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id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sufi_orders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sufi_orders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Sufi orders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sufi_orders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sufism_as_an_Islamic_discipline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sufism_as_an_Islamic_discipline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Sufism as an Islamic discipline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sufism_as_an_Islamic_discipline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formalization_of_doctrine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formalization_of_doctrine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Formalization of doctrine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formalization_of_doctrine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Growth_of_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growth_of_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Growth of influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growth_of_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Modern era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aims_and_objectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aims_and_objectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aims and objectives</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aims_and_objectives-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aims and objectives subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aims_and_objectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Teachings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teachings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Teachings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teachings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muhammad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muhammad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Muhammad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muhammad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sufi_beliefs_about_Muhammad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sufi_beliefs_about_Muhammad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Sufi beliefs about Muhammad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sufi_beliefs_about_Muhammad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sufism_and_Islamic_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sufism_and_Islamic_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Sufism and Islamic law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sufism_and_Islamic_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_Islamic_thought_and_Sufism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_Islamic_thought_and_Sufism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Traditional Islamic thought and Sufism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_Islamic_thought_and_Sufism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persian_influence_on_Sufism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persian_influence_on_Sufism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Persian influence on Sufism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persian_influence_on_Sufism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neo-Sufism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neo-Sufism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Neo-Sufism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neo-Sufism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Devotional_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Devotional_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Devotional practices</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Devotional_practices-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Devotional practices subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Devotional_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dhikr" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dhikr"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Dhikr</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dhikr-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muraqaba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muraqaba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Muraqaba</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muraqaba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sufi_whirling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sufi_whirling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Sufi whirling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sufi_whirling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Singing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Singing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Saints</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Saints-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Saints subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Saints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Visitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Visitation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miracles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miracles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Miracles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miracles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shrines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shrines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Shrines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shrines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theoretical_perspectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theoretical_perspectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Theoretical perspectives</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Theoretical_perspectives-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Theoretical perspectives subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Theoretical_perspectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Contributions_to_other_domains_of_scholarship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contributions_to_other_domains_of_scholarship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Contributions to other domains of scholarship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contributions_to_other_domains_of_scholarship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prominent_Sufis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prominent_Sufis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Prominent Sufis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prominent_Sufis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prominent Sufis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prominent_Sufis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rabi'a_Al-'Adawiyya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rabi'a_Al-'Adawiyya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Rabi'a Al-'Adawiyya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rabi'a_Al-'Adawiyya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Junayd_of_Baghdad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Junayd_of_Baghdad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Junayd of Baghdad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Junayd_of_Baghdad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bayazid_Bastami" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bayazid_Bastami"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Bayazid Bastami</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bayazid_Bastami-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shaykh_Abdul_Qadir_Gilani" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shaykh_Abdul_Qadir_Gilani"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Shaykh Abdul Qadir Gilani</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shaykh_Abdul_Qadir_Gilani-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abul_Hasan_ash-Shadhili" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abul_Hasan_ash-Shadhili"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Abul Hasan ash-Shadhili</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abul_Hasan_ash-Shadhili-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moinuddin_Chishti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moinuddin_Chishti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>Moinuddin Chishti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moinuddin_Chishti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bahauddin_Naqshband" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bahauddin_Naqshband"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.7</span> <span>Bahauddin Naqshband</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bahauddin_Naqshband-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ahmad_Al-Tijani" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ahmad_Al-Tijani"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.8</span> <span>Ahmad Al-Tijani</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ahmad_Al-Tijani-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Al-Ghazālī" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Al-Ghazālī"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.9</span> <span>Al-Ghazālī</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Al-Ghazālī-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sayyed_Badiuddin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sayyed_Badiuddin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.10</span> <span>Sayyed Badiuddin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sayyed_Badiuddin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ibn_Arabi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ibn_Arabi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.11</span> <span>Ibn Arabi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ibn_Arabi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mansur_Al-Hallaj" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mansur_Al-Hallaj"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.12</span> <span>Mansur Al-Hallaj</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mansur_Al-Hallaj-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yusuf_Abu_al-Haggag" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yusuf_Abu_al-Haggag"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.13</span> <span>Yusuf Abu al-Haggag</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yusuf_Abu_al-Haggag-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Sufi_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Sufi_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notable Sufi works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_Sufi_works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable Sufi works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_Sufi_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sufi_commentaries_on_the_Qur'an" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sufi_commentaries_on_the_Qur'an"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Sufi commentaries on the Qur'an</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sufi_commentaries_on_the_Qur'an-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Reception</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reception-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reception subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Persecution_of_Sufi_Muslims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persecution_of_Sufi_Muslims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Persecution of Sufi Muslims</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persecution_of_Sufi_Muslims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perception_outside_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perception_outside_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Perception outside Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perception_outside_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Similarities_with_Eastern_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Similarities_with_Eastern_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Similarities with Eastern religions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Similarities_with_Eastern_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_on_Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Influence on Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sama" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sama"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Sama</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sama-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visual_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Visual art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sufism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 120 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-120" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">120 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasaw%C3%B4h" title="Tasawôh – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Tasawôh" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%8A%D1%8D" title="Суфиигъэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Суфиигъэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soefisme" title="Soefisme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Soefisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufismus" title="Sufismus – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Sufismus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B1%E1%8D%8A%E1%8B%9D%E1%88%9D" title="ሱፊዝም – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሱፊዝም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="صوفية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صوفية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufismo" title="Sufismo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sufismo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufismu" title="Sufismu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sufismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufizm" title="Sufizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sufizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="صوفی‌لیک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="صوفی‌لیک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="সুফিবাদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সুফিবাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufi-ph%C3%A0i" title="Sufi-phài – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sufi-phài" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%84%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%A1" title="Суфыйлыҡ – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Суфыйлыҡ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Суфізм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Суфізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Суфізм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Суфізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Суфизъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Суфизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesavuf" title="Tesavuf – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Tesavuf" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soufiegezh" title="Soufiegezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Soufiegezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufisme" title="Sufisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sufisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAfismus" title="Súfismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Súfismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swff%C3%AFaeth" title="Swffïaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Swffïaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufisme" title="Sufisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sufisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufismus" title="Sufismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sufismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%9E%DE%AB%DE%8A%DE%A9%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ޞޫފީން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޞޫފީން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sufism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%86%CE%B9" title="Σούφι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σούφι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufismo" title="Sufismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sufismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufiismo" title="Sufiismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sufiismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufismo" title="Sufismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sufismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81" title="تصوف – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تصوف" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufisma" title="Sufisma – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Sufisma" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soufisme" title="Soufisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Soufisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soefisme" title="Soefisme – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Soefisme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAfa%C3%ADochas" title="Súfaíochas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Súfaíochas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufismo" title="Sufismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sufismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%ED%94%BC%ED%8C%8C" title="수피파 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수피파" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufiyya" title="Sufiyya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Sufiyya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%86%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Սուֆիզմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սուֆիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="सूफ़ीवाद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सूफ़ीवाद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufizam" title="Sufizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sufizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufiismo" title="Sufiismo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sufiismo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supismo" title="Supismo – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Supismo" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufisme" title="Sufisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sufisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAfismi" title="Súfismi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Súfismi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufismo" title="Sufismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sufismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="סופיות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סופיות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufisme" title="Sufisme – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sufisme" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%AB%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A5" title="ಸೂಫಿಪಂಥ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸೂಫಿಪಂಥ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="სუფიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სუფიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%97%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%87" title="صوٗفیه – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="صوٗفیه" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Сопылық – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сопылық" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usufii" title="Usufii – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Usufii" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sof%C3%AEt%C3%AE" title="Sofîtî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Sofîtî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Суфизм – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Суфизм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufismus" title="Sufismus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sufismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%ABfisms" title="Sūfisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sūfisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufizmas" title="Sufizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sufizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Sufism" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%BAfizmus" title="Szúfizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szúfizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Суфизам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Суфизам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofisma_(silamo)" title="Sofisma (silamo) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Sofisma (silamo)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82" title="സൂഫിസം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സൂഫിസം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A5" title="सूफी पंथ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सूफी पंथ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="სუფიზმი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სუფიზმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%87" title="صوفيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="صوفيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesufian" title="Kesufian – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kesufian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufisme" title="Sufisme – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Sufisme" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soefisme" title="Soefisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Soefisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0" title="スーフィズム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スーフィズム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%8C%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Суьпалла – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Суьпалла" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufisme" title="Sufisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sufisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufisme" title="Sufisme – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sufisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofisme_(islam)" title="Sofisme (islam) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sofisme (islam)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasavvuf" title="Tasavvuf – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tasavvuf" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6" title="ਸੂਫ਼ੀਵਾਦ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੂਫ਼ੀਵਾਦ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81" title="تصوف – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تصوف" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81" title="تصوف – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تصوف" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Sufism" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufizm" title="Sufizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sufizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufismo" title="Sufismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sufismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sufism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Суфізм – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Суфізм" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Суфизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Суфизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Суфизм – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Суфизм" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="सूफीमतम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="सूफीमतम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81" title="تصوف – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="تصوف" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufizmi" title="Sufizmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sufizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufismu" title="Sufismu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Sufismu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sufism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81" title="تصوف – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="تصوف" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufizmus" title="Sufizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sufizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufizem" title="Sufizem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sufizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suufi" title="Suufi – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Suufi" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%86%D9%81%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="سۆفییایەتی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سۆفییایەتی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Суфизам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Суфизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufizam" title="Sufizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sufizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasawuf" title="Tasawuf – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Tasawuf" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suufilaisuus" title="Suufilaisuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Suufilaisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sufism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="சூபித்துவம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சூபித்துவம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Суфичылык – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Суфичылык" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%80_%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="సూఫీ తత్వము – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సూఫీ తత్వము" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B5" title="ลัทธิศูฟี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ลัทธิศูฟี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%84" title="Тасаввуф – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Тасаввуф" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasavvuf" title="Tasavvuf – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tasavvuf" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%84%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Суфізм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Суфізм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81" title="تصوف – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تصوف" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%89%D8%B2%D9%85_(%D8%AA%DB%95%D8%B3%DB%95%DB%8B%DB%8B%DB%87%D9%BE)" title="سوپىزم (تەسەۋۋۇپ) – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="سوپىزم (تەسەۋۋۇپ)" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suhfeicujyi" title="Suhfeicujyi – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Suhfeicujyi" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufi_gi%C3%A1o" title="Sufi giáo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sufi giáo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Sufism" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soufisse" title="Soufisse – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Soufisse" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufismo" title="Sufismo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sufismo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%8F%B2%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="苏菲主义 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="苏菲主义" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sufi&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufi</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Body of mystical practice within Islam</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the body of mystical practice. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sufism_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sufism (disambiguation)">Sufism (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Sufi" redirects here. For sanctification in Islam, see <a href="/wiki/Tazkiyah" title="Tazkiyah">Tazkiyah</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks collapsible"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:88%; line-height:200%;"><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="nobold">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">a series</a> on <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></span></span><br /><span style="font-size:200%;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sufism</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Abdul_Qadir_Jilani,_Baghdad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Tomb_of_Abdul_Qadir_Jilani%2C_Baghdad.jpg/200px-Tomb_of_Abdul_Qadir_Jilani%2C_Baghdad.