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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Persecution and crackdown</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Persecution_and_crackdown-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Persecution and crackdown subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Persecution_and_crackdown-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Women_and_children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women_and_children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Women and children</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women_and_children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Humanitarian_Assistance_–_withheld_and_used_as_bait" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Humanitarian_Assistance_–_withheld_and_used_as_bait"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Humanitarian Assistance – withheld and used as bait</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Humanitarian_Assistance_–_withheld_and_used_as_bait-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evidence_concealed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evidence_concealed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Evidence concealed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evidence_concealed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Massacres_of_Hutu_of_all_nationalities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Massacres_of_Hutu_of_all_nationalities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Massacres of Hutu of all nationalities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Massacres_of_Hutu_of_all_nationalities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li 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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Unresolved legal classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unresolved_legal_classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_involvement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_involvement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>State involvement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_involvement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1996–1997 genocidal massacres</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size:125%;">Massacres of Hutus during the First Congo War</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Part of the <a href="/wiki/First_Congo_War" title="First Congo War">First Congo War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Mihanda_camp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Mihanda_camp.jpg/220px-Mihanda_camp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Mihanda_camp.jpg/330px-Mihanda_camp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Mihanda_camp.jpg/440px-Mihanda_camp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1307" data-file-height="975" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Aerial photograph of the Mihanda refugee camp</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location"><a href="/wiki/Kivu" title="Kivu">Kivu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zaire" title="Zaire">Zaire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">October 1996 to May 1997</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Target</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hutu" title="Hutu">Hutu</a> refugees and <a href="/wiki/Interhamwe" class="mw-redirect" title="Interhamwe">Interhamwe</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Attack type</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Genocidal_massacre" title="Genocidal massacre">Genocidal massacres</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deaths</th><td class="infobox-data">200,000–233,000<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Perpetrators</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alliance_des_Forces_D%C3%A9mocratiques_pour_la_Lib%C3%A9ration_du_Congo-Za%C3%AFre" class="mw-redirect" title="Alliance des Forces Démocratiques pour la Libération du Congo-Zaïre">Alliance des Forces Démocratiques pour la Libération du Congo-Zaïre</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Patriotic_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Rwandan Patriotic Army">Rwandan Patriotic Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Motive</th><td class="infobox-data">Anti-Hutu sentiment, revenge for the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/First_Congo_War" title="First Congo War">First Congo War</a>, Rwandan, Congolese, and Burundian <a href="/wiki/Hutu" title="Hutu">Hutu</a> men, women, and children in villages and refugee camps were hunted down and became victims of mass killings in eastern <a href="/wiki/Zaire" title="Zaire">Zaire</a> (now named the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massacres_of_Hutus_during_the_First_Congo_War&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/First_Congo_War" title="First Congo War">First Congo War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a></div> <p>In October 1996, during the <a href="/wiki/First_Congo_War" title="First Congo War">First Congo War</a>, troops of the Rwanda-backed <a href="/wiki/Alliance_des_Forces_D%C3%A9mocratiques_pour_la_Lib%C3%A9ration_du_Congo-Za%C3%AFre" class="mw-redirect" title="Alliance des Forces Démocratiques pour la Libération du Congo-Zaïre">Alliance des Forces Démocratiques pour la Libération du Congo-Zaïre</a> (AFDL) attacked refugee camps in Eastern DRC, home to 527,000 and 718,000 Hutu refugees in South-Kivu and North-Kivu respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOHCHR2010_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOHCHR2010-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elements of the AFDL and, more so, of the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Patriotic_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Rwandan Patriotic Army">Rwandan Patriotic Army</a> (RPA) systematically shelled numerous camps and committed massacres with light weapons. These early attacks cost the lives of 6,800–8,000 refugees and forced the repatriation of 500,000–700,000 refugees back to Rwanda.<sup id="cite_ref-ezemet_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ezemet-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As survivors fled westward of the DRC, the AFDL units hunted them down and attacked their makeshift camps, killing thousands more.