_Wall_Aerial_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Hadrian's Wall">Hadrian's Wall</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Mary%27s_Island_and_lighthouse_from_Curry%27s_Point,_Whitley_Bay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2847493.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St Mary's lighthouse"><img alt="St Mary's lighthouse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/St_Mary%27s_Island_and_lighthouse_from_Curry%27s_Point%2C_Whitley_Bay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2847493.jpg/180px-St_Mary%27s_Island_and_lighthouse_from_Curry%27s_Point%2C_Whitley_Bay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2847493.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/St_Mary%27s_Island_and_lighthouse_from_Curry%27s_Point%2C_Whitley_Bay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2847493.jpg/270px-St_Mary%27s_Island_and_lighthouse_from_Curry%27s_Point%2C_Whitley_Bay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2847493.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/St_Mary%27s_Island_and_lighthouse_from_Curry%27s_Point%2C_Whitley_Bay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2847493.jpg/360px-St_Mary%27s_Island_and_lighthouse_from_Curry%27s_Point%2C_Whitley_Bay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2847493.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3410" data-file-height="1797" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Lighthouse" title="St Mary's Lighthouse">St Mary's lighthouse</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tees_Transporter_Bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tees Transporter Bridge connecting Stockton and Middlesbrough"><img alt="Tees Transporter Bridge connecting Stockton and Middlesbrough" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Tees_Transporter_Bridge.jpg/180px-Tees_Transporter_Bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Tees_Transporter_Bridge.jpg/270px-Tees_Transporter_Bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Tees_Transporter_Bridge.jpg/360px-Tees_Transporter_Bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tees_Transporter_Bridge" title="Tees Transporter Bridge">Tees Transporter Bridge</a> connecting <a href="/wiki/Stockton-on-Tees" title="Stockton-on-Tees">Stockton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middlesbrough" title="Middlesbrough">Middlesbrough</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_now_completed_Redcar_Beacon_seen_from_the_east_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3447281.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Redcar Beacon"><img alt="Redcar Beacon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/The_now_completed_Redcar_Beacon_seen_from_the_east_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3447281.jpg/180px-The_now_completed_Redcar_Beacon_seen_from_the_east_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3447281.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/The_now_completed_Redcar_Beacon_seen_from_the_east_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3447281.jpg/270px-The_now_completed_Redcar_Beacon_seen_from_the_east_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3447281.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/The_now_completed_Redcar_Beacon_seen_from_the_east_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3447281.jpg/360px-The_now_completed_Redcar_Beacon_seen_from_the_east_-_geograph.org.uk_-_3447281.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3506" data-file-height="2534" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Redcar Beacon</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_East_England&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Tees_Valley" title="Demographics of Tees Valley">Demographics of Tees Valley</a></div><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North_East_population_pyramid_2020.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/North_East_population_pyramid_2020.svg/355px-North_East_population_pyramid_2020.svg.png" decoding="async" width="355" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/North_East_population_pyramid_2020.svg/533px-North_East_population_pyramid_2020.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/North_East_population_pyramid_2020.svg/710px-North_East_population_pyramid_2020.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3164" data-file-height="2546" /></a><figcaption>Population pyramid in 2020</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Regional_Profile_of_the_North_East.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Regional_Profile_of_the_North_East.png/220px-Regional_Profile_of_the_North_East.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="457" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Regional_Profile_of_the_North_East.png/330px-Regional_Profile_of_the_North_East.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Regional_Profile_of_the_North_East.png/440px-Regional_Profile_of_the_North_East.png 2x" data-file-width="2917" data-file-height="6054" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>The North East has the smallest population of all English regions. </p><p>The North East with <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/South_West_England" title="South West England">South West</a> of England, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> are the British regions to have seen the least immigration in over 50 years.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (May 2023)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> The Northeast of England as a region has the lowest rate of HIV infection in the UK,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but has the highest rate of heart attacks among men and of lung cancer among women in England, along with the highest male lung cancer rate in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, the region had the second highest trade union membership among UK men.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (May 2023)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Higher education students from the North East are most likely to pick a university in their home region.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last immigration wave before the 21st century was in the late 1990s as a result of the government's dispersal policy scheme that relocated asylum seekers and new arrivals throughout the country. In 2017, most migrants were non-EU born, and about 60,000 EU-born.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_East_England&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ethnicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Ethnic group </th> <th colspan="2">1971 estimations<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">1981 estimations<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">1991<sup id="cite_ref-:412_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:412-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">2001<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">2011<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2">2021<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th> <th>Number </th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="White people in the United Kingdom">White</a>: Total </th> <th>– </th> <th>99.6% </th> <th>2,544,069 </th> <th>99% </th> <th>2,507,133 </th> <th>98.6% </th> <th>2,455,416 </th> <th>97.61% </th> <th>2,475,567 </th> <th>95.32% </th> <th>2,462,720 </th> <th>93.1% </th></tr> <tr> <td>White: <a href="/wiki/White_British" title="White British">British</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>2,425,592 </td> <td>96.42% </td> <td>2,431,423 </td> <td>93.62% </td> <td>2,397,557 </td> <td>90.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td>White: <a href="/wiki/Irish_Briton" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Briton">Irish</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>8,682 </td> <td> </td> <td>8,035 </td> <td> </td> <td>8,384 </td> <td>0.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td>White: <a href="/wiki/Irish_Traveller" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Traveller">Irish Traveller</a>/<a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Gypsy</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>1,684 </td> <td> </td> <td>2,621 </td> <td>0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>White: Roma </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>2,375 </td> <td>0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>White: <a href="/wiki/White_Other_(United_Kingdom_Census)" class="mw-redirect" title="White Other (United Kingdom Census)">Other</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>21,142 </td> <td> </td> <td>34,425 </td> <td> </td> <td>51,783 </td> <td>2.0% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/British_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="British Asian">Asian or Asian British</a>: Total </th> <th>– </th> <th>– </th> <th>– </th> <th>– </th> <th>27,626 </th> <th>1.1% </th> <th>39,630 </th> <th>1.57% </th> <th>74,599 </th> <th>2.87% </th> <th>98,046 </th> <th>3.6% </th></tr> <tr> <td>Asian or Asian British: <a href="/wiki/Non-resident_Indian_and_person_of_Indian_origin" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin">Indian</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>7,470 </td> <td> </td> <td>10,156 </td> <td> </td> <td>15,817 </td> <td> </td> <td>22,021 </td> <td>0.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asian or Asian British: <a href="/wiki/British_Pakistani" class="mw-redirect" title="British Pakistani">Pakistani</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>9,257 </td> <td> </td> <td>14,074 </td> <td> </td> <td>19,831 </td> <td> </td> <td>27,290 </td> <td>1.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asian or Asian British: <a href="/wiki/British_Bangladeshi" class="mw-redirect" title="British Bangladeshi">Bangladeshi</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>3,416 </td> <td> </td> <td>6,167 </td> <td> </td> <td>10,972 </td> <td> </td> <td>16,355 </td> <td>0.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asian or Asian British: <a href="/wiki/British_Chinese" title="British Chinese">Chinese</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>4,519 </td> <td> </td> <td>6,048 </td> <td> </td> <td>14,284 </td> <td> </td> <td>14,442 </td> <td>0.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asian or Asian British: <a href="/wiki/British_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="British Asian">Asian Other</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>2,964 </td> <td> </td> <td>3,185 </td> <td> </td> <td>13,695 </td> <td> </td> <td>17,938 </td> <td>0.7% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Black_British_people" title="Black British people">Black or Black British</a>: Total </th> <th>– </th> <th>– </th> <th>– </th> <th>– </th> <th>4,057 </th> <th>0.2% </th> <th>3,953 </th> <th>0.15% </th> <th>13,220 </th> <th>0.5% </th> <th>26,635 </th> <th>1% </th></tr> <tr> <td>Black or Black British: <a href="/wiki/Black_British" class="mw-redirect" title="Black British">African</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>1,428 </td> <td> </td> <td>2,597 </td> <td> </td> <td>10,982 </td> <td> </td> <td>22,066 </td> <td>0.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Black or Black British: <a href="/wiki/British_African-Caribbean_community" class="mw-redirect" title="British African-Caribbean community">Caribbean</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>1,013 </td> <td> </td> <td>927 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,193 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,704 </td> <td>0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Black or Black British: <a href="/wiki/Other_Black" class="mw-redirect" title="Other Black">Other</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>1,616 </td> <td> </td> <td>429 </td> <td> </td> <td>1,045 </td> <td> </td> <td>2,865 </td> <td>0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mixed_(United_Kingdom_ethnicity_category)" title="Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)">Mixed</a>: Total </th> <th>– </th> <th>– </th> <th>– </th> <th>– </th> <th>– </th> <th>– </th> <th>12,228 </th> <th>0.48% </th> <th>22,449 </th> <th>0.86% </th> <th>33,271 </th> <th>1.2% </th></tr> <tr> <td>Mixed: <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">White</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_African-Caribbean_community" class="mw-redirect" title="British African-Caribbean community">Caribbean</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>2,783 </td> <td> </td> <td>5,938 </td> <td> </td> <td>5,650 </td> <td>0.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mixed: <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">White</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_British" class="mw-redirect" title="Black British">African</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>1,741 </td> <td> </td> <td>3,549 </td> <td> </td> <td>6,527 </td> <td>0.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mixed: <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">White</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="British Asian">Asian</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>4,733 </td> <td> </td> <td>8,022 </td> <td> </td> <td>12,490 </td> <td>0.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mixed: <a href="/wiki/Multiracial" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiracial">Other Mixed</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>2,971 </td> <td> </td> <td>4,940 </td> <td> </td> <td>8,604 </td> <td>0.3% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Other: Total </th> <th>– </th> <th>– </th> <th>– </th> <th>– </th> <th>4,753 </th> <th>0.2% </th> <th>4,215 </th> <th>0.16% </th> <th>11,051 </th> <th>0.42% </th> <th>26,342 </th> <th>1% </th></tr> <tr> <td>Other: <a href="/wiki/Arab_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab people">Arab</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>5,850 </td> <td> </td> <td>10,406 </td> <td>0.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other: Any other ethnic group </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>4,753 </td> <td>0.2% </td> <td>4,215 </td> <td>0.16% </td> <td>5,201 </td> <td> </td> <td>15,936 </td> <td>0.6% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Non-White: Total </th> <th>– </th> <th>0.4% </th> <th>26,247 </th> <th>1% </th> <th>36,436 </th> <th>1.4% </th> <th>60,026 </th> <th>2.4% </th> <th>121,319 </th> <th>4.7% </th> <th>184,294 </th> <th>6.9% </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total </th> <th>– </th> <th>100% </th> <th>2,570,316 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>2,543,569 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>2,515,442 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>2,596,886 </th> <th>100% </th> <th>2,647,014 </th> <th>100% </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population_genetics">Population genetics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_East_England&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Population genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>North East England, together with Tweeddale, was the ancient British tribal kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Bernicia" title="Bernicia">Bernicia</a> (Bryneich) and is notable for providing the stable ancestry of its present indigenous population, which has been identified by DNA analysis to be an offshoot of the group "Scotland, Cumbria and the North of Ireland", but not so closely related to the other peoples of the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2022 study by Joscha Gretzinger et al., the population of North East England was found to be among the groups with the highest amount of Iron Age/Roman period <a href="/wiki/Insular_Celts" title="Insular Celts">British Isles-related</a> ancestry, being on par with <a href="/wiki/Cornish_people" title="Cornish people">Cornish</a> people in that regard.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teenage_pregnancy">Teenage pregnancy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_East_England&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Teenage pregnancy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>. The reason given is: Much of the data here is now over ten years old.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Office for National Statistics in April 2013 report that the estimated number of conceptions to women aged under 18 in England and Wales in 2011 is the lowest since records began in 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-Office_for_National_Statistics_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Office_for_National_Statistics-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conception statistics include pregnancies that result in either one or more live births or stillbirths or a legal abortion. </p><p>A comparison of rates across regions in England shows that the North East had the highest of under 18 conception rates in 2011, with 38.4 per thousand women aged 15–17. The South East had the lowest rate for women aged under 18 in 2011 with 26.1 per thousand women aged 15–17.<sup id="cite_ref-Office_for_National_Statistics_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Office_for_National_Statistics-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_deprivation">Social deprivation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_East_England&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Social deprivation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A study into social deprivation was published in 2010 to help the local partners developing a Regional Strategy for the North East better understand the factors influencing deprivation in the region. The study had two main aspects: Firstly to establish if there are different types of deprived neighbourhoods in the Northeast, and if so, how deprived neighbourhoods can be better recognised. Secondly to present a summary of "what works" in tackling deprivation in each of these types of area.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The report discusses the factors influencing deprivation and points out that it is a significant problem for the North East with 34% of the regions Lower Super Output Areas (LSOAs) are amongst England's 20% most deprived in the 2007 <a href="/wiki/Indices_of_deprivation_2007" class="mw-redirect" title="Indices of deprivation 2007">Indices of Deprivation</a> (these indices have been <a href="/wiki/Indices_of_deprivation_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Indices of deprivation 2010">updated in 2010</a>). It takes many years for areas to become deprived, suggesting that the underlying causes of area-based deprivation are long-term such as: </p> <ul><li>Major changes in the employment base, which has changed the nature and spatial distribution of jobs in the UK and within specific regions and localities.</li> <li>The "residential sorting" effects of the public and private housing markets.</li></ul> <p>Industrial restructuring has disproportionately affected some communities and groups. In particular: </p> <ul><li>Job losses in manufacturing and coalmining were most severely felt in the north of England, Scotland and Wales – and particular communities within these areas.</li> <li>As a result of the types of jobs that were lost, some demographic groups – particularly older working age males in skilled manual work – were more likely to be affected than others.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (May 2023)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <p>The region's most deprived council districts, as measured by the LSOA data<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before County Durham and Northumberland became unitary authorities in 2007, are in descending order <a href="/wiki/Easington_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Easington (district)">Easington</a> (7th in England), Middlesbrough (9th), Hartlepool (23rd), <a href="/wiki/Wear_Valley" title="Wear Valley">Wear Valley</a> (33rd), Sunderland (35th), Newcastle upon Tyne (37th), South Tyneside (38th), Wansbeck (46th), Redcar and Cleveland (50th), Gateshead (52nd), <a href="/wiki/Sedgefield_(borough)" title="Sedgefield (borough)">Sedgefield</a> (54th), <a href="/wiki/Derwentside" title="Derwentside">Derwentside</a> (73rd), <a href="/wiki/Blyth_Valley" title="Blyth Valley">Blyth Valley</a> (80th), and Stockton on Tees (98th). The least deprived council districts in 2007 were, in descending order, Tynedale, <a href="/wiki/Castle_Morpeth" title="Castle Morpeth">Castle Morpeth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teesdale_(district)" title="Teesdale (district)">Teesdale</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Alnwick_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alnwick (district)">Alnwick</a>. Since the April 2009 abolition of these four districts, Northumberland is the least deprived, followed by North Tyneside. Unemployment is a severe problem in the North East, where many children grow up in households where no adult works. in 2010 Easington had the highest rate in the country, as 40.3% of its households with children had no working adult, followed by Sedgefield with 34%.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (May 2023)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As of April 2013, youth unemployment in the North East was 24.8%, with 51,000 out of work.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, the Office for National Statistics report issued the statements highlighted in the table below:<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>The North East compared to other regions in 2013 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Rate</th> <th>Highest</th> <th>Lowest </th></tr> <tr> <th>Employed </th> <td>South East (74.8%) </td> <td><i>North East (66.6%)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Unemployed </th> <td><i>North East (10.1%)</i> </td> <td>South West (6.2%) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Inactive </th> <td><i>North East (25.8%)</i> </td> <td>South East (19.8%) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Claimant </th> <td><i>North East (7.2%)</i> </td> <td>South East (2.7%) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In November 2017 the region's employment dropped to 5.5%, the joint highest unemployment rate in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ONS_ITL">ONS ITL</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_East_England&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: ONS ITL"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">ONS</a> <a href="/wiki/International_Territorial_Levels" class="mw-redirect" title="International Territorial Levels">International Territorial Levels</a> (ITL), North East England is a level-1 ITL region, coded "UKC", which is subdivided as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="background:gold; text-align:left;"> <th>ITL 1 </th> <th>Code </th> <th>ITL 2 </th> <th>Code </th> <th>ITL 3 </th> <th>Code </th></tr> <tr> <td>North East England </td> <td>UKC </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Tees_Valley" title="Tees Valley">Tees Valley</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_Durham_(district)" title="County Durham (district)">Durham</a> </td> <td rowspan="4">UKC1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hartlepool_(borough)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hartlepool (borough)">Hartlepool</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stockton-on-Tees_(borough)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stockton-on-Tees (borough)">Stockton-on-Tees</a> </td> <td>UKC11 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NUTS_3_regions_of_North_East_England_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/NUTS_3_regions_of_North_East_England_map.svg/180px-NUTS_3_regions_of_North_East_England_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/NUTS_3_regions_of_North_East_England_map.svg/270px-NUTS_3_regions_of_North_East_England_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/NUTS_3_regions_of_North_East_England_map.svg/360px-NUTS_3_regions_of_North_East_England_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1082" data-file-height="1345" /></a></span> </td> <td>South <a href="/wiki/Teesside" title="Teesside">Teesside</a> (<a href="/wiki/Middlesbrough_(borough)" class="mw-redirect" title="Middlesbrough (borough)">Middlesbrough</a> and <a href="/wiki/Redcar_and_Cleveland" title="Redcar and Cleveland">Redcar and Cleveland</a>) </td> <td>UKC12 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Darlington_(borough)" class="mw-redirect" title="Darlington (borough)">Darlington</a> </td> <td>UKC13 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/County_Durham_(district)" title="County Durham (district)">Durham</a> </td> <td>UKC14 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Northumberland" title="Northumberland">Northumberland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tyne_and_Wear" title="Tyne and Wear">Tyne and Wear</a> </td> <td rowspan="3">UKC2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Northumberland" title="Northumberland">Northumberland</a> </td> <td>UKC21 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tyneside" title="Tyneside">Tyneside</a> (<a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Gateshead" title="Metropolitan Borough of Gateshead">Gateshead</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Tyneside" title="South Tyneside">South Tyneside</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Tyneside" title="North Tyneside">North Tyneside</a>) </td> <td>UKC22 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/City_of_Sunderland" title="City of Sunderland">Sunderland</a> </td> <td>UKC23 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_East_England&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:130px;max-width:130px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:87px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Durham-Cathedral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Durham-Cathedral.jpg/128px-Durham-Cathedral.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Durham-Cathedral.jpg/192px-Durham-Cathedral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Durham-Cathedral.jpg/256px-Durham-Cathedral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5051" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Durham_Cathedral" title="Durham Cathedral">Durham Cathedral</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:158px;max-width:158px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:87px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Mary%27s_Cathedral,_Newcastle_upon_Tyne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/St_Mary%27s_Cathedral%2C_Newcastle_upon_Tyne.jpg/156px-St_Mary%27s_Cathedral%2C_Newcastle_upon_Tyne.