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Tomb_of_Abdul_Qadir_Jilani%2C_Baghdad.jpg/300px-Tomb_of_Abdul_Qadir_Jilani%2C_Baghdad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Tomb_of_Abdul_Qadir_Jilani%2C_Baghdad.jpg/400px-Tomb_of_Abdul_Qadir_Jilani%2C_Baghdad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div class="sidebar-caption">Tomb of <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qadir_Gilani" title="Abdul Qadir Gilani">Abdul Qadir Gilani</a>, Baghdad, Iraq</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Ideas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdal" title="Abdal">Abdal</a></li> <li><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar-Latn" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Al-Ins%C4%81n_al-K%C4%81mil" title="Al-Insān al-Kāmil">Al-Insān al-Kāmil</a></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baqaa" title="Baqaa">Baqaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dervish" title="Dervish">Dervish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhawq" title="Dhawq">Dhawq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakir" title="Fakir">Fakir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fana_(Sufism)" title="Fana (Sufism)">Fana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hal_(Sufism)" title="Hal (Sufism)">Hal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haqiqa" title="Haqiqa">Haqiqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ihsan" title="Ihsan">Ihsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irfan" title="Irfan">Irfan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishq" title="Ishq">Ishq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karamat" title="Karamat">Karamat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashf" title="Kashf">Kashf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lataif-e-Sitta" title="Lataif-e-Sitta">Lataif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manzil" title="Manzil">Manzil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27rifa" title="Ma'rifa">Ma'rifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqam_(Sufism)" title="Maqam (Sufism)">Maqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murid" title="Murid">Murid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murshid" title="Murshid">Murshid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafs" title="Nafs">Nafs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C5%ABr_(Islam)" title="Nūr (Islam)">Nūr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalandar_(title)" title="Qalandar (title)">Qalandar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qayyum_(Sufism)" title="Qayyum (Sufism)">Qayyum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutb" title="Qutb">Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silsila" title="Silsila">Silsila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_cosmology" title="Sufi cosmology">Sufi cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_metaphysics" title="Sufi metaphysics">Sufi metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_philosophy" title="Sufi philosophy">Sufi philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi poetry">Sufi poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_psychology" title="Sufi psychology">Sufi psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salik" title="Salik">Salik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tazkiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Tazkiah">Tazkiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wali" title="Wali">Wali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqeen" title="Yaqeen">Yaqeen</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasheed" title="Nasheed">Anasheed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhikr" title="Dhikr">Dhikr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ha%E1%B8%8Dra" title="Haḍra">Haḍra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muraqabah" title="Muraqabah">Muraqabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qawwali" title="Qawwali">Qawwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama_(Sufism)" title="Sama (Sufism)">Sama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_whirling" title="Sufi whirling">Whirling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyarat" title="Ziyarat">Ziyarat</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tariqa" title="Tariqa">Sufi orders</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alians" title="Alians">Alians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba_%27Alawiyya" title="Ba 'Alawiyya">Ba 'Alawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bektashi_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadiriyya" title="Qadiriyya">Qadiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chishti_Order" title="Chishti Order">Chishti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naqshbandi" title="Naqshbandi">Naqshbandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadhili" title="Shadhili">Shadhili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suhrawardiyya" title="Suhrawardiyya">Suhrawardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifa%60i" class="mw-redirect" title="Rifa`i">Rifa`i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalwati_order" title="Khalwati order">Khalwati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahmaniyya" title="Rahmaniyya">Rahmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badawiyya" title="Badawiyya">Badawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desuqiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Desuqiyya">Desuqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tijaniyyah" title="Tijaniyyah">Tijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darqawiyya" title="Darqawiyya">Darqawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idrisiyya" title="Idrisiyya">Idrisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senusiyya" title="Senusiyya">Senusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayramiye" title="Bayramiye">Bayrami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jelveti" title="Jelveti">Jelveti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maizbhandari" title="Maizbhandari">Maizbhandari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malamatiyya" title="Malamatiyya">Malamati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouride" title="Mouride">Mouridi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleymanc%C4%B1lar" title="Süleymancılar">Sülaymaniyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salihiyya" title="Salihiyya">Salihiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azeemiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeemiyya">Azeemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubrawiya" title="Kubrawiya">Kubrawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mevlevi_Order" title="Mevlevi Order">Mevlevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shattari" class="mw-redirect" title="Shattari">Shattari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uwaisi" title="Uwaisi">Uwaisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurufism" title="Hurufism">Hurufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%27matull%C4%81h%C4%AB" title="Ni'matullāhī">Ni'matullāhī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuqtavi" title="Nuqtavi">Nuqtavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalandariyya" title="Qalandariyya">Qalandari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_order" title="Safavid order">Safavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahabiya" title="Zahabiya">Zahabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akbariyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbariyya">Akbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galibi_Order" title="Galibi Order">Galibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haqqani_Anjuman" title="Haqqani Anjuman">Haqqani Anjuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inayati_Order" title="Inayati Order">Inayati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aissawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Aissawa">Issawiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerrahi" title="Jerrahi">Jerrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madariyya" title="Madariyya">Madari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdavia">Mahdavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noorbakshia_Islam" title="Noorbakshia Islam">Noorbakshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahediyeh" title="Zahediyeh">Zahedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zikri" class="mw-redirect" title="Zikri">Zikri</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">List of sufis</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sufi_saints" title="List of Sufi saints">Notable early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sufis" title="List of Sufis">Notable modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sufi_singers" title="List of Sufi singers">Singers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Topics in Sufism</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariqa" title="Tariqa">Tariqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haqiqa" title="Haqiqa">Haqiqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27rifa" title="Ma'rifa">Ma'rifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sufi_art" title="Category:Sufi art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sufism" title="History of Sufism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_music" title="Sufi music">Sufi music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyarat" title="Ziyarat">Ziyarat</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/110px-Allah3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/165px-Allah3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/220px-Allah3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="294" data-file-height="313" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Iman_(Islam)" title="Iman (Islam)">Beliefs</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Oneness</a> of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy books</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgement_Day_in_Islam" title="Judgement Day in Islam">Judgement Day</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Predestination</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Practices</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Profession of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Prayer</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Almsgiving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_Islam" title="Fasting in Islam">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Pilgrimage</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_texts" title="List of Islamic texts">Texts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Foundations</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">Sirah</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Tafsir</a></i> (exegesis)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">Ijtihad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">Aqidah</a> </i>(creed)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qisas_al-Anbiya" title="Qisas al-Anbiya">Qisas al-Anbiya</a></i> (<i>Stories of the Prophets</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mathnawi" title="Mathnawi">Mathnawi</a></i> (poems)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh"><i>Fiqh</i></a> (jurisprudence)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia"><i>Sharia</i></a> (law)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Islamic_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Islamic history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahiliyyah" title="Jahiliyyah">Jahiliyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Sahabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">Rashidun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Imamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam" title="Spread of Islam">Spread of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">society</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Academics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Islam" title="Animals in Islam">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_association_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in association football">Association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_children" title="Islam and children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_(circumcision)" title="Khitan (circumcision)">Circumcision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_diaspora" title="Muslim diaspora">Diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Denominations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Islam" title="Education in Islam">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_possession_and_exorcism_in_Islam" title="Spirit possession and exorcism in Islam">Exorcism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holidays" title="Islamic holidays">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality_in_Islam" title="Morality in Islam">Moral teachings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_poetry" title="Islamic poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawah" title="Dawah">Proselytizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_attitudes_towards_science" title="Islamic attitudes towards science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Islam" title="Sexuality in Islam">Sexuality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_people_and_Islam" title="LGBTQ people and Islam">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concubinage_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Concubinage in Islam">Concubinage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_humanity" title="Islam and humanity">Social welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Islam" title="Women in Islam">Women</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">Related topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islam" title="Criticism of Islam">Criticism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Muhammad" title="Criticism of Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_hadith" title="Criticism of hadith">Hadith</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_other_religions" title="Islam and other religions">Other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_violence" title="Islam and violence">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_war" title="Islam and war">war</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi_jihadism" title="Deobandi jihadism">Deobandi jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Military laws</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Islam" title="Glossary of Islam">Glossary</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-top:0.1em;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.5em;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-right:0.2em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam" title="Template:Islam"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islam" title="Template talk:Islam"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islam" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islam"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sufism</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الصوفية‎</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Ṣūfiyya</i></span> or Arabic: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">التصوف‎</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-Taṣawwuf</i></span>) is a <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mystic</a> body of religious practice found within <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> which is characterized by a focus on Islamic <a href="/wiki/Tazkiyah" title="Tazkiyah">purification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spirituality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">ritualism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Asceticism#Islam" title="Asceticism">asceticism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Six_Sufi_masters.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Six_Sufi_masters.jpg/220px-Six_Sufi_masters.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Six_Sufi_masters.jpg/330px-Six_Sufi_masters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Six_Sufi_masters.jpg/440px-Six_Sufi_masters.jpg 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="688" /></a><figcaption>Six Sufi masters, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1760</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Practitioners of Sufism are referred to as "Sufis" (from <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">صُوفِيّ</span></span>, <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ṣūfīy</i></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-EI2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and historically typically belonged to "orders" known as <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tariqa" title="Tariqa">tariqa</a></i></span> (pl. <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tariqa" title="Tariqa">ṭuruq</a></i></span>) — congregations formed around a grand <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Wali" title="Wali">wali</a></i></span> (saint) who would be the last in a <a href="/wiki/Silsilah" class="mw-redirect" title="Silsilah">chain of successive teachers</a> linking back to <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, with the goal of undergoing <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tazkiyah" title="Tazkiyah">tazkiya</a></i></span> (self purification) and the hope of reaching the <a href="/wiki/Maqam_(Sufism)" title="Maqam (Sufism)">spiritual station</a> of <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ihsan" title="Ihsan">ihsan</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tariqa_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tariqa-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ultimate aim of Sufis is to seek the pleasure of God by endeavoring to return to their original state of purity and natural disposition, known as <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Fitra" title="Fitra">fitra</a></i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-AH_Shadhili_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AH_Shadhili-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sufism emerged early on in <a href="/wiki/Islamic_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic history">Islamic history</a>, partly as a reaction against the expansion of the early <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a> (661–750) and mainly under the tutelage of <a href="/wiki/Hasan_al-Basri" title="Hasan al-Basri">Hasan al-Basri</a>. Although Sufis were opposed to dry legalism, they strictly observed <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic law</a> and belonged to various schools of <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Islamic jurisprudence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">theology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the overwhelming majority of Sufis, both pre-modern and modern, remain adherents of <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>, certain strands of Sufi thought transferred over to the ambits of <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a> during the late medieval period.<sup id="cite_ref-Bos-2002_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bos-2002-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This particularly happened after the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_conversion_of_Iran_to_Shia_Islam" title="Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam">Safavid conversion of Iran</a> under the concept of <i><a href="/wiki/Irfan" title="Irfan">irfan</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bos-2002_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bos-2002-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Important focuses of Sufi worship include <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Dhikr" title="Dhikr">dhikr</a></i></span>, the practice of remembrance of God. Sufis also played an important role in spreading Islam through their missionary and educational activities.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rabia_Sufi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Rabia_Sufi.jpg/220px-Rabia_Sufi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Rabia_Sufi.jpg/330px-Rabia_Sufi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Rabia_Sufi.jpg/440px-Rabia_Sufi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="877" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rabia_Basri" title="Rabia Basri">Rabia Basri</a>, one of the earliest sufi mystics</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite a relative decline of Sufi orders in the modern era and attacks from <a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">fundamentalist</a> Islamic movements (such as <a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a>), Sufism has continued to play an important role in the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic world">Islamic world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also influenced various forms of spirituality in the West and generated significant academic interest.<sup id="cite_ref-howell_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-howell-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sedgwick2012_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sedgwick2012-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-voll-OEIW_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-voll-OEIW-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2></div> <p>The Arabic word <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">tasawwuf</i></span> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">'Sufism'</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), generally translated as Sufism, is commonly defined by Western authors as Islamic mysticism.<sup id="cite_ref-chittick-OEIW_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chittick-OEIW-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ernst-2004_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ernst-2004-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Arabic term <i>Sufi</i> has been used in Islamic literature with a wide range of meanings, by both proponents and opponents of Sufism.<sup id="cite_ref-chittick-OEIW_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chittick-OEIW-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Classical Sufi texts, which stressed certain teachings and practices of the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">sunnah</a> (exemplary teachings and practices of the Islamic prophet <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>), gave definitions of <i>tasawwuf</i> that described ethical and spiritual goals<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and functioned as teaching tools for their attainment. Many other terms that described particular spiritual qualities and roles were used instead in more practical contexts.<sup id="cite_ref-chittick-OEIW_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chittick-OEIW-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ernst-2004_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ernst-2004-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some modern scholars have used other definitions of Sufism such as "intensification of Islamic faith and practice"<sup id="cite_ref-chittick-OEIW_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chittick-OEIW-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "process of realizing ethical and spiritual ideals".<sup id="cite_ref-Ernst-2004_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ernst-2004-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term Sufism was originally introduced into European languages in the 18th century by Orientalist scholars, who viewed it mainly as an intellectual doctrine and literary tradition at variance with what they saw as sterile <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheism</a> of Islam. It was often mistaken as a universal mysticism in contrast to legalistic orthodox Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent times, Historian <a href="/wiki/Nile_Green" title="Nile Green">Nile Green</a> has argued against such distinctions, stating, in the Medieval period Sufism and Islam were more or less the same.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In modern scholarly usage, the term serves to describe a wide range of social, cultural, political and religious phenomena associated with Sufis.<sup id="cite_ref-Ernst-2004_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ernst-2004-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sufism has been variously defined as "Islamic <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mysticism</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Martin_Lings_1983,_p.15_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin_Lings_1983,_p.15-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "the mystical expression of Islamic faith",<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "the inward dimension of Islam",<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "the phenomenon of mysticism within Islam",<sup id="cite_ref-EI2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the "main manifestation and the most important and central crystallization" of mystical practice in Islam,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "the interiorization and intensification of Islamic faith and practice".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChittick200722_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChittick200722-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <p>The original meaning of <i><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ṣūfī</i></span></i> seems to have been "one who wears wool (<i><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ṣūf</i></span></i>)", and the <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam</a> calls other etymological hypotheses "untenable".<sup id="cite_ref-EI2_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-chittick-OEIW_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chittick-OEIW-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Woolen clothes were traditionally associated with ascetics and mystics.<sup id="cite_ref-EI2_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Al-Qushayri" title="Al-Qushayri">Al-Qushayri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a> both rejected all possibilities other than <i><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ṣūf</i></span></i> on linguistic grounds.<sup id="cite_ref-exeg_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exeg-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another explanation traces the lexical root of the word to <i><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ṣafā</i></span></i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">صفاء</span></span>), which in Arabic means "purity", and in this context another similar idea of <i>tasawwuf</i> as considered in Islam is <i><a href="/wiki/Tazkiyah" title="Tazkiyah">tazkiyah</a></i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">تزكية</span></span>, meaning: self-purification), which is also widely used in Sufism. These two explanations were combined by the Sufi <i>al-Rudhabari</i> (d. 322 AH), who said, "The Sufi is the one who wears wool on top of purity."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Others have suggested that the word comes from the term Ahl al-Ṣuffa<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ("the people of the <a href="/wiki/Suffah" title="Suffah">suffah</a>" or the bench), who were a group of impoverished companions of Muhammad who held regular gatherings of <i>dhikr</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most prominent companions among them was <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hurayra" title="Abu Hurayra">Abu Hurayra</a>. These men and women who sat at the <a href="/wiki/Prophet%27s_Mosque" title="Prophet's Mosque">Prophet's Mosque</a> are considered by some to be the first Sufis.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sufism" title="History of Sufism">History of Sufism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3></div> <p>The current consensus is that Sufism emerged in the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a>, present day Saudi Arabia and that it has existed as a practice of Muslims from the earliest days of Islam, even predating some sectarian divides.<sup id="cite_ref-Nasr-2008_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nasr-2008-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sufi orders are based on the <i>bayah</i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">بَيْعَة</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'pledge') that was given to Muhammad by his <i><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Ṣahabah</a></i>. By pledging allegiance to Muhammad, the Sahabah had committed themselves to the service of God.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>Verily, those who give Bay'âh (pledge) to you (O Muhammad) they are giving Bay'âh (pledge) to <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a>. The Hand of God is over their hands. Then whosoever breaks his pledge, breaks it only to his own harm, and whosoever fulfils what he has covenanted with God, He will bestow on him a great reward. — [Translation of Quran <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/48:10?startingVerse=">48:10</a>] </p> </blockquote> <p>Sufis believe that by giving <i>bayʿah</i> (pledging allegiance) to a legitimate Sufi <a href="/wiki/Shaykh" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaykh">Shaykh</a>, one is pledging allegiance to Muhammad; therefore, a spiritual connection between the seeker and Muhammad is established. It is through Muhammad that Sufis aim to learn about, understand and connect with God.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ali is regarded as one of the major figures amongst the <i>Sahaba</i> who have directly pledged allegiance to Muhammad, and Sufis maintain that through Ali, knowledge about Muhammad and a connection with Muhammad may be attained. Such a concept may be understood by the <i>hadith</i>, which Sufis regard to be authentic, in which Muhammad said, "I am the city of knowledge, and Ali is its gate."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eminent Sufis such as <a href="/wiki/Ali_Hujwiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Hujwiri">Ali Hujwiri</a> refer to Ali as having a very high ranking in <i>Tasawwuf</i>. Furthermore, <a href="/wiki/Junayd_of_Baghdad" title="Junayd of Baghdad">Junayd of Baghdad</a> regarded Ali as <a href="/wiki/Sheikh" title="Sheikh">Sheikh</a> of the principals and practices of <i>Tasawwuf</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_A._C._Brown" title="Jonathan A. C. Brown">Jonathan A.C. Brown</a> notes that during the lifetime of Muhammad, some companions were more inclined than others to "intensive devotion, pious abstemiousness and pondering the divine mysteries" more than Islam required, such as <a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhar_al-Ghifari" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Dhar al-Ghifari">Abu Dharr al-Ghifari</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hasan_al-Basri" title="Hasan al-Basri">Hasan al-Basri</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Tabi%E2%80%98un" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabi‘un">tabi</a>', is considered a "founding figure" in the "science of purifying the heart".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sufism emerged early on in <a href="/wiki/Islamic_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic history">Islamic history</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-EI2_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> partly as a reaction against the worldliness of the early <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a> (661–750) and mainly under the tutelage of <a href="/wiki/Hasan_al-Basri" title="Hasan al-Basri">Hasan al-Basri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nasr-2008_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nasr-2008-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Practitioners of Sufism hold that in its early stages of development Sufism effectively referred to nothing more than the internalization of Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to one perspective, it is directly from the Qur'an, constantly recited, meditated, and experienced, that Sufism proceeded, in its origin and its development.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other practitioners have held that Sufism is the strict emulation of the way of Muhammad, through which the heart's connection to the Divine is strengthened.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later developments of Sufism occurred from people like <a href="/wiki/Dawud_al-Ta%27i" title="Dawud al-Ta'i">Dawud Tai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bayazid_Bastami" title="Bayazid Bastami">Bayazid Bastami</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Karamustafa-2007_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karamustafa-2007-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early on Sufism was known for its strict adherence to the <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">sunnah</a>, for example it was reported Bastami refused to eat a watermelon because he did not find any proof that Muhammad ever ate it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChittick2007_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChittick2007-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the late medieval mystic, the Persian poet <a href="/wiki/Jami" title="Jami">Jami</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Abd-Allah_ibn_Muhammad_ibn_al-Hanafiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd-Allah ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah">Abd-Allah ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah</a> (died c. 716) was the first person to be called a "Sufi".