<sup id="cite_ref-reyntjens2009_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reyntjens2009-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These attacks and killings continued to intensify as refugees moved westward as far as 1,800 km away. The report of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> Joint Commission reported 134 sites where such atrocities were committed. On 8 July 1997, the acting UN High Commissioner for Human Rights stated that "about 200,000 Hutu refugees could well have been massacred".<sup id="cite_ref-reyntjens2009_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reyntjens2009-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Persecution_and_crackdown">Persecution and crackdown</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massacres_of_Hutus_during_the_First_Congo_War&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Persecution and crackdown"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Roberto Garretón, UN Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Congo, "The tactic [consisted] of laying siege to camps before attacking them, [...] summoning the inhabitants of predominantly Hutu towns to meetings in schools or churches, so as to massacre them; issuing appeals over the official radio stations urging all those hiding in the forests to come out for medical care and food aid, so as to murder them; and hampering or opposing humanitarian operations in the camps".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarretón1997_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarretón1997-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ezemet_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ezemet-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9decins_Sans_Fronti%C3%A8res" title="Médecins Sans Frontières">Médecins Sans Frontières</a> reported several incidents in which killings were carried out almost exclusively with knives, machetes, hatchets or bayonets to avoid scaring off other refugees ahead on the road and to leave fewer traces of killing.<sup id="cite_ref-kabila_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kabila-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Women_and_children">Women and children</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massacres_of_Hutus_during_the_First_Congo_War&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Women and children"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Children alongside the adults were killed indiscriminately, sometimes in particularly cruel ways, with blows from hatchets or with their head smashed against a wall or tree trunk. Others were reported burned alive in their homes, along with their families.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOHCHR2010_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOHCHR2010-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights">Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights</a>'s <a href="/wiki/DRC_Mapping_Exercise_Report" title="DRC Mapping Exercise Report">DRC Mapping Exercise Report</a> listed incidents of women who were raped before being killed, e.g. in the course of the refugee massacres at Hombo in December 1996. Women were also tortured and subjected to mutilation, particularly sexual, during these massacres.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOHCHR2010_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOHCHR2010-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Humanitarian_Assistance_–_withheld_and_used_as_bait"><span id="Humanitarian_Assistance_.E2.80.93_withheld_and_used_as_bait"></span>Humanitarian Assistance – withheld and used as bait</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massacres_of_Hutus_during_the_First_Congo_War&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Humanitarian Assistance – withheld and used as bait"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On a number of occasions, attacking forces made it impossible to get humanitarian aid to starving, exhausted and sick refugees, either by blocking access to them or by relocating them out of the reach of assistance, thus depriving them of resources essential to their survival.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOHCHR2010_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOHCHR2010-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Humanitarian aid agencies have been used repeatedly by the military to either locate refugees or lure them out of the forest in order to eliminate them.<sup id="cite_ref-ai-alliances_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ai-alliances-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MSF-1997_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSF-1997-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"In the first three months of 1997, many refugees died of exhaustion and hunger during their journey between Kigulube and Shabunda. In danger of being killed at any moment, those in these groups, who were unfamiliar with their surroundings and undernourished, received no humanitarian aid. Having blocked aid agencies from operating outside a 30-kilometre radius of Bukavu, AFDL/APR officials established the condition that AFDL facilitators must accompany all their missions. According to several witnesses, these facilitators took advantage of their presence alongside the aid workers to supply AFDL/APR soldiers with information about the whereabouts and the movements of refugees. In this way, the soldiers were able to kill the refugees before they could be recovered and repatriated. During the same period, AFDL/APR soldiers officially barred Zairian civilians living in the region from giving assistance to refugees. Under this restriction, soldiers killed an unknown number of Zairians who had directly assisted refugees or collaborated with international NGOs and UN organisations to locate them and bring them assistance. The total number of refugees who died of hunger, exhaustion or disease in this part of South Kivu is impossible to establish but is probably in the region of several hundred, or even several thousand".