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/St_Mary%27s_Cathedral%2C_Newcastle_upon_Tyne.jpg/234px-St_Mary%27s_Cathedral%2C_Newcastle_upon_Tyne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/St_Mary%27s_Cathedral%2C_Newcastle_upon_Tyne.jpg/312px-St_Mary%27s_Cathedral%2C_Newcastle_upon_Tyne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3920" data-file-height="2204" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_RC_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Newcastle RC Cathedral">Newcastle RC Cathedral</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:106px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gisborough_Priory_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Gisborough_Priory_2.jpg/142px-Gisborough_Priory_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Gisborough_Priory_2.jpg/213px-Gisborough_Priory_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Gisborough_Priory_2.jpg/284px-Gisborough_Priory_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Gisborough_Priory" title="Gisborough Priory">Gisborough Priory</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:106px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TynemouthPriory.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/TynemouthPriory.jpg/142px-TynemouthPriory.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/TynemouthPriory.jpg/213px-TynemouthPriory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/TynemouthPriory.jpg/284px-TynemouthPriory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3440" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Tynemouth_Castle_and_Priory" class="mw-redirect" title="Tynemouth Castle and Priory">Tynemouth Priory</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>In 2013, the region had the highest proportion of Christians in Great Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of the region's settlements expanded from around priories, abbeys and monasteries. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>See</th> <th>Seat </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Durham" title="Diocese of Durham">Durham</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Diocese_of_Leeds" title="Anglican Diocese of Leeds">Leeds</a> (south Tees source side)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Newcastle" title="Diocese of Newcastle">Newcastle</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_York" title="Diocese of York">York</a> (south Tees mouth side)</li></ul></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Cathedral" title="Newcastle Cathedral">Newcastle Cathedral</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Durham_Cathedral" title="Durham Cathedral">Durham Cathedral</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Hexham_and_Newcastle" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Hexham and Newcastle">Newcastle and Hexham</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Middlesbrough" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Middlesbrough">Middlesbrough</a> (south Tees in the region)</li></ul></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Middlesbrough_Cathedral" title="Middlesbrough Cathedral">Middlesbrough Cathedral</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_RC_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Newcastle RC Cathedral">Newcastle RC Cathedral</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Religion in North East England </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Religion </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_census" title="2021 United Kingdom census">2021</a><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/2011_United_Kingdom_census" title="2011 United Kingdom census">2011</a><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/2001_United_Kingdom_census" title="2001 United Kingdom census">2001</a><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Number </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th>Number </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th> <th>Number </th> <th><abbr title="percentage">%</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0E0FF;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Britain" title="History of Christianity in Britain">Christianity</a> </td> <td>1,343,948 </td> <td>50.8% </td> <td>1,753,334 </td> <td>67.5% </td> <td>2,014,608 </td> <td>80.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0FFD0;"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Islam in the United Kingdom">Islam</a> </td> <td>72,102 </td> <td>2.7% </td> <td>46,764 </td> <td>1.8% </td> <td>26,925 </td> <td>1.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#FFE0C0;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hinduism in the United Kingdom">Hinduism</a> </td> <td>10,924 </td> <td>0.4% </td> <td>7,772 </td> <td>0.3% </td> <td>4,370 </td> <td>0.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F0F0C0;"><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Sikhism in the United Kingdom">Sikhism</a> </td> <td>7,206 </td> <td>0.3% </td> <td>5,964 </td> <td>0.2% </td> <td>4,780 </td> <td>0.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#FFFFC0;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">Buddhism</a> </td> <td>7,026 </td> <td>0.3% </td> <td>6,316 </td> <td>0.2% </td> <td>3,097 </td> <td>0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#E0F0FF;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the Jews in the United Kingdom">Judaism</a> </td> <td>4,389 </td> <td>0.2% </td> <td>4,503 </td> <td>0.2% </td> <td>3,151 </td> <td>0.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F0E0F0;">Other religion </td> <td>9,950 </td> <td>0.4% </td> <td>6,668 </td> <td>0.3% </td> <td>3,886 </td> <td>0.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#F5F5F5;"><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Irreligion in the United Kingdom">No religion</a> </td> <td>1,058,122 </td> <td>40.0% </td> <td>607,700 </td> <td>23.4% </td> <td>276,196 </td> <td>11.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#DCDCDC;">Religion not stated </td> <td>133,345 </td> <td>5.0% </td> <td>157,865 </td> <td>6.1% </td> <td>178,429 </td> <td>7.1% </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total population </th> <th><b>2,647,012</b> </th> <th><b>100%</b> </th> <th><b>2,596,886</b> </th> <th><b>100%</b> </th> <th><b>2,515,442</b> </th> <th><b>100%</b> </th></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_East_England&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>. The reason given is: Much of the data here is now over ten years old.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The latest statistical report from the <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a> comparing the North East of England to other regions of the United Kingdom,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dated May 2012, states: </p> <ul><li>The North East has the highest value of goods exports relative to the size of its economy, the highest percentage employed in the public sector and lowest gross household income per head of the English regions.</li> <li>The North East's exports of goods, expressed as a percentage of gross value added (GVA), were the highest of all the English regions at 29% in 2010, compared with the UK average of 20%. Over half the region's goods exports were to the EU (55%).<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A quarter of employed people in the region worked in the public sector in Q4 2011 (24.6%), the highest proportion among the English regions, down from 26.9% in Q4 2009. In 2010, at local authority level the highest shares of public sector employee jobs were to be found in Newcastle upon Tyne and Middlesbrough (both over 33% of all employee jobs).</li> <li>Gross disposable household income (GDHI) of residents in the North East, at £13,300 per head in 2010, was 15% below the UK average and the lowest of the English regions. It ranged from £12,400 in Sunderland to £16,090 in Northumberland.</li> <li>The North East region contributed 3% of the UK's <a href="/wiki/Gross_value_added" title="Gross value added">GVA</a>. The region's headline GVA was £41.0 billion in 2010. The latest subregional data (2009) show that Tyneside generated 37% of the region's GVA at £14.6 billion.</li> <li>In 2009 manufacturing industries generated 14% of the region's total GVA, which is the largest industry contribution for the region.</li> <li>Productivity in 2010 (measured by GVA per hour worked) was 88% of the UK rate: one of the lowest of the English regions. Within the region, Northumberland's productivity was the third lowest in England at 75% of the UK rate in 2009.</li> <li>The region's employment rate was the lowest in England at 66.2% for Q4 2011. The latest subregional data for the year ending September 2011 show that North Tyneside had the highest employment rate at 72.6%.</li> <li>The North East had the highest rate of economic inactivity of the English regions, 25% of the population aged 16 to 64 in Q4 2011.</li></ul> <p>The North East is the most affordable region in the UK. Figures from 2017 indicate it is the UK region with lowest cost of living per household.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2023 data shows that for the first time since 2010 renting is now 11.3% cheaper than owning a mortgaged property in the North East.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Support_organisations">Support organisations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_East_England&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Support organisations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Businesses in Northeast England are supported by the North East Chamber of Commerce.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The North East Chamber of Commerce (NECC) is based in Durham and has active sub committees working in all sub regions. </p><p>To further encourage <a href="/wiki/Small_%26_medium_enterprises" class="mw-redirect" title="Small & medium enterprises">SMEs</a> in the North East of England to Export, the Northeast Process Industry Cluster (NEPIC) has collaborated with the North East Chamber of Commerce (NECC) and RTC North Limited to create a jointly owned subsidiary company Go Global Limited to manage the contract they have to deliver the <a href="/wiki/UKTI" class="mw-redirect" title="UKTI">United Kingdom Trade & Investment</a> (UKTI), Government funded, support products and programme for all business sectors in their region. The UKTI business support products, to help grow international trade, are focused on supporting individual SMEs to grow their exports and they also support Trade Missions to new markets.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Northern Business Forum is an organisation created in the region to share knowledge and best practice between membership based business support organisations in the Northeast of England. The Forum creates a single voice for business when this is needed. This business led forum also links its member organisations to wider business issues, both locally and nationally, through the local and national business membership organisations that are also represented. Members of the forum include NECC, NEPIC, the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Small_Businesses" title="Federation of Small Businesses">Federation of Small Businesses</a> (FSB), <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_British_Industry" title="Confederation of British Industry">Confederation of British Industry</a> (CBI) North East, the <a href="/wiki/Make_UK" title="Make UK">Make UK</a> Northern, The <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Directors" title="Institute of Directors">Institute of Directors</a> (IOD) and RTC North.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>RTC North provide business expertise in specific growth areas such as product innovation, market research, technology transfer, commercialisation, business growth. North East Access to Finance (NEA2F) operates a business growth fund to help small and medium-sized businesses (SMES).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enterprise_zones">Enterprise zones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_East_England&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Enterprise zones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Businesses investing in the region are supported by the <a href="/wiki/Local_Enterprise_Partnerships" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Enterprise Partnerships">Local Enterprise Partnerships</a> of Tees Valley (part of the <a href="/wiki/Tees_Valley_Combined_Authority" title="Tees Valley Combined Authority">TVCA</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the North East. Both these organisations manage <a href="/wiki/Enterprise_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Enterprise zone">enterprise zones</a> (Invest North East England and Tees Valley Business) to encourage new business investors. There are also several Industry and Business led Cluster bodies in the region to network and engage companies on a sector basis and give local business-to-business advice and supply chain intelligence: the Northeast of England Process Industry Cluster (NEPIC) (chemicals-polymers-pharmaceuticals-biotech), the Northern Offshore Federation (NOF) (energy and offshore engineering), Service Network (accountants-finance-law firms-HR) and Make UK (defence related engineering), Design Network North (DNN) (design issues for all sectors.) </p><p>The Invest North East, was announced by the government in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-Pearson_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pearson-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The zone focuses on technology for low carbon vehicle development, marine offshore and subsea engineering, petrochemicals and renewable energy.<sup id="cite_ref-echo_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-echo-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time of announcement the enterprise zone included two clusters of sites, an Ultra Low Carbon Vehicle zone in Sunderland and a zone on the River Tyne North Bank.<sup id="cite_ref-Pearson_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pearson-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sunderland cluster is close to the Nissan plant and includes Turbine Business Park. It hosts <a href="/wiki/Gateshead_College" title="Gateshead College">Gateshead College</a>'s Future Technology Centre.<sup id="cite_ref-echo_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-echo-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cluster on the Tyne includes the Port of Tyne North Estate, Swan Hunter in North Tyneside, and Neptune Yard in Newcastle.<sup id="cite_ref-Pearson_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pearson-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The zone was launched in April 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-echo_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-echo-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In that year another cluster of sites, composing the Blyth Estuary Renewable Energy Zone at <a href="/wiki/Blyth,_Northumberland#Port_of_Blyth" title="Blyth, Northumberland">Port of Blyth</a>, was added to the zone.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The enterprise zone contains ten sites over the three clusters, covering 115 hectares (280 acres) in total.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Industrial_heritage">Industrial heritage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_East_England&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Industrial heritage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After more than 2,000 years of industrial activity as a result of abundant minerals such as salt and coal,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry" title="Chemical industry">chemical industry</a> of the Northeast England is today spread across the whole of the region,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceuticals" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceuticals">pharmaceuticals</a> being primarily produced in the north of the region, <a href="/wiki/Speciality_chemicals" title="Speciality chemicals">speciality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fine_chemicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Fine chemicals">fine chemicals</a> spread across the middle of the region and <a href="/wiki/Commodity_chemicals" title="Commodity chemicals">commodity chemicals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petrochemicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrochemicals">petrochemicals</a> on Teesside. </p><p>These companies are members of the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_of_England_Process_Industry_Cluster" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast of England Process Industry Cluster">Northeast of England Process Industry Cluster</a> (NEPIC). The early chemical industry in this region, however, was primarily Tyneside based and associated with the manufacture of soap and glass. The most important chemical activity in the 18th and 19th centuries was the manufacture of alkali to make soap, which was when mixed with lime and sand and used to make glass.<sup id="cite_ref-Simpson_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simpson-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The effects of the industrial revolution could be seen through an economy dominated by iron and steel, coal mining and shipbuilding. Rationalisation of chemical firms in 1891 left only four works on Tyneside.<sup id="cite_ref-Simpson_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simpson-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alkali_manufacturing">Alkali manufacturing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_East_England&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Alkali manufacturing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Overly_detailed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-overly_detailed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may contain an excessive amount of intricate <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:DETAIL" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:DETAIL">detail</a> that may interest only a particular audience</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Content_forking#Article_spinoffs:_.22Summary_style.22_meta-articles_and_summary_sections" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Content forking">spinning off</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Handling_trivia#Recommendations_for_handling_trivia" title="Wikipedia:Handling trivia">relocating</a> any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">Wikipedia's inclusion policy</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Friars_Goose_Alkali_Works_Engraving.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Friars_Goose_Alkali_Works_Engraving.png/220px-Friars_Goose_Alkali_Works_Engraving.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Friars_Goose_Alkali_Works_Engraving.png 1.5x" data-file-width="272" data-file-height="185" /></a><figcaption>Friars Goose Alkali Works had the highest chimney in England to disperse hydrochloric acid fumes</figcaption></figure> <p>Before the Industrial Revolution alkali was mostly used to aid the bleaching process of cloth. As the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> took hold, increasing demand for alkali came from higher production of dyestuffs, and bleach. In 1798 John Losh and the Earl of Dundonald took out a lease for a rich supply of brine pumped from a nearby coal mine, the Walker pit, becoming the supplier of raw material for The <a href="/wiki/Losh,_Wilson_%26_Bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Losh, Wilson & Bell">Losh, Wilson & Bell</a> Alkali works. The works were established at Walker-on-Tyne in 1807 and bleaching powder manufacture began there in 1830, Losh Brothers soon manufactured half the soda in England. By 1814 the <a href="/wiki/Leblanc_process" title="Leblanc process">Leblanc process</a> of making alkali from common salt was introduced to Britain. Alkali works using this process opened at <a href="/wiki/Tyne_Dock" title="Tyne Dock">Tyne Dock</a> 1822, Felling shore <a href="/wiki/Tyneside" title="Tyneside">Tyneside</a> 1826, Friars Goose <a href="/wiki/Gateshead" title="Gateshead">Gateshead</a> 1828 and again on Felling Shore in 1834. Such works also produced soda, alum and Epsom salts. The river frontage at South Shore of the <a href="/wiki/River_Tyne" title="River Tyne">River Tyne</a> at Gateshead was one of the main locations for the chemical industry such that in the 19th century, which led to a cluster of iron, soap and alkali manufacturing.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1828 the alkali works had a large problem controlling emissions of <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a> fumes which devastated the neighbouring countryside. One solution was to build tall chimneys to drive the fumes further away and in 1833 the tallest chimney in England was built at the Friars Goose Alkali Works.<sup id="cite_ref-Simpson_73-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simpson-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The passing of the <a href="/wiki/Alkali_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkali Act">Alkali Act</a> of 1863 in the UK Parliament brought about a further reduced pollution from these processes and was the first industrial environmental legislation to come into practice globally. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Salt_making">Salt making</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_East_England&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Salt making"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Salt-making in and around <a href="/wiki/Greatham,_County_Durham" title="Greatham, County Durham">Greatham</a> (between Hartlepool and Billingham) had been important in Roman and medieval times,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and salt was also produced on Wearside from the 1580s, but by the 16th century the industry had been eclipsed by South Shields on the Tyne.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1894 the industry returned to Greatham with the establishment of the Greatham Salt and Brine Company by George Weddell. The works was later purchased by the famous salt-making company <a href="/wiki/Cerebos" title="Cerebos">Cerebos</a> in 1903. By the mid-20th century, Cerebos was owned by the food conglomerate <a href="/wiki/Rank_Hovis_McDougall" title="Rank Hovis McDougall">Rank Hovis McDougall</a>, and the factory closed in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Glass">Glass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_East_England&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Glass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Glass manufacture has been an important industry in the Northeast of England since stained glass glaziers worked on the Wearmouth and Jarrow monasteries in 674 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sunderland,_Tyne_and_Wear" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunderland, Tyne and Wear">Sunderland</a> and Tyneside were noted for glass-making between the 17th and 19th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1827 about two fifths of all English glass was made in the Tyneside area and in 1845 South Shields was making more plate glass than anywhere else in England. Sunderland was also rising to prominence as a glass-making centre, with James Hartley's <a href="/wiki/Hartley_Wood_and_Co" title="Hartley Wood and Co">Wear Glass Works</a> opening in 1836,<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by 1865 one third of the sheet glass in England was supplied by his Sunderland works. The Candlish Glass Bottleworks was the largest in Europe, managed by <a href="/wiki/John_Candlish" title="John Candlish">John Candlish</a> </p><p><a href="/wiki/William_Beilby" title="William Beilby">William Beilby</a> produced decorative glass items in Newcastle during the mid 1700s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coal_mining">Coal mining</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_East_England&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Coal mining"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wynyard_Morris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Wynyard_Morris.jpg/220px-Wynyard_Morris.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Wynyard_Morris.jpg/330px-Wynyard_Morris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Wynyard_Morris.jpg/440px-Wynyard_Morris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2207" data-file-height="1560" /></a><figcaption>Wynyard Park circa 1880 now a hotel, Wynyard Hall</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining" title="Coal mining">Coal mining</a> was one of the first industrial activities in Northeast England because the region was fortunate to have shallow seams of coal near the coast, which meant that material could be transported in and out by sea.<sup id="cite_ref-Mining_in_Northeast_England_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mining_in_Northeast_England-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to the growth of ports in Sunderland, Newcastle, <a href="/wiki/Teesport" title="Teesport">Teesport</a> Middlesbrough, <a href="/wiki/Seaham" title="Seaham">Seaham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hartlepool" title="Hartlepool">Hartlepool</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blyth,_Northumberland" title="Blyth, Northumberland">Blyth</a>. The energy from coal underpinned the development of many of the industries around these ports. As discussed in the classic historical review of "Victorian Cities" by <a href="/wiki/Asa_Briggs" title="Asa Briggs">Asa Briggs</a>, Middlesbrough was developed as a port downstream of <a href="/wiki/Yarm" title="Yarm">Yarm</a> and Stockton to take bigger coal ships.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Northumberland-Durham coalfield was one of the earliest coal mining areas to be worked in the country, with the Romans extracting coal here which caused the area to become an important source of coal in the 13th and 14th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many current towns and villages across the region were originally settlements set up for the coal miners. For example, Seaham is a port community that was developed to handle output of the coal mining interests of Charles William Vane-Tempest-Stewart the 3rd <a href="/wiki/Marquis_of_Londonderry" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquis of Londonderry">Marquis of Londonderry</a>, a military leader and business man who became one of the UK's richest men due to his coal mining developments.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Marquis built his business interests using the inherited wealth of his wife Francis Anne. The Marquis also built <a href="/wiki/Wynyard_Hall" title="Wynyard Hall">Wynyard Hall</a>, one of the country's finest country houses in the region as a palace for his family and his royal connections.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>London was one of the places which received coal from the area and there are references to shipments of coal being sent to the capital, for example 526 cauldrons of coal from Tyneside to London in 1376 for smiths involved in building Windsor Castle. Before the growth of mining companies, the coal from the North East was often sent to London using monks. The coal was often called sea coal because it often washed up from undersea outcrops on the Northumbrian coast. This could explain the name Se-coles Lane in London.