<sup id="cite_ref-exeg_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exeg-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term also had a strong connection with <a href="/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kufa</a>, with three of the earliest scholars to be called by the term being Abu Hashim al-Kufi,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Hayyan" title="Jabir ibn Hayyan">Jabir ibn Hayyan</a> and Abdak al-Sufi.<sup id="cite_ref-Mas15_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mas15-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later individuals included Hatim al-Attar, from Basra, and <a href="/wiki/Al-Junayd_al-Baghdadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Junayd al-Baghdadi">Al-Junayd al-Baghdadi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mas15_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mas15-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others, such as <a href="/wiki/Al-Harith_al-Muhasibi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Harith al-Muhasibi">Al-Harith al-Muhasibi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sari_al-Saqati" title="Sari al-Saqati">Sari al-Saqati</a>, were not known as Sufis during their lifetimes, but later came to be identified as such due to their focus on <a href="/wiki/Tazkiyah" title="Tazkiyah">tazkiah</a> (purification).<sup id="cite_ref-Mas15_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mas15-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Important contributions in writing are attributed to <a href="/wiki/Uwais_al-Qarani" class="mw-redirect" title="Uwais al-Qarani">Uwais al-Qarani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hasan_of_Basra" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasan of Basra">Hasan of Basra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harith_al-Muhasibi" class="mw-redirect" title="Harith al-Muhasibi">Harith al-Muhasibi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Nasr_as-Sarraj" title="Abu Nasr as-Sarraj">Abu Nasr as-Sarraj</a> and <a href="/wiki/Said_ibn_al-Musayyib" title="Said ibn al-Musayyib">Said ibn al-Musayyib</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Karamustafa-2007_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karamustafa-2007-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ruwaym" title="Ruwaym">Ruwaym</a>, from the second generation of Sufis in Baghdad, was also an influential early figure,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as was Junayd of Baghdad; a number of early practitioners of Sufism were disciples of one of the two.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sufi_orders">Sufi orders</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Tariqa" title="Tariqa">Tariqa</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Sufi_orders" title="List of Sufi orders">List of Sufi orders</a></div> <p>Historically, Sufis have often belonged to "orders" known as <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tariqa" title="Tariqa">tariqa</a></i></span> (pl. <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tariqa" title="Tariqa">ṭuruq</a></i></span>) – congregations formed around a grand master <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Wali" title="Wali">wali</a></i></span> who will trace their teaching through a <a href="/wiki/Silsilah" class="mw-redirect" title="Silsilah">chain of successive teachers</a> back to the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_prophet" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic prophet">Islamic prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tariqa_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tariqa-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Within the Sufi tradition, the formation of the orders did not immediately produce lineages of master and disciple. There are few examples before the eleventh century of complete lineages going back to the Prophet Muhammad. Yet the symbolic importance of these lineages was immense: they provided a channel to divine authority through master-disciple chains. It was through such chains of masters and disciples that spiritual power and blessings were transmitted to both general and special devotees.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>These orders meet for spiritual sessions (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Majalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Majalis">majalis</a></i></span>) in meeting places known as <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Zawiya_(institution)" title="Zawiya (institution)">zawiyas</a></i></span>, <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Khanqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanqah">khanqahs</a></i></span> or <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">tekke</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlassé2008499_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlassé2008499-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They strive for <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ihsan" title="Ihsan">ihsan</a></i></span> (perfection of worship), as detailed in a <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a></i></span>: "Ihsan is to worship Allah as if you see Him; if you can't see Him, surely He sees you."<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sufis <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">regard Muhammad</a> as <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Al-Ins%C4%81n_al-K%C4%81mil" title="Al-Insān al-Kāmil">al-Insān al-Kāmil</a></i></span>, the complete human who personifies the <a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Islam" title="Names of God in Islam">attributes</a> of <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">Absolute Reality</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrickWalker2014446_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrickWalker2014446-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and view him as their ultimate spiritual guide.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sufi orders trace most of their original precepts from Muhammad through <a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Abi_Talib" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn Abi Talib">Ali ibn Abi Talib</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the notable exception of the <a href="/wiki/Naqshbandi" title="Naqshbandi">Naqshbandi</a> order, who trace their original precepts to Muhammad through <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it was not necessary to formally belong to a tariqa.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Medieval period, Sufism was almost equal to Islam in general and not limited to specific orders.<sup id="cite_ref-Peacock_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peacock-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 24">(p24)</span></sup> </p><p>Sufism had a long history already before the subsequent institutionalization of Sufi teachings into devotional orders (<i>tariqa</i>, pl. <i>tarîqât</i>) in the early Middle Ages.<sup id="cite_ref-Trimingham_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trimingham-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>tariqa</i> is used for a school or order of Sufism, or especially for the mystical teaching and spiritual practices of such an order with the aim of seeking <a href="/wiki/Haqiqa" title="Haqiqa">ḥaqīqah</a> (ultimate truth). A tariqa has a <a href="/wiki/Murshid" title="Murshid">murshid</a> (guide) who plays the role of leader or spiritual director. The members or followers of a tariqa are known as <i><a href="/wiki/Murid" title="Murid">murīdīn</a></i> (singular <i>murīd</i>), meaning "desirous", viz. "desiring the knowledge of knowing God and loving God".<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the years, Sufi orders have influenced and been adopted by various Shi'i movements, especially <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a>, which led to the <a href="/wiki/Safaviyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Safaviyya">Safaviyya</a> order's conversion to Shia Islam from Sunni Islam and the spread of <a href="/wiki/Twelver" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelver">Twelverism</a> throughout Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sufism_as_an_Islamic_discipline">Sufism as an Islamic discipline</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dance_of_Sufi_Dervishes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Dance_of_Sufi_Dervishes.jpg/180px-Dance_of_Sufi_Dervishes.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Dance_of_Sufi_Dervishes.jpg/270px-Dance_of_Sufi_Dervishes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Dance_of_Sufi_Dervishes.jpg/360px-Dance_of_Sufi_Dervishes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1432" data-file-height="2326" /></a><figcaption>Dancing dervishes, by <a href="/wiki/Kam%C4%81l_ud-D%C4%ABn_Behz%C4%81d" title="Kamāl ud-Dīn Behzād">Kamāl ud-Dīn Behzād</a> (c. 1480–1490)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hoeltzer24.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Hoeltzer24.jpg/220px-Hoeltzer24.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Hoeltzer24.jpg/330px-Hoeltzer24.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Hoeltzer24.jpg/440px-Hoeltzer24.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="423" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Monar_Jonban" title="Monar Jonban">Monar Jonban</a>, a "dancing" monument, built over the grave of the Sufi ascetic Amu Abdullah Suqla in 12th century. A person stands on top and shakes one minaret, causing the second minaret to move with the same oscillation.</figcaption></figure> <p>Existing in both Sunni and Shia Islam, Sufism is not a distinct sect, as is sometimes erroneously assumed, but a method of approaching or a way of understanding the religion, which strives to take the regular practice of the religion to the "supererogatory level" through simultaneously "fulfilling ... [the obligatory] religious duties"<sup id="cite_ref-EI2_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and finding a "way and a means of striking a root through the 'narrow gate' in the depth of the <a href="/wiki/R%C5%AB%E1%B8%A5" title="Rūḥ">soul</a> out into the domain of the pure arid un-imprisonable <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_(Islam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Spirit (Islam)">Spirit</a> which itself opens out on to the Divinity."<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_Lings_1983,_p.15_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin_Lings_1983,_p.15-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Academic studies of Sufism confirm that Sufism, as a separate tradition from Islam apart from so-called <i>pure Islam</i>, is frequently a product of <a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">Western orientalism</a> and modern <a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Islamic fundamentalists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a mystic and ascetic aspect of Islam, it is considered as the part of Islamic teaching that deals with the purification of the inner self. By focusing on the more spiritual aspects of religion, Sufis strive to obtain direct experience of God by making use of "intuitive and emotional faculties" that one must be trained to use.<sup id="cite_ref-Trimingham_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trimingham-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Tasawwuf</i> is regarded as a science of the soul that has always been an integral part of Orthodox Islam. In his <i>Al-Risala al-Safadiyya</i>, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Taymiyyah">ibn Taymiyyah</a> describes the Sufis as those who belong to the path of the Sunna and represent it in their teachings and writings.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Ibn Taymiyya's Sufi inclinations and his reverence for Sufis like <a href="/wiki/Abdul-Qadir_Gilani" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul-Qadir Gilani">Abdul-Qadir Gilani</a> can also be seen in his hundred-page commentary on <i>Futuh al-ghayb</i>, covering only five of the seventy-eight sermons of the book, but showing that he considered <i>tasawwuf</i> essential within the life of the Islamic community.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Al-Ghazali narrates in <i>Al-Munqidh min al-dalal</i>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The vicissitudes of life, family affairs and financial constraints engulfed my life and deprived me of the congenial solitude. The heavy odds confronted me and provided me with few moments for my pursuits. This state of affairs lasted for ten years, but whenever I had some spare and congenial moments I resorted to my intrinsic proclivity. During these turbulent years, numerous astonishing and indescribable secrets of life were unveiled to me. I was convinced that the group of Aulia (holy mystics) is the only truthful group who follow the right path, display best conduct and surpass all sages in their wisdom and insight. They derive all their overt or covert behaviour from the illumining guidance of the holy Prophet, the only guidance worth quest and pursuit.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formalization_of_doctrine">Formalization of doctrine</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Sufi_in_Ecstasy_in_a_Landscape_LACMA_M.73.5.582.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/A_Sufi_in_Ecstasy_in_a_Landscape_LACMA_M.73.5.582.jpg/180px-A_Sufi_in_Ecstasy_in_a_Landscape_LACMA_M.73.5.582.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/A_Sufi_in_Ecstasy_in_a_Landscape_LACMA_M.73.5.582.jpg/270px-A_Sufi_in_Ecstasy_in_a_Landscape_LACMA_M.73.5.582.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/A_Sufi_in_Ecstasy_in_a_Landscape_LACMA_M.73.5.582.jpg/360px-A_Sufi_in_Ecstasy_in_a_Landscape_LACMA_M.73.5.582.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1282" data-file-height="2334" /></a><figcaption><i>A Sufi in Ecstasy in a Landscape</i>. <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavid Persia">Safavid Persia</a> (c. 1650–1660), <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Museum_of_Art" title="Los Angeles County Museum of Art">LACMA</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the eleventh-century, Sufism, which had previously been a less "codified" trend in Islamic piety, began to be "ordered and crystallized" into <a href="/wiki/Tariqa" title="Tariqa">orders</a> which have continued until the present day. All these orders were founded by a major Islamic scholar, and some of the largest and most widespread included the <a href="/wiki/Suhrawardiyya" title="Suhrawardiyya">Suhrawardiyya</a> (after <a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Najib_Suhrawardi" title="Abu al-Najib Suhrawardi">Abu al-Najib Suhrawardi</a> [d. 1168]), <a href="/wiki/Qadiriyya" title="Qadiriyya">Qadiriyya</a> (after <a href="/wiki/Abdul-Qadir_Gilani" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul-Qadir Gilani">Abdul-Qadir Gilani</a> [d. 1166]), the <a href="/wiki/Rifa%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Rifa'i">Rifa'iyya</a> (after <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_al-Rifa%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed al-Rifa'i">Ahmed al-Rifa'i</a> [d. 1182]), the <a href="/wiki/Chishti_Order" title="Chishti Order">Chishtiyya</a> (after <a href="/wiki/Moinuddin_Chishti" class="mw-redirect" title="Moinuddin Chishti">Moinuddin Chishti</a> [d. 1236]), the <a href="/wiki/Shadiliyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadiliyya">Shadiliyya</a> (after <a href="/wiki/Abul_Hasan_ash-Shadhili" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Hasan ash-Shadhili">Abul Hasan ash-Shadhili</a> [d. 1258]), the Hamadaniyyah (after <a href="/wiki/Mir_Sayyid_Ali_Hamadani" title="Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani">Sayyid Ali Hamadani</a> [d. 1384]), the Naqshbandiyya (after <a href="/wiki/Baha-ud-Din_Naqshband_Bukhari" class="mw-redirect" title="Baha-ud-Din Naqshband Bukhari">Baha-ud-Din Naqshband Bukhari</a> [d. 1389]).<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contrary to popular perception in the West,<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_Lings_1983,_p.16_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin_Lings_1983,_p.16-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, neither the founders of these orders nor their followers ever considered themselves to be anything other than orthodox Sunni Muslims,<sup id="cite_ref-Martin_Lings_1983,_p.16_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin_Lings_1983,_p.16-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in fact all of these orders were attached to one of the <a href="/wiki/Maddhab" class="mw-redirect" title="Maddhab">four orthodox legal schools</a> of Sunni Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-themuslim500.com_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-themuslim500.com-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the <a href="/wiki/Qadiriyya" title="Qadiriyya">Qadiriyya</a> order was <a href="/wiki/Hanbali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbali">Hanbali</a>, with its founder, <a href="/wiki/Abdul-Qadir_Gilani" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul-Qadir Gilani">Abdul-Qadir Gilani</a>, being a renowned jurist; the <a href="/wiki/Chishti_Order" title="Chishti Order">Chishtiyya</a> was <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Shadiliyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadiliyya">Shadiliyya</a> order was <a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Maliki</a>; and the Naqshbandiyya order was <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, it is precisely because it is historically proven that "many of the most eminent defenders of Islamic orthodoxy, such as <a href="/wiki/Abdul-Qadir_Gilani" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul-Qadir Gilani">Abdul-Qadir Gilani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Ghazali</a>, and the Sultan Ṣalāḥ ad-Dīn (<a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a>) were connected with Sufism"<sup id="cite_ref-Titus_Burckhardt_2008,_p._4_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Titus_Burckhardt_2008,_p._4-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that the popular studies of writers like <a href="/wiki/Idries_Shah" title="Idries Shah">Idries Shah</a> are continuously disregarded by scholars as conveying the fallacious image that "Sufism" is somehow distinct from "Islam".<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Titus_Burckhardt_2008,_p._4_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Titus_Burckhardt_2008,_p._4-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nile Green has observed that, in the Middle Ages, Sufism more or less was <i>Islam</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Peacock_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peacock-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 24">(p24)</span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growth_of_influence">Growth of influence</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jahangir_with_sufi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Jahangir_with_sufi.jpg/180px-Jahangir_with_sufi.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Jahangir_with_sufi.jpg/270px-Jahangir_with_sufi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Jahangir_with_sufi.jpg/360px-Jahangir_with_sufi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="1155" /></a><figcaption> A <a href="/wiki/Mughal_miniature" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal miniature">Mughal miniature</a> dated from the early 1620s depicting the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal emperor">Mughal emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a> (d. 1627) preferring an audience with Sufi <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saint</a> to his contemporaries, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Sultan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Sultan">Ottoman Sultan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/King_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="King of England">King of England</a> <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I</a> (d. 1625); the picture is inscribed in <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: "Though outwardly shahs stand before him, he fixes his gazes on dervishes."</figcaption></figure> <p>Historically, Sufism became "an incredibly important part of Islam" and "one of the most widespread and omnipresent aspects of Muslim life" in <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Civilization_during_the_European_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Civilization during the European Renaissance">Islamic civilization</a> from the early medieval period onwards,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (June 2022)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> when it began to permeate nearly all major aspects of Sunni Islamic life in regions stretching from India and Iraq to the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (June 2022)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The rise of Islamic civilization coincides strongly with the spread of Sufi philosophy in Islam. The spread of Sufism has been considered a definitive factor in the spread of Islam, and in the creation of integrally Islamic cultures, especially in Africa<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Asia. The <a href="/wiki/Senussi" class="mw-redirect" title="Senussi">Senussi</a> tribes of <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> are one of the strongest adherents of Sufism. Sufi poets and philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/Khoja_Akhmet_Yassawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoja Akhmet Yassawi">Khoja Akhmet Yassawi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Rumi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur" title="Attar of Nishapur">Attar of Nishapur</a> (c. 1145 – c. 1221) greatly enhanced the spread of Islamic culture in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sufism also played a role in creating and propagating the culture of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> world,<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in resisting European imperialism in North Africa and South Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blagaj_%E2%80%93_Vrelo_Bune_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Blagaj_%E2%80%93_Vrelo_Bune_5.jpg/180px-Blagaj_%E2%80%93_Vrelo_Bune_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Blagaj_%E2%80%93_Vrelo_Bune_5.jpg/270px-Blagaj_%E2%80%93_Vrelo_Bune_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Blagaj_%E2%80%93_Vrelo_Bune_5.jpg/360px-Blagaj_%E2%80%93_Vrelo_Bune_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Blagaj_Tekke" class="mw-redirect" title="Blagaj Tekke">Blagaj Tekke</a>, built c. 1520 next to the <a href="/wiki/Buna_(Neretva)" title="Buna (Neretva)">Buna</a> wellspring cavern beneath a high vertical <a href="/wiki/Karstic" class="mw-redirect" title="Karstic">karstic</a> cliff, in <a href="/wiki/Blagaj,_Mostar" title="Blagaj, Mostar">Blagaj, Mostar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia</a>. The natural and architectural ensemble, proposed for UNESCO inscription,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> forms a spatially and topographically self-contained ensemble, and is <a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Monuments_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="List of National Monuments of Bosnia and Herzegovina">National Monument of Bosnia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Between the 13th and 16th centuries, Sufism produced a flourishing intellectual culture throughout the Islamic world, a "Renaissance" whose physical artifacts survive.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In many places a person or group would endow a <a href="/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf">waqf</a> to maintain a lodge (known variously as a <i>zawiya</i>, <i>khanqah</i>, or <i>tekke</i>) to provide a gathering place for Sufi adepts, as well as lodging for itinerant seekers of knowledge. The same system of endowments could also pay for a complex of buildings, such as that surrounding the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleymaniye_Mosque" title="Süleymaniye Mosque">Süleymaniye Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, including a lodge for Sufi seekers, a <a href="/wiki/Hospice" title="Hospice">hospice</a> with kitchens where these seekers could serve the poor and/or complete a period of initiation, a library, and other structures. No important domain in the civilization of Islam remained unaffected by Sufism in this period.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h3></div> <p>Opposition to Sufi teachers and orders from more literalist and legalist strains of Islam existed in various forms throughout Islamic history. It took on a particularly violent form in the 18th century with the emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabi movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OEIW-voll_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEIW-voll-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Whirling_dervishes_in_Galata_Mawlawi_House,_1870.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Whirling_dervishes_in_Galata_Mawlawi_House%2C_1870.png/220px-Whirling_dervishes_in_Galata_Mawlawi_House%2C_1870.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Whirling_dervishes_in_Galata_Mawlawi_House%2C_1870.png/330px-Whirling_dervishes_in_Galata_Mawlawi_House%2C_1870.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Whirling_dervishes_in_Galata_Mawlawi_House%2C_1870.png/440px-Whirling_dervishes_in_Galata_Mawlawi_House%2C_1870.png 2x" data-file-width="1231" data-file-height="933" /></a><figcaption>Whirling dervishes of the <a href="/wiki/Mevlevi_Order" title="Mevlevi Order">Mevlevi Order</a> photographed by <a href="/wiki/Pascal_S%C3%A9bah" title="Pascal Sébah">Pascal Sébah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, 1870)</figcaption></figure> <p>Around the turn of the 20th century, Sufi rituals and doctrines also came under sustained criticism from <a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">modernist Islamic reformers</a>, liberal nationalists, and, some decades later, socialist movements in the Muslim world. Sufi orders were accused of fostering popular superstitions, resisting modern intellectual attitudes, and standing in the way of progressive reforms. Ideological attacks on Sufism were reinforced by agrarian and educational reforms, as well as new forms of taxation, which were instituted by Westernizing national governments, undermining the economic foundations of Sufi orders. The extent to which Sufi orders declined in the first half of the 20th century varied from country to country, but by the middle of the century the very survival of the orders and traditional Sufi lifestyle appeared doubtful to many observers.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OEIW-voll_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEIW-voll-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, defying these predictions, Sufism and Sufi orders have continued to play a major role in the Muslim world, also expanding into Muslim-minority countries. Its ability to articulate an inclusive Islamic identity with greater emphasis on personal and small-group piety has made Sufism especially well-suited for contexts characterized by religious pluralism and secularist perspectives.<sup id="cite_ref-OEIW-voll_88-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OEIW-voll-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the modern world, the classical interpretation of Sunni orthodoxy, which sees in Sufism an essential dimension of Islam alongside the disciplines of <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">jurisprudence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">theology</a>, is represented by institutions such as <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Al-Azhar_University" title="Al-Azhar University">Al-Azhar University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zaytuna_College" title="Zaytuna College">Zaytuna College</a>, with Al-Azhar's current <a href="/wiki/Grand_Imam_of_al-Azhar" title="Grand Imam of al-Azhar">Grand Imam</a> <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_el-Tayeb" title="Ahmed el-Tayeb">Ahmed el-Tayeb</a> recently defining "Sunni orthodoxy" as being a follower "of any of the four schools of [legal] thought (<a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shafi%E2%80%99i" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi’i">Shafi’i</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Maliki</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hanbali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbali">Hanbali</a>) and ... [also] of the Sufism of Imam <a href="/wiki/Junayd_of_Baghdad" title="Junayd of Baghdad">Junayd of Baghdad</a> in doctrines, manners and [spiritual] purification."<sup id="cite_ref-themuslim500.com_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-themuslim500.com-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The relationship of Sufi orders to modern societies is usually defined by their relationship to governments.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AB_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AB_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A_03.jpg/220px-%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AB_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AB_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A_03.jpg/330px-%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AB_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AB_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A_03.jpg/440px-%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AB_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3543" data-file-height="2362" /></a><figcaption>Sufi Tanoura twirling in <a href="/wiki/Muizz_Street" class="mw-redirect" title="Muizz Street">Muizz Street</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Turkey, Persia and The Indian Subcontinent have all been a center for many Sufi lineages and orders. The Bektashi were closely affiliated with the Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Janissaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Janissaries">Janissaries</a> and are the heart of Turkey's large and mostly liberal <a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevi</a> population. They have spread westwards to <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, Greece, Albania, Bulgaria, North Macedonia, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, and, more recently, to the United States, via <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>. Sufism is popular in such African countries as Egypt, Tunisia, Algeria, Sudan, Morocco, and <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>, where it is seen as a mystical expression of Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBabou2007184–6_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabou2007184–6-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mbacke suggests that one reason Sufism has taken hold in Senegal is because it can accommodate local beliefs and customs, which tend toward the <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mystical</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMbackéHunwick2005_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMbackéHunwick2005-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The life of the Algerian Sufi master <a href="/wiki/Abdelkader_El_Djezairi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdelkader El Djezairi">Abdelkader El Djezairi</a> is instructive in this regard.