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOHCHR201091–92_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOHCHR201091–92-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MSF-1997_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSF-1997-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evidence_concealed">Evidence concealed</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massacres_of_Hutus_during_the_First_Congo_War&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Evidence concealed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The massacre of refugees went on concomitantly with the clean-up of grave sites. According to UN investigations,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarretón1997_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarretón1997-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Human Rights Watch,<sup id="cite_ref-kabila_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kabila-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Médecins Sans Frontières,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the perpetrators of the massacre of refugees made concerted efforts to conceal the evidence by cleansing massacre sites, burning corpses and killing or intimidating witnesses. "Efforts in both of these areas-cleanups and intimidation intensified since April 1997, paralleling an increase in allegations of massacres and the arrival in the region on four occasions of United Nations investigative teams. Pressure from the international community on the Congolese government to cooperate with the U.N. missions may also have contributed to intensified cleanup and intimidation efforts by the ADFL and its allies".<sup id="cite_ref-kabila_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kabila-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Massacres_of_Hutu_of_all_nationalities">Massacres of Hutu of all nationalities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massacres_of_Hutus_during_the_First_Congo_War&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Massacres of Hutu of all nationalities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many Burundian Hutu refugees living in South Kivu shared the fate of their Rwandan and Congolese companions. Many were killed when their camps were attacked or while fleeing to the west with the Rwandans. Some drowned when they attempted to cross Lake Tanganyika in search of safety and others were massacred by the Burundian army when they were forcibly repatriated to Burundi, especially at Gatumba border post, but also elsewhere along the Ruzizi river, which they attempted to cross in order to reach the Burundian provinces of Bubanza and Cibitoke.<sup id="cite_ref-reyntjens2009_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reyntjens2009-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hutu of Congolese nationality were also selected and targeted. An example is of the 30 October 1996 killing of 350 Hutu Congolese by AFDL units with blows of hammers to the head in Rutshuru town centre, close to the ANP house. "In the days leading up to the massacres, the soldiers had appealed to civilians who had fled the village of Kiringa, one kilometre from Rutshuru, to return home to attend a large public meeting on 30 October. When they returned to the village, the inhabitants of Kiringa were led to Rutshuru town centre and shut away in the ANP house. In the afternoon, the soldiers began to compile a register and asked people of Nande ethnic origin to return home. They then separated the men and women on the grounds that the women had to go and prepare the meal. The women were taken to the Maison de la Poste, where they were executed. The men were bound and led in pairs to a sand quarry several dozen metres from the ANP house. All of them were then executed with blows of hammers".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOHCHR2010121–122_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOHCHR2010121–122-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Acts_committed_vis-à-vis_Article_2_of_Genocide_Convention"><span id="Acts_committed_vis-.C3.A0-vis_Article_2_of_Genocide_Convention"></span>Acts committed vis-à-vis Article 2 of Genocide Convention</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massacres_of_Hutus_during_the_First_Congo_War&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Acts committed vis-à-vis Article 2 of Genocide Convention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The apparent systematic and widespread attacks reveal a number of inculpatory elements that characterized them as <a href="/wiki/Crime_of_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Crime of genocide">crime of genocide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two separate reports by the United Nations, in 1997 and 1998, examined whether or not crimes of genocide had been committed against Hutu and other refugees in the DRC. In both cases, the reports concluded that there were elements that might indicate that genocide had been committed. </p><p>• "At the time of the incidents covered by this report, the Hutu population in Zaïre, including refugees from Rwanda and Burundi, constituted an ethnic group within the meaning of the <a href="/wiki/Genocide_Convention" title="Genocide Convention">Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide of 1948</a>" (OHCHR, 2010, p. 280). The scale of the crimes committed by the APR against hundreds of thousands of Hutu of all nationalities [Rwandan, Congolese & Burundian] including the Hutu established in the DRC decades confirm that it was all Hutu, as such, who were targeted".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOHCHR2010_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOHCHR2010-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>• The extensive use of edged weapons (primarily hammers) and the systematic nature of the massacres of survivors (children, women, the elderly and the sick, undernourished) after the camps had been taken indicate that the numerous deaths cannot be attributed to the hazards of war or to collateral damage. "The majority of the victims were children, women, elderly people and the sick, who were often undernourished and posed no threat to the attacking forces. Numerous serious attacks on the physical or mental integrity of members of the group were committed, with a very high number of Hutus shot, raped, burnt or beaten".