<sup id="cite_ref-Mining_in_Northeast_England_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mining_in_Northeast_England-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also led to the colloquial phrase "<a href="/wiki/Taking_coals_to_Newcastle" class="mw-redirect" title="Taking coals to Newcastle">taking coals to Newcastle</a>", meaning why take something to a place that already has an excess of it. </p><p>Improvements in technology meant equipment could be built to go deeper than ever before. One example was the High Main seam at Walker Colliery on Tyneside, which became one of the deepest coal mines in the world, thanks to large engine cylinders which helped drain the mine.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other mining developments from this region include water level and ventilation techniques introduced by John Buddle who also helped to introduce the <a href="/wiki/Miner%27s_safety_lamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Miner's safety lamp">miner's safety lamp</a> which was invented here by <a href="/wiki/George_Stephenson" title="George Stephenson">Stephenson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Davy</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wearmouth_Colliery,_miners_in_cage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wearmouth_Colliery%2C_miners_in_cage.jpg/220px-Wearmouth_Colliery%2C_miners_in_cage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wearmouth_Colliery%2C_miners_in_cage.jpg/330px-Wearmouth_Colliery%2C_miners_in_cage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wearmouth_Colliery%2C_miners_in_cage.jpg/440px-Wearmouth_Colliery%2C_miners_in_cage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="629" /></a><figcaption>Miners in the cage ready for their descent, Monkwearmouth Colliery, 1993.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sir Humphry Davy, after contemplating a communication he had received from Reverend Dr <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gray_(bishop_of_Bristol)" title="Robert Gray (bishop of Bristol)">Robert Gray</a> Rector of <a href="/wiki/Bishopwearmouth" title="Bishopwearmouth">Bishopwearmouth</a> (later Bishop of Bristol) regarding the problem of gas in mines, took up the challenge of solving the problem of providing light in "<a href="/wiki/Firedamp" title="Firedamp">fire-damp</a>" ridden collieries. He started the work with several days of discussions with John Buddle, the overseer at Wallsend Colliery, other colliery owners and finally the Reverend John Hodgson, Vicar of Jarrow. Davy also collected samples of "fire-damp" before returning to his laboratory in London. Two designs of his lamps emerged and were tested at the most hazardous pits in the country, then at Newcastle-upon- Tyne and <a href="/wiki/Whitehaven" title="Whitehaven">Whitehaven</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cumberland" title="Cumberland">Cumberland</a>, and were a resounding success. He later published his paper on "The safety lamp for coal mines and some researches on flame" in 1818, which made underground coal mines much more safe. George Stephenson a colliery engineer at Killingworth Main Colliery also invented a safety lamp which was successfully tested on 21 October 1815. This became known as the "Geordie" lamp. As a result, some in the Northeast then tried to challenge the delivery of some Ceremonial Plate to Davy but the Davy Lamper's won the day and on 25 September 1817 a dinner service as presented to Davy from the coal owners at the Queen's Head in Newcastle. Davy declined to take out a patent on his lamp design effectively giving it to the nation and the world's coal miners.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The moment when the new safety lamp was first tested was recorded by John Buddle in a report from the Select Committee on Accidents in Mines on 4 September 1835 "I first tried the lamp in an explosive mixture on the surface; and then took it to the mine; it is impossible for me to express my feelings at the time when I first suspended the lamp in the mine and saw it red hot. I said to those around me: "We have at last subdued this monster [fire-damp]." With some describing it as one of the most significant moments in the industrialization of the world."<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As an example of the many coal mines (colloquially known as pits) that were created in the Northeast's Monkwearmouth Colliery (or Wearmouth Colliery) was a large deep pit that went out under the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>. It was located on the north bank of the <a href="/wiki/River_Wear" title="River Wear">River Wear</a> and was the largest pit in Sunderland and one of the most important in <a href="/wiki/County_Durham" title="County Durham">County Durham</a>. The mine opened in 1835 and was the last to remain operating in the Durham Coalfield, with the last shift leaving the pit on 10 December 1993 and ending over 800 years of commercial underground coal mining in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Colliery site has been cleared to make way for the Sunderland A.F.C's <a href="/wiki/Stadium_of_Light" title="Stadium of Light">Stadium of Light</a> which opened in July 1997. The mine is commemorated by a large sculpture of a miners lamp at the entrance to the stadium. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Durham_Coalfield" title="Durham Coalfield">Durham Coalfield</a> remains a national resource for the UK economy today and for the future. Most of the mines in the region were closed during the years of UK Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> (see <a href="/wiki/UK_miners%27_strike_(1984%E2%80%931985)" class="mw-redirect" title="UK miners' strike (1984–1985)">UK miners' strike (1984–1985)</a>) however several large open cast coal mines are still operational in the region. </p><p>Today<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (May 2023)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> companies like Five-Quarter are investigating the use of the latest technology for underground <a href="/wiki/Coal_gasification" title="Coal gasification">coal gasification</a> to access the Durham Coalfield reserves. Professor Paul Younger of <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_University" title="Newcastle University">Newcastle University</a> in 2011 reported<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that "Around 75 per cent of the coal in the North East is still underground, even though we have been mining it on an industrial scale longer than anyone else in the world. Previously a lot of this coal was too deep for conventional mining, or too far off shore. Even today this resource could never be exploited by conventional means, but the technology to harness that resource has now become cost effective." Accessing these reserves is of particular importance to the local chemical industry.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shipbuilding">Shipbuilding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_East_England&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Shipbuilding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">Shipbuilding</a> was once one of this region's largest industrial sectors. Ships were built on the <a href="/wiki/River_Wear" title="River Wear">River Wear</a> at Sunderland from at least 1346 and on the <a href="/wiki/River_Tees" title="River Tees">River Tees</a> at Stockton from at least 1470,<sup id="cite_ref-Shipbuilding_1790_to_1899_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shipbuilding_1790_to_1899-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the Northeast of England more generally being the birthplace of some of the world's greatest vessels. This was recognised in 2013 with the regions shipbuilding heritage and global impact being recognized by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> and placed on their <a href="/wiki/Memory_of_the_World_Register" class="mw-redirect" title="Memory of the World Register">Memory of the World Register</a>, ranking the regions shipbuilding heritage alongside iconic items such as the Domesday Book in terms of historical importance.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wood_to_iron_and_steel">Wood to iron and steel</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_East_England&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Wood to iron and steel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The early ships were built of wood, but in the 19th century there was a move towards building ships of iron then steel. Ships were built across the region, especially along <a href="/wiki/Tyneside" title="Tyneside">Tyneside</a> in Jarrow and <a href="/wiki/Wearside" title="Wearside">Wearside</a> in Sunderland and also in smaller ports like Blyth, <a href="/wiki/Whitby" title="Whitby">Whitby</a> and Hartlepool. Sunderland's early development was due to coal but it later transitioned to become the largest shipbuilding town in the world<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> giving the town its fame. The first recorded shipbuilder was Thomas Menville at <a href="/wiki/Hendon,_Tyne_and_Wear" class="mw-redirect" title="Hendon, Tyne and Wear">Hendon</a> in 1346.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1790 Sunderland was building around nineteen ships per year making it the most important shipbuilding centre in the United Kingdom. By 1840 there were 65 shipyards such that over 150 wooden vessels were built at Sunderland in 1850. At this time 2,025 shipwrights worked in the town and some 2,000 others were employed in related industries. Sunderland's first iron ships were built from 1852 and wooden shipbuilding ceased here in 1876. Sunderland shipbuilders included Austin and Son, William Pickersgill and William Doxford.<sup id="cite_ref-Shipbuilding_1790_to_1899_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shipbuilding_1790_to_1899-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was between 1790 and 1805 that Thomas Haw of Stockton began building ships for the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleonic wars">Napoleonic wars</a>. Shipbuilding did not begin in Middlesbrough until 1833 when a wooden sailing ship called <i>The Middlesbro</i> was built. Teesside's first iron ship was built in Thornaby in 1854, it was a screw steamer called <i>The Advance</i>, and Teesside's first steel ship was <i>Little Lucy</i> built in 1858. One famous Teesside-built ship was the 377-foot (115 m) long <i>Talpore</i>, built by Pearse and Co of Stockton in 1860. It was a <a href="/wiki/Troop_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Troop ship">troop ship</a> for the River Indus, and was the world's largest river steamer at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An archive of the ships built on Teesside has been created,<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Hartlepool Thomas Richardson of Castle Eden and John Parkin of Sunderland established a shipyard at Old Hartlepool in 1835 and built The Castle Eden ship. The shipbuilding company of William Gray was established here in 1862 and Gray became one of the most influential men in the town. He was the first mayor of West Hartlepool in 1887. William Gray shipbuilders won the Blue Ribband prize for maximum output in 1878, 1882, 1888, 1895, 1898 and 1900. The yard closed in 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mauretania_(ship)_(between_1906_and_1914).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Mauretania_%28ship%29_%28between_1906_and_1914%29.jpg/170px-Mauretania_%28ship%29_%28between_1906_and_1914%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Mauretania_%28ship%29_%28between_1906_and_1914%29.jpg/255px-Mauretania_%28ship%29_%28between_1906_and_1914%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Mauretania_%28ship%29_%28between_1906_and_1914%29.jpg/340px-Mauretania_%28ship%29_%28between_1906_and_1914%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>RMS <i>Mauretania</i> on its Tyneside builder's ways before launch in 1906</figcaption></figure> <p>On Tyneside, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Mark_Palmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Mark Palmer">Charles Mark Palmer</a>, born in <a href="/wiki/South_Shields" title="South Shields">South Shields</a>, established a yard at Jarrow in 1851 and built its first iron collier, <i>The John Bowes</i>, in the following year. It was the first ever seagoing screw collier and was built for John Bowes of Barnard Castle for shipping coal to London. Palmer was also famed for building the first rolled armour plates for <a href="/wiki/Warship" title="Warship">warships</a> in 1854. William Smith and Co launched the 1,600-ton <i>Blenheim</i> in 1848. </p><p>W. G. Armstrong, the northern engineer, acquired an interest in the Tyneside shipbuilding firm of Mitchells in 1882, and the company of <a href="/wiki/W.G._Armstrong" class="mw-redirect" title="W.G. Armstrong">W. G. Armstrong</a>, Mitchell and Co was formed. The yard built <a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">battleships</a> as well as a ship called <i>Gluckauf</i>, which was arguably the world's first oil tanker.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It was <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_ship_launching" title="Ceremonial ship launching">launched</a> by the yard in 1886. Scotsman Charles Mitchell started building ships at Walker-on-Tyne in 1852 and purchased a 6.5-acre (2.6 ha) site at <a href="/wiki/Wallsend" title="Wallsend">Wallsend</a> in 1873 to soak up excess orders from his Walker shipyard. The new yard failed financially and was handed to his brother-in-law Charles Swan. Charles and his brother Henry were directors of the Wallsend Slipway Company, a repair yard established by Mitchell in 1871. In 1878 Charles arranged a partnership with Sunderland shipbuilder George Hunter, but in 1879 Charles died after falling overboard from a channel steamer whilst returning from the Continent with his wife. Hunter went into temporary partnership with Swan's wife before becoming managing director in 1880. <a href="/wiki/Swan_Hunter_Shipyard" class="mw-redirect" title="Swan Hunter Shipyard">Swan Hunters</a> built their first steel ship at Wallsend in 1884 and their first oil tanker in 1889.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Most early ships built at the Swan Hunter yard were smaller, like colliers and barges, but in 1898 it built its first <a href="/wiki/Ocean_liner" title="Ocean liner">ocean liner</a>, <i>Ultonia,</i> with a further 21 liners being built between 1898 and 1903. The most famous ship ever launched there was undoubtedly <a href="/wiki/RMS_Mauretania_(1906)" title="RMS Mauretania (1906)"><i>Mauretania</i></a>, a transatlantic ocean liner that launched on 20 September 1906. The ship was 790-foot (240 m) long, with a <a href="/wiki/Beam_(nautical)" title="Beam (nautical)">Beam (nautical)</a> of 88 ft (27 m) and a <a href="/wiki/Gross_register_tonnage" title="Gross register tonnage">gross register tonnage</a> of 31,938 tons. It carried 2,000 passengers on its maiden voyage on 16 November 1907 and won the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Riband" title="Blue Riband">Blue Riband</a> for the fastest crossing of the Atlantic, a record held for 22 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Shipbuilding_1790_to_1899_96-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shipbuilding_1790_to_1899-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Maritime_innovation">Maritime innovation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_East_England&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Maritime innovation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A major pioneering innovation in marine engineering was the steam turbine, invented by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Algernon_Parsons" title="Charles Algernon Parsons">Charles Algernon Parsons</a>. He patented the first steam turbine on Tyneside in 1884. Parsons, born in Ireland in 1854, was the youngest son of the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Rosse" title="Earl of Rosse">Earl of Rosse</a> and a keen inventor, who was a junior partner in the Tyneside engineering firm of Clarke Chapman. In 1894 Parsons' Marine Turbine Company launched <a href="/wiki/Turbinia" title="Turbinia"><i>Turbinia</i></a>, the first ship to be powered by electric turbines. She can be still be seen (and boarded) at the Discovery Museum in Newcastle upon Tyne.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="20th-century_decline">20th-century decline</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_East_England&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: 20th-century decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shipyard closures in the 20th century took place during economic slumps and occurred in two phases, between 1909–1933 and 1960–1993. Early closures included Smiths Dock at <a href="/wiki/North_Shields" title="North Shields">North Shields</a> in 1909, which became a ship repair yard, Armstrongs of Elswick in 1921, Richardson Duck of Stockton (1925), Priestman's of Sunderland (1933) and Palmers of Jarrow and <a href="/wiki/Hebburn" title="Hebburn">Hebburn</a> (1933). There were 28 North East closures in this period of which 14 were on the Tyne, 7 on the Wear, 6 on the Tees and 1 at Hartlepool. Six shipyards closed in the 1960s including W.Gray of Hartlepool (1961), Short Brothers of Sunderland (1964) and The Blyth Shipbuiding Company (1966). There were five closures in the region in the 1970s including the Furness yard at Haverton Hill, near Stockton, in 1979.<sup id="cite_ref-Shipbuilding_1790_to_1899_96-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shipbuilding_1790_to_1899-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Science_and_engineering">Science and engineering</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_East_England&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Science and engineering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tyne_Bridge_(geograph_3522843).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Tyne_Bridge_%28geograph_3522843%29.jpg/220px-Tyne_Bridge_%28geograph_3522843%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Tyne_Bridge_%28geograph_3522843%29.jpg/330px-Tyne_Bridge_%28geograph_3522843%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Tyne_Bridge_%28geograph_3522843%29.jpg/440px-Tyne_Bridge_%28geograph_3522843%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption>Tyne Bridge built by Middlesbrough Company Dorman Long</figcaption></figure> <p>The coal and shipbuilding industry that once dominated the North East suffered a marked decline during the second half of the 20th century. <a href="/wiki/Tyneside" title="Tyneside">Tyneside</a> is now re-inventing itself as an international centre of art, culture and through <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Life" title="Centre for Life">The Centre For Life</a>, <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">scientific</a> <a href="/wiki/Research" title="Research">research</a>, especially in <a href="/wiki/Healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare">healthcare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">biotechnology</a>. <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_University" title="Newcastle University">Newcastle University</a> is now a leading institution in the development of <a href="/wiki/Stem_cell" title="Stem cell">stem cell</a> technology being the first in the United Kingdom and the second institution in Europe to obtain a licence to do such work.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with the rest of the region, Sunderland suffered economic decline during the last century, but is now becoming an important area for <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaternary industry">quaternary industry</a>, bioscience, computing and <a href="/wiki/High_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="High technology">high</a> tech industries. The economy of Sunderland is now dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Nissan_Sunderland" class="mw-redirect" title="Nissan Sunderland">Nissan</a>'s European car manufacturing facility and supply chain which is also leading that company's development of <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric vehicles">electric vehicles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The economy of Teesside continues to be largely based on the <a href="/wiki/Petrochemical" title="Petrochemical">petrochemical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commodity_chemicals" title="Commodity chemicals">commodity chemical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steel_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Steel industry">steel industries</a> that form a significant part of the Northeast of England Process Industry Cluster (NEPIC), but newer industries such as offshore engineering and <a href="/wiki/Digital_computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital computing">digital computing</a>, particularly in the field of <a href="/wiki/Game_design" title="Game design">Game design</a>, have emerged from Teesside University.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Northumberland" title="Northumberland">Northumberland</a>, although largely rural and an important tourist location with its castles, beaches, and history has a nationally significant concentration of pharmaceutical manufacturing companies around Cramlington and Prudhoe.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The county has also seen a huge investment into the creation of the UKs largest reservoir, <a href="/wiki/Kielder_Water" title="Kielder Water">Kielder Water</a>, enabling the Northeast to attract more industry. Kielder forest around the reservoir is known to have the darkest night sky in England,<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making it an ideal location for both professional and amateur astronomers. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Durham,_England" title="Durham, England">City of Durham</a> with its highly regarded <a href="/wiki/Durham_University" title="Durham University">University</a>, Castle and Cathedral attracts many tourists and also a significant number of knowledge intensive businesses (KIBS) in architecture, engineering, technology and measurement science. At <a href="/wiki/Sedgefield" title="Sedgefield">Sedgefield</a> in County Durham, <a href="/wiki/NETPark" title="NETPark">NETPark</a> is home to the Centre for Process Innovation's <a href="/wiki/Printable_Electronics_Technology_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Printable Electronics Technology Centre">Printable Electronics Technology Centre</a>, a nationally important centre for the development of <a href="/wiki/Printed_electronics" title="Printed electronics">printed electronics</a> and a number of other emerging electronics companies such as Kromek. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Middlesbrough_Transporter_Bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Middlesbrough_Transporter_Bridge.jpg/220px-Middlesbrough_Transporter_Bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Middlesbrough_Transporter_Bridge.jpg/330px-Middlesbrough_Transporter_Bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Middlesbrough_Transporter_Bridge.jpg/440px-Middlesbrough_Transporter_Bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Middlesbrough_Transporter_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Middlesbrough Transporter Bridge">Middlesbrough Transporter Bridge</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Today,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (May 2023)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> the members of the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_of_England_Process_Industry_Cluster" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast of England Process Industry Cluster">Northeast of England Process Industry Cluster</a> (NEPIC) represent about one third of the regional industrial economy. The NEPIC is constituted by commodity chemical, <a href="/wiki/Petrochemical" title="Petrochemical">petrochemical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Speciality_chemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Speciality chemical">speciality chemical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical">pharmaceutical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">biotechnology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renewable_material" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable material">renewable material</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> companies and the associated supply chains. The Teesside industry is located on three large chemical sites at <a href="/wiki/Wilton,_Redcar_and_Cleveland" title="Wilton, Redcar and Cleveland">Wilton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Billingham" title="Billingham">Billingham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seal_Sands" title="Seal Sands">Seal Sands</a> at the mouth of the River Tees and <a href="/wiki/Teesport" title="Teesport">Teesport</a>, the third largest port in the UK and the tenth in Western Europe and is important logistical infrastructure supporting the commodity chemical and steel members of NEPIC. In the 21st century <a href="/wiki/PD_Ports" title="PD Ports">PD Ports</a>, owners of Teesport, have been developing it as a Port Centric Logistical Centre. This strategy has seen a number of significant importing and distribution facilities for the north of the UK being built here, including distribution centres for the distribution operations of Asda/Walmart and Tesco supermarket chains.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>NEPIC has two offices in the region: one in the north in Sunderland, serving the pharmaceutical and speciality chemical industries on Tyneside and in south Northumberland, and one in the south at <a href="/wiki/Wilton_International" title="Wilton International">Wilton</a> near Redcar, serving the commodity chemical and steel industry of Teesside and operating amongst several process sector and supply chain companies that work out of the process industry research centre, The Wilton Centre, one of Europe's largest technical development laboratory facilities. The head office of the <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Process_Innovation" title="Centre for Process Innovation">Centre for Process Innovation</a>, part of the UK's <a href="/wiki/High_Value_Manufacturing_Catapult" class="mw-redirect" title="High Value Manufacturing Catapult">High Value Manufacturing Catapult</a>, is based in this multi-occupancy technical development centre along with their pioneering National Industrial Biotechnology Facility.