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChodkiewicz1995Introduction_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChodkiewicz1995Introduction-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable as well are the lives of <a href="/wiki/Amadou_Bamba" title="Amadou Bamba">Amadou Bamba</a> and <a href="/wiki/El_Hadj_Umar_Tall" class="mw-redirect" title="El Hadj Umar Tall">El Hadj Umar Tall</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Mansur" title="Sheikh Mansur">Sheikh Mansur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Imam_Shamil" title="Imam Shamil">Imam Shamil</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>. In the twentieth century, some Muslims have called Sufism a superstitious religion which holds back Islamic achievement in the fields of science and technology.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of Westerners have embarked with varying degrees of success on the path of Sufism. One of the first to return to Europe as an official representative of a Sufi order, and with the specific purpose to spread Sufism in Western Europe, was the <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Swedish</a>-born wandering Sufi <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Agu%C3%A9li" title="Ivan Aguéli">Ivan Aguéli</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">René Guénon</a>, the French scholar, became a Sufi in the early twentieth century and was known as Sheikh Abdul Wahid Yahya. His manifold writings defined the practice of Sufism as the essence of Islam, but also pointed to the universality of its message. Spiritualists, such as <a href="/wiki/George_Gurdjieff" title="George Gurdjieff">George Gurdjieff</a>, may or may not conform to the tenets of Sufism as understood by orthodox Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aims_and_objectives">Aims and objectives</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Shah_Rukn-e-Alam_2014-07-31.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Tomb_of_Shah_Rukn-e-Alam_2014-07-31.jpg/220px-Tomb_of_Shah_Rukn-e-Alam_2014-07-31.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Tomb_of_Shah_Rukn-e-Alam_2014-07-31.jpg/330px-Tomb_of_Shah_Rukn-e-Alam_2014-07-31.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Tomb_of_Shah_Rukn-e-Alam_2014-07-31.jpg/440px-Tomb_of_Shah_Rukn-e-Alam_2014-07-31.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2468" data-file-height="2064" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Shah_Rukn-e-Alam" title="Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam">Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam</a> (built 1324 A.D) is located in <a href="/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multan</a>, Pakistan. Known for its multitude of Sufi shrines, Multan is nicknamed as <i>The City of Saints</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>While all Muslims believe that they are on the pathway to Allah and hope to become close to God in <a href="/wiki/Paradise" title="Paradise">Paradise</a>—after death and after the <a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgment</a>—Sufis also believe that it is possible to draw closer to God and to more fully embrace the <a href="/wiki/Divine_presence" title="Divine presence">divine presence</a> in this life.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The chief aim of all Sufis is to seek the pleasure of God by working to restore within themselves the primordial state of <i><a href="/wiki/Fitra" title="Fitra">fitra</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-AH_Shadhili_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AH_Shadhili-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To Sufis, the outer law consists of rules pertaining to worship, transactions, marriage, judicial rulings, and criminal law—what is often referred to, broadly, as "<a href="/wiki/Qanun_(law)" title="Qanun (law)">qanun</a>". The inner law of Sufism consists of rules about repentance from sin, the purging of contemptible qualities and evil traits of character, and adornment with virtues and good character.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teachings">Teachings</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Man_holding_the_hem_of_his_beloved,_Islamic_art_16th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Man_holding_the_hem_of_his_beloved%2C_Islamic_art_16th_century.jpg/180px-Man_holding_the_hem_of_his_beloved%2C_Islamic_art_16th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Man_holding_the_hem_of_his_beloved%2C_Islamic_art_16th_century.jpg/270px-Man_holding_the_hem_of_his_beloved%2C_Islamic_art_16th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Man_holding_the_hem_of_his_beloved%2C_Islamic_art_16th_century.jpg/360px-Man_holding_the_hem_of_his_beloved%2C_Islamic_art_16th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="944" data-file-height="1226" /></a><figcaption>Man holding the hem of his beloved, an expression of a Sufi's agony of longing for the divine union</figcaption></figure> <p>To the Sufi, it is the transmission of divine light from the teacher's heart to the heart of the student, rather than worldly knowledge, that allows the adept to progress. They further believe that the teacher should attempt inerrantly to follow the <a href="/wiki/Divine_law" title="Divine law">Divine Law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Moojan_Momen" title="Moojan Momen">Moojan Momen</a> "one of the most important doctrines of Sufism is the concept of <i>al-Insan al-Kamil</i> ("the Perfect Man"). This doctrine states that there will always exist upon the earth a "<a href="/wiki/Qutb" title="Qutb">Qutb</a>" (Pole or Axis of the Universe)—a man who is the perfect channel of grace from God to man and in a state of <a href="/wiki/Wilayah" title="Wilayah">wilayah</a> (sanctity, being under the protection of Allah). The concept of the Sufi Qutb is similar to that of the <a href="/wiki/Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imamah (Shia doctrine)">Shi'i Imam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-qutb_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qutb-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this belief puts Sufism in "direct conflict" with Shia Islam, since both the Qutb (who for most Sufi orders is the head of the order) and the Imam fulfill the role of "the purveyor of spiritual guidance and of <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a>'s grace to mankind". The vow of obedience to the Shaykh or Qutb which is taken by Sufis is considered incompatible with devotion to the Imam".<sup id="cite_ref-qutb_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qutb-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a further example, the prospective adherent of the Mevlevi Order would have been ordered to serve in the kitchens of a hospice for the poor for 1001 days prior to being accepted for spiritual instruction, and a further 1,001 days in solitary retreat as a precondition of completing that instruction.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some teachers, especially when addressing more general audiences, or mixed groups of Muslims and non-Muslims, make extensive use of <a href="/wiki/Parable" title="Parable">parable</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">allegory</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although approaches to teaching vary among different Sufi orders, Sufism as a whole is primarily concerned with direct personal experience, and as such has sometimes been compared to other, non-Islamic forms of <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mysticism</a> (e.g., as in the books of <a href="/wiki/Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr" title="Seyyed Hossein Nasr">Seyyed Hossein Nasr</a>). </p><p>Many Sufi believe that to reach the highest levels of success in Sufism typically requires that the disciple live with and serve the teacher for a long period of time.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example is the folk story about <a href="/wiki/Baha-ud-Din_Naqshband_Bukhari" class="mw-redirect" title="Baha-ud-Din Naqshband Bukhari">Baha-ud-Din Naqshband Bukhari</a>, who gave his name to the Naqshbandi Order. He is believed to have served his first teacher, <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Baba_As-Samasi" title="Mohammad Baba As-Samasi">Sayyid Muhammad Baba As-Samasi</a>, for 20 years, until as-Samasi died. He is said to then have served several other teachers for lengthy periods of time. He is said to have helped the poorer members of the community for many years, and after this concluded his teacher directed him to care for animals cleaning their wounds, and assisting them.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muhammad">Muhammad</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1023981488">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .rquote{width:auto!important;float:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote rquote" style="float: right; width: 33%;"><p>His [Muhammad's] aspiration preceded all other aspirations, his existence preceded nothingness, and his name preceded the Pen, because he existed before all peoples. There is not in the horizons, beyond the horizons or below the horizons, anyone more elegant, more noble, more knowing, more just, more fearsome, or more compassionate, than the subject of this tale. He is the leader of created beings, the one "whose name is glorious Ahmad". —<a href="/wiki/Mansur_Al-Hallaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Mansur Al-Hallaj">Mansur Al-Hallaj</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErnst2010125_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErnst2010125-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muhammad2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Muhammad2.svg/180px-Muhammad2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Muhammad2.svg/270px-Muhammad2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Muhammad2.svg/360px-Muhammad2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="141" data-file-height="141" /></a><figcaption>The name of Muhammad in <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Islamic calligraphy</a>. Sufis believe the name of Muhammad is holy and sacred.</figcaption></figure> <p>Devotion to Muhammad is the strongest practice within Sufism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErnst2010130_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErnst2010130-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sufis have historically revered Muhammad as the prime personality of spiritual greatness. The Sufi poet <a href="/wiki/Saadi_Shirazi" title="Saadi Shirazi">Saadi Shirazi</a> stated, "He who chooses a path contrary to that of the prophet shall never reach the destination. O Saadi, do not think that one can treat that way of purity except in the wake of the chosen one."<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rumi attributes his self-control and abstinence from worldly desires as qualities attained by him through the guidance of Muhammad. Rumi states, "I 'sewed' my two eyes shut from [desires for] this world and the next – this I learned from Muhammad."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGamard2004169_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGamard2004169-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arabi" title="Ibn Arabi">Ibn Arabi</a> regards Muhammad as the greatest man and states, "Muhammad's wisdom is uniqueness (<i>fardiya</i>) because he is the most perfect existent creature of this human species. For this reason, the command began with him and was sealed with him. He was a Prophet while Adam was between water and clay, and his elemental structure is the Seal of the Prophets."<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur" title="Attar of Nishapur">Attar of Nishapur</a> claimed that he praised Muhammad in such a manner that was not done before by any poet, in his book the <i>Ilahi-nama</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fariduddin Attar stated, "Muhammad is the exemplar to both worlds, the guide of the descendants of Adam. He is the sun of creation, the moon of the celestial spheres, the all-seeing eye...The seven heavens and the eight gardens of paradise were created for him; he is both the eye and the light in the light of our eyes."<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sufis have historically stressed the importance of Muhammad's perfection and his ability to intercede. The persona of Muhammad has historically been and remains an integral and critical aspect of Sufi belief and practice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErnst2010130_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErnst2010130-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bayazid Bastami is recorded to have been so devoted to the <i><a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">sunnah</a></i> of Muhammad that he refused to eat a watermelon because he could not establish that Muhammad ever ate one.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 13th century, a Sufi poet from <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Busiri" title="Al-Busiri">Al-Busiri</a>, wrote the <i>al-Kawākib ad-Durrīya fī Madḥ Khayr al-Barīya</i> ('The Celestial Lights in Praise of the Best of Creation'), commonly referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Burda" title="Al-Burda">Qaṣīdat al-Burda</a></i> ('Poem of the Mantle'), in which he extensively praised Muhammad.<sup id="cite_ref-celestial_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-celestial-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This poem is still widely recited and sung amongst Sufi groups and lay Muslims alike all over the world.<sup id="cite_ref-celestial_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-celestial-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sufi_beliefs_about_Muhammad">Sufi beliefs about Muhammad</h4></div> <p>According to Ibn Arabi, Islam is the best religion because of Muhammad.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrickWalker2014446_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrickWalker2014446-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arabi" title="Ibn Arabi">Ibn Arabi</a> regards that the first entity that was brought into existence is the reality or essence of Muhammad (<i>al-ḥaqīqa al-Muhammadiyya</i>). Ibn Arabi regards Muhammad as the supreme human being and master of all creatures. Muhammad is therefore the primary <a href="/wiki/Role_model" title="Role model">role model</a> for human beings to aspire to emulate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrickWalker2014446_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrickWalker2014446-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn Arabi believes that God's attributes and names are manifested in this world and that the most complete and perfect display of these divine attributes and names are seen in Muhammad.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrickWalker2014446_60-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrickWalker2014446-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn Arabi believes that one may see God in the mirror of Muhammad, meaning that the divine attributes of God are manifested through Muhammad.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrickWalker2014446_60-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrickWalker2014446-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn Arabi maintains that Muhammad is the best proof of God, and by knowing Muhammad one knows God.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrickWalker2014446_60-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrickWalker2014446-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn Arabi also maintains that Muhammad is the master of all of humanity in both this world and the afterlife. In this view, Islam is the best religion because Muhammad is Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrickWalker2014446_60-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrickWalker2014446-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sufism_and_Islamic_law">Sufism and Islamic law</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fatehpur_Sikri_near_Agra_2016-03_img03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Fatehpur_Sikri_near_Agra_2016-03_img03.jpg/220px-Fatehpur_Sikri_near_Agra_2016-03_img03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Fatehpur_Sikri_near_Agra_2016-03_img03.jpg/330px-Fatehpur_Sikri_near_Agra_2016-03_img03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Fatehpur_Sikri_near_Agra_2016-03_img03.jpg/440px-Fatehpur_Sikri_near_Agra_2016-03_img03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5273" data-file-height="3296" /></a><figcaption>Tomb of <a href="/wiki/Salim_Chishti" title="Salim Chishti">Salim Chishti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fatehpur_Sikri" title="Fatehpur Sikri">Fatehpur Sikri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, India</figcaption></figure> <p>Sufis believe the <i>sharia</i> (exoteric "canon"), <i><a href="/wiki/Tariqa" title="Tariqa">tariqa</a></i> ("order") and <i><a href="/wiki/Haqiqa" title="Haqiqa">haqiqa</a></i> ("truth") are mutually interdependent.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sufism leads the adept, called <i><a href="/wiki/Salik" title="Salik">salik</a></i> or "wayfarer", in his <i>sulûk</i> or "road" through different stations (<i><a href="/wiki/Maqam_(Sufism)" title="Maqam (Sufism)">maqāmāt</a></i>) until he reaches his goal, the perfect <i><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">tawhid</a></i>, the existential confession that God is One.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchimmel201399_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchimmel201399-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn Arabi says, "When we see someone in this Community who claims to be able to guide others to God, but is remiss in but one rule of the Sacred Law—even if he manifests miracles that stagger the mind—asserting that his shortcoming is a special dispensation for him, we do not even turn to look at him, for such a person is not a sheikh, nor is he speaking the truth, for no one is entrusted with the secrets of God Most High save one in whom the ordinances of the Sacred Law are preserved. (<i>Jamiʿ karamat al-awliyaʾ</i>)".<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is related, moreover, that Malik, one of the founders of the four schools of Sunni law, was a strong proponent of combining the "inward science" ('<i>ilm al-bātin</i>) of mystical knowledge with the "outward science" of <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">jurisprudence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibril_F._Haddad_2007_p._179_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibril_F._Haddad_2007_p._179-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the famous twelfth-century <a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Maliki</a> <a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi">jurist and judge</a> <a href="/wiki/Qadi_Iyad" title="Qadi Iyad">Qadi Iyad</a>, later venerated as a <a href="/wiki/Wali" title="Wali">saint</a> throughout the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>, narrated a tradition in which a man asked Malik "about something in the inward science", to which Malik replied: "Truly none knows the inward science except those who know the outward science! When he knows the outward science and puts it into practice, God shall open for him the inward science – and that will not take place except by the opening of his heart and its enlightenment." In other similar traditions, it is related that Malik said: "He who practices Sufism (<i>tasawwuf</i>) without learning Sacred Law corrupts his faith (<i>tazandaqa</i>), while he who learns Sacred Law without practicing Sufism corrupts himself (<i>tafassaqa</i>). Only he who combines the two proves true (<i>tahaqqaqa</i>)".<sup id="cite_ref-Gibril_F._Haddad_2007_p._179_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibril_F._Haddad_2007_p._179-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Amman_Message" title="Amman Message">Amman Message</a>, a detailed statement issued by 200 leading Islamic scholars in 2005 in <a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a>, specifically recognized the validity of Sufism as a part of Islam. This was adopted by the Islamic world's political and temporal leaderships at the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of the Islamic Conference</a> summit at Mecca in December 2005, and by six other international Islamic scholarly assemblies including the International Islamic Fiqh Academy of Jeddah, in July 2006. The definition of Sufism can vary drastically between different traditions (what may be intended is simple <a href="/wiki/Tazkiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Tazkiah">tazkiah</a> as opposed to the various manifestations of Sufism around the Islamic world).<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_Islamic_thought_and_Sufism">Traditional Islamic thought and Sufism</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_said-ul-Auliya_sayyid_Ali_hamadani.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Tomb_of_said-ul-Auliya_sayyid_Ali_hamadani.jpg/220px-Tomb_of_said-ul-Auliya_sayyid_Ali_hamadani.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Tomb_of_said-ul-Auliya_sayyid_Ali_hamadani.jpg/330px-Tomb_of_said-ul-Auliya_sayyid_Ali_hamadani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Tomb_of_said-ul-Auliya_sayyid_Ali_hamadani.jpg/440px-Tomb_of_said-ul-Auliya_sayyid_Ali_hamadani.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Tomb of <a href="/wiki/Mir_Sayyid_Ali_Hamadani" title="Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani">Sayyid Ali Hamadani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kulob" title="Kulob">Kulob</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shrine_Of_Allo_Mahar_sharif.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Shrine_Of_Allo_Mahar_sharif.jpg/218px-Shrine_Of_Allo_Mahar_sharif.jpg" decoding="async" width="218" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Shrine_Of_Allo_Mahar_sharif.jpg/327px-Shrine_Of_Allo_Mahar_sharif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Shrine_Of_Allo_Mahar_sharif.jpg/436px-Shrine_Of_Allo_Mahar_sharif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Urs of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Naqshbandi_saints_of_Allo_Mahar" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Naqshbandi saints of Allo Mahar">Islamic Naqshbandi saints of Allo Mahar</a> is celebrated on 23 March every year.</figcaption></figure> <p>The literature of Sufism emphasizes highly subjective matters that resist outside observation, such as the subtle states of the heart. Often these resist direct reference or description, with the consequence that the authors of various Sufi treatises took recourse to allegorical language. For instance, much Sufi poetry refers to intoxication, which Islam expressly forbids. This usage of indirect language and the existence of interpretations by people who had no training in Islam or Sufism led to doubts being cast over the validity of Sufism as a part of Islam. Also, some groups emerged that considered themselves above the <i>sharia</i> and discussed Sufism as a method of bypassing the rules of Islam in order to attain salvation directly. This was disapproved of by traditional scholars. </p><p>For these and other reasons, the relationship between traditional Islamic scholars and Sufism is complex, and a range of scholarly opinion on Sufism in Islam has been the norm. Some scholars, such as Al-Ghazali, helped its propagation while other scholars opposed it. <a href="/wiki/William_Chittick" title="William Chittick">William Chittick</a> explains the position of Sufism and Sufis this way: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In short, Muslim scholars who focused their energies on understanding the normative guidelines for the body came to be known as jurists, and those who held that the most important task was to train the mind in achieving correct understanding came to be divided into three main schools of thought: theology, philosophy, and Sufism. This leaves us with the third domain of human existence, the spirit. Most Muslims who devoted their major efforts to developing the spiritual dimensions of the human person came to be known as Sufis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChittick2007_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChittick2007-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persian_influence_on_Sufism">Persian influence on Sufism</h3></div> <p>Persians played a huge role in developing and systematising Islamic mysticism. One of the first to formalise Sufi principles was <a href="/wiki/Junayd_of_Baghdad" title="Junayd of Baghdad">Junayd of Baghdad</a> – a Persian from Baghdad.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other great Persian Sufi poets include <a href="/wiki/Rudaki" title="Rudaki">Rudaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Rumi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Attar_of_Nishapur" title="Attar of Nishapur">Attar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nizami_Ganjavi" title="Nizami Ganjavi">Nizami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hafez" title="Hafez">Hafez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanai" title="Sanai">Sanai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shams_Tabrizi" title="Shams Tabrizi">Shamz Tabrizi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jami" title="Jami">Jami</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Famous poems that still resonate across the Muslim world include <a href="/wiki/Masnavi" title="Masnavi"><i>The Masnavi of Rumi</i></a><i>, <a href="/wiki/Bustan_(book)" title="Bustan (book)">The Bustan by Saadi</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Conference_of_the_Birds" title="The Conference of the Birds">The Conference of the Birds by Attar</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Div%C4%81n_of_Hafez" title="The Divān of Hafez">The Divān of Hafez</a>.</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neo-Sufism">Neo-Sufism</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:5861-Linxia-Yu-Baba-Gongbei-main-building-roof.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/5861-Linxia-Yu-Baba-Gongbei-main-building-roof.jpg/180px-5861-Linxia-Yu-Baba-Gongbei-main-building-roof.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/5861-Linxia-Yu-Baba-Gongbei-main-building-roof.jpg/270px-5861-Linxia-Yu-Baba-Gongbei-main-building-roof.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/5861-Linxia-Yu-Baba-Gongbei-main-building-roof.jpg/360px-5861-Linxia-Yu-Baba-Gongbei-main-building-roof.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>The mausoleum (<i><a href="/wiki/Gongbei_(Islamic_architecture)" title="Gongbei (Islamic architecture)">gongbei</a></i>) of <a href="/wiki/Ma_Laichi" title="Ma Laichi">Ma Laichi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Linxia_City" title="Linxia City">Linxia City</a>, China</figcaption></figure> <p>The term <i>neo-Sufism</i> was originally coined by <a href="/wiki/Fazlur_Rahman_Malik" title="Fazlur Rahman Malik">Fazlur Rahman</a> and used by other scholars to describe reformist currents among 18th century Sufi orders, whose goal was to remove some of the more ecstatic and pantheistic elements of the Sufi tradition and reassert the importance of Islamic law as the basis for inner spirituality and social activism.<sup id="cite_ref-voll-OEIW_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-voll-OEIW-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-howell_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-howell-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent times, it has been increasingly used by scholars like Mark Sedgwick in the opposite sense, to describe various forms of Sufi-influenced spirituality in the West, in particular the deconfessionalized spiritual movements which emphasize universal elements of the Sufi tradition and de-emphasize its Islamic context.<sup id="cite_ref-howell_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-howell-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sedgwick2012_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sedgwick2012-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Devotional_practices">Devotional practices</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dhikr_Rifa-iyya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Dhikr_Rifa-iyya.jpg/220px-Dhikr_Rifa-iyya.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Dhikr_Rifa-iyya.jpg/330px-Dhikr_Rifa-iyya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Dhikr_Rifa-iyya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="277" /></a><figcaption>Sufi gathering engaged in <i><a href="/wiki/Dhikr" title="Dhikr">dhikr</a></i></figcaption></figure><p> The devotional practices of Sufis vary widely. Prerequisites to practice include rigorous adherence to Islamic norms (ritual prayer in its five prescribed times each day, the fast of Ramadan, and so forth). Additionally, the seeker ought to be firmly grounded in supererogatory practices known from the life of Muhammad (such as the "sunnah prayers"). This is in accordance with the words, attributed to God, of the following, a famous <i><a href="/wiki/Hadith_Qudsi" title="Hadith Qudsi">Hadith Qudsi</a></i>:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>My servant draws near to Me through nothing I love more than that which I have made obligatory for him. My servant never ceases drawing near to Me through supererogatory works until I love him. Then, when I love him, I am his hearing through which he hears, his sight through which he sees, his hand through which he grasps, and his foot through which he walks.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>It is also necessary for the seeker to have a correct creed (<i>aqidah</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to embrace with certainty its tenets.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The seeker must also, of necessity, turn away from sins, love of this world, the love of company and renown, obedience to satanic impulse, and the promptings of the lower self. (The way in which this purification of the heart is achieved is outlined in certain books, but must be prescribed in detail by a Sufi master.) The seeker must also be trained to prevent the corruption of those good deeds which have accrued to his or her credit by overcoming the traps of ostentation, pride, arrogance, envy, and long hopes (meaning the hope for a long life allowing us to mend our ways later, rather than immediately, here and now). </p><p>Sufi practices, while attractive to some, are not a <i>means</i> for gaining knowledge. The traditional scholars of Sufism hold it as absolutely axiomatic that knowledge of God is not a psychological state generated through breath control. Thus, practice of "techniques" is not the cause, but instead the <i>occasion</i> for such knowledge to be obtained (if at all), given proper prerequisites and proper guidance by a master of the way. Furthermore, the emphasis on practices may obscure a far more important fact: The seeker is, in a sense, to become a broken person, stripped of all habits through the practice of (in the words of Imam Al-Ghazali) solitude, silence, sleeplessness, and hunger.