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOHCHR201014_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOHCHR201014-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>• The attacks took place in each locality where Hutu refugees were detected by the APR on a very large area of the Congolese territory from East to West and the relentless pursuit of Hutu refugees lasted months. The humanitarian assistance intended for Hutu refugees was deliberately blocked by the Rwandan army, particularly in the Orientale province, thus depriving them of resources essential to their survival (OHCHR, 2010). The massacre of refugees in Congo was aimed at eliminating a large portion of the Hutu ethnic group and according to Article 2 of the 1948 Genocide Convention, and qualify as a crime of genocide. Such crimes call for a further investigation by a competent, independent and impartial body to bring to justice of those responsible for the violations committed.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unresolved_legal_classification">Unresolved legal classification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massacres_of_Hutus_during_the_First_Congo_War&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Unresolved legal classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/DRC_Mapping_Exercise_Report" title="DRC Mapping Exercise Report">DRC Mapping Exercise report</a> team noted that "The question of whether the numerous serious acts of violence committed against the Hutus (refugees and others) constitute crimes of genocide has attracted a significant degree of comment and to date remains unresolved. The report repeatedly stresses that this question can "only be decided by a court decision on the basis of evidence beyond all reasonable doubt. However, "the apparent systematic and widespread attacks described in this report reveal a number of inculpatory elements that, if proven before a competent court, could be characterised as crimes of genocide." Although in its Paragraph 518, it noted that "It seems possible to infer a specific intention on the part of certain AFDL/APR commanders to partially destroy the Hutus in the DRC, and therefore to commit a crime of genocide", the team went on to submit in Paragraph 522 of the report that, "it is important that a full judicial investigation take place, in order to shed light on the reported incidents" in 1996-97. "Only such an investigation and judicial determination would be in a position to resolve whether these incidents amount to the crime of genocide." Certain elements could cause a court to hesitate to decide on the existence of a genocidal plan, such as the fact that as of 15 November 1996, several tens of thousands of Rwandan Hutu refugees, many of whom had survived previous attacks, were repatriated to <a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a> with the help of the AFDL/APR authorities and that hundreds of thousands of Rwandan Hutu refugees were able to return to Rwanda with the consent of the Rwandan authorities prior to the start of the <a href="/wiki/First_Congo_War" title="First Congo War">first war</a>. Whilst, in general, the killings did not spare women and children, in some places, at the beginning of the first war, Hutu women and children were in fact separated from the men, and only the men were subsequently killed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_involvement">State involvement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massacres_of_Hutus_during_the_First_Congo_War&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: State involvement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In an interview with the <i>Washington Post</i> on 9 July 1997, Rwandan president <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kagame" title="Paul Kagame">Paul Kagame</a> (then Defence Minister) recognised that Rwandan troops had played a key role in creating AFDL and took part in its campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to President Paul Kagame, the campaign strategy comprised three elements: a) destroy the refugee camps; b) destroy <a href="/wiki/Ex-FAR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ex-FAR">ex-FAR</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interahamwe" title="Interahamwe">Interahamwe</a>, based in and around the camps; and c) overthrow the Mobutu regime.<sup id="cite_ref-kabila_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kabila-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following her research into complete history of the Rwandan genocide and the crimes of the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Patriotic_Front" title="Rwandan Patriotic Front">Rwandan Patriotic Front</a> (RPF), through interviews with RPF defectors, former soldiers and atrocity survivors, supported by documents leaked from a UN <a href="/wiki/ICTR" class="mw-redirect" title="ICTR">ICTR</a> court, <a href="/wiki/In_Praise_of_Blood" title="In Praise of Blood">Judi Rever</a>, a Canadian investigative journalist and author, alleged that Rwandan government is "ultimately responsible for the killing of an estimated 200,000 Rwandan Hutu and Congolese Hutu in Zaïre/DRC in 1996-97 and countless Hutus who returned to Rwanda from refugee camps between 1995 and 1998".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massacres_of_Hutus_during_the_First_Congo_War&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_genocide_studies" title="Outline of genocide studies">Outline of genocide studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="List of massacres in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">List of massacres in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massacres_of_Hutus_during_the_First_Congo_War&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free 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.id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLemarchand2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Lemarchand" title="René 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=DR+Congo+killings+%27may+be+genocide%27+-+UN+draft+report&rft.date=2010-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-11105289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Hutus+during+the+First+Congo+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOHCHR201014-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOHCHR201014_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOHCHR2010">OHCHR 2010</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmnesty_International1998" class="citation report cs1">Amnesty International (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr62/018/1998/en/">Democratic Republic of Congo: A year of dashed hopes</a> (Report). Amnesty International. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190413155735/https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr62/018/1998/en/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Democratic+Republic+of+Congo%3A+A+year+of+dashed+hopes&rft.pub=Amnesty+International&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Amnesty+International&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Fdocuments%2Fafr62%2F018%2F1998%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Hutus+during+the+First+Congo+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli-Dinar" class="citation web cs1">Ali-Dinar, Ali. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.africa.upenn.edu/Hornet/irin208.html">"Great Lakes: IRIN Update 208, 7/9/97"</a>. University of Pennsylvania - African Studies Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210919221044/https://www.africa.upenn.edu/Hornet/irin208.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Great+Lakes%3A+IRIN+Update+208%2C+7%2F9%2F97&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+-+African+Studies+Center&rft.aulast=Ali-Dinar&rft.aufirst=Ali&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.africa.upenn.edu%2FHornet%2Firin208.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Hutus+during+the+First+Congo+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRever" class="citation book cs1">Rever, Judi. <i><a href="/wiki/In_Praise_of_Blood" title="In Praise of Blood">In praise of blood : the crimes of the Rwandan Patriotic Front</a></i>. p. 13 March 2018. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-345-81209-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-345-81209-4"><bdi>978-0-345-81209-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+praise+of+blood+%3A+the+crimes+of+the+Rwandan+Patriotic+Front&rft.pages=13+March+2018&rft.isbn=978-0-345-81209-4&rft.aulast=Rever&rft.aufirst=Judi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Hutus+during+the+First+Congo+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massacres_of_Hutus_during_the_First_Congo_War&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarretón1997" class="citation report cs1">Garretón, Robert (1997). Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Zaïre, prepared by the Special Rapporteur in accordance with Commission resolution 1996/77 (Report). United Nations, Economic and Social Council (UNESC).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Report+on+the+Situation+of+Human+Rights+in+Za%C3%AFre%2C+prepared+by+the+Special+Rapporteur+in+accordance+with+Commission+resolution+1996%2F77&rft.pub=United+Nations%2C+Economic+and+Social+Council+%28UNESC%29&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Garret%C3%B3n&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Hutus+during+the+First+Congo+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOHCHR2010" class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/CD/DRC_MAPPING_REPORT_FINAL_EN.pdf">Report of the Mapping Exercise Documenting the Most Serious Violations of Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law Committed Within the Territory of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Between March 1993 and June 2003</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights" title="Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights">Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights</a>. 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190326155159/https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/CD/DRC_MAPPING_REPORT_FINAL_EN.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 26 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Mapping+Exercise+Documenting+the+Most+Serious+Violations+of+Human+Rights+and+International+Humanitarian+Law+Committed+Within+the+Territory+of+the+Democratic+Republic+of+the+Congo+Between+March+1993+and+June+2003&rft.pub=Office+of+the+United+Nations+High+Commissioner+for+Human+Rights&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2FDocuments%2FCountries%2FCD%2FDRC_MAPPING_REPORT_FINAL_EN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Hutus+during+the+First+Congo+War" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massacres_of_Hutus_during_the_First_Congo_War&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_genocide_studies" title="Bibliography of genocide studies">Bibliography of genocide studies</a></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFilip_Reyntjens_and_René_Lemarchand2011" class="citation book cs1">Filip Reyntjens and René Lemarchand (2011). "Mass Murder in Eastern Congo, 1996–1997". <i>Forgotten Genocides: Oblivion, Denial, and Memory</i>. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 20–36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2263-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2263-0"><bdi>978-0-8122-2263-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt3fhnm9.5">j.ctt3fhnm9.5</a>.</cite><span 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relations</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda"><img alt="Rwanda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Rwanda.svg/45px-Flag_of_Rwanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lusaka_Ceasefire_Agreement" title="Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement">Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pretoria_Accord" title="Pretoria Accord">Pretoria Accord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_City_Agreement" title="Sun City Agreement">Sun City Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Market_for_Eastern_and_Southern_Africa" title="Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa">COMESA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agreement_on_the_Conservation_of_Gorillas_and_Their_Habitats" title="Agreement on the Conservation of Gorillas and Their Habitats">Gorilla Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">East African Community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Community_of_the_Great_Lakes_Countries" title="Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries">Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Military relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="East African campaign (World War I)">East African campaign (World War I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simba_rebellion" title="Simba rebellion">Simba rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Civil_War" title="Rwandan Civil War">Rwandan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Congo_War" title="First