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Innovations">Innovations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_East_England&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Innovations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This region has a strong history in technological innovation: </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Match" title="Match">friction match</a> was invented in Stockton-on-Tees in 1826 by <a href="/wiki/John_Walker_(inventor)" title="John Walker (inventor)">John Walker</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/George_Stephenson" title="George Stephenson">George Stephenson</a> (9 June 1781 – 12 August 1848) was an English civil engineer and mechanical engineer who built the first public inter-city railway line in the world to use steam locomotives. Renowned as the father of railways,<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> George Stephenson was born in Wylam, Northumberland, 9.3 miles (15.0 km) west of Newcastle upon Tyne. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Swan" title="Joseph Swan">Sir Joseph Wilson Swan</a> (31 October 1828 – 27 May 1914) was a British physicist and chemist from Sunderland, County Durham now the (City of Sunderland). He is most famous for inventing an <a href="/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb" title="Incandescent light bulb">incandescent light bulb</a> before its invention by the American <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a>. Swan first demonstrated the light bulb at a lecture the <a href="/wiki/Literary_and_Philosophical_Society_of_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne">Literary and Philosophical Society</a> and Miners Institute on <a href="/wiki/History_of_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="History of Newcastle upon Tyne">Mosley Street</a>, Newcastle upon Tyne on 18 December 1878. Mosley Street, Newcastle upon Tyne is reputed to be the first street in the world to be lit by <a href="/wiki/Electric_light" title="Electric light">electric light</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turbinia_At_Speed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Turbinia_At_Speed.jpg/220px-Turbinia_At_Speed.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Turbinia_At_Speed.jpg/330px-Turbinia_At_Speed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Turbinia_At_Speed.jpg/440px-Turbinia_At_Speed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1408" /></a><figcaption><i>Turbinia </i></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Charles_Algernon_Parsons" title="Charles Algernon Parsons">Charles Algernon Parsons</a> invented the steam turbine in 1884, and having foreseen its potential to power ships he set up the Parsons Marine Steam Turbine Company with five associates in 1893. To develop this he had the experimental vessel <a href="/wiki/Turbinia" title="Turbinia"><i>Turbinia</i></a> built in a light design of steel by the firm of Brown and Hood, based at <a href="/wiki/Wallsend_on_Tyne" class="mw-redirect" title="Wallsend on Tyne">Wallsend on Tyne</a>. He also pioneered in the field of <a href="/wiki/Electricity_generation" title="Electricity generation">electricity generation</a>, establishing the <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_and_District_Electric_Lighting_Company" title="Newcastle and District Electric Lighting Company">Newcastle and District Electric Lighting Company</a> in 1889. The company opened the first power station in the world to generate electricity using <a href="/wiki/Turbo_generator" title="Turbo generator">turbo generators</a> in 1890, at <a href="/wiki/Forth_Banks_Power_Station" title="Forth Banks Power Station">Forth Banks</a> in Newcastle. </p><p><a href="/wiki/William_George_Armstrong" class="mw-redirect" title="William George Armstrong">William George Armstrong</a>, 1st Baron Armstrong, CB, FRS (26 November 1810 – 27 December 1900) was an effective Tyneside industrialist who founded the Armstrong Whitworth manufacturing empire. He was responsible for the development of the hydraulic crane and many military armaments. His house at <a href="/wiki/Cragside" title="Cragside">Cragside</a>, Northumberland was the first in the world to be lit by <a href="/wiki/Hydro-electricity" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydro-electricity">hydro-electricity</a>, using <a href="/wiki/Incandescent_lamps" class="mw-redirect" title="Incandescent lamps">incandescent lamps</a> provided by the inventor <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Swan" title="Joseph Swan">Joseph Swan</a>. </p><p>In 1936 the first commercially viable production of acrylic safety glass, <a href="/wiki/Perspex" class="mw-redirect" title="Perspex">Perspex</a>, began by ICI Acrylics and the material is still manufactured in the region by <a href="/wiki/Lucite" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucite">Lucite International</a> now part of <a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Corporation" title="Mitsubishi Corporation">Mitsubishi Corporation</a>. During the Second World War acrylic glass was used for submarine periscopes, windshields, canopies, and gun turrets for airplanes.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortages in raw materials and price pressures have led to innovation by Lucite who developed their patented Alpha Technology in this region. This technology is now the leading technology used in the manufacture of acrylics around the world. It uses new feedstock's and has a cost advantage of 40% over conventional processing methods.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_University" title="Newcastle University">Newcastle University</a> was the first in the UK and the second in Europe to receive a licence to perform research on stem cells and is a leading centre for such research today. Dr <a href="/wiki/Karim_Nayernia" title="Karim Nayernia">Karim Nayernia</a> was the first to isolate spermatagonial stem cells at this University. Many new healthcare developments have arisen from this stem cell expertise in the region.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Today, the region has five universities with a number of research departments: <a href="/wiki/Durham_University" title="Durham University">Durham University</a>, Newcastle University, <a href="/wiki/Northumbria_University" title="Northumbria University">Northumbria University</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sunderland" title="University of Sunderland">University of Sunderland</a> and Teesside University, which have a portfolio of many innovative businesses that have spun out of their research and teaching departments.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_East_England&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Football">Football</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_East_England&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Football"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alf_Common_the_World%27s_first_%C2%A31000_footballer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Alf_Common_the_World%27s_first_%C2%A31000_footballer.jpg/170px-Alf_Common_the_World%27s_first_%C2%A31000_footballer.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Alf_Common_the_World%27s_first_%C2%A31000_footballer.jpg/255px-Alf_Common_the_World%27s_first_%C2%A31000_footballer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Alf_Common_the_World%27s_first_%C2%A31000_footballer.jpg/340px-Alf_Common_the_World%27s_first_%C2%A31000_footballer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="786" /></a><figcaption>Alf Common of England, the world's first £1,000 footballer</figcaption></figure> <p>A precursor of modern football is still seen in the region at some annual <a href="/wiki/Shrove_Tuesday" title="Shrove Tuesday">Shrove Tuesday</a> games at <a href="/wiki/Alnwick" title="Alnwick">Alnwick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chester-le-Street" title="Chester-le-Street">Chester-le-Street</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sedgefield" title="Sedgefield">Sedgefield</a> and many of such games have pre-Norman origins.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1280 at <a href="/wiki/Ulgham" title="Ulgham">Ulgham</a> near <a href="/wiki/Morpeth,_Northumberland" title="Morpeth, Northumberland">Morpeth</a> Northumberland, records show that Henry of Ellington was killed playing football when David Le Keu's knife went into Henry's belly and killed him.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Magoun_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Magoun-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Organised football teams as we know today did not appear until the 1870s. <a href="/wiki/Middlesbrough_Football_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Middlesbrough Football Club">Middlesbrough Football Club</a> was formed by local cricket players in 1876 and <a href="/wiki/Sunderland_Association_Football_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunderland Association Football Club">Sunderland Association Football Club</a> in 1879 and <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_United_Football_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Newcastle United Football Club">Newcastle United Football Club</a> was formed in 1892 by uniting Newcastle West End FC with Newcastle East End.<sup id="cite_ref-Hutchinson_1997_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hutchinson_1997-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Darlington formed in 1861 (re-formed 1883 and in 2012) and West Hartlepool of 1881 became <a href="/wiki/Hartlepool_United" class="mw-redirect" title="Hartlepool United">Hartlepool United</a> in 1908. In 1888 Sunderland and Middlesbrough were troubled by rival break-away teams called Sunderland Albion and Middlesbrough Ironopolis, both of which were lost before the 20th century began. Sunderland won the league championship three times in the 1890s and Newcastle United were first division champions three times in the early 1900s, reaching the FA Cup Final three times before winning it at the fourth attempt in 1910.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (May 2023)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> top quality professional football remains in the northeast of England. In the 2017–18 season Newcastle United is a <a href="/wiki/Premier_League" title="Premier League">Premier League</a> team, whilst Middlesbrough are in the <a href="/wiki/Football_League_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="Football League Championship">Football League Championship</a> and Sunderland are in the <a href="/wiki/Football_League_One" class="mw-redirect" title="Football League One">Football League One</a>, Hartlepool and <a href="/wiki/Gateshead_FC" class="mw-redirect" title="Gateshead FC">Gateshead FC</a> compete in the <a href="/wiki/National_League_(division)" title="National League (division)">National League</a>. <a href="/wiki/St_James%27_Park" title="St James' Park">St James' Park</a> in Newcastle, the <a href="/wiki/Stadium_of_Light" title="Stadium of Light">Stadium of Light</a> in Sunderland and <a href="/wiki/Riverside_Stadium" title="Riverside Stadium">The Riverside Stadium</a> in Middlesbrough are all first class football venues often used for international games at all levels. The region is represented in the <a href="/wiki/2023-24_Women%27s_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="2023-24 Women's Championship">2023-24 Women's Championship</a> by <a href="/wiki/Durham_W.F.C." title="Durham W.F.C.">Durham W.F.C.</a>, who play home games on the campus of <a href="/wiki/Durham_University#Sport" title="Durham University">Durham University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sunderland_A.F.C._Women" title="Sunderland A.F.C. Women">Sunderland A.F.C.</a>, who call <a href="/wiki/Hetton-le-Hole" title="Hetton-le-Hole">Hetton-le-Hole</a> home; they currently have no representatives in the top-tier <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Super_League" title="Women's Super League">Women's Super League</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_"world_cup"_winners_and_influential_amateurs"><span id="First_.22world_cup.22_winners_and_influential_amateurs"></span>First "world cup" winners and influential amateurs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_East_England&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: First "world cup" winners and influential amateurs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Amateur and semi-professional football clubs like <a href="/wiki/Bishop_Auckland_F.C." title="Bishop Auckland F.C.">Bishop Auckland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blyth_Spartans_A.F.C." title="Blyth Spartans A.F.C.">Blyth Spartans A.F.C.</a> have had success and public attention through <a href="/wiki/FA_Cup" title="FA Cup">Football Association Cup</a> runs, but the most famous achievement was by <a href="/wiki/West_Auckland_Town_FC" class="mw-redirect" title="West Auckland Town FC">West Auckland Town FC</a> in 1910: they were invited to take part in a competition in Italy to compete for what was then labelled the soccer World Cup. West Auckland won the competition against some of Europe's biggest sides; they defeated <a href="/wiki/Juventus" class="mw-redirect" title="Juventus">Juventus</a> 2–0 in the final. They successfully defended the title the following year. The first World Cup trophy played for in these tournaments, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Lipton_Trophy" title="Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy">Sir Thomas Lipton Trophy</a>, which was being held in West Auckland Working Men's Club, was stolen in 1994 and never recovered. An exact replica of the original trophy was commissioned and is now held by West Auckland FC. The story of West Auckland's success was made into a film called "A Captain's Tale", starring actor <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Waterman" title="Dennis Waterman">Dennis Waterman</a> as club captain Jones.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Players from some of the region's minor league teams have gone on to influence football on the world stage. <a href="/wiki/Jack_Greenwell" title="Jack Greenwell">Jack Greenwell</a> (John Richard Greenwell), an ex-coal miner who played non-league football for <a href="/wiki/Crook_Town_A.F.C." title="Crook Town A.F.C.">Crook Town A.F.C.</a> from 1901 to 1912, went to Spain and played 88 games for Barcelona before becoming their manager in 1917. Greenwell's achievements at Barcelona include winning five Catalan championships and two <a href="/wiki/Copa_del_Rey" title="Copa del Rey">Copas del Rey</a>. He also managed Espanyol, Mallorca and Valencia. On the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War, he moved to South America to manage the Peruvian and Colombian national teams; he died in 1942 in <a href="/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1" title="Bogotá">Bogotá</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Notable_associated_footballers">Notable associated footballers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_East_England&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Notable associated footballers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are many notable footballers from the Northeast of England. Sunderland's <a href="/wiki/Alf_Common" title="Alf Common">Alf Common</a> became the world's first £1,000 player when he was signed by Middlesbrough in 1905.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other pre Second World War and immediate post war greats were <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Buchan" title="Charlie Buchan">Charles Buchan</a>, who created and edited the iconic magazine "Football Monthly",<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/George_Camsell" title="George Camsell">George Camsell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hughie_Gallacher" title="Hughie Gallacher">Hughie Gallacher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilf_Mannion" title="Wilf Mannion">Wilf Mannion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raich_Carter" title="Raich Carter">Raich Carter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Gurney" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Gurney">Bob Gurney</a> all of whom are described in a famous book by the "Clown Prince of Football" <a href="/wiki/Len_Shackleton" title="Len Shackleton">Len Shackleton</a>. Mr Shackleton's book shot to immediate fame and caused a storm when first published because chapter 9, named "The Average Director's Knowledge of Football", was produced as a blank page.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Local Heroes after the Second World War included <a href="/wiki/Joe_Harvey" title="Joe Harvey">Joe Harvey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Milburn" title="Jackie Milburn">Jackie Milburn</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Brian_Clough" title="Brian Clough">Brian Clough</a><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Newcastle's <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Moncur" title="Bobby Moncur">Bobby Moncur</a> who led his team to win the Inter City Fairs Cup in 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wilf_Mannion_Statue_MFC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Wilf_Mannion_Statue_MFC.jpg/170px-Wilf_Mannion_Statue_MFC.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Wilf_Mannion_Statue_MFC.jpg/255px-Wilf_Mannion_Statue_MFC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Wilf_Mannion_Statue_MFC.jpg/340px-Wilf_Mannion_Statue_MFC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1393" data-file-height="1911" /></a><figcaption>Wilf Mannion's Statue at Middlesbrough's Riverside Stadium</figcaption></figure> <p>Perhaps the two most significant English players to come from this region are <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Charlton" title="Bobby Charlton">Bobby Charlton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Charlton" class="mw-redirect" title="Jackie Charlton">Jackie Charlton</a> who learnt their early football after being born and raised in the coal mining town of <a href="/wiki/Ashington" title="Ashington">Ashington</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were incidentally related to Jackie Milburn who was their uncle. Bobby joined <a href="/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C." title="Manchester United F.C.">Manchester United</a> and Jackie <a href="/wiki/Leeds_United" class="mw-redirect" title="Leeds United">Leeds United</a> both contributing much to the success and history of their respective clubs. They both became permanent fixtures in <a href="/wiki/Alf_Ramsey" title="Alf Ramsey">Alf Ramsey</a>'s 1966 England World Cup winning team.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Macdonald" title="Malcolm Macdonald">Malcolm Macdonald</a> was a successful Newcastle player of the 1970s. Sunderland goalkeeper <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Montgomery" title="Jimmy Montgomery">Jim Montgomery</a>'s double save, which helped Sunderland, which was then a Second Division club, beat Leeds United to win the 1973 FA Cup Final by an <a href="/wiki/Ian_Porterfield" title="Ian Porterfield">Ian Porterfield</a> goal, is an incident that is frequently recalled. Great players of the 1980s and 1990s include local born internationals like <a href="/wiki/Peter_Beardsley" title="Peter Beardsley">Peter Beardsley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Gascoigne" title="Paul Gascoigne">Paul Gascoigne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chris_Waddle" title="Chris Waddle">Chris Waddle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alan_Shearer" title="Alan Shearer">Alan Shearer</a>. Shearer remains the highest scoring player in Premier League history with 260 goals in 441 appearances.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 2000s Middlesbrough also joined the top clubs in English Football and played for a number of years in the Premier League and winning the League Cup in 2004. The Brazilian <a href="/wiki/Juninho_Paulista" title="Juninho Paulista">Juninho Paulista</a> was an influential player for Middlesbrough during their time in the top flight, a time when the <a href="/wiki/Middlesbrough_F.C." title="Middlesbrough F.C.">Middlesbrough</a> football academy became famous for producing a number of young top flight players such as <a href="/wiki/Stewart_Downing" title="Stewart Downing">Stewart Downing</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Morrison_(footballer)" title="James Morrison (footballer)">James Morrison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lee_Cattermole" title="Lee Cattermole">Lee Cattermole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Johnson_(footballer)" title="Adam Johnson (footballer)">Adam Johnson</a><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, more recently, <a href="/wiki/Ben_Gibson" title="Ben Gibson">Ben Gibson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In recent times, the Northeast, especially Sunderland, has produced many notable female footballers. Of the 23 players in England's <a href="/wiki/2019_Women%27s_World_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 Women's World Cup">2019 Women's World Cup</a> squad, five players were born in the North East and had played for <a href="/wiki/Sunderland_A.F.C._Women" title="Sunderland A.F.C. Women">Sunderland A.F.C. Women</a> at some point in their careers: <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Bronze" title="Lucy Bronze">Lucy Bronze</a> (who would go on to win four <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Women%27s_Champions_League" title="UEFA Women's Champions League">Champions League</a> titles with <a href="/wiki/Olympique_Lyonnais_F%C3%A9minin" title="Olympique Lyonnais Féminin">Lyon</a> and <a href="/wiki/FC_Barcelona_Femen%C3%AD" title="FC Barcelona Femení">Barcelona</a>), <a href="/wiki/Carly_Telford" title="Carly Telford">Carly Telford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demi_Stokes" title="Demi Stokes">Demi Stokes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jill_Scott_(footballer)" title="Jill Scott (footballer)">Jill Scott</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steph_Houghton" title="Steph Houghton">Steph Houghton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Staniforth" title="Lucy Staniforth">Lucy Staniforth</a>, also a member of the 2019 World Cup squad, moved to Bronze's hometown of <a href="/wiki/Alnwick" title="Alnwick">Alnwick</a> at the age of 10 and played for Sunderland, whilst <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Nobbs" title="Jordan Nobbs">Jordan Nobbs</a>, a regular <a href="/wiki/England_women%27s_national_football_team" title="England women's national football team">Lioness</a> who missed 2019 through injury but was a silver medalist in <a href="/wiki/2023_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup" title="2023 FIFA Women's World Cup">2023</a> along with Bronze, hails from <a href="/wiki/Stockton-on-Tees" title="Stockton-on-Tees">Stockton-on-Tees</a> and came through the youth system in Sunderland, eventually graduating to the first team. <a href="/wiki/Euro_2022" class="mw-redirect" title="Euro 2022">Euro 2022</a> golden boot winner and <a href="/wiki/Arsenal_W.F.C." title="Arsenal W.F.C.">Arsenal</a> star <a href="/wiki/Beth_Mead" title="Beth Mead">Beth Mead</a> is a native of <a href="/wiki/Whitby" title="Whitby">Whitby</a>, located just south of North East England, but plied her trade at <a href="/wiki/Middlesbrough_F.C._Women" title="Middlesbrough F.C. Women">Middlesbrough</a> before moving to Sunderland A.F.C. in 2011, where she became the youngest WSL Golden Boot winner at the age of 20 in 2015. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Horse_racing">Horse racing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_East_England&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Horse racing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early races were mentioned in 1613 at <a href="/wiki/Woodham,_County_Durham" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodham, County Durham">Woodham</a> near Aycliffe and were held at Newcastle's Killingworth Moor from 1632 before moving to the Town Moor. The 'Pitmen's Derby' or <a href="/wiki/Northumberland_Plate" title="Northumberland Plate">Northumberland Plate</a> was held from 1833 and moved to <a href="/wiki/Gosforth" title="Gosforth">Gosforth</a> in 1882. Georgian races were held at places like <a href="/wiki/Barnard_Castle" title="Barnard Castle">Barnard Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_Auckland" title="Bishop Auckland">Bishop Auckland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blaydon" title="Blaydon">Blaydon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chester-le-Street" title="Chester-le-Street">Chester-le-Street</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darlington" title="Darlington">Darlington</a>, Durham, Gateshead, <a href="/wiki/Hebburn" title="Hebburn">Hebburn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heighington,_County_Durham" title="Heighington, County Durham">Heighington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lanchester,_County_Durham" title="Lanchester, County Durham">Lanchester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ryton,_Tyne_and_Wear" title="Ryton, Tyne and Wear">Ryton</a>, Sedgefield, South Shields, Stockton-on-Tees, Sunderland, <a href="/wiki/Tanfield,_Durham" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanfield, Durham">Tanfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whickham" title="Whickham">Whickham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Witton_Gilbert" title="Witton Gilbert">Witton Gilbert</a>. A 1740 Act banned smaller meetings but some meetings like Durham survived into the late 19th or early 20th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Racing at Blaydon, which ended in 1916, was commemorated in an 1862 music hall song "<a href="/wiki/Blaydon_Races" title="Blaydon Races">Blaydon Races</a>". Modern day horse racing is still popular and regular events still take place at Redcar, Newcastle and Sedgefield Race Courses.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Golf">Golf</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_East_England&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Golf"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Golf is a Scottish import to many countries but it is said to have been played in this region by <a href="/wiki/St_Cuthbert" class="mw-redirect" title="St Cuthbert">St Cuthbert</a> on the dunes of the Northumberland coast. The oldest club in Northeast England was <a href="/wiki/Alnmouth" title="Alnmouth">Alnmouth</a> founded in 1869 – the fourth oldest in the country and is now Alnmouth Village Club and an interesting 9 hole links course.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are three fine old <a href="/wiki/Links_(golf)" title="Links (golf)">links</a> courses in this region at Seaton Carew, Goswick and Redcar. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22The_Doctor%22_hole_at_Seaton_Carew_Colf_Club.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/%22The_Doctor%22_hole_at_Seaton_Carew_Colf_Club.jpg/220px-%22The_Doctor%22_hole_at_Seaton_Carew_Colf_Club.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/%22The_Doctor%22_hole_at_Seaton_Carew_Colf_Club.jpg/330px-%22The_Doctor%22_hole_at_Seaton_Carew_Colf_Club.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/%22The_Doctor%22_hole_at_Seaton_Carew_Colf_Club.jpg/440px-%22The_Doctor%22_hole_at_Seaton_Carew_Colf_Club.