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dhikr">Dhikr</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dhikr" title="Dhikr">Dhikr</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Isma_allah_zat-new.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Isma_allah_zat-new.png/140px-Isma_allah_zat-new.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Isma_allah_zat-new.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>The name of Allah as written on the disciple's heart, according to the Sarwari Qadri Order</figcaption></figure> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Dhikr" title="Dhikr">Dhikr</a></i> is the remembrance of Allah commanded in the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> for all <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> through a specific devotional act, such as the repetition of divine names, supplications and aphorisms from <i>hadith</i> literature and the Quran. More generally, <i>dhikr</i> takes a wide range and various layers of meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This includes <i>dhikr</i> as any activity in which the Muslim maintains awareness of Allah. To engage in <i>dhikr</i> is to practice consciousness of the Divine Presence and <a href="/wiki/Love_of_God#Islam" title="Love of God">love</a>, or "to seek a state of godwariness". The Quran refers to Muhammad as the very embodiment of <i>dhikr</i> of Allah (65:10–11). Some types of <i>dhikr</i> are prescribed for all Muslims and do not require Sufi initiation or the prescription of a Sufi master because they are deemed to be good for every seeker under every circumstance.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>dhikr</i> may slightly vary among each order. Some Sufi orders<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> engage in ritualized <i>dhikr</i> ceremonies, or <i><a href="/wiki/Sema" class="mw-redirect" title="Sema">sema</a></i>. <i>Sema</i> includes various forms of worship such as <a href="/wiki/Recitation" title="Recitation">recitation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singing" title="Singing">singing</a> (the most well known being the <a href="/wiki/Qawwali" title="Qawwali">Qawwali</a> music of the Indian subcontinent), <a href="/wiki/Instrumental_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrumental music">instrumental music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dance" title="Dance">dance</a> (most famously the <a href="/wiki/Sufi_whirling" title="Sufi whirling">Sufi whirling</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mevlevi_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Mevlevi order">Mevlevi order</a>), <a href="/wiki/Incense" title="Incense">incense</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_ecstasy" title="Religious ecstasy">ecstasy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Altered_state_of_consciousness" title="Altered state of consciousness">trance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Sufi orders stress and place extensive reliance upon <i>dhikr</i>. This practice of <i>dhikr</i> is called <i><a href="/wiki/Dhikr-e-Qulb" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhikr-e-Qulb">Dhikr-e-Qulb</a></i> (invocation of Allah within the heartbeats). The basic idea in this practice is to visualize the Allah as having been written on the disciple's heart.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muraqaba">Muraqaba</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Muraqaba" class="mw-redirect" title="Muraqaba">Muraqaba</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eug%C3%A8ne_Girardet_-_La_Pri%C3%A8re.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Eug%C3%A8ne_Girardet_-_La_Pri%C3%A8re.jpg/180px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Girardet_-_La_Pri%C3%A8re.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Eug%C3%A8ne_Girardet_-_La_Pri%C3%A8re.jpg/270px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Girardet_-_La_Pri%C3%A8re.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Eug%C3%A8ne_Girardet_-_La_Pri%C3%A8re.jpg/360px-Eug%C3%A8ne_Girardet_-_La_Pri%C3%A8re.jpg 2x" data-file-width="954" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption>An Algerian Sufi in <a href="/wiki/Muraqabah" title="Muraqabah">Murāqabah</a>. La prière by <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Girardet" title="Eugène Girardet">Eugène Girardet</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The practice of <i>muraqaba</i> can be likened to the practices of <a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditation</a> attested in many faith communities.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While variation exists, one description of the practice within a Naqshbandi lineage reads as follows: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>He is to collect all of his bodily senses in concentration, and to cut himself off from all preoccupation and notions that inflict themselves upon the heart. And thus he is to turn his full consciousness towards God Most High while saying three times: "<i>Ilahî anta maqsûdî wa-ridâka matlûbî</i>—my God, you are my Goal and Your good pleasure is what I seek". Then he brings to his heart the Name of the Essence—Allâh—and as it courses through his heart he remains attentive to its meaning, which is "Essence without likeness". The seeker remains aware that He is Present, Watchful, Encompassing of all, thereby exemplifying the meaning of his saying (may God bless him and grant him peace): "Worship God as though you see Him, for if you do not see Him, He sees you". And likewise the prophetic tradition: "The most favored level of faith is to know that God is witness over you, wherever you may be".<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sufi_whirling">Sufi whirling</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sufi_whirling" title="Sufi whirling">Sufi whirling</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Whirling_dervishes,_Rumi_Fest_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Whirling_dervishes%2C_Rumi_Fest_2007.jpg/180px-Whirling_dervishes%2C_Rumi_Fest_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Whirling_dervishes%2C_Rumi_Fest_2007.jpg/270px-Whirling_dervishes%2C_Rumi_Fest_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Whirling_dervishes%2C_Rumi_Fest_2007.jpg/360px-Whirling_dervishes%2C_Rumi_Fest_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="889" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Whirling_Dervishes" class="mw-redirect" title="Whirling Dervishes">Whirling Dervishes</a>, at Rumi Fest 2007</figcaption></figure> <p>Sufi whirling (or Sufi spinning) is a form of <i><a href="/wiki/Sama_(Sufism)" title="Sama (Sufism)">Sama</a></i> or physically active <a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditation</a> which originated among some Sufis, and practised by the Sufi <a href="/wiki/Dervish" title="Dervish">Dervishes</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mevlevi_Order" title="Mevlevi Order">Mevlevi order</a>. It is a customary dance performed within the <i>sema</i>, through which dervishes (also called <i>semazens</i>, from <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> <span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">سماعزن</span></span>) aim to reach the source of all perfection, or <i>kemal</i>. This is sought through abandoning one's <i><a href="/wiki/Nafs" title="Nafs">nafs</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Ego_(spirituality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ego (spirituality)">egos</a> or personal desires, by listening to the music, focusing on <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>, and spinning one's body in repetitive circles, which has been seen as a symbolic imitation of planets in the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> orbiting the Sun.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As explained by Mevlevi practitioners:<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>In the symbolism of the Sema ritual, the semazen's camel's hair hat (sikke) represents the tombstone of the ego; his wide, white skirt (<i>tennure</i>) represents the ego's shroud. By removing his black cloak (<i>hırka</i>), he is spiritually reborn to the truth. At the beginning of the Sema, by holding his arms crosswise, the semazen appears to represent the number one, thus testifying to God's unity. While whirling, his arms are open: his right arm is directed to the sky, ready to receive God's beneficence; his left hand, upon which his eyes are fastened, is turned toward the earth. The semazen conveys God's spiritual gift to those who are witnessing the Sema. Revolving from right to left around the heart, the semazen embraces all humanity with love. The human being has been created with love in order to love. Mevlâna Jalâluddîn Rumi says, "All loves are a bridge to Divine love. Yet, those who have not had a taste of it do not know!"</p></blockquote><p>The traditional view of most orthodox Sunni Sufi orders, such as the <a href="/wiki/Qadiriyya" title="Qadiriyya">Qadiriyya</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chishti_Order" title="Chishti Order">Chisti</a>, as well as Sunni Muslim scholars in general, is that dancing with intent during dhikr or whilst listening to <a href="/wiki/Sema" class="mw-redirect" title="Sema">Sema</a> is prohibited.<sup id="cite_ref-qadiri_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qadiri-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Singing">Singing</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Kurdish_Dervishes_practice_sufism_%28Dhikr%29.ogv/220px--Kurdish_Dervishes_practice_sufism_%28Dhikr%29.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="33" data-mwtitle="Kurdish_Dervishes_practice_sufism_(Dhikr).ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Kurdish_Dervishes_practice_sufism_(Dhikr).ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a7/Kurdish_Dervishes_practice_sufism_%28Dhikr%29.ogv/Kurdish_Dervishes_practice_sufism_%28Dhikr%29.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Kurdish_Dervishes_practice_sufism_%28Dhikr%29.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a7/Kurdish_Dervishes_practice_sufism_%28Dhikr%29.ogv/Kurdish_Dervishes_practice_sufism_%28Dhikr%29.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a7/Kurdish_Dervishes_practice_sufism_%28Dhikr%29.ogv/Kurdish_Dervishes_practice_sufism_%28Dhikr%29.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a7/Kurdish_Dervishes_practice_sufism_%28Dhikr%29.ogv/Kurdish_Dervishes_practice_sufism_%28Dhikr%29.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a7/Kurdish_Dervishes_practice_sufism_%28Dhikr%29.ogv/Kurdish_Dervishes_practice_sufism_%28Dhikr%29.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Kurdish Dervishes practice Sufism with playing <i><a href="/wiki/Daf" title="Daf">Daf</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Sulaymaniyah" title="Sulaymaniyah">Sulaymaniyah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Iraqi Kurdistan</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Musical instruments (except the <i><a href="/wiki/Daf" title="Daf">Daf</a></i>) have traditionally been considered as prohibited by the four orthodox Sunni schools,<sup id="cite_ref-qadiri_134-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qadiri-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the more orthodox Sufi tariqas also continued to prohibit their use. Throughout history most Sufi saints have stressed that musical instruments are forbidden.<sup id="cite_ref-qadiri_134-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qadiri-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Siyar_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siyar-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However some Sufi Saints permitted and encouraged it, whilst maintaining that musical instruments and female voices should not be introduced, although these are common practice today.<sup id="cite_ref-qadiri_134-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qadiri-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Siyar_142-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Siyar-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For example <i><a href="/wiki/Qawwali" title="Qawwali">Qawwali</a></i> was originally a form of Sufi devotional singing popular in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, and is now usually performed at <i><a href="/wiki/Dargah" title="Dargah">dargahs</a></i>. Sufi saint <a href="/wiki/Amir_Khusrau" title="Amir Khusrau">Amir Khusrau</a> is said to have infused Persian, Arabic Turkish and <a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_music" title="Indian classical music">Indian classical</a> melodic styles to create the genre in the 13th century. The songs are classified into <a href="/wiki/Hamd" title="Hamd">hamd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Na%60at" class="mw-redirect" title="Na`at">na'at</a>, manqabat, <a href="/wiki/Marsiya" title="Marsiya">marsiya</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ghazal" title="Ghazal">ghazal</a>, among others. </p><p>Nowadays, the songs last for about 15 to 30 minutes, are performed by a group of singers, and instruments including the <a href="/wiki/Pump_organ" title="Pump organ">harmonium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tabla" title="Tabla">tabla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dholak" title="Dholak">dholak</a> are used. Pakistani singing maestro <a href="/wiki/Nusrat_Fateh_Ali_Khan" title="Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan">Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan</a> is credited with popularizing <a href="/wiki/Qawwali" title="Qawwali">qawwali</a> all over the world.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Saints">Saints</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%90%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8,_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81_%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/%D0%90%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%2C_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81_%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC.jpg/220px-%D0%90%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%2C_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81_%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/%D0%90%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%2C_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81_%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC.jpg/330px-%D0%90%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%2C_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81_%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/%D0%90%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%2C_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81_%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC.jpg/440px-%D0%90%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%2C_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81_%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1346" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Persian_miniature" title="Persian miniature">Persian miniature</a> depicting the medieval <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saint</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mystic</a> <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Ghazali" title="Ahmad Ghazali">Ahmad Ghazali</a> (d. 1123), brother of the famous <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hamid_al-Ghazali" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Hamid al-Ghazali">Abu Hamid al-Ghazali</a> (d. 1111), talking to a disciple, from the <i>Meetings of the Lovers</i> (1552)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wali" title="Wali">Wali</a></div> <p><i>Walī</i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ولي</span>, plural <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><i>ʾawliyāʾ</i></i></span> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">أولياء</span></span>) is an Arabic word whose literal meanings include "custodian", "protector", "helper", and "friend".<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the vernacular, it is most commonly used by Muslims to indicate an Islamic <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saint</a>, otherwise referred to by the more literal "friend of God".<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the traditional Islamic understanding of <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saints</a>, the saint is portrayed as someone "marked by [special] divine favor ... [and] holiness", and who is specifically "chosen by God and endowed with exceptional gifts, such as the ability to work <a href="/wiki/Miracle_worker" class="mw-redirect" title="Miracle worker">miracles</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The doctrine of saints was articulated by Islamic scholars very early on in Muslim history,<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EI2_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and particular verses of the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> and certain <i>hadith</i> were interpreted by early Muslim thinkers as "documentary evidence"<sup id="cite_ref-EI2_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the existence of saints. </p><p>Since the first Muslim hagiographies were written during the period when Sufism began its rapid expansion, many of the figures who later came to be regarded as the major saints in Sunni Islam were the early Sufi mystics, like <a href="/wiki/Hasan_of_Basra" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasan of Basra">Hasan of Basra</a> (d. 728), <a href="/wiki/Farqad_Sabakhi" title="Farqad Sabakhi">Farqad Sabakhi</a> (d. 729), <a href="/wiki/Dawud_Tai" class="mw-redirect" title="Dawud Tai">Dawud Tai</a> (d. 777-81) <a href="/wiki/Rabi%27a_al-%27Adawiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabi'a al-'Adawiyya">Rabi'a al-'Adawiyya</a> (d. 801), <a href="/wiki/Maruf_Karkhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Maruf Karkhi">Maruf Karkhi</a> (d. 815), and <a href="/wiki/Junayd_of_Baghdad" title="Junayd of Baghdad">Junayd of Baghdad (d. 910)</a>. From the twelfth to the fourteenth century, "the general veneration of saints, among both people and sovereigns, reached its definitive form with the organization of Sufism ... into orders or brotherhoods."<sup id="cite_ref-Titus_Burckhardt_2009_p._99_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Titus_Burckhardt_2009_p._99-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the common expressions of Islamic piety of this period, the saint was understood to be "a contemplative whose state of spiritual perfection ... [found] permanent expression in the teaching bequeathed to his disciples."<sup id="cite_ref-Titus_Burckhardt_2009_p._99_153-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Titus_Burckhardt_2009_p._99-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visitation">Visitation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ziyara" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziyara">Ziyara</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bidokht_8810_(19)-W.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Bidokht_8810_%2819%29-W.jpg/220px-Bidokht_8810_%2819%29-W.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Bidokht_8810_%2819%29-W.jpg/330px-Bidokht_8810_%2819%29-W.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Bidokht_8810_%2819%29-W.jpg/440px-Bidokht_8810_%2819%29-W.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1276" data-file-height="957" /></a><figcaption>Sufi mosque in Esfahan, Iran</figcaption></figure> <p>In popular Sufism (i.e. devotional practices that have achieved currency in world cultures through Sufi influence), one common practice is to <a href="/wiki/Ziyarat" title="Ziyarat">visit or make pilgrimages</a> to the tombs of saints, renowned scholars, and righteous people. This is a particularly common practice in South Asia, where famous tombs include such saints as <a href="/wiki/Mir_Sayyid_Ali_Hamadani" title="Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani">Sayyid Ali Hamadani</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kulab,_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulab, Tajikistan">Kulob</a>, Tajikistan; <a href="/wiki/Afaq_Khoja" title="Afaq Khoja">Afāq Khoja</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Kashgar" title="Kashgar">Kashgar</a>, China; <a href="/wiki/Lal_Shahbaz_Qalandar" title="Lal Shahbaz Qalandar">Lal Shahbaz Qalandar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ali_Hujwiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Hujwiri">Ali Hujwari</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, Pakistan; <a href="/wiki/Bahauddin_Zakariya" title="Bahauddin Zakariya">Bahauddin Zakariya</a> in <a href="/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multan</a> Pakistan; <a href="/wiki/Moinuddin_Chishti" class="mw-redirect" title="Moinuddin Chishti">Moinuddin Chishti</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ajmer" title="Ajmer">Ajmer</a>, India; <a href="/wiki/Nizamuddin_Auliya" title="Nizamuddin Auliya">Nizamuddin Auliya</a> in <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, India; and <a href="/wiki/Shah_Jalal" title="Shah Jalal">Shah Jalal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sylhet" title="Sylhet">Sylhet</a>, Bangladesh. </p><p>Likewise, in <a href="/wiki/Fes,_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Fes, Morocco">Fez</a>, Morocco, a popular destination for such pious visitation is the <a href="/wiki/Zaouia_Moulay_Idriss_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaouia Moulay Idriss II">Zaouia Moulay Idriss II</a> and the yearly visitation to see the current Sheikh of the Qadiri Boutchichi <a href="/wiki/Tariqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Tariqah">Tariqah</a>, Sheikh Sidi Hamza al Qadiri al Boutchichi to celebrate the <a href="/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid">Mawlid</a> (which is usually televised on Moroccan National television).<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This action has voiced particular condemnation by the Salafis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Miracles">Miracles</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Karamat" title="Karamat">Karamat</a></div> <p>In Islamic mysticism, <i>karamat</i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">کرامات</span> <i>karāmāt</i>, pl. of <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">کرامة</span></span> <i>karāmah</i>, lit. generosity, high-mindedness<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) refers to supernatural wonders performed by <a href="/wiki/Wali" title="Wali">Muslim saints</a>. In the technical vocabulary of Islamic religious sciences, the singular form <i>karama</i> has a sense similar to <i><a href="/wiki/Charism" class="mw-redirect" title="Charism">charism</a></i>, a favor or spiritual gift freely bestowed by God.<sup id="cite_ref-karama_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-karama-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The marvels ascribed to Islamic saints have included supernatural physical actions, predictions of the future, and "interpretation of the secrets of hearts".<sup id="cite_ref-karama_157-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-karama-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, a "belief in the miracles of saints (<i>karāmāt al-awliyāʾ</i>, literally 'marvels of the friends [of God]')" has been "a requirement in Sunni Islam".<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shrines">Shrines</h3></div> <p>A <i><a href="/wiki/Dargah" title="Dargah">dargah</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: درگاه <i>dargâh</i> or درگه <i>dargah</i>, also in <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>) is a <a href="/wiki/Shrine" title="Shrine">shrine</a> built over the grave of a revered religious figure, often a Sufi <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saint</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dervish" title="Dervish">dervish</a>. Sufis often visit the shrine for <i><a href="/wiki/Ziyarat" title="Ziyarat">ziyarat</a></i>, a term associated with religious visits and pilgrimages. <i>Dargah</i>s are often associated with Sufi eating and meeting rooms and hostels, called <i><a href="/wiki/Khanqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanqah">khanqah</a></i> or hospices. They usually include a mosque, meeting rooms, Islamic religious schools (<a href="/wiki/Madrassas" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrassas">madrassas</a>), residences for a teacher or caretaker, hospitals, and other buildings for community purposes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theoretical_perspectives">Theoretical perspectives</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Munqidh_min_al-dalal_(last_page).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Munqidh_min_al-dalal_%28last_page%29.jpg/180px-Munqidh_min_al-dalal_%28last_page%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Munqidh_min_al-dalal_%28last_page%29.jpg/270px-Munqidh_min_al-dalal_%28last_page%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Munqidh_min_al-dalal_%28last_page%29.jpg/360px-Munqidh_min_al-dalal_%28last_page%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2496" data-file-height="3971" /></a><figcaption>The works of Al-Ghazali firmly defended the concepts of Sufism within the Islamic faith.</figcaption></figure> <p>Traditional Islamic scholars have recognized two major branches within the practice of Sufism and use this as one key to differentiating among the approaches of different masters and devotional lineages.<sup id="cite_ref-Heart_2008_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heart_2008-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the one hand there is the order from the signs to the Signifier (or from the arts to the Artisan). In this branch, the seeker begins by purifying the lower self of every corrupting influence that stands in the way of recognizing all of creation as the work of God, as God's active self-disclosure or <a href="/wiki/Theophany" title="Theophany">theophany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the way of Imam Al-Ghazali and of the majority of the Sufi orders. </p><p>On the other hand, there is the order from the Signifier to his signs, from the Artisan to his works. In this branch the seeker experiences divine attraction (<i>jadhba</i>), and is able to enter the order with a glimpse of its endpoint, of direct apprehension of the Divine Presence towards which all spiritual striving is directed. This does not replace the striving to purify the heart, as in the other branch; it simply stems from a different point of entry into the path. This is the way primarily of the masters of the Naqshbandi and <a href="/wiki/Shadhili" title="Shadhili">Shadhili</a> orders.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contemporary scholars may also recognize a third branch, attributed to the late <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Said_Nursi" title="Said Nursi">Said Nursi</a> and explicated in his vast Qur'an commentary called the <a href="/wiki/Risale-i_Nur" title="Risale-i Nur">Risale-i Nur</a>. This approach entails strict adherence to the way of Muhammad, in the understanding that this wont, or <i><a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">sunnah</a></i>, proposes a complete devotional spirituality adequate to those without access to a master of the Sufi way.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contributions_to_other_domains_of_scholarship">Contributions to other domains of scholarship</h3></div> <p>Sufism has contributed significantly to the elaboration of theoretical perspectives in many domains of intellectual endeavor. For instance, the doctrine of "subtle centers" or centers of subtle cognition (known as <i><a href="/wiki/Lataif-e-sitta" class="mw-redirect" title="Lataif-e-sitta">Lataif-e-sitta</a></i>) addresses the matter of the awakening of spiritual intuition.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, these subtle centers or <i>latâ'if</i> are thought of as faculties that are to be purified sequentially in order to bring the seeker's wayfaring to completion. A concise and useful summary of this system from a living exponent of this tradition has been published by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Emin_Er" title="Muhammad Emin Er">Muhammad Emin Er</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Heart_2008_159-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heart_2008-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sufi_psychology" title="Sufi psychology">Sufi psychology</a> has influenced many areas of thinking both within and outside of Islam, drawing primarily upon three concepts. <a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Ja'far al-Sadiq</a> (both an <a href="/wiki/Imamah_(Shi%27a_doctrine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imamah (Shi'a doctrine)">imam</a> in the Shia tradition and a respected scholar and link in chains of Sufi transmission in all Islamic sects) held that human beings are dominated by a lower self called the <a href="/wiki/Nafs" title="Nafs">nafs</a> (self, ego, person), a faculty of spiritual intuition called the <a href="/wiki/Qalb" title="Qalb">qalb</a> (heart), and <a href="/wiki/Ruh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruh">ruh</a> (soul). These interact in various ways, producing the spiritual types of the tyrant (dominated by <i>nafs</i>), the person of faith and moderation (dominated by the spiritual heart), and the person lost in love for God (dominated by the <i>ruh</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchimmel2013_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchimmel2013-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of note with regard to the spread of Sufi psychology in the West is <a href="/wiki/Robert_Frager" title="Robert Frager">Robert Frager</a>, a Sufi teacher authorized in the <a href="/wiki/Jerrahi" title="Jerrahi">Jerrahi</a> order. Frager was a trained psychologist, born in the United States, who converted to Islam in the course of his practice of Sufism and wrote extensively on Sufism and psychology.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (September 2023)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sufi_cosmology" title="Sufi cosmology">Sufi cosmology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sufi_metaphysics" title="Sufi metaphysics">Sufi metaphysics</a> are also noteworthy areas of intellectual accomplishment.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prominent_Sufis">Prominent Sufis</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Sufi_saints" title="List of Sufi saints">List of Sufi saints</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Sufis" title="List of Sufis">List of Sufis</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rabi'a_Al-'Adawiyya"><span id="Rabi.27a_Al-.27Adawiyya"></span>Rabi'a Al-'Adawiyya</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rabia_al-Adawiyya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Rabia_al-Adawiyya.jpg/220px-Rabia_al-Adawiyya.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Rabia_al-Adawiyya.jpg/330px-Rabia_al-Adawiyya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Rabia_al-Adawiyya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="221" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of Rabi'a <a href="/wiki/Mill_(grinding)" title="Mill (grinding)">grinding grain</a> from a <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> dictionary</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Rabia_Basri" title="Rabia Basri">Rābiʼa al-ʼAdawiyya</a> or Rabia Basri was a <a href="/wiki/Saints_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Saints in Islam">Sufi saint</a>, one of the earliest <a href="/wiki/Sufi_mystic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi mystic">Sufi mystics</a> and an influential religious figure from Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-Rabi'a_The_Mystic_and_Her_Fellow-Saints_in_Islam_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rabi'a_The_Mystic_and_Her_Fellow-Saints_in_Islam-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rabi'a was born of very poor origin, but was captured by bandits at a later age and sold into slavery. She was, however, released by her master when he awoke one night to see the light of sanctity shining above her head.