Congo War">First Congo War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AFDL" title="AFDL">AFDL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemera_massacre" title="Lemera massacre">Lemera massacre</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Massacres of Hutus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongo_conflict" title="Dongo conflict">Dongo conflict</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Kivu_conflict" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kivu_conflict" title="Kivu conflict">Kivu conflict</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Makobola_massacre" title="Makobola massacre">Makobola massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Nord-Kivu_campaign" title="2008 Nord-Kivu campaign">2008 Nord-Kivu campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Eastern_Congo_offensive" title="2009 Eastern Congo offensive">2009 Eastern Congo offensive</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="March_23Movement" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/March_23_Movement" title="March 23 Movement">March 23<br />Movement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M23_rebellion" title="M23 rebellion">M23 rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M23_offensive_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="M23 offensive (2022–present)">M23 offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kishishe_massacre" title="Kishishe massacre">Kishishe massacre</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Congolese%E2%80%93Rwandan_border_clash" title="2012 Congolese–Rwandan border clash">2012 Congolese–Rwandan border clash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93Rwanda_tensions_(2022%E2%80%93present)" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda tensions (2022–present)">Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda tensions (2022–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93Rwanda_border" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda border">Border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banyamulenge" title="Banyamulenge">Banyamulenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bwito_Chiefdom" title="Bwito Chiefdom">Bwito Chiefdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaziba_Chiefdom" title="Kaziba Chiefdom">Kaziba Chiefdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngweshe_Chiefdom" title="Ngweshe Chiefdom">Ngweshe Chiefdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_colonial_empire" title="Belgian colonial empire">Belgian colonial empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kivu_frontier_incident" title="Kivu frontier incident">Kivu frontier incident</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Mining industry of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Mining industry of the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercenaries_and_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Mercenaries and the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Mercenaries and the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Revolution" title="Rwandan Revolution">Rwandan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katanga_insurgency" title="Katanga insurgency">Katanga insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanyarwanda_War" title="Kanyarwanda War">Kanyarwanda War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_refugee_crisis" title="Great Lakes refugee crisis">Great Lakes refugee crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Forces_for_the_Liberation_of_Rwanda" title="Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda">FDLR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rally_for_Congolese_Democracy" title="Rally for Congolese Democracy">RCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MONUSCO" title="MONUSCO">MONUSCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court_investigation_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="International Criminal Court investigation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">International Criminal Court investigation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Mutarule_attack" title="2014 Mutarule attack">2014 Mutarule attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipupu_massacre" title="Kipupu massacre">Kipupu massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93Rwanda_relations" title="Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda relations">Category</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rwandan_genocide" style="width:auto;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rwandan_genocide_footer" title="Template:Rwandan genocide footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rwandan_genocide_footer" title="Template talk:Rwandan genocide footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rwandan_genocide_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rwandan genocide footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rwandan_genocide" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rwanda" title="History of Rwanda">History of Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Hutu,_Tutsi_and_Twa" title="Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa">Origins of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rwanda" title="Kingdom of Rwanda">Kingdom of Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_colonial_empire" title="Belgian colonial empire">Belgian colonial empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Revolution" title="Rwandan Revolution">Rwandan Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Power" title="Hutu Power">Hutu Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Civil_War" title="Rwandan Civil War">Rwandan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arusha_Accords_(Rwanda)" title="Arusha Accords (Rwanda)">Arusha Accords</a></li> <li><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Juv%C3%A9nal_Habyarimana_and_Cyprien_Ntaryamira" title="Assassination of Juvénal Habyarimana and Cyprien Ntaryamira">Assassination of Juvénal Habyarimana and Cyprien Ntaryamira</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Initial_events_of_the_Rwandan_genocide" title="Initial events of the Rwandan genocide">Initial events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Rwandan_genocide" title="Timeline of the Rwandan genocide">Chronology</a></li> <li>Massacres <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gikondo_massacre" title="Gikondo massacre">Gikondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musha_Church_massacre" title="Musha Church massacre">Musha Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyarubuye_massacre" title="Nyarubuye massacre">Nyarubuye</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Rwandan_genocide" title="Rape during the Rwandan genocide">Rape</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perpetrators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_indicted_in_the_International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda" title="List of people indicted in the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda">People indicted</a> by the <a href="/wiki/ICTR" class="mw-redirect" title="ICTR">ICTR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocidaires" class="mw-redirect" title="Genocidaires">Genocidaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akazu" title="Akazu">Akazu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impuzamugambi" title="Impuzamugambi">Impuzamugambi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interahamwe" title="Interahamwe">Interahamwe</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kangura" title="Kangura">Kangura</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_Libre_des_Mille_Collines" title="Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines">Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Response</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Patriotic_Front" title="Rwandan Patriotic Front">Rwandan Patriotic Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Rwandan_genocide" title="International response to the Rwandan genocide">International response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_and_the_Rwandan_genocide" title="France and the Rwandan genocide">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Op%C3%A9ration_Turquoise" title="Opération Turquoise">Opération Turquoise</a></li></ul></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Support_Hope" title="Operation Support Hope">Operation Support Hope</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Assistance_Mission_for_Rwanda" title="United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda">UNAMIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_935" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 935">UNSC Resolution 935</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_refugee_crisis" title="Great Lakes refugee crisis">Great Lakes refugee crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kibeho_massacre" title="Kibeho massacre">Kibeho massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Congo_War" title="First Congo War">First Congo War</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Massacres of Hutus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide_denial" title="Rwandan genocide denial">Rwandan genocide denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gacaca_court" title="Gacaca court">Gacaca court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda" title="International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda">International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Unity_and_Reconciliation_Commission_(Rwanda)" title="National Unity and Reconciliation Commission (Rwanda)">National Unity and Reconciliation Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commemoration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Genocide memorials <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bisesero_Genocide_Memorial_Centre" title="Bisesero Genocide Memorial Centre">Bisesero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kigali_Genocide_Memorial" title="Kigali Genocide Memorial">Kigali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murambi_Genocide_Memorial_Centre" title="Murambi Genocide Memorial Centre">Murambi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ntarama_Genocide_Memorial_Centre" title="Ntarama Genocide Memorial Centre">Ntarama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyamata_Genocide_Memorial_Centre" title="Nyamata Genocide Memorial Centre">Nyamata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwibuka_T20_Tournament" title="Kwibuka T20 Tournament">Kwibuka T20 Tournament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survivors_Fund" title="Survivors Fund">Survivors Fund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historigraphy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_genocide_theory_(Rwanda)" title="Double genocide theory (Rwanda)">Double genocide theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Rwandan_genocide" title="Bibliography of the Rwandan genocide">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_the_Rwandan_Genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="List of films about the Rwandan Genocide">Filmography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massacres_of_Hutus_during_the_First_Congo_War&oldid=1251018596">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massacres_of_Hutus_during_the_First_Congo_War&oldid=1251018596</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:First_Congo_War" title="Category:First Congo War">First Congo War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hutu" title="Category:Hutu">Hutu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Massacres_of_ethnic_groups" title="Category:Massacres of ethnic groups">Massacres of ethnic groups</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aftermath_of_the_Rwandan_genocide" title="Category:Aftermath of the Rwandan genocide">Aftermath of the Rwandan genocide</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1990s_massacres_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Category:1990s massacres in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">1990s massacres in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93Rwanda_military_relations" title="Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda military relations">Democratic Republic of the Congo–Rwanda military relations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Discrimination_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Category:Discrimination in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Discrimination in the Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1996_murders_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" 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