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>"The Doctor", a testing golf hole named after Dr McCuaig, founder of Seaton Carew Golf Club. (par 3 encircled by 8 bunkers)</figcaption></figure> <p>The first golf course appeared in County Durham in 1874<sup id="cite_ref-Hornby_1974_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hornby_1974-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Trotter_2001_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trotter_2001-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at <a href="/wiki/Seaton_Carew_Golf_Club" title="Seaton Carew Golf Club">Seaton Carew Golf Club</a> near Hartlepool.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was to become the only course in the whole of the counties of Durham and <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a> and was originally called the Durham and Yorkshire Golf Club and reference to this today remains in the Club's badge. Seaton Carew is the 10th oldest Golf Club in England.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Club was set up by a newly qualified surgeon from Edinburgh, who played at Musselburgh, when he realised there was nowhere for him to continue to practice his passion for the game. This was Dr. Duncan McCuaig, who had moved down to Teesside shortly after qualifying at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a>. His memory can be recalled when one plays the third hole, a challenging par 3, named "The Doctor". Over the years some of the finest golfers in the country have played the links at Seaton Carew, including the legendary "<a href="/wiki/Great_Triumvirate_(golf)" title="Great Triumvirate (golf)">Great Triumvirate</a>" of Golf <a href="/wiki/Harry_Vardon" title="Harry Vardon">Harry Vardon</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Taylor" title="John Henry Taylor">John Henry "J H" Taylor</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Braid_(golfer)" title="James Braid (golfer)">James Braid</a> and several other Open Champions.<sup id="cite_ref-Hornby_1974_139-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hornby_1974-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Trotter_2001_140-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trotter_2001-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alister_MacKenzie" title="Alister MacKenzie">Alister MacKenzie</a>, the designer of <a href="/wiki/Augusta_National_Golf_Club" title="Augusta National Golf Club">Augusta National Golf Club</a> in <a href="/wiki/Augusta,_Georgia" title="Augusta, Georgia">Augusta, Georgia</a>, home of <a href="/wiki/Masters_Tournament" title="Masters Tournament">The Masters</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Cypress_Point_Club" title="Cypress Point Club">Cypress Point</a> golf course in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, lengthened the Seaton Carew Course in 1925 to 6,500 yards and designed new holes eastwards including the planting of over 2,000 buckthorn bushes. In 1937, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Hagen" title="Walter Hagen">Walter Hagen</a> played an exhibition match at Seaton Carew during a tour of Europe and commented "It is a splendid course, the links are well groomed. It is not an easy course and provides a good test of golf. It is one I would like to play quite often".<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This club by varying the playing sequence of the 22 holes can create 5 different course layouts. In 2014, "flyovers" of all 5 Seaton Carew Golf Course layouts were created with commentaries by TV commentator <a href="/wiki/Peter_Alliss" title="Peter Alliss">Peter Alliss</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alliss comments: "The tenth oldest in England and a true championship links to challenge all levels of players."<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seaton Carew Golf Club is regular host to top amateur golf competitions. Golf England's <a href="/wiki/Brabazon_Trophy" title="Brabazon Trophy">Brabazon Trophy</a> was held at this Club in 1985 and the winner, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Baker_(golfer)" title="Peter Baker (golfer)">Peter Baker</a>, went on to Ryder Cup and European Tour success after sharing this amateur title with the North East's Roger Roper (Roper turned professional at the age of 50 in 2007 to compete on the Seniors Professional Tour<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). In June 2014, the Brabazon Trophy tournament returned to Seaton Carew and in line with the illustrious outcomes for past winners on this course a bright future was predicted for the winner Ben Stow from Wiltshire. Stow equalled the course record on the final day with a "birdie" on the final hole to win the Barabzon Trophy by one shot.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He subsequently competed internationally, winning the 2018 Prague Golf Challenge.<sup id="cite_ref-European_Tour_2021_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-European_Tour_2021-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Goswick" title="Goswick">Goswick</a> near Berwick on Tweed is a James Braid design masterpiece which is widely acknowledged as a classic Northumberland links course<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so much so, that the Royal and Ancient Golf Club (R&A) chose Goswick as a regional qualifier for the <a href="/wiki/Open_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Championship">Open Championship</a> for five years from 2008. At <a href="/wiki/Redcar" title="Redcar">Redcar</a> on Teesside, the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clevelandgolfclub.co.uk/">Cleveland Golf Course</a> of 1887 is the oldest in Yorkshire. The Tyneside Golf Club at <a href="/wiki/Ryton,_Tyne_and_Wear" title="Ryton, Tyne and Wear">Ryton</a> dates from 1880 but there may have been earlier courses in the region. During the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> of 1642–1651, <a href="/wiki/King_Charles_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="King Charles I of England">King Charles</a> played 'Goff' in the Shield Fields of the suburb of Pandon near Newcastle during his imprisonment in the town.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today inland golf courses are abundant in the northeast of England,<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.middlesbroughgolfclub.co.uk/">Middlesbrough's Brass Castle Golf Club</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brancepeth,_County_Durham" title="Brancepeth, County Durham">Brancepeth</a> Golf Club being two excellent examples from many but those new courses created in the late 20th and early 21st centuries at <a href="/wiki/Wynyard_Golf_Club" title="Wynyard Golf Club">Wynyard</a>, Rockciffe Hall, Slalely Hall and Close House, have rapidly gained an international reputation and regularly hold professional events such as the Seve Trophy<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Seniors Tour.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The region has two professional golfers who are currently prominent in many professional golf tour events: <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Ferrie" title="Kenneth Ferrie">Kenny Ferrie</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ashington" title="Ashington">Ashington</a> and <a href="/wiki/Graeme_Storm" title="Graeme Storm">Graeme Storm</a> from Hartlepool have both won events on the prestigious <a href="/wiki/European_Tour" class="mw-redirect" title="European Tour">European Tour</a>. </p><p>The largest corporate golf day in the United Kingdom is held annually each September by the members of the Northeast of England Process Industry Cluster (NEPIC) when 180 golfers play both the Slaley Hunting and Priestman courses simultaneously, after a shot gun start.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cricket">Cricket</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_East_England&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Cricket"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Riverside-ground.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Riverside-ground.jpg/220px-Riverside-ground.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Riverside-ground.jpg/330px-Riverside-ground.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Riverside-ground.jpg/440px-Riverside-ground.jpg 2x" data-file-width="723" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The Riverside Ground, Chester-le-Street</figcaption></figure> <p>Cricket has long been a popular sport in the Northeast of England and is said to date back to Elizabethan times. <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_County_Cricket_Club" title="Yorkshire County Cricket Club">Yorkshire County Cricket Club</a> was formed in 1863 and Durham County Cricket Club in 1882. After many years of success in the <a href="/wiki/Minor_Counties_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor Counties Championship">Minor Counties Championship</a>, Durham joined Yorkshire in the senior counties championship in 1992. The Riverside cricket stadium, the home of <a href="/wiki/Durham_County_Cricket_Club" title="Durham County Cricket Club">Durham County Cricket Club</a><sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Chester-le-Street, in full view of Lumley Castle, is now one of the most picturesque cricket venues in the UK.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This venue now regularly hosts international cricket; its first "Ashes" Test Match between England and Australia was in August 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With 320 runs and 15 wickets on the last day of the match, the venue provided "the most high-octane day of a thrilling Test match", and England took an unassailable 3–0 lead against the Australians in the five-match Ashes Test series.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Athletics">Athletics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_East_England&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Athletics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Athletics_(sport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Athletics (sport)">Athletics</a> is a sport of rising popularity since the olympic and international success of Northeast athletes <a href="/wiki/Brendan_Foster" title="Brendan Foster">Brendan Foster</a> in the 1970s and <a href="/wiki/Steve_Cram" title="Steve Cram">Steve Cram</a> in the 1980s. Both won international medals and broke world records in middle and long-distance running. Brendan Foster established the annual <a href="/wiki/Great_North_Run" title="Great North Run">Great North Run</a>, one of the best known half marathons in which thousands of participants run from Newcastle to South Shields. Brendan Foster, a former school teacher in this region, is also recognised as the driving force behind the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Gateshead_International_Stadium" title="Gateshead International Stadium">Gateshead International Athletics Stadium</a> which now regularly hosts International Athletics meets and other sporting events. </p><p>In 2013 the 33rd <a href="/wiki/Great_North_Run" title="Great North Run">Great North Run</a> had 56,000 participants most of whom were raising money for charity. The elite races had Olympic gold medalists and world champion long-distance runners participating including in the men's race, <a href="/wiki/Mo_Farah" title="Mo Farah">Mo Farah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenenisa_Bekele" title="Kenenisa Bekele">Kenenisa Bekele</a> and a regular supporter of the event <a href="/wiki/Haile_Gebrselassie" title="Haile Gebrselassie">Haile Gebrselassie</a>. Ethiopian Bekele won the men's event just ahead of Farah. Kenya's <a href="/wiki/Priscah_Jeptoo" title="Priscah Jeptoo">Priscah Jeptoo</a> came first the women's race and multi Olympic gold medalist <a href="/wiki/David_Weir_(athlete)" title="David Weir (athlete)">David Weir</a> won the wheelchair event.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The founder of the event, <a href="/wiki/Brendan_Foster" title="Brendan Foster">Brendan Foster</a> was reported to be looking forward to 2014 when the Great North Run was scheduled to have its millionth finisher – becoming the first <a href="/wiki/IAAF" class="mw-redirect" title="IAAF">International Athletics Association</a> Event (IAAF) event in the world to reach such a milestone.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2014 Great North Run made history with <a href="/wiki/Mo_Farah" title="Mo Farah">Mo Farah</a> winning the men's race in a new personal best of just 1 hour. He was challenged all the way but he held off strong competition from Kenya's Mike Kigen.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The millionth finisher of the race was 51-year-old Tracey Cramond of Darlington, who ran to raise funds for the local Teesside charity Butterwick Hospice.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_East_England&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/North_East_England" title="Special:EditPage/North East England">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BBC_Newcastle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BBC_Newcastle.jpg/220px-BBC_Newcastle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BBC_Newcastle.jpg/330px-BBC_Newcastle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/BBC_Newcastle.jpg/440px-BBC_Newcastle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/BBC_North_East_and_Cumbria" title="BBC North East and Cumbria">BBC Broadcasting Centre, Newcastle</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Local media includes: </p><p>Regional television is provided by the <a href="/wiki/BBC_North_East_and_Cumbria" title="BBC North East and Cumbria">BBC North East and Cumbria</a>, which broadcasts the regional evening <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_Look_North_(North_East_and_Cumbria)" title="BBC Look North (North East and Cumbria)">Look North</a></i> programme from <a href="/wiki/Spital_Tongues" title="Spital Tongues">Spital Tongues</a> in Newcastle. Its commercial rival, <a href="/wiki/ITV_Tyne_Tees_%26_Border" title="ITV Tyne Tees & Border">ITV Tyne Tees & Border</a>, broadcasts the evening programme <i><a href="/wiki/ITV_News_Tyne_Tees" title="ITV News Tyne Tees">ITV News Tyne Tees</a></i> from Gateshead. </p><p>BBC Radios <a href="/wiki/BBC_Newcastle" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC Newcastle">Newcastle</a> and <a href="/wiki/BBC_Tees" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC Tees">Tees</a>. National radio comes from <a href="/wiki/Bilsdale_transmitting_station" title="Bilsdale transmitting station">Bilsdale</a> on the <a href="/wiki/North_York_Moors" title="North York Moors">North York Moors</a> for Teesside, <a href="/wiki/Pontop_Pike_transmitting_station" title="Pontop Pike transmitting station">Pontop Pike</a> in County Durham for Tyne and Wear, and <a href="/wiki/Chatton_transmitting_station" title="Chatton transmitting station">Chatton</a> near <a href="/wiki/Wooler" title="Wooler">Wooler</a> for Northumberland. These transmitters are also the main television transmitters. Commercial radio stations such as <a href="/wiki/Hits_Radio_North_East" title="Hits Radio North East">Hits Radio North East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hits_Radio_Teesside" title="Hits Radio Teesside">Hits Radio Teesside</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heart_North_East" title="Heart North East">Heart North East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capital_North_East" title="Capital North East">Capital North East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smooth_North_East" title="Smooth North East">Smooth North East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greatest_Hits_Radio_Teesside" title="Greatest Hits Radio Teesside">Greatest Hits Radio Teesside</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greatest_Hits_Radio_North_East" title="Greatest Hits Radio North East">Greatest Hits Radio North East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nation_Radio_North_East" title="Nation Radio North East">Nation Radio North East</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_radio_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Digital radio in the United Kingdom">Digital radio</a> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Bauer_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Bauer Radio">Bauer Tyne & Wear</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bauer_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Bauer Radio">Bauer Teesside</a> multiplexes. There are also <a href="/wiki/Nova_Radio_North_East" title="Nova Radio North East">Nova Radio North East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio_Hartlepool" title="Radio Hartlepool">Radio Hartlepool</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spark_FM" class="mw-redirect" title="Spark FM">Spark FM</a> community radio stations. </p><p>Regional newspapers include the <i><a href="/wiki/Evening_Chronicle" title="Evening Chronicle">Evening Chronicle</a>, </i><a href="/wiki/Sunderland_Echo" title="Sunderland Echo">Sunderland Echo</a><i>, <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_(Newcastle_upon_Tyne_newspaper)" title="The Journal (Newcastle upon Tyne newspaper)">The Journal</a>,</i> <i><a href="/wiki/Evening_Gazette_(Teesside)" class="mw-redirect" title="Evening Gazette (Teesside)">Evening Gazette</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Shields_Gazette" title="Shields Gazette">Shields Gazette</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hartlepool_Mail" title="Hartlepool Mail">Hartlepool Mail</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Northern_Echo" title="The Northern Echo">The Northern Echo</a></i> and the <i>Darlington and Stockton Times</i>. There are also free publications such as <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Ferryhill_Chapter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Ferryhill Chapter (page does not exist)">The Ferryhill Chapter</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bishop_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bishop Press (page does not exist)">Bishop Press</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hartlepool_Post" title="The Hartlepool Post">The Hartlepool Post</a></i> and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shildon_Town_Crier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shildon Town Crier (page does not exist)">Shildon Town Crier</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_East_England&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rail">Rail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_East_England&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Rail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tyne_and_Wear_and_Tees_Rail_Map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Tyne_and_Wear_and_Tees_Rail_Map.svg/220px-Tyne_and_Wear_and_Tees_Rail_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Tyne_and_Wear_and_Tees_Rail_Map.svg/330px-Tyne_and_Wear_and_Tees_Rail_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Tyne_and_Wear_and_Tees_Rail_Map.svg/440px-Tyne_and_Wear_and_Tees_Rail_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1406" data-file-height="696" /></a><figcaption>Commuter rail services in the region</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:142064_bound_for_Saltburn_departing_Darlington_(geograph_5655985).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/142064_bound_for_Saltburn_departing_Darlington_%28geograph_5655985%29.jpg/220px-142064_bound_for_Saltburn_departing_Darlington_%28geograph_5655985%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/142064_bound_for_Saltburn_departing_Darlington_%28geograph_5655985%29.jpg/330px-142064_bound_for_Saltburn_departing_Darlington_%28geograph_5655985%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/142064_bound_for_Saltburn_departing_Darlington_%28geograph_5655985%29.jpg/440px-142064_bound_for_Saltburn_departing_Darlington_%28geograph_5655985%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1013" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Darlington_railway_station" title="Darlington railway station">Darlington</a> Station</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_Main_Line" title="East Coast Main Line">East Coast Main Line</a> (ECML) calls at <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Central_Railway_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Newcastle Central Railway Station">Newcastle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Durham_railway_station" title="Durham railway station">Durham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Darlington_railway_station" title="Darlington railway station">Darlington</a>, with fast connections to London and Edinburgh. In May 2018 the UK Government announced that the line was to be re-nationalized for the second time since privatisation in 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham_Coast_Line" title="Durham Coast Line">Durham Coast Line</a> connects <a href="/wiki/Tyne_and_Wear" title="Tyne and Wear">Tyne and Wear</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Tees_Valley" title="Tees Valley">Tees Valley</a> with the main line.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_North_Eastern_Railway" title="London North Eastern Railway">London North Eastern Railway</a> serves the full length of the ECML and operates most of the stations on the route.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Central_(train_operating_company)" title="Grand Central (train operating company)">Grand Central</a> links the region with London since December 2007. It does not have electric trains, and uses the <a href="/wiki/Northallerton%E2%80%93Eaglescliffe_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Northallerton–Eaglescliffe Line">Northallerton–Eaglescliffe Line</a> and Durham Coast Line. Local services along these and most other local routes in the North East are provided by <a href="/wiki/Northern_(train_operating_company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern (train operating company)">Northern</a>, based in Manchester. <a href="/wiki/TransPennine_Express" title="TransPennine Express">TransPennine Express</a>, also based in Manchester, have long-distance services from the region, via Scarborough and <a href="/wiki/West_Yorkshire" title="West Yorkshire">West Yorkshire</a>, to Manchester.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Tyne_and_Wear_Metro" title="Tyne and Wear Metro">Tyne and Wear Metro</a> is a light rail network which serves the metropolitan county of Tyne and Wear's centres as well as at <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_International_Airport" title="Newcastle International Airport">Newcastle Airport</a> and stadiums such as the <a href="/wiki/St_James%27_Park" title="St James' Park">St James' Park</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Stadium_of_Light" title="Stadium of Light">Stadium of Light</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gateshead_International_Stadium" title="Gateshead International Stadium">Gateshead International</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road">Road</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_East_England&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Road"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Angel_of_the_North_silhouette.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Angel_of_the_North_silhouette.jpg/220px-Angel_of_the_North_silhouette.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Angel_of_the_North_silhouette.jpg/330px-Angel_of_the_North_silhouette.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Angel_of_the_North_silhouette.jpg/440px-Angel_of_the_North_silhouette.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3709" data-file-height="2217" /></a><figcaption> <i><a href="/wiki/Angel_of_the_North" title="Angel of the North">Angel of the North</a></i> seen while entering <a href="/wiki/Tyneside" title="Tyneside">Tyneside</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Tyne_and_Wear" title="Transport in Tyne and Wear">Transport in Tyne and Wear</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tees_Valley" title="Tees Valley">Tees Valley</a></div> <p>The North East's main arterial carriageway is the <a href="/wiki/A1_road_(Great_Britain)" title="A1 road (Great Britain)">A1 road</a>, which mirrors the East Coast Main Line's course. In County Durham this road is of <a href="/wiki/Motorway" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorway">motorway</a> standard and is known as the <a href="/wiki/A1(M)_motorway" title="A1(M) motorway">A1(M)</a>, and in March 2018 a section of A1(M) was opened between <a href="/wiki/Barton,_North_Yorkshire" title="Barton, North Yorkshire">Barton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leeming_Bar" title="Leeming Bar">Leeming Bar</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Yorkshire" title="North Yorkshire">North Yorkshire</a> providing a continuous link to the motorway network in the rest of England. However, the A1 is still an all-purpose road in Tyne and Wear and Northumberland, and is controversially still single carriageway north of <a href="/wiki/Morpeth,_Northumberland" title="Morpeth, Northumberland">Morpeth</a>, despite being the main trunk route connecting <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> and Newcastle upon Tyne and having a terrible safety record.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A second north–south dual carriageway link is provided by the <a href="/wiki/A19_road" title="A19 road">A19</a> which heads north from <a href="/wiki/Thirsk" title="Thirsk">Thirsk</a> (accessed via the A168 from the A1(M) at Dishforth), serving <a href="/wiki/Teesside" title="Teesside">Teesside</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peterlee" title="Peterlee">Peterlee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sunderland" title="Sunderland">Sunderland</a> before heading through the <a href="/wiki/Tyne_Tunnel" title="Tyne Tunnel">Tyne Tunnel</a> to meet the A1 at <a href="/wiki/Seaton_Burn" title="Seaton Burn">Seaton Burn</a>. The Tyne Tunnel was opened as a single-carriageway in 1967, with a second tunnel opening in February 2011 for dual-ing. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/A1_in_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="A1 in Newcastle upon Tyne">course of the A1 through Tyne and Wear</a> has changed twice during the late 20th century. Originally passing through the centre of Newcastle upon Tyne then, in 1977, it was re-routed to the east of the city through the Tyne Tunnel. In 1993 a second rerouting occurred, along Newcastle Western Bypass, west of the city. Each of these resulted in standing roads to be renumbered, the A1 <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain_road_numbering_scheme" title="Great Britain road numbering scheme">forms the boundary</a> and roads between beginning with 1 and 6. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/A66_road" title="A66 road">A66</a> (Tees Valley) and <a href="/wiki/A68_road" title="A68 road">A68</a> (often following the <a href="/wiki/Roman_road" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman road">Roman road</a> <a href="/wiki/Dere_Street" title="Dere Street">Dere Street</a>) are cross-country roads over the <a href="/wiki/North_Pennines" title="North Pennines">North Pennines</a>. The <a href="/wiki/A69_road" title="A69 road">A69</a> heads west along the Tyne Valley to <a href="/wiki/Carlisle,_Cumbria" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlisle, Cumbria">Carlisle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cumbria" title="Cumbria">Cumbria</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sea">Sea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_East_England&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Sea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_of_Scandinavia_at_Newcastle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Queen_of_Scandinavia_at_Newcastle.jpg/220px-Queen_of_Scandinavia_at_Newcastle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Queen_of_Scandinavia_at_Newcastle.jpg/330px-Queen_of_Scandinavia_at_Newcastle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Queen_of_Scandinavia_at_Newcastle.jpg/440px-Queen_of_Scandinavia_at_Newcastle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/MS_Princess_Maria" class="mw-redirect" title="MS Princess Maria">Queen of Scandinavia</a> berthed at North Shields</figcaption></figure> <p>The ferry terminal at <a href="/wiki/North_Shields" title="North Shields">North Shields</a> is accessed via the A187 from the Tyne Tunnel. <a href="/wiki/DFDS" title="DFDS">DFDS</a> operate two ferries a day to <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> and, formerly, one a day on the <a href="/wiki/Stavanger" title="Stavanger">Stavanger</a> – <a href="/wiki/Haugesund" title="Haugesund">Haugesund</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a> route. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_East_England&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Air"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The two main airports are <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_International_Airport" title="Newcastle International Airport">Newcastle Airport</a>, located north of the city near <a href="/wiki/Ponteland" title="Ponteland">Ponteland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Teesside_International_Airport" title="Teesside International Airport">Teesside International Airport</a>, located east of Darlington. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_North_Air_Ambulance_G-GNAA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Great_North_Air_Ambulance_G-GNAA.jpg/220px-Great_North_Air_Ambulance_G-GNAA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Great_North_Air_Ambulance_G-GNAA.jpg/330px-Great_North_Air_Ambulance_G-GNAA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Great_North_Air_Ambulance_G-GNAA.jpg/440px-Great_North_Air_Ambulance_G-GNAA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Great_North_Air_Ambulance" title="Great North Air Ambulance">Great North Air Ambulance</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>The region's population is served by a charitable service known as the <a href="/wiki/Great_North_Air_Ambulance" title="Great North Air Ambulance">Great North Air Ambulance</a> for those who need rapid transfer to a hospital or medical assistance in difficult or remote locations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport_policy">Transport policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_East_England&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Transport policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Long term planning for transport in the region has involved the development of sub regional strategies. This planning also needs to take into account region wide transport schemes such as those carried out by the <a href="/wiki/Highways_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Highways Agency">Highways Agency</a> and <a href="/wiki/Network_Rail" title="Network Rail">Network Rail</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These activities in the United Kingdom now fall into the remit of the <a href="/wiki/Local_enterprise_partnerships" class="mw-redirect" title="Local enterprise partnerships">Local Enterprise Partnerships</a> (LEPs) which in the Northeast of England are <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131002185100/https://www.teesvalleyunlimited.gov.uk/">Tees valley Unlimited</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nelep.co.uk/">North East LEP</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bodies such as the Northeast Chamber of Commerce (NECC) and the Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE) are providers of significant practical insights to policy makers.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within the region the local transport authorities plan for the future by producing <a href="/wiki/Local_transport_plan" title="Local transport plan">Local Transport Plans (LTP)</a> which outline their strategies, policies and implementation programmes.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most recent LTP is that for the period 2006–11. In the North East region the following transport authorities have published their LTP online: the 5 <a href="/wiki/Tees_Valley" title="Tees Valley">Tees Valley</a> authorities,<sup id="cite_ref-DaLTP_170-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DaLTP-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HaLTP_171-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HaLTP-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MdLTP_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MdLTP-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-R&CLTP_173-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R&CLTP-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SoTLTP_174-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SoTLTP-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Durham,_England" title="Durham, England">Durham</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-DuLTP_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DuLTP-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tyne_and_Wear" title="Tyne and Wear">Tyne and Wear</a><sup id="cite_ref-LTP_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LTP-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Northumberland" title="Northumberland">Northumberland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NhLTP_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NhLTP-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_East_England&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/North_East_England" title="Special:EditPage/North East England">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22North+East+England%22">"North East England"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22North+East+England%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22North+East+England%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22North+East+England%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22North+East+England%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22North+East+England%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_schools_in_England#North_East_of_England" title="Lists of schools in England">Lists of schools in England § North East of England</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary">Primary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_East_England&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Primary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are over 250 nursery/primary schools in the County Durham area of the north east, which range from schools with their own nursery, to schools that are either infant only or junior only.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Areas such as <a href="/wiki/Gosforth" title="Gosforth">Gosforth</a> have first schools which have neither years 5 nor 6, and therefore educate children up to the age of 8 and 9. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary">Secondary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_East_England&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Secondary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hummersknott_School,_Edinburgh_Drive_-_geograph.org.uk_-_137046.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Hummersknott_School%2C_Edinburgh_Drive_-_geograph.org.uk_-_137046.jpg/220px-Hummersknott_School%2C_Edinburgh_Drive_-_geograph.org.uk_-_137046.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Hummersknott_School%2C_Edinburgh_Drive_-_geograph.org.uk_-_137046.jpg/330px-Hummersknott_School%2C_Edinburgh_Drive_-_geograph.org.uk_-_137046.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Hummersknott_School%2C_Edinburgh_Drive_-_geograph.org.uk_-_137046.jpg/440px-Hummersknott_School%2C_Edinburgh_Drive_-_geograph.org.uk_-_137046.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="479" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hummersknott_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Hummersknott School">Hummersknott School</a> near Darlington</figcaption></figure> <p>The North East education system consists largely of <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_school" title="Comprehensive school">comprehensive schools</a>, but a number of private and independent schools are found in Newcastle, Sunderland, Durham, Darlington, Stockton and in particular, Northumberland. </p><p>in 2014 a number of the regions schools were in the top 20% of schools as measured by SSAT — the UK organisation for school improvement and collaboration — and have been awarded an SSAT Educational Outcomes Award recognising their successes. These schools are Burnside Business & Enterprise College, in Newcastle, Castle View Enterprise Academy, in Sunderland, Emmanuel College, in Gateshead, Greenfield Community College, in Newton Aycliffe, Northumberland Church of England Academy, in Ashington and The North Durham Academy in Stanley.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The awards, recognised high attainment and outstanding continuous improvement. </p><p>The schools in the top 20% for high attainment in GCSE exams were Burnside Business and Enterprise College and Northumberland Church of England Academy </p><p>The region's secondary school attendance is the lowest in England at around 125,000, with the next lowest in the <a href="/wiki/East_Midlands" title="East Midlands">East Midlands</a>. <a href="/wiki/Truancy" title="Truancy">Truancy</a> at its schools is a mixed picture. It has the second highest overall rate for urban areas, after <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_and_the_Humber" title="Yorkshire and the Humber">Yorkshire and the Humber</a>, but the lowest rate in England in its rural areas. Middlesbrough has the region's highest rate with 7.2% persistent truants, which is the second highest rate in England after Manchester (7.3%). Next is Newcastle upon Tyne, with 6.4%, then the former district of <a href="/wiki/Wansbeck_District" title="Wansbeck District">Wansbeck</a>, with 6.3% </p><p>At <a href="/wiki/General_Certificate_of_Secondary_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="General Certificate of Secondary Education">General Certificate of Secondary Education</a> (GCSE) level, the region's performance is similar to that of other largely urban areas, although its results are generally below the national average. Middlesbrough tends to perform the worst, and to produce results well below the national average. <a href="/wiki/Local_education_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Local education authority">Local education authorities</a> (LEAs) in the North East have improved at GCSE in recent years. North Tyneside performed the best in 2011, followed by Gateshead, Northumberland, and Darlington. No LEA in the North-East was above the 2011 national GCSE average. South Tyneside was the lowest for the <a href="/wiki/English_Baccalaureate" title="English Baccalaureate">English Baccalaureate</a>, followed by Middlesbrough and Hartlepool. Gateshead and North Tyneside were the highest, and Gateshead was the only LEA above the national average for this measure. </p><p>The region's <a href="/wiki/Parochial_school" title="Parochial school">parochial schools</a> tend to perform better at GCSE: these include <a href="/wiki/St_Thomas_More_Catholic_School,_Blaydon" title="St Thomas More Catholic School, Blaydon">St Thomas More Catholic School, Blaydon</a>; <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_College,_Gateshead" title="Emmanuel College, Gateshead">Emmanuel College, Gateshead</a>; <a href="/wiki/All_Saints_Academy,_Ingleby_Barwick" title="All Saints Academy, Ingleby Barwick">All Saints Academy, Ingleby Barwick</a>; <a href="/wiki/EMS_Hartlepool" class="mw-redirect" title="EMS Hartlepool">The English Martyrs School, Hartlepool</a>; <a href="/wiki/St_Bede%27s_Catholic_School,_Lanchester" class="mw-redirect" title="St Bede's Catholic School, Lanchester">St Bede's Catholic School, Lanchester</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Carmel_College,_Darlington" title="Carmel College, Darlington">Carmel College, Darlington</a>. Other regional schools that perform well include <a href="/wiki/Whitley_Bay_High_School" title="Whitley Bay High School">Whitley Bay High School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marden_High_School" title="Marden High School">Marden High School</a> in Cullercoats, the <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Academy" title="Macmillan Academy">Macmillan Academy</a> in Middlesbrough, <a href="/wiki/Park_View_School_(Chester-le-Street)" class="mw-redirect" title="Park View School (Chester-le-Street)">Park View School</a> in Chester-le Street and the <a href="/wiki/Hurworth_School" title="Hurworth School">Hurworth School</a> near Darlington. Northumberland schools have a <a href="/wiki/Three-tier_education" title="Three-tier education">three-tier system</a>, 12 year olds go into high school instead of 11 year olds going into a secondary school. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dame_Allan%27s_Schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Dame Allan's Schools">Dame Allan's Schools</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Grammar_School,_Newcastle" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Grammar School, Newcastle">Royal Grammar School</a> (NRGS), <a href="/wiki/Barnard_Castle_School" title="Barnard Castle School">Barnard Castle School</a> and <a href="/wiki/Durham_School" title="Durham School">Durham School</a> are all members of <a href="/wiki/The_Headmasters%27_and_Headmistresses%27_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="The Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference">The Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Central_Newcastle_High_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Newcastle High School">Central Newcastle High School</a> and the Royal Grammar School were named as among the nation's top 100 independent schools in 2006. Durham School is considered to be one of the oldest schools in the UK, and its Old Boys were the founding members of the original <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_Falcons" title="Newcastle Falcons">Newcastle Falcons</a> Rugby club. <a href="/wiki/Mowden_Hall_School" title="Mowden Hall School">Mowden Hall School</a>, a selective day and boarding <a href="/wiki/Preparatory_school_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Preparatory school (UK)">prep school</a> in Northumberland, is another independent school. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="College">College</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_East_England&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: College"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/North_East_England" title="Special:EditPage/North East England">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22North+East+England%22">"North East England"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22North+East+England%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22North+East+England%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22North+East+England%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22North+East+England%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22North+East+England%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:QESFC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/QESFC.jpg/170px-QESFC.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/QESFC.jpg/255px-QESFC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/QESFC.jpg/340px-QESFC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Sixth_Form_College" title="Queen Elizabeth Sixth Form College">QE Sixth Form College</a> in Darlington</figcaption></figure> <p>There are sixteen <a href="/wiki/Further_education" title="Further education">further education</a> colleges in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main such colleges are <a href="/wiki/East_Durham_College" title="East Durham College">East Durham College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_College" title="Newcastle College">Newcastle College</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_College_Durham" title="New College Durham">New College Durham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darlington_College" title="Darlington College">Darlington College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gateshead_College" title="Gateshead College">Gateshead College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_Auckland_College" title="Bishop Auckland College">Bishop Auckland College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stockton_Riverside_College" title="Stockton Riverside College">Stockton Riverside College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Sixth_Form_College" title="Queen Elizabeth Sixth Form College">Queen Elizabeth Sixth Form College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hartlepool_College_of_Further_Education" title="Hartlepool College of Further Education">Hartlepool College of Further Education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middlesbrough_College" title="Middlesbrough College">Middlesbrough College</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_School_of_Art_and_Design&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern School of Art and Design (page does not exist)">Northern School of Art and Design</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sunderland_College" title="Sunderland College">Sunderland College</a>. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>North East LEAs at A-level are improving,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (May 2023)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> but produce results below those of other areas of England. Sunderland performed the best in 2011, with consistently good results, followed by Hartlepool and Darlington, which are above the national average, and unrepresentative of most areas in the North East. Darlington's <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_Sixth_Form_College" title="Queen Elizabeth Sixth Form College">Queen Elizabeth Sixth Form College</a> is one of the highest-rated colleges in England. The area's <a href="/wiki/Catholic_school" title="Catholic school">Catholic schools</a> all do reasonably well at A level. Stockton-on-Tees, Redcar and Cleveland and Newcastle were also above England's average. </p><p>Many of region's colleges provide <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">higher education</a> validated by a university. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="University">University</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_East_England&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: University"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Newcastle_University_campus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Newcastle_University_campus.jpg/220px-Newcastle_University_campus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Newcastle_University_campus.jpg/330px-Newcastle_University_campus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Newcastle_University_campus.jpg/440px-Newcastle_University_campus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2256" data-file-height="1496" /></a><figcaption>Newcastle University</figcaption></figure> <p>The North East has five universities; <a href="/wiki/Durham_University" title="Durham University">Durham University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_University" title="Newcastle University">Newcastle University</a> (both in the <a href="/wiki/Russell_Group" title="Russell Group">Russell Group</a>), <a href="/wiki/Northumbria_University" title="Northumbria University">Northumbria University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teesside_University" title="Teesside University">Teesside University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Middlesbrough" title="Middlesbrough">Middlesbrough</a> and <a href="/wiki/Darlington" title="Darlington">Darlington</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sunderland" title="University of Sunderland">University of Sunderland</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_East_England&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EnglandNorthEast.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/EnglandNorthEast.png/23px-EnglandNorthEast.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/EnglandNorthEast.png/34px-EnglandNorthEast.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/EnglandNorthEast.png/45px-EnglandNorthEast.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="247" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:North_East_England" title="Portal:North East England">North East England portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Northumbria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Northumbria">Kingdom of Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernicia" title="Bernicia">Bernicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumbrian_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Northumbrian music">Northumbrian music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumbrian_smallpipes" title="Northumbrian smallpipes">Northumbrian smallpipes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_of_Northumbria" class="mw-redirect" title="English of Northumbria">English of Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of urban areas in the United Kingdom">List of urban areas in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Tees_Valley" title="Demographics of Tees Valley">Demographics of Tees Valley</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_East_England&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ITL replaced <a href="/wiki/Nomenclature_of_Territorial_Units_for_Statistics" title="Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics">NUTS</a> and followed the same definitions of its predecessor until 2023</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_East_England&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ONS_Standard_Area_Measurement-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ONS_Standard_Area_Measurement_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/datasets/ons::standard-area-measurements-latest-for-administrative-areas-in-the-united-kingdom/about">"Standard Area Measurements (Latest) for Administrative Areas in the United Kingdom"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ONS_Open_Geography_Portal" title="ONS Open Geography Portal">Open Geography Portal</a></i>. Office for National Statistics. 24 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Open+Geography+Portal&rft.atitle=Standard+Area+Measurements+%28Latest%29+for+Administrative+Areas+in+the+United+Kingdom&rft.date=2024-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgeoportal.statistics.gov.uk%2Fdatasets%2Fons%3A%3Astandard-area-measurements-latest-for-administrative-areas-in-the-united-kingdom%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+East+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-popstats-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-popstats_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/datasets/populationestimatesforukenglandandwalesscotlandandnorthernireland/mid2022/mye22final.xlsx">"Mid-Year Population Estimates, UK, June 2022"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a></i>. 26 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.atitle=Mid-Year+Population+Estimates%2C+UK%2C+June+2022&rft.date=2024-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Ffile%3Furi%3D%2Fpeoplepopulationandcommunity%2Fpopulationandmigration%2Fpopulationestimates%2Fdatasets%2Fpopulationestimatesforukenglandandwalesscotlandandnorthernireland%2Fmid2022%2Fmye22final.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+East+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2021_Nomis-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2021_Nomis_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2021_Nomis_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCensus_2021E12000001" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/2021_United_Kingdom_census" title="2021 United Kingdom census">UK Census</a> (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/sources/census_2021/report?compare=E12000001">"2021 Census Area Profile – North East Region (E12000001)"</a>. <i>Nomis</i>. <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Office for National Statistics (United Kingdom)">Office for National Statistics</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nomis&rft.atitle=2021+Census+Area+Profile+%E2%80%93+North+East+Region+%28E12000001%29&rft.date=2021&rft.au=UK+Census&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nomisweb.co.uk%2Fsources%2Fcensus_2021%2Freport%3Fcompare%3DE12000001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+East+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/370">"World Heretige List: Durham Cathedral and Castle"</a>. 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GazetteLive. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714123905/http://www.gazettelive.co.uk/news/local-news/bill-oddie-presents-saltholme-nature-3667847">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bill+Oddie+presents+Saltholme+nature+reserve+volunteers+with+trophy&rft.aulast=Woodcock&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gazettelive.co.uk%2Fnews%2Flocal-news%2Fbill-oddie-presents-saltholme-nature-3667847&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+East+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130713121116/http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/ourwork/conservation/designations/nnr/1006937.aspx">"Teesmouth NNR"</a>. Natural England. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/ourwork/conservation/designations/nnr/1006937.aspx">the original</a> on 13 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Teesmouth+NNR&rft.pub=Natural+England&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naturalengland.org.uk%2Fourwork%2Fconservation%2Fdesignations%2Fnnr%2F1006937.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+East+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714202138/http://www.durhamwildlifetrust.org.uk/visitor-centres/rainton/">"Rainton"</a>. Durham Wildlife Trust. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rainton&rft.pub=Durham+Wildlife+Trust&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.durhamwildlifetrust.org.uk%2Fvisitor-centres%2Frainton%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+East+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714185029/http://www.nwt.org.uk/sites/default/files/files/Black_Grouse.pdf">"Northumberland Biodiversity Action Plan:Black Grouse"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Northeast Wildlife. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Northumberland+Biodiversity+Action+Plan%3ABlack+Grouse&rft.pub=Northeast+Wildlife&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nwt.org.uk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Ffiles%2FBlack_Grouse.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+East+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130807013301/http://nebiodiversity.org.uk/biodiversity/default.asp">"Biodiversity in the North East:In the uplands"</a>. Northeast Biodiversity Forum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nebiodiversity.org.uk/biodiversity/default.asp">the original</a> on 7 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biodiversity+in+the+North+East%3AIn+the+uplands&rft.pub=Northeast+Biodiversity+Forum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nebiodiversity.org.uk%2Fbiodiversity%2Fdefault.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+East+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillerYoungButlerStobbs2007" class="citation book cs1">Miller, David; Young, Brian; Butler, David; Stobbs, Julie; Durkin, John; Mitchell, Dave; Coult, Terry; Ellis, Sam; Wainwright, Dave; Olley, John (2007). <i>Magical Meadows and the Durham Magnesian Limestone</i>. Durham Wildlife Trust. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9555467-0-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9555467-0-9"><bdi>978-0-9555467-0-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magical+Meadows+and+the+Durham+Magnesian+Limestone&rft.pub=Durham+Wildlife+Trust&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-9555467-0-9&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Young%2C+Brian&rft.au=Butler%2C+David&rft.au=Stobbs%2C+Julie&rft.au=Durkin%2C+John&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+Dave&rft.au=Coult%2C+Terry&rft.au=Ellis%2C+Sam&rft.au=Wainwright%2C+Dave&rft.au=Olley%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+East+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140427064826/http://www.wildlifetrusts.org/living-landscape/living-landscape-schemes/scheme-directory/kielder-forest-and-border-mires">"Kielder Forest and Border Mires"</a>. Wildlife Trusts. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wildlifetrusts.org/living-landscape/living-landscape-schemes/scheme-directory/kielder-forest-and-border-mires">the original</a> on 27 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kielder+Forest+and+Border+Mires&rft.pub=Wildlife+Trusts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wildlifetrusts.org%2Fliving-landscape%2Fliving-landscape-schemes%2Fscheme-directory%2Fkielder-forest-and-border-mires&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+East+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130815081919/http://www.rsne.org.uk/">"Red Squirrels Northern England"</a>. RSNE. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsne.org.uk/">the original</a> on 15 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Red+Squirrels+Northern+England&rft.pub=RSNE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsne.org.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+East+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4218740.stm">"Britain's immigration map revealed"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050908100302/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4218740.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Britain%27s+immigration+map+revealed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fuk%2F4218740.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+East+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130603013326/http://www.hpa.org.uk/AboutTheHPA/WhatTheHealthProtectionAgencyDoes/LocalServices/NorthEast/NorthEastPressReleases/neast111129HIVannualreport/">"New North East HIV diagnoses hit highest level since 2005"</a>. HPA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hpa.org.uk/AboutTheHPA/WhatTheHealthProtectionAgencyDoes/LocalServices/NorthEast/NorthEastPressReleases/neast111129HIVannualreport/">the original</a> on 3 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+North+East+HIV+diagnoses+hit+highest+level+since+2005&rft.pub=HPA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hpa.org.uk%2FAboutTheHPA%2FWhatTheHealthProtectionAgencyDoes%2FLocalServices%2FNorthEast%2FNorthEastPressReleases%2Fneast111129HIVannualreport%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+East+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120923155406/http://www.wcrf-uk.org/cancer_prevention/health_professionals/uk_cancer_statistics.php">"UK cancer statistics"</a>. <i>World Cancer Research Fund</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wcrf-uk.org/cancer_prevention/health_professionals/uk_cancer_statistics.php">the original</a> on 23 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Cancer+Research+Fund&rft.atitle=UK+cancer+statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wcrf-uk.org%2Fcancer_prevention%2Fhealth_professionals%2Fuk_cancer_statistics.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+East+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArcher" class="citation web cs1">Archer, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/32191/11-p77-trade-union-membership-2010.pdf">"Trade Union membership 2010"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Department for Business Innovation and Skills</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131101205316/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/32191/11-p77-trade-union-membership-2010.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 1 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+for+Business+Innovation+and+Skills&rft.atitle=Trade+Union+membership+2010&rft.aulast=Archer&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fuploads%2Fsystem%2Fuploads%2Fattachment_data%2Ffile%2F32191%2F11-p77-trade-union-membership-2010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+East+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoughlan" class="citation news cs1">Coughlan, Sean. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-13782315">"North-south divide in university admissions"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130609043725/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-13782315">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=North-south+divide+in+university+admissions&rft.aulast=Coughlan&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Feducation-13782315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+East+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://co-curate.ncl.ac.uk/immigration-and-links-with-other-countries/">"Immigration and links with other countries"</a>. co-curate.ncl.ac.uk<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Immigration+and+links+with+other+countries&rft.pub=co-curate.ncl.ac.uk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fco-curate.ncl.ac.uk%2Fimmigration-and-links-with-other-countries%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+East+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1t8915s"><i>Explaining ethnic differences: Changing patterns of disadvantage in Britain</i></a> (1 ed.). Bristol University Press. 2003. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctt1t8915s">10.2307/j.ctt1t8915s</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1t8915s">j.ctt1t8915s</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Explaining+ethnic+differences%3A+Changing+patterns+of+disadvantage+in+Britain&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Bristol+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctt1t8915s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt1t8915s%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt1t8915s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+East+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEquality1985" class="citation journal cs1">Equality, Commission for Racial (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jstor.org/stable/community.28327806">"Ethnic minorities in Britain: statistical information on the pattern of settlement"</a>. <i>Commission for Racial Equality</i>: Table 2.1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Commission+for+Racial+Equality&rft.atitle=Ethnic+minorities+in+Britain%3A+statistical+information+on+the+pattern+of+settlement&rft.pages=Table+2.1&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Equality&rft.aufirst=Commission+for+Racial&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjstor.org%2Fstable%2Fcommunity.28327806&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+East+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:412-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:412_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Data is taken from United Kingdom <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk/index.htm">Casweb Data services</a> of the United Kingdom <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk/step1.cfm">1991 Census on Ethnic Data for England, Scotland and Wales</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220405213012/http://casweb.ukdataservice.ac.uk/step1.cfm">Archived</a> 5 April 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Table 6)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/census-2001-key-statistics/local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/local-authorities-ks06--ethnic-group.xls">"Office of National Statistics; 2001 Census Key Statistics"</a>. <i>webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Seaham+Harbour+its+history+and+development+Timeline&rft.pub=Durham+in+Time&rft.aulast=Hatcher&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.durhamintime.org.uk%2FDurham_Miner%2FSeaham_Harbour_Timeline.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+East+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeal,_Leo_&_Neal2011" class="citation book cs1">Neal, Leo & Neal (2011). <i>Wynyard Hall</i>. Wynyard Hall Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">81–</span>89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9570114-0-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9570114-0-3"><bdi>978-0-9570114-0-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wynyard+Hall&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E81-%3C%2Fspan%3E89&rft.pub=Wynyard+Hall+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-9570114-0-3&rft.au=Neal%2C+Leo+%26+Neal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+East+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeal,_Leo_&_Neal2011" class="citation book cs1">Neal, Leo & Neal (2011). <i>Wynyard Hall</i>. Wynyard Hall Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9570114-0-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9570114-0-3"><bdi>978-0-9570114-0-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wynyard+Hall&rft.pub=Wynyard+Hall+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-9570114-0-3&rft.au=Neal%2C+Leo+%26+Neal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+East+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131220170833/http://mininghistory.thehumanjourney.net/edu/IndustrialRevolution.shtml">"Minerals and the Industrial Revolution:Coke to iron to mine pumps to railways"</a>. Access to Mineral Heritage. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mininghistory.thehumanjourney.net/edu/IndustrialRevolution.shtml">the original</a> on 20 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wearmouth+Colliery&rft.pub=Durham+Mining+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dmm.org.uk%2Fcolliery%2Fw001.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+East+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131102074131/http://www.sunderland.ac.uk/newsevents/events/event/index.php?eid=473">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Coal Exploitation in the North East' Lecture"</a>. Sunderland University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sunderland.ac.uk/newsevents/events/event/index.php?eid=473">the original</a> on 2 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Coal+Exploitation+in+the+North+East%27+Lecture&rft.pub=Sunderland+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sunderland.ac.uk%2Fnewsevents%2Fevents%2Fevent%2Findex.php%3Feid%3D473&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+East+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHugill2013" class="citation news cs1">Hugill, Steven (27 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131102083806/http://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/business/news/10512464.Chemical_body_leader_welcomes_Government_shale_gas_plans/">"Dr Stan Higgins, from Nepic, says fracking could cut energy bills"</a>. <i>Northern Echo</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shipbuilding+1790+to+1899&rft.pub=NortheastEngland.co.uk&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.englandsnortheast.co.uk%2FShipbuilding.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+East+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenderson2013" class="citation news cs1">Henderson, Tony (9 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/north-east-shipbuilding-heritage-wins-4888693">"North East shipbuilding heritage wins international recognition"</a>. <i>Northern Echo</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130719221039/http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/north-east-shipbuilding-heritage-wins-4888693">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Northern+Echo&rft.atitle=North+East+shipbuilding+heritage+wins+international+recognition&rft.date=2013-07-09&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chroniclelive.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fnorth-east-news%2Fnorth-east-shipbuilding-heritage-wins-4888693&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+East+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrett_&_Clark2009" class="citation book cs1">Brett & Clark (3 November 2009). <i>Sunderland-the biggest shipbuilding town in the world</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shipbuilding+on+the+River+Tees&rft.pub=The+Teesside+Ship+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teesbuiltships.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+East+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130917165614/http://www.thisishartlepool.co.uk/ships">"History of Ship Building in Hartlepool"</a>. <i>Hartlepool Mail</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Northern+Echo&rft.atitle=Barcelona+Jack%27s+granddaughter+returns+to+her+roots+in+Crook&rft.date=2013-10-05&rft.aulast=Leatherdale&rft.aufirst=Duncan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenorthernecho.co.uk%2Fnews%2F10719118.Barcelona_Jack_s_granddaughter_returns_to_her_roots_in_Crook%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+East+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProud2013" class="citation news cs1">Proud, Keith (18 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131211095605/http://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/features/columnists/memories/teesside/3603267.The_player_with_the_Common_touch_/">"The Player with the Common Touch"</a>. <i>The Northern Echo</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/features/columnists/memories/teesside/3603267.The_player_with_the_Common_touch_/">the original</a> on 11 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Northern+Echo&rft.atitle=The+Player+with+the+Common+Touch&rft.date=2013-08-18&rft.aulast=Proud&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenorthernecho.co.uk%2Ffeatures%2Fcolumnists%2Fmemories%2Fteesside%2F3603267.The_player_with_the_Common_touch_%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+East+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuchan1956" class="citation book cs1">Buchan, Charles (1956). <i>A lifetime in Football</i>. Mainstream Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84596-654-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84596-654-6"><bdi>978-1-84596-654-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+lifetime+in+Football&rft.pub=Mainstream+Publishing&rft.date=1956&rft.isbn=978-1-84596-654-6&rft.aulast=Buchan&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+East+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShackleton2000" class="citation book cs1">Shackleton, Len (2000). <i>Return of the Clown Prince</i>. GHKN Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9538244-0-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-9538244-0-3"><bdi>0-9538244-0-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Return+of+the+Clown+Prince&rft.pub=GHKN+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-9538244-0-3&rft.aulast=Shackleton&rft.aufirst=Len&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+East+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilburn2003" class="citation book cs1">Milburn, Jack (2003). <i>Jackie Milburn: A Man of Two Halves</i>. Mainstream Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84018-804-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-84018-804-9"><bdi>1-84018-804-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jackie+Milburn%3A+A+Man+of+Two+Halves&rft.pub=Mainstream+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-84018-804-9&rft.aulast=Milburn&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+East+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClough2002" class="citation book cs1">Clough, Brian (2002). <i>Cloughie: Walking on Water</i>. Headline Book Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7472-6567-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7472-6567-4"><bdi>0-7472-6567-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cloughie%3A+Walking+on+Water&rft.pub=Headline+Book+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7472-6567-4&rft.aulast=Clough&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+East+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffry2009" class="citation book cs1">Jeffry, Jim (2009). <i>Newcastle United: The 1968–69 Fairs Cup Story</i>. Breedon Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85983-737-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85983-737-5"><bdi>978-1-85983-737-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Newcastle+United%3A+The+1968%E2%80%9369+Fairs+Cup+Story&rft.pub=Breedon+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-85983-737-5&rft.aulast=Jeffry&rft.aufirst=Jim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+East+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharlton2007" class="citation book cs1">Charlton, Bobby (2007). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sirbobbycharlton0000char"><i>The Autobiography, My Manchester United Years</i></a></span>. Headline. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7553-1619-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7553-1619-9"><bdi>978-0-7553-1619-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Autobiography%2C+My+Manchester+United+Years&rft.pub=Headline&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7553-1619-9&rft.aulast=Charlton&rft.aufirst=Bobby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsirbobbycharlton0000char&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+East+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharlton1996" class="citation book cs1">Charlton, Jack (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/autobiography0000char"><i>Jack Charlton The Autobiography</i></a></span>. Partridge Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85225-256-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-85225-256-1"><bdi>1-85225-256-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jack+Charlton+The+Autobiography&rft.pub=Partridge+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1-85225-256-1&rft.aulast=Charlton&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fautobiography0000char&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+East+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMckinstry2006" class="citation book cs1">Mckinstry, Leo (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/siralf00leom"><i>Sir Alf</i></a></span>. HarperSport. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-719379-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-719379-0"><bdi>978-0-00-719379-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sir+Alf&rft.pub=HarperSport&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-00-719379-0&rft.aulast=Mckinstry&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsiralf00leom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+East+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/players/profile.career-history.html/alan-shearer">"Player profile: Alan Shearer"</a>. Premier League 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140108105549/http://www.premierleague.com/en-gb/players/profile.career-history.html/alan-shearer">Archived</a> from the original on 8 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Player+profile%3A+Alan+Shearer&rft.pub=Premier+League+2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.premierleague.com%2Fen-gb%2Fplayers%2Fprofile.career-history.html%2Falan-shearer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+East+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTallentire2016" class="citation news cs1">Tallentire, Philip (6 November 2016). "Agree with this top 5 graduates from Middlesbrough FC's Rockliffe Park Academy?". GazetteLive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Agree+with+this+top+5+graduates+from+Middlesbrough+FC%27s+Rockliffe+Park+Academy%3F&rft.date=2016-11-06&rft.aulast=Tallentire&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+East+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTallentire2017" class="citation news cs1">Tallentire, Philip (25 March 2017). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Be like Ben Gibson': Middlesbrough Academy boss David Parnaby's advice for Dael Fry". GazetteLive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27Be+like+Ben+Gibson%27%3A+Middlesbrough+Academy+boss+David+Parnaby%27s+advice+for+Dael+Fry&rft.date=2017-03-25&rft.aulast=Tallentire&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+East+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChallies2019" class="citation web cs1">Challies, Josh (1 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/sunderland-england-women-world-cup-16512766">"Sunderland and the North East's role in England's World Cup"</a>. <i>ChronicleLive</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ChronicleLive&rft.atitle=Sunderland+and+the+North+East%27s+role+in+England%27s+World+Cup&rft.date=2019-07-01&rft.aulast=Challies&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chroniclelive.co.uk%2Fsport%2Ffootball%2Ffootball-news%2Fsunderland-england-women-world-cup-16512766&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+East+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson" class="citation web cs1">Simpson, Dave. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130209010448/http://www.englandsnortheast.co.uk/Sport.html">"Sport in the North East 1700 to 1999"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.englandsnortheast.co.uk/Sport.html">the original</a> on 9 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sport+in+the+North+East+1700+to+1999&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.englandsnortheast.co.uk%2FSport.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+East+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131021011357/http://racecoursehospitality.net/Racing_in_the_North_East.aspx">"Racing in the North East"</a>. Northeast Racecourse Hospitality. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.racecoursehospitality.net/Racing_in_the_North_East.aspx">the original</a> on 21 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Racing+in+the+North+East&rft.pub=Northeast+Racecourse+Hospitality&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.racecoursehospitality.net%2FRacing_in_the_North_East.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+East+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130728145425/http://www.alnmouthgolfclub.com/pages.php/page/83cdb148-a240-102c-9079-001ec9b331b2/view_section.html">"History of Alnmouth GC"</a>. Alnmouth Golf Club. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alnmouthgolfclub.com/pages.php/page/83cdb148-a240-102c-9079-001ec9b331b2/view_section.html">the original</a> on 28 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Alnmouth+GC&rft.pub=Alnmouth+Golf+Club&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alnmouthgolfclub.com%2Fpages.php%2Fpage%2F83cdb148-a240-102c-9079-001ec9b331b2%2Fview_section.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+East+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hornby_1974-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hornby_1974_139-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hornby_1974_139-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHornby1974" class="citation book cs1">Hornby, Derek (1974). <i>The History of Seaton Carew Golf Club</i>. Seaton Carew Golf Club.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Seaton+Carew+Golf+Club&rft.pub=Seaton+Carew+Golf+Club&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Hornby&rft.aufirst=Derek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+East+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trotter_2001-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trotter_2001_140-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trotter_2001_140-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrotter2001" class="citation book cs1">Trotter, Ron (2001). <i>125 Years of Golf at Seaton Carew 1874–1999</i>. Seaton Carew Golf Club.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=125+Years+of+Golf+at+Seaton+Carew+1874%E2%80%931999&rft.pub=Seaton+Carew+Golf+Club&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Trotter&rft.aufirst=Ron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+East+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Recalling a Century of Golf at Seaton Carew". <i>Hartlepool Mail</i>. 5 March 1974.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hartlepool+Mail&rft.atitle=Recalling+a+Century+of+Golf+at+Seaton+Carew&rft.date=1974-03-05&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+East+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130724085500/http://www.seatoncarewgolfclub.co.uk/pages.php/index.html">"Seaton Carew Golf Club"</a>. Seaton Carew Golf Club. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seatoncarewgolfclub.co.uk/pages.php/index.html">the original</a> on 24 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Seaton+Carew+Golf+Club&rft.pub=Seaton+Carew+Golf+Club&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seatoncarewgolfclub.co.uk%2Fpages.php%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+East+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2008" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Rob (24 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100117131929/http://www.golf-monthly.co.uk/courses/tophundred/278744/no-91-seaton-carew.html">"Top 100 Golf Courses"</a>. Golf Monthly. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Top+100+Golf+Courses&rft.pub=Golf+Monthly&rft.date=2008-10-24&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.golf-monthly.co.uk%2Fcourses%2Ftophundred%2F278744%2Fno-91-seaton-carew.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+East+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrotter2001" class="citation book cs1">Trotter, Ron (2001). <i>125 Years of Golf at Seaton Carew 1847 -1999</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Darlington+2006%E2%80%9311+Local+Transport+Plan&rft.pub=Darlington+Borough+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.darlington.gov.uk%2FTransport%2FTransport%2BPolicy.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+East+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HaLTP-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HaLTP_171-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716084528/http://www.hartlepool.gov.uk/site/scripts/documents_info.php?documentID=105&pageNumber=2">"Hartlepool 2006–11 Local Transport Plan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hartlepool_(borough)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hartlepool (borough)">Hartlepool Borough Council</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.middlesbrough.gov.uk/ccm/navigation/transport-and-streets/transport-planning/">the original</a> on 15 June 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stockton.gov.uk/citizenservices/transport/ltp/">the original</a> on 10 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stockton-on-Tees+2006%E2%80%9311+Local+Transport+Plan&rft.pub=Stockton-on-Tees+Borough+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stockton.gov.uk%2Fcitizenservices%2Ftransport%2Fltp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+East+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DuLTP-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DuLTP_175-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605190531/http://www.durham.gov.uk/Pages/Service.aspx?ServiceId=5685">"Durham 2006–11 Local Transport Plan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Durham_County_Council" title="Durham County Council">Durham County Council</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Durham+2006%E2%80%9311+Local+Transport+Plan&rft.pub=Durham+County+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.durham.gov.uk%2FPages%2FService.aspx%3FServiceId%3D5685&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+East+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LTP-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LTP_176-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090328033056/http://www.tyneandwearltp.co.uk/">"Tyne and Wear 2006–11 Local Transport Plan"</a>. <i>www.tyneandwearltp.co.uk</i>. Tyne and Wear LTP. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tyneandwearltp.co.uk/">the original</a> on 28 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.tyneandwearltp.co.uk&rft.atitle=Tyne+and+Wear+2006%E2%80%9311+Local+Transport+Plan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tyneandwearltp.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+East+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NhLTP-177"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NhLTP_177-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101126173841/http://northumberland.gov.uk/default.aspx?page=1425">"Northumberland 2006–11 Local Transport Plan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Northumberland_County_Council" title="Northumberland County Council">Northumberland County Council</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.northumberland.gov.uk/default.aspx?page=1425">the original</a> on 26 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Northumberland+2006%E2%80%9311+Local+Transport+Plan&rft.pub=Northumberland+County+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.northumberland.gov.uk%2Fdefault.aspx%3Fpage%3D1425&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+East+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111030062102/http://www.ouston-jun.durham.sch.uk/">"Home Page"</a>. Ouston Junior School. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ouston-jun.durham.sch.uk/">the original</a> on 30 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Home+Page&rft.pub=Ouston+Junior+School&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ouston-jun.durham.sch.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+East+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLognonne2014" class="citation news cs1">Lognonne, Ruth (11 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140614132628/http://www.thejournal.co.uk/news/north-east-news/ssat-ranks-north-east-schools-7247154">"Region's schools ranked among top 20% in the country by the SSAT"</a>. The Journal. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thejournal.co.uk/news/north-east-news/ssat-ranks-north-east-schools-7247154">the original</a> on 14 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Region%27s+schools+ranked+among+top+20%25+in+the+country+by+the+SSAT&rft.date=2014-06-11&rft.aulast=Lognonne&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejournal.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fnorth-east-news%2Fssat-ranks-north-east-schools-7247154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+East+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130525210844/http://skillsnortheast.co.uk/">"North East Skills – The Skills, Trades and Expertise from Leeds to Newcastle"</a>. Skillsnortheast.co.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skillsnortheast.co.uk">the original</a> on 25 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=North+East+Skills+%E2%80%93+The+Skills%2C+Trades+and+Expertise+from+Leeds+to+Newcastle&rft.pub=Skillsnortheast.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.skillsnortheast.co.uk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorth+East+England" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_East_England&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Cunningham, Sean. "Henry VII and rebellion in north-eastern England, 1485–1492: bonds of allegiance and the establishment of Tudor authority." <i>Northern History</i> 32.1 (1996): 42–74.</li> <li>Ellis, Steven G. "Region and Frontier in the English State: the English Far North, 1296–1603" (2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cliohworld.net/onlread/4/05.pdf">online</a>.</li> <li>Green, Adrian Gareth, and Anthony James Pollard, eds. <i>Regional identities in north-east England, 1300–2000</i> (Boydell Press, 2007).</li> <li>Lancaster, Bill. "The North East, England's most distinctive region." in <i>An agenda for regional history</i> (2007): 27+.</li> <li>Lomas R. <i>North-east England in the Middle Ages</i> (Edinburgh, 1992).</li> <li>Namier, Lewis. "North-Eastern England in the Eighteenth Century." <i>History Today</i> (July 1953) 3#7 pp 484–489.</li> <li>Palliser, David Michael. <i>Medieval York: 600–1540</i> (Oxford University Press, 2014).</li> <li>Pollard, A. J. <i>North-eastern England During the Wars of Roses: Lay Society, War, and Politics, 1450–1500</i> (Oxford University Press, 1990).</li> <li>Tomaney, John. "In search of English regionalism: the case of the North East." <i>Scottish Affairs</i> 28.1 (1999): 62–82.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_East_England&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geography of the United Kingdom">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Administrative geography of the United Kingdom">Administrative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Counties of the United Kingdom">Counties of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Countries of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">Overseas territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">City status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of towns in the United Kingdom">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_that_have_gained_independence_from_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of countries that have gained independence from the United Kingdom">Former colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geography of the United Kingdom">Physical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_the_British_Isles" title="Terminology of the British Isles">terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Climate of the United Kingdom">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Climate change in the United Kingdom">change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastline_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Coastline of the United Kingdom">Coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Great_Britain" title="Geology of Great Britain">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_and_lochs_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of lakes and lochs of the United Kingdom">Lakes and lochs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles" title="Lists of mountains and hills in the British Isles">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of rivers of the United Kingdom">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of volcanoes in the United Kingdom">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_renewable_resources_produced_and_traded_by_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of renewable resources produced and traded by the United Kingdom">Resources</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Agriculture in the United Kingdom">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Energy in the United Kingdom">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiesel in the United Kingdom">biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_mining_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Coal mining in the United Kingdom">coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Geothermal power in the United Kingdom">geothermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fracturing_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic fracturing in the United Kingdom">hydraulic frac.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hydroelectricity in the United Kingdom">hydroelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom#Ocean_power" title="Renewable energy in the United Kingdom">marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea_oil" title="North Sea oil">North Sea oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Renewable energy in the United Kingdom">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Solar power in the United Kingdom">solar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wind power in the United Kingdom">wind</a></li></ul></li> <li>Fishing <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_England" title="Fishing industry in England">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Scotland" title="Fishing industry in Scotland">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Wales" title="Fishing industry in Wales">Welsh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting_and_shooting_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hunting and shooting in the United Kingdom">Hunting</a></li> <li>Materials <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Forestry in the United Kingdom">forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mining in the United Kingdom">mining</a></li></ul></li> <li>Wildlife <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Great_Britain" title="Fauna of Great Britain">fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Flora of Great Britain and Ireland">flora</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Politics of the United Kingdom">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Constitution of the United Kingdom">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Corruption in the United Kingdom">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devolution_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Devolution in the United Kingdom">Devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Elections in the United Kingdom">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UK_parliamentary_by-elections" title="UK parliamentary by-elections">By-elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Foreign relations of the United Kingdom">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Human rights in the United Kingdom">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United Kingdom">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciaries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Judiciaries of the United Kingdom">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Law of the United Kingdom">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Law enforcement in the United Kingdom">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Local government in the United Kingdom">Local government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">Monarchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" title="List of British monarchs">monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Republicanism in the United Kingdom">republicanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_nationality_law" title="British nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of political parties in the United Kingdom">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_leaders_of_British_political_parties" title="List of female leaders of British political parties">Female party leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_scandals_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of political scandals in the United Kingdom">Political scandals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Opposition_Shadow_Cabinet_(United_Kingdom)" title="Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet (United Kingdom)">Shadow Cabinet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cabinet of the United Kingdom">Cabinet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_governments" title="List of British governments">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Service_(United_Kingdom)" title="Civil Service (United Kingdom)">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_the_Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Departments of the Government of the United Kingdom">Departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunak_ministry" title="Sunak ministry">Ministers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_government_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of government ministers of the United Kingdom">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of prime ministers of the United Kingdom">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Naval_Service" title="His Majesty's Naval Service">His Majesty's Naval Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="United Kingdom and weapons of mass destruction">Weapons of mass destruction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economy of the United Kingdom">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of banks in the United Kingdom">Banks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_England" title="Bank of England">Bank of England</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budget_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Budget of the United Kingdom">Budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_geography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic geography of the United Kingdom">Economic geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreements_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Free trade agreements of the United Kingdom">Free trade agreements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Income in the United Kingdom">Income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Manufacturing in the United Kingdom">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">Pound sterling <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Science and technology in the United Kingdom">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stock_exchanges_in_the_United_Kingdom,_the_British_Crown_Dependencies_and_United_Kingdom_Overseas_Territories" title="List of stock exchanges in the United Kingdom, the British Crown Dependencies and United Kingdom Overseas Territories">Stock exchanges</a> (<a href="/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange" title="London Stock Exchange">London Exchange</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Taxation in the United Kingdom">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Telecommunications in the United Kingdom">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Tourism in the United Kingdom">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Transport in the United Kingdom">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_transport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Air transport in the United Kingdom">Air transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bus_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Bus transport">Bus transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Driving in the United Kingdom">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Roads in the United Kingdom">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Rail transport in the United Kingdom">Rail transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Society of the United Kingdom">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cannabis in the United Kingdom">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Crime in the United Kingdom">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Demographics of the United Kingdom">Demography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Drug policy of the United Kingdom">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Education in the United Kingdom">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_inequality_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Environmental inequality in the United Kingdom">Environmental inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Environmental issues in the United Kingdom">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Ethnic groups in the United Kingdom">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Health in the United Kingdom">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Homelessness in the United Kingdom">Homelessness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_England" title="Homelessness in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Scotland" title="Homelessness in Scotland">Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Housing in the United Kingdom">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Hunger in the United Kingdom">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_immigration_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="Modern immigration to the United Kingdom">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_innovations_and_discoveries" title="List of British innovations and discoveries">Innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Languages of the United Kingdom">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_regions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of British regions by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_health_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mental health in the United Kingdom">Mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Poverty in the United Kingdom">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prostitution in the United Kingdom">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Public holidays in the United Kingdom">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Racism in the United Kingdom">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_care_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Social care in the United Kingdom">Social care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Social class in the United Kingdom">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Suicide in the United Kingdom">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_basic_income_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Universal basic income in the United Kingdom">Universal basic income (UBI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Water supply and sanitation in the United Kingdom">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Waste in the United Kingdom">Waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Welfare state in the United Kingdom">Welfare state</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Culture of the United Kingdom">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Art of the United Kingdom">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_King" title="God Save the King">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cinema of the United Kingdom">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_cuisine" title="British cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wine_from_the_United_Kingdom" title="Wine from the United Kingdom">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_national_identity" title="British national identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_literature" title="British literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mass media in the United Kingdom">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Music of the United Kingdom">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Religion in the United Kingdom">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Sport in the United Kingdom">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_symbols_of_the_United_Kingdom,_the_Channel_Islands_and_the_Isle_of_Man" title="List of national symbols of the United Kingdom, the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Theatre of the United Kingdom">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_the_British" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereotypes of the British">Stereotypes of the British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the United Kingdom">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Countries of the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_England" title="History of England">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_society" title="English society">social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_English_history" title="Timeline of English history">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_England" title="Geography of England">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_England" title="Politics of England">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_England" title="Economy of England">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_England" title="Tourism in England">tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_England" title="Education in England">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_England" title="Healthcare in England">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_England" title="Homelessness in England">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_England" title="Culture of England">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_England" title="National symbols of England">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Ireland" title="History of Northern Ireland">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland#Geography_and_climate" title="Northern Ireland">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Politics of Northern Ireland">Politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Executive" title="Northern Ireland Executive">Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Minister_and_deputy_First_Minister_of_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="First Minister and deputy First Minister of Northern Ireland">First Minister and deputy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Law of Northern Ireland">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Economy of Northern Ireland">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Ireland" title="List of tourist attractions in Ireland">tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Education in Northern Ireland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_and_Social_Care_(Northern_Ireland)" title="Health and Social Care (Northern Ireland)">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Culture of Northern Ireland">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Religion in Northern Ireland">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland#Symbols" title="Northern Ireland">Symbols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scotland" title="History of Scotland">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Scottish_history" title="Timeline of Scottish history">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Scotland" title="Geography of Scotland">Geography</a></li> <li><a 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/25px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/38px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/50px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_England" title="Districts of England">Districts</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">North East England</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/County_Durham" title="County Durham">County Durham</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/County_Durham_(district)" title="County Durham (district)">County Durham</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Darlington" title="Borough of Darlington">Darlington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Hartlepool" title="Borough of Hartlepool">Hartlepool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Stockton-on-Tees" title="Borough of Stockton-on-Tees">Stockton-on-Tees</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:North_East_England_districts_2011_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/North_East_England_districts_2011_map.svg/100px-North_East_England_districts_2011_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/North_East_England_districts_2011_map.svg/150px-North_East_England_districts_2011_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/North_East_England_districts_2011_map.svg/200px-North_East_England_districts_2011_map.svg.png 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Tyneside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Tyneside" title="South Tyneside">South Tyneside</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/City_of_Sunderland" title="City of Sunderland">Sunderland</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Teesside" title="Teesside">Teesside</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Yorkshire" title="North Yorkshire">North Yorkshire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Middlesbrough" title="Borough of Middlesbrough">Middlesbrough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redcar_and_Cleveland" title="Redcar and Cleveland">Redcar and Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Stockton-on-Tees" title="Borough of Stockton-on-Tees">Stockton-on-Tees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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