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prominent Sufi leader <a href="/wiki/Hasan_of_Basra" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasan of Basra">Hasan of Basra</a> is said "I passed one whole night and day with Rabi'a ... it never passed through my mind that I was a man nor did it occur to her that she was a woman... when I saw her I saw myself as bankrupt and Rabi'a as truly sincere."<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rabi'a al-Adawiyya is known for her teachings and emphasis on the centrality of the love of God to a holy life.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She is said to have proclaimed, running down the streets of <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a>, Iraq: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>O God! If I worship You for fear of Hell, burn me in Hell, and if I worship You in hope of Paradise, exclude me from Paradise. But if I worship You for Your Own sake, grudge me not Your everlasting Beauty.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Rabi'a al-Adawiyya</cite></div></blockquote> <p>There are different opinions about the death and resting place of Rabia Basri. Some believe her resting place to be <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> whereas others believe it to be Basra.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Junayd_of_Baghdad">Junayd of Baghdad</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Junayd_of_Baghdad" title="Junayd of Baghdad">Junayd al-Baghdadi</a> (830–910) was one of the earlier Sufis. He was a <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persian</a> Sufi and one of the most famous of the early <a href="/wiki/Wali" title="Wali">Islamic saints</a> and is a central figure in the spiritual lineages of many <a href="/wiki/Tariqa" title="Tariqa">Sufi orders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Junayd al-Baghdadi taught in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> throughout his lifetime and was an important figure in the development of Sufi beliefs. Like <a href="/wiki/Hasan_of_Basra" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasan of Basra">Hasan of Basra</a> before him, was widely revered by his students and disciples as well as quoted by other mystics. Because of his importance among Sufis, Junayd was often referred to as the "<a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bayazid_Bastami">Bayazid Bastami</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Bayazid_Bastami" title="Bayazid Bastami">Bayazid Bastami</a> was a recognized and influential Sufi personality from the Tayfuriyya order.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bastami was born in 804 in <a href="/wiki/Bastam" title="Bastam">Bastam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bayazid is regarded for his devout commitment to the <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a> and his dedication to fundamental Islamic principals and practices. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shaykh_Abdul_Qadir_Gilani">Shaykh Abdul Qadir Gilani</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roof_hafez_tomb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Roof_hafez_tomb.jpg/220px-Roof_hafez_tomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Roof_hafez_tomb.jpg/330px-Roof_hafez_tomb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Roof_hafez_tomb.jpg/440px-Roof_hafez_tomb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Geometric tiling</a> on the underside of the dome of Hafiz Shirazi's tomb in <a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Abdul-Qadir_Gilani" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul-Qadir Gilani">Shaykh Abdul Qadir Gilani</a> (1077–1166) was a Mesopotamian-born <a href="/wiki/Hanbali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbali">Hanbali</a> jurist and prominent Sufi scholar based in Baghdad, with Persian roots. Gilani spent his early life in Na'if, a town just East of Baghdad, also the town of his birth. There, he pursued the study of <a href="/wiki/Hanbali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanbali">Hanbali</a> law. <a href="/wiki/Abu_Saeed_Mubarak_Makhzoomi" title="Abu Saeed Mubarak Makhzoomi">Abu Saeed Mubarak Makhzoomi</a> gave Gilani lessons in <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">fiqh</a>. He was given lessons about <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a> by Abu Bakr ibn Muzaffar. He was given lessons about Tafsir by Abu Muhammad Ja'far, a commentator. His Sufi spiritual instructor was Abu'l-Khair Hammad ibn Muslim al-Dabbas. After completing his education, Gilani left Baghdad. He spent twenty-five years as a reclusive wanderer in the desert regions of Iraq. In 1127, Gilani returned to Baghdad and began to preach to the public. He joined the teaching staff of the school belonging to his own teacher, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Saeed_Mubarak_Makhzoomi" title="Abu Saeed Mubarak Makhzoomi">Abu Saeed Mubarak Makhzoomi</a>, and was popular with students. In the morning he taught hadith and <i><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">tafsir</a></i>, and in the afternoon held discourse on the science of the heart and the virtues of the Quran. He is the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Qadiriyya" title="Qadiriyya">Qadiriyya</a> order, of which its eponym is his patronym.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abul_Hasan_ash-Shadhili">Abul Hasan ash-Shadhili</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Abul_Hasan_ash-Shadhili" class="mw-redirect" title="Abul Hasan ash-Shadhili">Abul Hasan ash-Shadhili</a> (died 1258) was the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Shadhiliyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadhiliyya">Shadhiliyya</a> order, and introduced <i>dhikr jahri</i> (the remembrance of God out loud, as opposed to the silent <i>dhikr</i>). He taught that his followers need not abstain from what Islam has not forbidden, but to be grateful for what God has bestowed upon them,<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in contrast to the majority of Sufis, who preach to deny oneself and to destroy the ego-self (<i><a href="/wiki/Nafs" title="Nafs">nafs</a></i>). The "Order of Patience" (Tariqus-Sabr), Shadhiliyya is formulated to be "Order of Gratitude" (Tariqush-Shukr). <a href="/wiki/Shadhili" title="Shadhili">Imam Shadhili</a> also gave eighteen valuable <i><a href="/wiki/Manzil" title="Manzil">hizbs</a></i> (litanies) to his followers, out of which the notable <i>Hizb al-Bahr</i><sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is recited worldwide even today. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moinuddin_Chishti">Moinuddin Chishti</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sufi_Prayer_Book_LACMA_M.87.21.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Sufi_Prayer_Book_LACMA_M.87.21.jpg/220px-Sufi_Prayer_Book_LACMA_M.87.21.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Sufi_Prayer_Book_LACMA_M.87.21.jpg/330px-Sufi_Prayer_Book_LACMA_M.87.21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Sufi_Prayer_Book_LACMA_M.87.21.jpg/440px-Sufi_Prayer_Book_LACMA_M.87.21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1638" /></a><figcaption>A Mughal-era Sufi prayer book from the <a href="/wiki/Chishti_Order" title="Chishti Order">Chishti order</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Moinuddin_Chishti" class="mw-redirect" title="Moinuddin Chishti">Moinuddin Chishti</a> (1141–1236), known as <i>Gharīb Nawāz</i> ("Benefactor of the Poor"), was the most famous Sufi saint of the Chishti Order. Moinuddin Chishti introduced and established the order in the Indian subcontinent. The initial spiritual chain or silsila of the Chishti order in India, comprising Moinuddin Chishti, <a href="/wiki/Qutbuddin_Bakhtiar_Kaki" title="Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki">Bakhtiyar Kaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fariduddin_Ganjshakar" class="mw-redirect" title="Fariduddin Ganjshakar">Baba Farid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nizamuddin_Auliya" title="Nizamuddin Auliya">Nizamuddin Auliya</a> (each successive person being the disciple of the previous one), constitutes the great Sufi saints of Indian history. Moinuddin Chishtī turned towards India, reputedly after a dream in which Muhammad blessed him to do so. After a brief stay at Lahore, he reached <a href="/wiki/Ajmer" title="Ajmer">Ajmer</a> along with Sultan <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_of_Ghor" title="Muhammad of Ghor">Shahāb-ud-Din Muhammad Ghori</a>, and settled down there. In Ajmer, he attracted a substantial following, acquiring a great deal of respect amongst the residents of the city. Moinuddin Chishtī practiced the Sufi <i>Sulh-e-Kul</i> (peace to all) concept to promote understanding between Muslims and non-Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bahauddin_Naqshband">Bahauddin Naqshband</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Baha%27_al-Din_Naqshband" title="Baha' al-Din Naqshband">Bahauddin Naqshband</a> (1318–1389) was a prominent Sufi master of the 14th century who founded the <a href="/wiki/Naqshbandi" title="Naqshbandi">Naqshbandi</a> Sufi order. Born in the village of Qasr-i Hinduvan near Bukhara, Uzbekistan, he was a descendant of the Prophet Muhammad. His early life was marked by a deep spiritual inclination. He sought out the guidance of renowned Sufi teachers and quickly demonstrated exceptional talent and understanding. His primary teacher was <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Baba_As-Samasi" title="Mohammad Baba As-Samasi">Mohammad Baba As-Samasi</a>, who initiated him into the spiritual path. His approach to Sufism emphasized inner contemplation, discipline, and a focus on the unseen. He advocated for a balanced lifestyle, combining spiritual practices with worldly responsibilities. His teachings were rooted in the Quran and the Sunnah, and he emphasized the importance of following the example of the Prophet Muhammad. </p><p>The Naqshbandi order became one of the most influential Sufi orders in Islamic history. It spread throughout Central Asia, the Middle East, and eventually to South Asia and the West. The order's emphasis on spiritual discipline, inner work, and social engagement resonated with many seekers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ahmad_Al-Tijani">Ahmad Al-Tijani</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shams_al-Ma%27arif.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Shams_al-Ma%27arif.jpg/180px-Shams_al-Ma%27arif.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Shams_al-Ma%27arif.jpg/270px-Shams_al-Ma%27arif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Shams_al-Ma%27arif.jpg/360px-Shams_al-Ma%27arif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption>A manuscript of Sufi <a href="/wiki/Islamic_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic theology">Islamic theology</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Shams_al-Ma%27arif" title="Shams al-Ma'arif">Shams al-Ma'arif</a></i> (The Book of the Sun of Gnosis) was written by the <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algerian</a> Sufi master <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Buni" title="Ahmad al-Buni">Ahmad al-Buni</a> during the 12th century.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Tijani" title="Ahmed Tijani">Ahmed Tijani</a> (1737–1815), in Arabic سيدي أحمد التجاني (<i>Sidi Ahmed Tijani</i>), was the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Tijaniyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Tijaniyya">Tijaniyya</a> Sufi order. He was born in a Berber family,<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFn_Madhi" title="Aïn Madhi">Aïn Madhi</a>, present-day Algeria, and died at the age of 78 in Fez.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Al-Ghazālī"><span id="Al-Ghaz.C4.81l.C4.AB"></span>Al-Ghazālī</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a> (c. 1058 – 1111) was a Sunni Muslim polymath.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a prominent Sufi, jurisconsult, legal theoretician, mufti, philosopher, theologian, logician and mystic.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is considered to be the 11th century's <i><a href="/wiki/Mujaddid" title="Mujaddid">mujaddid</a></i>, a renewer of the faith, who appears once every 100 years.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Al-Ghazali's works were so highly acclaimed by his contemporaries that he was awarded the honorific title "Proof of Islam".<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a prominent <a href="/wiki/Mujtahid" class="mw-redirect" title="Mujtahid">mujtahid</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i_school" title="Shafi'i school">Shafi'i</a> school of law.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His magnum opus was Iḥyā’ ‘ulūm ad-dīn ("The Revival of the Religious Sciences").<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His works include Tahāfut al-Falāsifa ("Incoherence of the Philosophers"), a landmark in the history of philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sayyed_Badiuddin">Sayyed Badiuddin</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Badiuddin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayyid Badiuddin">Sayyid Badiuddin</a><sup id="cite_ref-Wise2016_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wise2016-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a Sufi saint who founded the <a href="/wiki/Madariyya" title="Madariyya">Madariyya</a> Silsila and order.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also known by the title Qutb-ul-Madar.<sup id="cite_ref-bhatt_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bhatt-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He hailed originally from Syria, and was born in <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a><sup id="cite_ref-Wise2016_194-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wise2016-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to a <a href="/wiki/Sayyid" title="Sayyid">Syed</a> Hussaini family.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His teacher was <a href="/wiki/Bayazid_Bastami" title="Bayazid Bastami">Bayazid Tayfur al-Bistami</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After making a <a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">pilgrimage</a> to <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>, he journeyed to India to spread the Islamic faith, where he founded the Madariyya order.<sup id="cite_ref-bhatt_196-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bhatt-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His tomb is at <a href="/wiki/Makanpur" title="Makanpur">Makanpur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ibn_Arabi">Ibn Arabi</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arabi" title="Ibn Arabi">Ibn 'Arabi</a> (or Ibn al-'Arabi) (AH 561 – AH 638; 1165–1240) was one of the most influential Sufis, revered for his profound spiritual insight, refined taste, and deep knowledge of God. Over the centuries, he has been honored with the title "The Grand Master" (Arabic: الشيخ الأكبر). Ibn Arabi founded the Sufi order known as "<a href="/wiki/Akbarism" title="Akbarism">Al Akbariyya</a>" (Arabic: الأكبرية), which remains active to this day. The order, based in Cairo, continues to spread his teachings and principles through its own Sheikh. Ibn Arabi's writings, especially <a href="/wiki/Al-Futuhat_al-Makkiyya" title="Al-Futuhat al-Makkiyya">al-Futuhat al-Makkiyya</a> and Fusus al-Hikam, have been studied within all Sufi orders as the clearest expression of <i><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">tawhid</a></i> (Divine Unity), though because of their recondite nature they were often only given to initiates. His teachings later became known as the school of <i><a href="/wiki/Wahdat_al-wujud" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahdat al-wujud">wahdat al-wujud</a></i> (the Oneness of Being). He himself considered his writings to have been divinely inspired. As he expressed the way to one of his close disciples, his legacy is that "you should never ever abandon your servant-hood (<i>ubudiyya</i>), and that there may never be in your soul a longing for any existing thing".<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mansur_Al-Hallaj">Mansur Al-Hallaj</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mansur_Al-Hallaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Mansur Al-Hallaj">Mansur Al-Hallaj</a> (died 922) is renowned for his claim, <i>Ana-l-Haqq</i> ("I am the Truth"), his ecstatic Sufism and state-trial. His refusal to recant this utterance, which was regarded as <a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">apostasy</a>, led to a long trial. He was imprisoned for 11 years in a Baghdad prison, before being tortured and publicly beheaded on March 26, 922. He is still revered by Sufis for his willingness to embrace torture and death rather than recant. It is said that during his prayers, he would say "O Lord! You are the guide of those who are passing through the Valley of Bewilderment. If I am a heretic, enlarge my heresy".<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yusuf_Abu_al-Haggag">Yusuf Abu al-Haggag</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Abu_al-Haggag" title="Yusuf Abu al-Haggag">Yusuf Abu al-Haggag</a> (c. 1150 – c. 1245) was a Sufi scholar and Sheikh preaching principally in <a href="/wiki/Luxor" title="Luxor">Luxor</a>, Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-202" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He devoted himself to knowledge, <a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">asceticism</a> and worship.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his pursuits, he earned the nickname "Father of the Pilgrim". His birthday is celebrated today annually in Luxor, with people convening at the <a href="/wiki/Abu_Haggag_Mosque" title="Abu Haggag Mosque">Abu Haggag Mosque</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_Sufi_works">Notable Sufi works</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sufi_literature" title="Sufi literature">Sufi literature</a></div> <p>Among the most popular Sufi works are:<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Ta%27arruf_li-Madhhab_Ahl_al-Tasawwuf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Ta'arruf li-Madhhab Ahl al-Tasawwuf (page does not exist)">Al-Ta'arruf li-Madhhab Ahl al-Tasawwuf</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81_%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B0%D9%87%D8%A8_%D8%A3%D9%87%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81" class="extiw" title="ar:التعرف لمذهب أهل التصوف">ar</a>]</span></i> (The Exploration of the Path of Sufis) by <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Kalabadhi" title="Abu Bakr al-Kalabadhi">Abu Bakr al-Kalabadhi</a> (d. ca. 380/990), a popular text about which <a href="/wiki/Shihab_al-Din_%27Umar_al-Suhrawardi" title="Shihab al-Din 'Umar al-Suhrawardi">'Umar al-Suhrawardi</a> (d. 632/1234) is reported to have said: "if it were not for the Ta'arruf, we would know nothing about Sufism".<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Q%C5%ABt_al-Qul%C5%ABb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qūt al-Qulūb (page does not exist)">Qūt al-Qulūb</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A8" class="extiw" title="ar:قوت القلوب">ar</a>]</span></i> (Nourishment of the Hearts) by <a href="/wiki/Abu_Talib_al-Makki" title="Abu Talib al-Makki">Abu Talib al-Makki</a> (d. 386/996), an encyclopedic manual of Sufism (Islamic mystical teachings), which would have a significant influence on <a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a>'s <i>Ihya' 'Ulum al-Din</i> (<a href="/wiki/The_Revival_of_the_Religious_Sciences" title="The Revival of the Religious Sciences">The Revival of the Religious Sciences</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hilyat_al-Awliya_wa_Tabaqat_al-Asfiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilyat al-Awliya wa Tabaqat al-Asfiya">Hilyat al-Awliya wa Tabaqat al-Asfiya</a></i> (The Ornament of God's Friends and Generations of Pure Ones) by <a href="/wiki/Abu_Na%27im_al-Isfahani" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Na'im al-Isfahani">Abu Na'im al-Isfahani</a> (d. 430/1038), which is a voluminous collection of biographies of Sufis and other early Muslim religious leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Risala_al-Qushayriyya" title="Al-Risala al-Qushayriyya">Al-Risala al-Qushayriyya</a></i> (The Qushayrian Treatise) by <a href="/wiki/Al-Qushayri" title="Al-Qushayri">al-Qushayri</a> (d. 465/1072), an indispensable reference book for those who study and specialize in Islamic mysticism. It is considered as one of the most popular Sufi manuals and has served as a primary textbook for many generations of Sufi novices to the present.<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ihya%27_%27Ulum_al-Din" class="mw-redirect" title="Ihya' 'Ulum al-Din">Ihya' 'Ulum al-Din</a></i> (The Revival of the Sciences of Religion) by <a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a> (d. 505/1111). It is widely regarded as one of the most complete compendiums of Muslim thought and practice ever written, and is among the most influential books in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">history of Islam</a>. As its title indicates, it is a sustained attempt to put <a href="/wiki/Tajdid" class="mw-redirect" title="Tajdid">vigour and liveliness</a> back into Muslim religious discourse.<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Ghunya_li-Talibi_Tariq_al-Haqq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Ghunya li-Talibi Tariq al-Haqq (page does not exist)">Al-Ghunya li-Talibi Tariq al-Haqq</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82" class="extiw" title="ar:الغنية لطالبي طريق الحق">ar</a>]</span></i> (Sufficient Provision for Seekers of the Path of the Truth) by <a href="/wiki/%27Abd_al-Qadir_al-Jilani" class="mw-redirect" title="'Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani">'Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani</a> (d. 561/1166).<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Translated from Arabic into English for the first time by Muhtar Holland.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%27Awarif_al-Ma%27arif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="'Awarif al-Ma'arif (page does not exist)">'Awarif al-Ma'arif</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BFAw%C4%81rif_al-ma%CA%BF%C4%81rif" class="extiw" title="de:ʿAwārif al-maʿārif">de</a>]</span></i> (The Gifts of Spiritual Perceptions) by <a href="/wiki/Shihab_al-Din_%27Umar_al-Suhrawardi" title="Shihab al-Din 'Umar al-Suhrawardi">Shihab al-Din 'Umar al-Suhrawardi</a> (d. 632/1234), was one of the more popular Sufi books of his time, and posthumously it became the standard preparatory text book for Sufi novices around the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic world">Islamic world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Hikam_al-%27Ata%27iyya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Hikam al-'Ata'iyya (page does not exist)">Al-Hikam al-'Ata'iyya</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:الحكم العطائية">ar</a>]</span></i> (The Aphorisms of Ibn 'Ata' Allah) by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_%27Ata%27_Allah_al-Sakandari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn 'Ata' Allah al-Sakandari">Ibn 'Ata' Allah al-Sakandari</a> (d. 709/1309), a collection of 261 Sufi <a href="/wiki/Aphorisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphorisms">aphorisms</a> and proverbs (some counted it 264) containing precise contemplative reflections on man's relations with <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a> (<a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a>), based on the teachings of the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a>, and deals with issues related to <a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">tawhid</a> (Islamic monotheism), ethics, morality and <a href="/wiki/Salik" title="Salik">day-to-day conduct</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sufi_commentaries_on_the_Qur'an"><span id="Sufi_commentaries_on_the_Qur.27an"></span>Sufi commentaries on the Qur'an</h3></div> <p>Sufis have also made contributions to the <a href="/wiki/List_of_tafsir_works#Sufi" title="List of tafsir works">Qur'anic exegetical literature</a>, expounding the inner esoteric meanings of the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among such works are the following:<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tafsir_al-Qu%27ran_al-%27Azim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tafsir al-Qu'ran al-'Azim (page does not exist)">Tafsir al-Qu'ran al-'Azim</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A" class="extiw" title="ar:تفسير التستري">ar</a>]</span></i> (Interpretation of the Great Qur'an) by <a href="/wiki/Sahl_al-Tustari" title="Sahl al-Tustari">Sahl al-Tustari</a> (d. 283/896),<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the oldest Sufi commentary on the Qur'an.<sup id="cite_ref-222" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lata%27if_al-Isharat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lata'if al-Isharat (page does not exist)">Lata'if al-Isharat</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A" class="extiw" title="ar:تفسير القشيري">ar</a>]</span></i> (Subtleties of the Allusions) by <a href="/wiki/Al-Qushayri" title="Al-Qushayri">al-Qushayri</a> (d. 465/1072).<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%27Ara%27is_al-Bayan_fi_Haqa%27iq_aI-Qur%27an&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="'Ara'is al-Bayan fi Haqa'iq aI-Qur'an (page does not exist)">'Ara'is al-Bayan fi Haqa'iq aI-Qur'an</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%AD%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86" class="extiw" title="ar:عرائس البيان في حقائق القرآن">ar</a>]</span></i> (The Brides of Explication Concerning the Hidden Realities of the Qur'an) by <a href="/wiki/Ruzbihan_al-Baqli" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruzbihan al-Baqli">Ruzbihan al-Baqli</a> (d. 606/1209).</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Ta%27wilat_al-Najmiyya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Ta'wilat al-Najmiyya (page does not exist)">Al-Ta'wilat al-Najmiyya</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:تفسير التأويلات النجمية">ar</a>]</span></i> (Starry Interpretations) by <a href="/wiki/Najm_al-Din_Kubra" title="Najm al-Din Kubra">Najm al-Din Kubra</a> (d. 618/1221). This is a <a href="/wiki/Joint_authorship" title="Joint authorship">jointly-authored</a> work, started by Najm al-Din Kubra, followed by his student <a href="/wiki/Najm_al-Din_Razi" title="Najm al-Din Razi">Najm al-Din Razi</a> (d. 654/1256) and finished by <a href="/wiki/%27Ala%27_al-Dawla_Simnani" title="'Ala' al-Dawla Simnani">'Alā' al-Dawla al-Simnani</a> (d. 736/1336).<sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghara%27ib_al-Qur%27an_wa_Ragha%27ib_al-Furqan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghara'ib al-Qur'an wa Ragha'ib al-Furqan">Ghara'ib al-Qur'an wa Ragha'ib al-Furqan</a></i> (Wonders of the Qur'an and Desiderata of the Criterion) by <a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Din_al-Nisaburi" title="Nizam al-Din al-Nisaburi">Nizam al-Din al-Nisaburi</a> (d. ca. 728/1328).</li> <li><i>Anwar al-Qur'an wa Asrar al-Furqan</i> (Lights of the Qur'an and Secrets of the Criterion) by <a href="/wiki/Mulla_%27Ali_al-Qari" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulla 'Ali al-Qari">Mulla 'Ali al-Qari</a> (d. 1014/1606).</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruh_al-Bayan_fi_Tafsir_al-Qur%27an&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ruh al-Bayan fi Tafsir al-Qur'an (page does not exist)">Ruh al-Bayan fi Tafsir al-Qur'an</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86" class="extiw" title="ar:روح البيان في تفسير القرآن">ar</a>]</span></i> (The Spirit of Explanation in the Commentary on the Qur'an) by <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Haqqi_Bursevi" title="Ismail Haqqi Bursevi">Isma'il Haqqi al-Brusawi/Bursevi</a> (d. 1137/1725).<sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He started this voluminous Qur'anic commentary and completed it in twenty-three years.<sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tafsir_Ibn_Ajiba" title="Tafsir Ibn Ajiba">Al-Bahr al-Madeed fi Tafsir al-Qur'an al-Majeed</a></i> (The Vast Sea in the Interpretation of the Glorious Qur'an) by <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_%27Ajiba" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad ibn 'Ajiba">Ahmad ibn 'Ajiba</a> (d. 1224/1809).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persecution_of_Sufi_Muslims">Persecution of Sufi Muslims</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Persecution of Sufis</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence_among_Muslims" title="Sectarian violence among Muslims">Sectarian violence among Muslims</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sufi%E2%80%93Salafi_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi–Salafi relations">Sufi–Salafi relations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shrine_Lal_Shahbaz_Qalandar,_Sehwan_Shareed,_Pakistan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Shrine_Lal_Shahbaz_Qalandar%2C_Sehwan_Shareed%2C_Pakistan.jpg/220px-Shrine_Lal_Shahbaz_Qalandar%2C_Sehwan_Shareed%2C_Pakistan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Shrine_Lal_Shahbaz_Qalandar%2C_Sehwan_Shareed%2C_Pakistan.jpg/330px-Shrine_Lal_Shahbaz_Qalandar%2C_Sehwan_Shareed%2C_Pakistan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Shrine_Lal_Shahbaz_Qalandar%2C_Sehwan_Shareed%2C_Pakistan.jpg/440px-Shrine_Lal_Shahbaz_Qalandar%2C_Sehwan_Shareed%2C_Pakistan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Muslim pilgrims gathered around the <a href="/wiki/Zarih" title="Zarih">Ḍarīẖ</a> covering the <a href="/wiki/Maqbara" title="Maqbara">grave</a> (<i>qabr</i>) of the 13th-century Sufi saint <a href="/wiki/Lal_Shahbaz_Qalandar" title="Lal Shahbaz Qalandar">Lal Shahbaz Qalandar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_Lal_Shahbaz_Qalandar" title="Shrine of Lal Shahbaz Qalandar">shrine</a> located in <a href="/wiki/Sehwan_Sharif" class="mw-redirect" title="Sehwan Sharif">Sehwan Sharif</a>, Pakistan); on 16 February 2017, <a href="/wiki/ISIS" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIS">ISIS</a> claimed responsibility for a <a href="/wiki/2017_Sehwan_suicide_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Sehwan suicide bombing">suicide attack on the shrine</a> which resulted in the deaths of 90 people.<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The persecution of Sufism and Sufi Muslims over the course of centuries has included acts of <a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">religious discrimination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">persecution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religious_violence#Islam" title="Religious violence">violence</a>, such as the destruction of Sufi shrines, tombs, and mosques, suppression of Sufi orders, and discrimination against adherents of Sufism in a number of <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim-majority countries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook2015_230-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook2015-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a> banned all Sufi orders and abolished their institutions in 1925, after Sufis opposed the new secular order. The <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Republic of Iran">Islamic Republic of Iran</a> has harassed Shia Sufis, reportedly for their lack of support for the government doctrine of "<a href="/wiki/Islamic_Government:_Governance_of_the_Jurist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist">governance of the jurist</a>" (i.e., that the supreme Shiite <a href="/wiki/Faq%C4%ABh" title="Faqīh">jurist</a> should be the nation's political leader). </p><p>In most other Muslim-majority countries, attacks on Sufis and especially their shrines have come from adherents of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_puritanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic puritanism">puritanical</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">fundamentalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Islamic movements</a> (<a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a>), who believe that practices such as <a href="/wiki/Ziyarat" title="Ziyarat">visitation to</a> and <a href="/wiki/Veneration#Islam" title="Veneration">veneration of the tombs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saints_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Saints in Islam">Sufi saints</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mawlid#Other_uses_of_the_term" title="Mawlid">celebration of the birthdays of Sufi saints</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Dhikr" title="Dhikr">dhikr</a></i> ("remembrance" of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a>) ceremonies are <i><a href="/wiki/Bid%E2%80%98ah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bid‘ah">bid‘ah</a></i> (impure "innovation") and <i><a href="/wiki/Shirk_(Islam)" title="Shirk (Islam)">shirk</a></i> ("polytheistic").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook2015_230-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECook2015-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Specia-2017_231-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Specia-2017-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-232" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-232"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>231<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-233" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-233"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>232<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-234" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-234"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>233<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, at least 305 people were killed and more than 100 wounded during the <a href="/wiki/2017_Sinai_mosque_attack" title="2017 Sinai mosque attack">November 2017 Islamic terrorist attack</a> on a Sufi mosque located in <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai</a>; it is considered <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Egypt" title="Terrorism in Egypt">one of the worst terrorist attacks</a> in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_modern_Egypt" title="History of modern Egypt">history of modern Egypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Specia-2017_231-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Specia-2017-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Walsh-Declan_235-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walsh-Declan-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the victims were Sufis.<sup id="cite_ref-Specia-2017_231-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Specia-2017-231"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Walsh-Declan_235-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walsh-Declan-235"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>234<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perception_outside_Islam">Perception outside Islam</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sudan_sufis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Sudan_sufis.jpg/220px-Sudan_sufis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Sudan_sufis.jpg/330px-Sudan_sufis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Sudan_sufis.jpg/440px-Sudan_sufis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="969" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>A choreographed Sufi performance on a Friday in Sudan</figcaption></figure> <p>Sufi mysticism has long exercised a fascination upon the Western world, and especially its Orientalist scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-Geaves_236-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geaves-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, European orientalists treated Sufism and Islam as distinct subjects, leading to "an over-emphasis on the translation of classical Sufi mystical literature" in the academic study of Sufism at the expense of the lived practices in Islam, as well as a separation of Sufism from its Islamic roots in the development of Sufism as a religious form in the West.<sup id="cite_ref-237" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-237"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>236<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-238" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-238"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>237<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Figures like Rumi have become well known in the United States, where Sufism is perceived as a peaceful and apolitical form of Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-Geaves_236-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geaves-236"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>235<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-239" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-239"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>238<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr" title="Seyyed Hossein Nasr">Seyyed Hossein Nasr</a> states that the preceding theories are false according to the point of view of Sufism.<sup id="cite_ref-240" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-240"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>239<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The contemporary amateur historian David Livingstone writes: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Sufi practices are merely attempts to attain psychic states—for their own sake—though it is claimed the pursuit represents seeking closeness to God, and that the achieved magical powers are gifts of advanced spirituality. For several reasons, Sufism was generally looked upon as heretical among Muslim scholars. Among the deviations introduced by the Sufis was the tendency to believe the daily prayers to be only for the masses who had not achieved deeper spiritual knowledge, but could be disregarded by those more advanced spiritually. The Sufis introduced the practice of congregational Dhikr, or religious oral exercises, consisting of a continuous repetition of the name of God. These practices were unknown to early Islam, and consequently regarded as Bid'ah, meaning "unfounded innovation". Also, many of the Sufis adopted the practice of total Tawakkul, or complete "trust" or "dependence" on God, by avoiding all kinds of labor or commerce, refusing medical care when they were ill, and living by begging."<sup id="cite_ref-241" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-241"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>240<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nasreddin_(17th-century_miniature).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Nasreddin_%2817th-century_miniature%29.jpg/180px-Nasreddin_%2817th-century_miniature%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Nasreddin_%2817th-century_miniature%29.jpg/270px-Nasreddin_%2817th-century_miniature%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Nasreddin_%2817th-century_miniature%29.jpg/360px-Nasreddin_%2817th-century_miniature%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="555" /></a><figcaption>A 17th-century miniature of <a href="/wiki/Nasreddin" title="Nasreddin">Nasreddin</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_dynasty" title="Seljuk dynasty">Seljuk</a> <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satirical figure</a>, currently in the <a href="/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1_Palace" title="Topkapı Palace">Topkapı Palace</a> Museum Library</figcaption></figure> <p>The Islamic Institute in Mannheim, Germany, which works towards the integration of Europe and Muslims, sees Sufism as particularly suited for interreligious dialogue and intercultural harmonisation in democratic and pluralist societies; it has described Sufism as a symbol of tolerance and <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanism</a>—nondogmatic, flexible and non-violent.<sup id="cite_ref-242" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-242"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>241<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Philip_Jenkins" title="Philip Jenkins">Philip Jenkins</a>, a professor at <a href="/wiki/Baylor_University" title="Baylor University">Baylor University</a>, "the Sufis are much more than tactical allies for the West: they are, potentially, the greatest hope for pluralism and democracy within Muslim nations." Likewise, several governments and organisations have advocated the promotion of Sufism as a means of combating intolerant and <a href="/wiki/Islam_and_violence" title="Islam and violence">violent strains of Islam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-243" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-243"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>242<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the Chinese and Russian<sup id="cite_ref-244" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-244"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>243<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> governments openly favor Sufism as the best means of protecting against Islamist subversion. The British government, especially following the <a href="/wiki/7_July_2005_London_bombings" title="7 July 2005 London bombings">7 July 2005 London bombings</a>, has favoured Sufi groups in its battle against <a href="/wiki/Muslim_extremist" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim extremist">Muslim extremist</a> currents. The influential <a href="/wiki/RAND_Corporation" title="RAND Corporation">RAND Corporation</a>, an American think-tank, issued a major report titled "Building Moderate Muslim Networks", which urged the US government to form links with and bolster<sup id="cite_ref-245" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-245"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>244<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muslim groups that opposed Islamist extremism. The report stressed the Sufi role as moderate traditionalists open to change, and thus as allies against violence.<sup id="cite_ref-246" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-246"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>245<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-247" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-247"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>246<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> News organisations such as the BBC, Economist and Boston Globe have also seen Sufism as a means to deal with violent Muslim extremists.<sup id="cite_ref-248" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-248"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>247<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Idries_Shah" title="Idries Shah">Idries Shah</a> states that Sufism is universal in nature, its roots predating the rise of Islam and Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-249" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-249"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>248<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He quotes <a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Najib_al-Suhrawardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu al-Najib al-Suhrawardi">Suhrawardi</a> as saying that "this (Sufism) was a form of wisdom known to and practiced by a succession of sages including the mysterious ancient <a href="/wiki/Hermes_Trismegistus" title="Hermes Trismegistus">Hermes of Egypt</a>.", and that <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Farid" title="Ibn al-Farid">Ibn al-Farid</a> "stresses that Sufism lies behind and before systematization; that 'our wine existed before what you call the grape and the vine' (the school and the system)..."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShah197028-29_250-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah197028-29-250"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>249<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shah's views have however been rejected by modern scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such modern trends of neo-Sufis in Western countries allow non-Muslims to receive "instructions on following the Sufi path", not without opposition by Muslims who consider such instruction outside the sphere of Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShah1964–2014_251-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah1964–2014-251"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>250<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Similarities_with_Eastern_religions">Similarities with Eastern religions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hindu-Islamic_relations#Sufism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu-Islamic relations">Hindu-Islamic relations § Sufism</a></div> <p>Numerous comparisons have been made between Sufism and the mystic components of some <a href="/wiki/Eastern_religions" title="Eastern religions">Eastern religions</a>. </p><p>The tenth-century Persian polymath <a href="/wiki/Al-Biruni" title="Al-Biruni">Al-Biruni</a> in his book <i>Tahaqeeq Ma Lilhind Min Makulat Makulat Fi Aliaqbal Am Marzula</i> (Critical Study of Indian Speech: Rationally Acceptable or Rejected) discusses the similarity of some Sufism concepts with aspects of Hinduism, such as: Atma with ruh, tanasukh with reincarnation, Mokhsha with Fanafillah, Ittihad with Nirvana: union between Paramatma in Jivatma, Avatar or Incarnation with Hulul, Vedanta with Wahdatul Ujud, Mujahadah with Sadhana.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Other scholars have likewise compared the Sufi concept of <a href="/wiki/Sufi_metaphysics" title="Sufi metaphysics">Waḥdat al-Wujūd</a> to <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-252" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-252"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>251<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fana_(Sufism)" title="Fana (Sufism)">Fanaa</a> to <a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-253" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-253"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>252<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Muraqaba" class="mw-redirect" title="Muraqaba">Muraqaba</a> to <a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">Dhyana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tariqa" title="Tariqa">tariqa</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-254" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-254"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>253<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ninth-century Iranian mystic <a href="/wiki/Bayazid_Bostami" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayazid Bostami">Bayazid Bostami</a> is alleged to have imported certain concepts from Hindusim into his version of Sufism under the conceptual umbrella of <a href="/wiki/Baqaa" title="Baqaa">baqaa</a>, meaning perfection.<sup id="cite_ref-255" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-255"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>254<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arabi" title="Ibn Arabi">Ibn al-Arabi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mansur_al-Hallaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Mansur al-Hallaj">Mansur al-Hallaj</a> both referred to Muhammad as having attained perfection and titled him as <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Ins%C4%81n_al-K%C4%81mil" title="Al-Insān al-Kāmil">Al-Insān al-Kāmil</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-256" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-256"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>255<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-257" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-257"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>256<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-258" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-258"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>257<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-259" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-259"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>258<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-260" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-260"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>259<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-261" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-261"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>260<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inayat Khan believed that the God worshipped by Sufis is not specific to any particular religion or creed, but is the same God worshipped by people of all beliefs. This God is not limited by any name, whether it be Allah, God, Gott, Dieu, Khuda, Brahma, or Bhagwan.<sup id="cite_ref-262" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-262"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>261<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_on_Judaism">Influence on Judaism</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sufism&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Jewish philosophy</a></div><p> There is evidence that Sufism influenced the development of some schools of Jewish philosophy and ethics. In the first writing of this kind, we see <i>Kitab al-Hidayah ila Fara'iḍ al-Ḳulub</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Duties_of_the_Heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Duties of the Heart">Duties of the Heart</a></i>, of <a href="/wiki/Bahya_ibn_Paquda" title="Bahya ibn Paquda">Bahya ibn Paquda</a>. This book was translated by <a href="/wiki/Judah_ibn_Tibbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Judah ibn Tibbon">Judah ibn Tibbon</a> into <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> under the title <i><a href="/wiki/Chovot_HaLevavot" title="Chovot HaLevavot">Chovot HaLevavot</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-263" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-263"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>262<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The precepts prescribed by the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> number 613 only; those dictated by the intellect are innumerable.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Kremer, Alfred Von. 1868. "Notice sur Sha‘rani". <i>Journal Asiatique</i> 11 (6): 258.</cite></div></blockquote> <p>In the ethical writings of the Sufis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Kusajri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Kusajri (page does not exist)">Al-Kusajri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Ansari" title="Abdullah Ansari">Al-Harawi</a> there are sections which treat of the same subjects as those treated in the <i>Chovot ha-Lebabot</i> and which bear the same titles: e.g., "Bab al-Tawakkul"; "Bab al-Taubah"; "Bab al-Muḥasabah"; "Bab al-Tawaḍu'"; "Bab al-Zuhd". In the ninth gate, Baḥya directly quotes sayings of the Sufis, whom he calls <i><a href="/wiki/Perushim" title="Perushim">Perushim</a></i>. However, the author of the <i>Chovot HaLevavot</i> did not go so far as to approve of the asceticism of the Sufis, although he showed a marked predilection for their ethical principles. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Maimonides" title="Abraham Maimonides">Abraham Maimonides</a>, the son of the Jewish philosopher <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>, believed that Sufi practices and doctrines continue the tradition of the biblical prophets.<sup id="cite_ref-264" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-264"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>263<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Abraham Maimonides' principal work was originally composed in <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic dialects">Judeo-Arabic</a> and entitled "כתאב כפאיה אלעאבדין" <i>Kitāb Kifāyah al-'Ābidīn</i> (<i>A Comprehensive Guide for the Servants of God</i>). From the extant surviving portion it is conjectured that the treatise was three times as long as his father's <i><a href="/wiki/Guide_for_the_Perplexed" class="mw-redirect" title="Guide for the Perplexed">Guide for the Perplexed</a></i>. In the book, he evidences a great appreciation for, and affinity to, Sufism. Followers of his path continued to foster a Jewish-Sufi form of pietism for at least a century, and he is rightly considered the founder of this pietistic school, which was centered in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-265" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-265"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>264<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The followers of this path, which they called <i><a href="/wiki/Hasid" title="Hasid">Hasidism</a></i> (not to be confused with the [later] <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a> movement) or Sufism (<i>Tasawwuf</i>), practiced spiritual retreats, solitude, fasting and sleep deprivation. The Jewish Sufis maintained their own <a href="/wiki/Sufi_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi order">brotherhood</a>, guided by a religious leader like a Sufi <a href="/wiki/Sheikh" title="Sheikh">sheikh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-266" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-266"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>265<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>, in its entry on Sufism, states that the revival of Jewish mysticism in Muslim countries is probably due to the spread of Sufism in the same geographical areas. The entry details many parallels to Sufic concepts found in the writings of prominent <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalists</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain" title="Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain">Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-267" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-267"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>266<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShah197014-15_268-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah197014-15-268"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>267<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maulana_Jelaledin_Muhammad_Rumi_in_konya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Maulana_Jelaledin_Muhammad_Rumi_in_konya.jpg/220px-Maulana_Jelaledin_Muhammad_Rumi_in_konya.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Maulana_Jelaledin_Muhammad_Rumi_in_konya.jpg/330px-Maulana_Jelaledin_Muhammad_Rumi_in_konya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Maulana_Jelaledin_Muhammad_Rumi_in_konya.jpg/440px-Maulana_Jelaledin_Muhammad_Rumi_in_konya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4680" data-file-height="3116" /></a><figcaption>Tomb shrine of Rumi, <a href="/wiki/Konya" title="Konya">Konya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The 13th century Persian poet <a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Rumi</a> is considered one of the most influential figures of Sufism, as well as one of the greatest poets of all time. He has become one of the most widely read poets in the United States, thanks largely to the interpretative translations published by <a href="/wiki/Coleman_Barks" title="Coleman Barks">Coleman Barks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-269" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-269"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>268<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Elif_%C5%9Eafak" class="mw-redirect" title="Elif Şafak">Elif Şafak</a>'s novel <i>The Forty Rules of Love</i> is a fictionalized account of Rumi's encounter with the Persian dervish <a href="/wiki/Shams_Tabrizi" title="Shams Tabrizi">Shams Tabrizi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-270" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-270"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>269<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a>, one of the greatest <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> poets, has discussed Sufism, philosophy and Islam in his English work <i><a href="/wiki/The_Reconstruction_of_Religious_Thought_in_Islam" title="The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam">The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-271" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-271"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>270<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (September 2023)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sama">Sama</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sama_(Sufism)" title="Sama (Sufism)">Sama</a> is regarded as an important element in different Sufi orders. In South Asia, it is affiliated mostly with <a href="/wiki/Chishti_Order" title="Chishti Order">Chishti Order</a>. It develops into a distinct art form, especially during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Amir_Khusrau" title="Amir Khusrau">Khwaja Amir Khusrau</a> and his contemporary Sufi masters, such as <a href="/wiki/Nizamuddin_Auliya" title="Nizamuddin Auliya">Khwaja Nizamuddin Auliya</a> and others.<sup id="cite_ref-272" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-272"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>271<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spiritual experiences were desired by Sufis through Sama, listening to poetry or Islamic mystical verses with the use of different musical instruments, aiming to attain ecstasy in divine love of Allah and his <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Prophet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-273" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-273"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>272<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual_art">Visual art</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic art</a></div> <p>Many painters and visual artists have explored the Sufi motif through various disciplines. One of the outstanding pieces in the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum#Arts_of_the_Islamic_world" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum's Islamic gallery</a> has been the museum's associate curator of Islamic art, is a large 19th- or early-20th-century portrayal of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karbala" title="Battle of Karbala">Battle of Karbala</a> painted by Abbas Al-Musavi,<sup id="cite_ref-274" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-274"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>273<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was a violent episode in the disagreement between the Sunni and Shia branches of Islam; during this battle, <a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn ibn Ali</a>, a pious grandson of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, died and is considered a <a href="/wiki/Shahid" title="Shahid">martyr</a> in Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-275" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-275"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>274<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2016, at International Sufi Festival held in Noida Film City, UP, India, H.E. Abdul Basit who was the High Commissioner of Pakistan to India at that time, while inaugurating the exhibition of Farkhananda Khan ‘Fida’ said, "There is no barrier of words or explanation about the paintings or rather there is a soothing message of brotherhood, peace in Sufism".<sup id="cite_ref-276" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-276"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>275<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The following are among definitions of Sufism quoted in an early Sufi treatise by <a href="/wiki/Abu_Nasr_as-Sarraj" title="Abu Nasr as-Sarraj">Abu Nasr as-Sarraj</a>: <br /> •  "Sufism is that you should be with God—without any attachment." (<a href="/wiki/Junayd_of_Baghdad" title="Junayd of Baghdad">Junayd of Baghdad</a>) <br /> •  "Sufism consists of abandoning oneself to God in accordance with what God wills." (<a href="/wiki/Ruwaym_ibn_Ahmad" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruwaym ibn Ahmad">Ruwaym ibn Ahmad</a>) <br /> •  "Sufism is that you should not possess anything nor should anything possess you." (Samnun) <br /> •  "Sufism consists of entering every exalted quality (khulq) and leaving behind every despicable quality." (Abu Muhammad al-Jariri) <br /> •  "Sufism is that at each moment the servant should be in accord with what is most appropriate (awla) at that moment." ('Amr ibn 'Uthman al-Makki)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210627211813/https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6abbf78.html">"Refworld | Iran: Information on Sufism or Tasawwuf (Islamic mysticism) in Iran"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mysticism+in+Sufi+Islam&rft.btitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+Religion&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199340378.013.51&rft.isbn=9780199340378&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordre.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199340378.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780199340378-e-51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnjum2006" class="citation journal cs1">Anjum, Tanvir (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20839016">"Sufism in History and its Relationship with Power"</a>. <i>Islamic Studies</i>. <b>45</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">221–</span>268. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.52541%2Fisiri.v45i2.4632">10.52541/isiri.v45i2.4632</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0578-8072">0578-8072</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20839016">20839016</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Islamic+Studies&rft.atitle=Sufism+in+History+and+its+Relationship+with+Power&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E221-%3C%2Fspan%3E268&rft.date=2006&rft.issn=0578-8072&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20839016%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.52541%2Fisiri.v45i2.4632&rft.aulast=Anjum&rft.aufirst=Tanvir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20839016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSebottendorff2013" class="citation book cs1">Sebottendorff, Baron Rudolf von (2013-01-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bV4oDwAAQBAJ"><i>Secret Practices of the Sufi Freemasons: The Islamic Teachings at the Heart of Alchemy</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62055-001-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62055-001-4"><bdi>978-1-62055-001-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secret+Practices+of+the+Sufi+Freemasons%3A+The+Islamic+Teachings+at+the+Heart+of+Alchemy&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2013-01-17&rft.isbn=978-1-62055-001-4&rft.aulast=Sebottendorff&rft.aufirst=Baron+Rudolf+von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbV4oDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelhaj2013" class="citation journal cs1">Belhaj, Abdessamad (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43577536">"Legal Knowledge by Application: Sufism as Islamic Legal Hermeneutics in the 10th/12th Centuries"</a>. <i>Studia Islamica</i>. <b>108</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">82–</span>107. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F19585705-12341276">10.1163/19585705-12341276</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0585-5292">0585-5292</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43577536">43577536</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+Islamica&rft.atitle=Legal+Knowledge+by+Application%3A+Sufism+as+Islamic+Legal+Hermeneutics+in+the+10th%2F12th+Centuries&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E82-%3C%2Fspan%3E107&rft.date=2013&rft.issn=0585-5292&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43577536%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F19585705-12341276&rft.aulast=Belhaj&rft.aufirst=Abdessamad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43577536&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-EI2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMassington,_L.Radtke,_B.Chittick,_W._C.Jong,_F._de.2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Massington, L.; Radtke, B.; Chittick, W. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-06-26</span></span>. <q>Opposed to the dry casuistry of the lawyer-divines, the mystics nevertheless scrupulously observed the commands of the divine law. 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Peacock (2019). <i>Islam, Literature and Society in Mongol Anatolia</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108582124">10.1017/9781108582124</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-58212-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-58212-4"><bdi>978-1-108-58212-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:211657444">211657444</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%2C+Literature+and+Society+in+Mongol+Anatolia&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A211657444%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108582124&rft.isbn=978-1-108-58212-4&rft.au=Andrew+A.C.S.+Peacock&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnysh2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Knysh, Alexander D. (2006). "Ṣūfism and the Qurʾān". In <a href="/wiki/Jane_Dammen_McAuliffe" title="Jane Dammen McAuliffe">McAuliffe, Jane Dammen</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_the_Qur%CA%BE%C4%81n" title="Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān">Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān</a></i>. Vol. V. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1875-3922_q3_EQCOM_00196">10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQCOM_00196</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-14743-8" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-14743-8"><bdi>90-04-14743-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E1%B9%A2%C5%ABfism+and+the+Qur%CA%BE%C4%81n&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+the+Qur%CA%BE%C4%81n&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1875-3922_q3_EQCOM_00196&rft.isbn=90-04-14743-8&rft.aulast=Knysh&rft.aufirst=Alexander+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilani2012" class="citation book cs1">Milani, Milad (2012). "The Cultural Products of Global Sufism". In Cusack, Carol; Norman, Alex (eds.). <i>Handbook of New Religions and Cultural Production</i>. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Vol. 4. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">659–</span>680. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004226487_027">10.1163/9789004226487_027</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-22187-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-22187-1"><bdi>978-90-04-22187-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1874-6691">1874-6691</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Cultural+Products+of+Global+Sufism&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+New+Religions+and+Cultural+Production&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Brill+Handbooks+on+Contemporary+Religion&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E659-%3C%2Fspan%3E680&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2012&rft.issn=1874-6691&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004226487_027&rft.isbn=978-90-04-22187-1&rft.aulast=Milani&rft.aufirst=Milad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin_Lings_1983,_p.15-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_Lings_1983,_p.15_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_Lings_1983,_p.15_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Lings, <i>What is Sufism?</i> (Lahore: Suhail Academy, 2005; first imp. 1983, second imp. 1999), p.15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalligan2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Halligan, Fredrica R. (2014). "Sufis and Sufism". In <a href="/wiki/David_Adams_Leeming" title="David Adams Leeming">Leeming, David A.</a> (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of Psychology and Religion</i> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer Verlag</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">1750–</span>1751. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4614-6086-2_666">10.1007/978-1-4614-6086-2_666</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-6087-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-6087-9"><bdi>978-1-4614-6087-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sufis+and+Sufism&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Psychology+and+Religion&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1750-%3C%2Fspan%3E1751&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Springer+Verlag&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4614-6086-2_666&rft.isbn=978-1-4614-6087-9&rft.aulast=Halligan&rft.aufirst=Fredrica+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Titus Burckhardt, <i>Art of Islam: Language and Meaning</i> (Bloomington: World Wisdom, 2009), p. 223</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seyyed Hossein Nasr, <i>The Essential Seyyed Hossein Nasr</i>, ed. William C. Chittick (Bloomington: World Wisdom, 2007), p. 74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Lings, <i>What is Sufism?</i> (Lahore: Suhail Academy, 2005; first imp. 1983, second imp. 1999), p.12: "Mystics on the other hand-and Sufism is a kind of mysticism-are by definition concerned above all with 'the mysteries of the Kingdom of Heaven'".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compare: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasr2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr" title="Seyyed Hossein Nasr">Nasr, Seyyed Hossein</a> (2007). <a href="/wiki/William_Chittick" title="William Chittick">Chittick, William C.</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0YQhoPEih04C"><i>The Essential Seyyed Hossein Nasr</i></a>. The perennial philosophy series. Bloomington, Indiana: World Wisdom, Inc. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781933316383" title="Special:BookSources/9781933316383"><bdi>9781933316383</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-06-24</span></span>. <q>Sufism is the esoteric or inward dimension of Islam [...] Islamic esoterism is, however [...] not exhausted by Sufism [...] but the main manifestation and the most important and central crystallization of Islamic esotericism is to be found in Sufism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Essential+Seyyed+Hossein+Nasr&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+Indiana&rft.series=The+perennial+philosophy+series&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=World+Wisdom%2C+Inc&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781933316383&rft.aulast=Nasr&rft.aufirst=Seyyed+Hossein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0YQhoPEih04C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShah1964–2014">Shah 1964–2014</a>, p. 30. "According to Idries Shah, Sufism is as old as Adam and is the essence of all religions, monotheistic or not." See <a href="/wiki/Perennial_philosophy" title="Perennial philosophy">Perennial philosophy</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChittick200722-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChittick200722_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChittick2007">Chittick 2007</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-exeg-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-exeg_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-exeg_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rashid Ahmad Jullundhry, <i>Qur'anic Exegesis in Classical Literature</i>, pg. 56. <a href="/wiki/New_Westminster" title="New Westminster">New Westminster</a>: The Other Press, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789675062551" title="Special:BookSources/9789675062551">9789675062551</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Naqshbandi Sufi Tradition Guidebook of Daily Practices and Devotions</i>, p. 83, Muhammad Hisham Kabbani, Shaykh Muhammad Hisham Kabbani, 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120417203708/http://mac.abc.se/home/onesr/f/Sufism%20in%20Islam.htm">"Sufism in Islam"</a>. Mac.abc.se. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mac.abc.se/home/onesr/f/Sufism%20in%20Islam.htm">the original</a> on April 17, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sufism+in+Islam&rft.pub=Mac.abc.se&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmac.abc.se%2Fhome%2Fonesr%2Ff%2FSufism%2520in%2520Islam.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTottoli2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Tottoli, Roberto (2009). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/ahl-al-suffa-COM_22663">"Ahl al-Ṣuffa"</a></span>. In Fleet, Kate; <a href="/wiki/Gudrun_Kr%C3%A4mer" title="Gudrun Krämer">Krämer, Gudrun</a>; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; <a href="/wiki/Everett_K._Rowson" title="Everett K. Rowson">Rowson, Everett</a> (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i> (3rd ed.). Brill Online. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1873-9830">1873-9830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ahl+al-%E1%B9%A2uffa&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Brill+Online&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=1873-9830&rft.aulast=Tottoli&rft.aufirst=Roberto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-3%2Fahl-al-suffa-COM_22663&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A Prayer for Spiritual Elevation and Protection</i> (2007) by Muhyiddin Ibn 'Arabi, Suha Taji-Farouki</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Bloomsbury Companion to Islamic Studies by Clinton Bennett, p 328</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210127235314/http://www.sufiway.net/1sec4=ORigSUF811326.html">"Origin of sufism – Qadiri"</a>. Sufi Way. 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sufiway.net/1sec4=ORigSUF811326.html">the original</a> on 27 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Origin+of+sufism+%E2%80%93+Qadiri&rft.pub=Sufi+Way&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sufiway.net%2F1sec4%3DORigSUF811326.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nasr-2008-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nasr-2008_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nasr-2008_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasr2008" class="citation book cs1">Nasr, Seyyed Hossein (2008). <i>The garden of truth: the vision and promise of Sufism, Islam's mystical tradition</i>. Harper Collins. pp. 45–3736–45-3736. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0061625992" title="Special:BookSources/978-0061625992"><bdi>978-0061625992</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+garden+of+truth%3A+the+vision+and+promise+of+Sufism%2C+Islam%27s+mystical+tradition&rft.pages=45-3736-45-3736&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0061625992&rft.aulast=Nasr&rft.aufirst=Seyyed+Hossein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://naqshbandi.org/teachings/topics/taking-initiation-bayah/"><i>Taking Initiation (Bay'ah)</i></a>. Naqshbandi Sufi Way. 9 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taking+Initiation+%28Bay%27ah%29&rft.pub=Naqshbandi+Sufi+Way&rft.date=2021-06-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnaqshbandi.org%2Fteachings%2Ftopics%2Ftaking-initiation-bayah%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuhammad_Hisham_Kabbani2004" class="citation book cs1">Muhammad Hisham Kabbani (June 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4VswAAAAYAAJ"><i>Classical Islam and the Naqshbandi Sufi tradition</i></a>. Islamic Supreme Council of America. p. 644. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781930409231" title="Special:BookSources/9781930409231"><bdi>9781930409231</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+Islam+and+the+Naqshbandi+Sufi+tradition&rft.pages=644&rft.pub=Islamic+Supreme+Council+of+America&rft.date=2004-06&rft.isbn=9781930409231&rft.au=Muhammad+Hisham+Kabbani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4VswAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErnst2003" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ernst, Carl W. (2003). "Tasawwuf [Sufism]". <i>Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tasawwuf+%5BSufism%5D&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islam+and+the+Muslim+World&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Ernst&rft.aufirst=Carl+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://naqshbandi.org/teachings/topics/taking-initiation-bayah/">"Taking Initiation (Bay'ah) | The Naqshbandiyya Nazimiyya Sufi Order of America: Sufism and Spirituality"</a>. <i>naqshbandi.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Sold by <a href="/wiki/Institut_de_France" title="Institut de France">Institut de France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Library_of_Belgium" title="Royal Library of Belgium">Royal Library of Belgium</a>. Vol. 3, p. 209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ahmet T. Karamustafa, <i>Sufism: The Formative Period</i>, pg. 58. <a href="/wiki/Berkeley,_California" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carl W. Ernst, Bruce B. Lawrence, <i>Sufi Martyrs of Love: The Chishti Order in South Asia and Beyond</i>, Palgrave Macmillan, 2002, p. 22, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1403960275" title="Special:BookSources/1403960275">1403960275</a>, 9781403960276</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlassé2008499-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlassé2008499_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGlassé2008">Glassé 2008</a>, p. 499.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBin_Jamil_Zeno1996" class="citation book cs1">Bin Jamil Zeno, Muhammad (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u-bNf9xCULsC&pg=PA19"><i>The Pillars of Islam & Iman</i></a>. Darussalam. pp. 19–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9960-897-12-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-9960-897-12-7"><bdi>978-9960-897-12-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pillars+of+Islam+%26+Iman&rft.pages=19-&rft.pub=Darussalam&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-9960-897-12-7&rft.aulast=Bin+Jamil+Zeno&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du-bNf9xCULsC%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrickWalker2014446-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrickWalker2014446_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrickWalker2014446_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrickWalker2014446_60-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrickWalker2014446_60-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrickWalker2014446_60-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrickWalker2014446_60-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrickWalker2014446_60-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFitzpatrickWalker2014">Fitzpatrick & Walker 2014</a>, p. 446.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shattariyah.blogspot.com/p/barelvi.html">"Barelvi"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Barelvi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shattariyah.blogspot.com%2Fp%2Fbarelvi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ali-Muslim-caliph"><i>ʿAlī – Shiʿism, Sufism, and the chivalric orders</i></a>. Encyclopedia Britannica<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%CA%BFAl%C4%AB+%E2%80%93+Shi%CA%BFism%2C+Sufism%2C+and+the+chivalric+orders&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FAli-Muslim-caliph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKabbani2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hisham_Kabbani" title="Hisham Kabbani">Kabbani, Muhammad Hisham</a> (2004). <i>Classical Islam and the Naqshbandi Sufi Tradition</i>. Islamic Supreme Council of America. p. 557. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-930409-23-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-930409-23-1"><bdi>978-1-930409-23-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+Islam+and+the+Naqshbandi+Sufi+Tradition&rft.pages=557&rft.pub=Islamic+Supreme+Council+of+America&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-930409-23-1&rft.aulast=Kabbani&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+Hisham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dagli, C., Ayduz, S. (2014). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Science, and Technology in Islam. Vereinigtes Königreich: Oxford University Press. p. 267</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peacock-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Peacock_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peacock_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeacock2019" class="citation book cs1">Peacock, A.C.S. (2019). <i>Islam, Literature and Society in Mongol Anatolia</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108582124">10.1017/9781108582124</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108582124" title="Special:BookSources/9781108582124"><bdi>9781108582124</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:211657444">211657444</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%2C+Literature+and+Society+in+Mongol+Anatolia&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A211657444%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108582124&rft.isbn=9781108582124&rft.aulast=Peacock&rft.aufirst=A.C.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trimingham-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trimingham_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trimingham_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrimingham1998" class="citation book cs1">Trimingham, J. Spencer (1998). <i>The Sufi Orders in Islam</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512058-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-512058-5"><bdi>978-0-19-512058-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sufi+Orders+in+Islam&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-512058-5&rft.aulast=Trimingham&rft.aufirst=J.+Spencer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMário_Alves_da_Silva_Filho2012" class="citation thesis cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mário Alves da Silva Filho (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150414212630/http://www.ibeipr.com.br/conteudo/academicos/misticaislamica.pdf"><i>A Mística Islâmica em </i>Terræ Brasilis<i>: o Sufismo e as Ordens Sufis em São Paulo</i></a> [<i>Islamic Mystique in Terræ Brasilis: Sufism and Sufi Orders in São Paulo</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Dissertation (Master of Science in Religion)) (in Portuguese). São Paulo: PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DE SÃO PAULO PUC/SP. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibeipr.com.br/conteudo/academicos/misticaislamica.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2015-04-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=A+M%C3%ADstica+Isl%C3%A2mica+em+Terr%C3%A6+Brasilis%3A+o+Sufismo+e+as+Ordens+Sufis+em+S%C3%A3o+Paulo&rft.inst=PONTIF%C3%8DCIA+UNIVERSIDADE+CAT%C3%93LICA+DE+S%C3%83O+PAULO+PUC%2FSP&rft.date=2012&rft.au=M%C3%A1rio+Alves+da+Silva+Filho&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibeipr.com.br%2Fconteudo%2Facademicos%2Fmisticaislamica.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daftary |Farhad |2013 |A History of Shi'i Islam |New York NY |I.B. Tauris and Co ltd. |page 28 |<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300035315" title="Special:BookSources/9780300035315">9780300035315</a> |4/8/2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael S. Pittman <i>Classical Spirituality in Contemporary America: The Confluence and Contribution of G.I. Gurdjieff and Sufism</i> Bloomsbury Publishing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-441-13113-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-441-13113-3">978-1-441-13113-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhazzālīGhazzalial-GhazaliMcCarthy1999" class="citation book cs1">Ghazzālī; Ghazzali; al-Ghazali, Abu Hamid Muhammad; McCarthy, Richard Joseph (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ppiuQgAACAAJ"><i>Deliverance from Error: An Annotated Translation of Al-Munqidh Min Al Dal−al and Other Relevant Works of Al-Ghaz−al−i</i></a>. Fons Vitae. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-887752-27-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-887752-27-5"><bdi>978-1-887752-27-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deliverance+from+Error%3A+An+Annotated+Translation+of+Al-Munqidh+Min+Al+Dal%E2%88%92al+and+Other+Relevant+Works+of+Al-Ghaz%E2%88%92al%E2%88%92i&rft.pub=Fons+Vitae&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-887752-27-5&rft.au=Ghazz%C4%81l%C4%AB&rft.au=Ghazzali&rft.au=al-Ghazali%2C+Abu+Hamid+Muhammad&rft.au=McCarthy%2C+Richard+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DppiuQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seyyed Hossein Nasr, <i>The Essential Seyyed Hossein Nasr</i>, ed. William C. Chittick (Bloomington: World Wisdom, 2007), p. 76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin_Lings_1983,_p.16-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_Lings_1983,_p.16_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_Lings_1983,_p.16_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Lings, <i>What is Sufism?</i> (Lahore: Suhail Academy, 2005; first imp. 1983, second imp. 1999), p.16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-themuslim500.com-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-themuslim500.com_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-themuslim500.com_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170606040251/http://themuslim500.com/profile/sheikh-al-azhar-ahmad-altayyeb">"Profile of Sheikh Ahmad Muhammad Al-Tayyeb on <i>The Muslim 500</i>"</a>. <i>The Muslim 500: The World's Most Influential Muslims</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://themuslim500.com/profile/sheikh-al-azhar-ahmad-altayyeb">the original</a> on 2017-06-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-06-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Muslim+500%3A+The+World%27s+Most+Influential+Muslims&rft.atitle=Profile+of+Sheikh+Ahmad+Muhammad+Al-Tayyeb+on+The+Muslim+500&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthemuslim500.com%2Fprofile%2Fsheikh-al-azhar-ahmad-altayyeb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMassington,_L.Radtke,_B.Chittick,_W.C.Jong,_F._de2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Massington, L.; Radtke, B.; Chittick, W.C.; Jong, F. de; Lewisohn, L.; Zarcone, Th.; Ernst, C.; Aubin, Françoise (2012). "Taṣawwuf". In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i> (2nd ed.). Brill. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_1188">10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1188</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ta%E1%B9%A3awwuf&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_1188&rft.au=Massington%2C+L.&rft.au=Radtke%2C+B.&rft.au=Chittick%2C+W.C.&rft.au=Jong%2C+F.+de&rft.au=Lewisohn%2C+L.&rft.au=Zarcone%2C+Th.&rft.au=Ernst%2C+C.&rft.au=Aubin%2C+Fran%C3%A7oise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span> <i>q.v.</i> "Hanafi," "Hanbali," and "Maliki," and under "mysticism in..." for each.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Titus_Burckhardt_2008,_p._4-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Titus_Burckhardt_2008,_p._4_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Titus_Burckhardt_2008,_p._4_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Titus Burckhardt, <i>Introduction to Sufi Doctrine</i> (Bloomington: World Wisdom, 2008, p. 4, note 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Lings, <i>What is Sufism?</i> (Lahore: Suhail Academy, 2005; first imp. 1983, second imp. 1999), pp. 16–17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rozina Ali, "The Erasure of Islam from the Poetry of Rumi," <i>The New Yorker</i>, Jan. 5 2017</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uQWNeGyRu0k">"Is orthodox Islam possible without Sufism? – Shaykh Abdal Hakim Murad (Dr. Timothy Winter)"</a>. youtube.com. 13 May 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/uQWNeGyRu0k">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Is+orthodox+Islam+possible+without+Sufism%3F+%E2%80%93+Shaykh+Abdal+Hakim+Murad+%28Dr.+Timothy+Winter%29&rft.pub=youtube.com&rft.date=2015-05-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DuQWNeGyRu0k&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MpFatRwdPm0">"Dr. Jonathan A.C. Brown – What is Sufism?"</a>. youtube.com. 13 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dr.+Jonathan+A.C.+Brown+%E2%80%93+What+is+Sufism%3F&rft.pub=youtube.com&rft.date=2015-05-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DMpFatRwdPm0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For the pre-modern era, see <a href="/wiki/Vincent_J._Cornell" class="mw-redirect" title="Vincent J. Cornell">Vincent J. Cornell</a>, <i>Realm of the Saint: Power and Authority in Moroccan Sufism</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-71209-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-71209-6">978-0-292-71209-6</a>; and for the colonial era, Knut Vikyr, <i>Sufi and Scholar on the Desert Edge: Muhammad B. Oali Al-Sanusi and His Brotherhood</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8101-1226-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8101-1226-1">978-0-8101-1226-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leonard Lewisohn, <i>The Legacy of Medieval Persian Sufism</i>, Khaniqahi-Nimatullahi Publications, 1992.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seyyed Hossein Nasr, <i>Islam: Religion, History, and Civilization</i>, HarperSanFrancisco, 2003. (Ch. 1)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dina Le Gall, <i>A Culture of Sufism: Naqshbandis in the Ottoman World, 1450–1700</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-6245-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-6245-4">978-0-7914-6245-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arthur F. Buehler, <i>Sufi Heirs of the Prophet: The Indian Naqshbandiyya and the Rise of the Mediating Sufi Shaykh</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-783-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-783-2">978-1-57003-783-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5280/">"The natural and architectural ensemble of Blagaj"</a>. UNESCO World Heritage Centre – Tentative List of Bosnia and Herzegovina. 11 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+natural+and+architectural+ensemble+of+Blagaj&rft.pub=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre+%E2%80%93+Tentative+List+of+Bosnia+and+Herzegovina&rft.date=2007-12-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Ftentativelists%2F5280%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.kons.gov.ba/main.php?id_struct=50&lang=4&action=view&id=2558">"Tekke in Blagaj on the Buna Spring, the natural and architectural ensemble of Blagaj"</a>. Commission to Preserve National Monuments of Bosnia and Herzegovina "Tekke in Blagaj on the Buna Spring, the natural and architectural ensemble of Blagaj". 9 May 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tekke+in+Blagaj+on+the+Buna+Spring%2C+the+natural+and+architectural+ensemble+of+Blagaj&rft.pub=Commission+to+Preserve+National+Monuments+of+Bosnia+and+Herzegovina+%22Tekke+in+Blagaj+on+the+Buna+Spring%2C+the+natural+and+architectural+ensemble+of+Blagaj%22&rft.date=2005-05-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold.kons.gov.ba%2Fmain.php%3Fid_struct%3D50%26lang%3D4%26action%3Dview%26id%3D2558&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Victor Danner, <i>The Islamic Tradition: An introduction</i>. Amity House. February 1988.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OEIW-voll-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OEIW-voll_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEIW-voll_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OEIW-voll_88-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVoll2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Voll, John O. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121124035305/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/print/opr/t236/e0759">"ṢūfĪ Orders"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/John_L._Esposito" class="mw-redirect" title="John L. Esposito">John L. Esposito</a> (ed.). <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic 9.3World</i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/print/opr/t236/e0759">the original</a> on November 24, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%E1%B9%A2%C5%ABf%C4%AA+Orders&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+the+Islamic+9.3World&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Voll&rft.aufirst=John+O.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordislamicstudies.com%2Fprint%2Fopr%2Ft236%2Fe0759&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnysh2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Knysh, Alexander (2010). "Sufism". In Irwin, Robert (ed.). <i>The New Cambridge History of Islam</i>. Volume 4: Islamic Cultures and Societies to the End of the Eighteenth Century. Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">60–</span>61.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sufism&rft.btitle=The+New+Cambridge+History+of+Islam&rft.series=Volume+4%3A+Islamic+Cultures+and+Societies+to+the+End+of+the+Eighteenth+Century&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E60-%3C%2Fspan%3E61&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Knysh&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Masatoshi Kisaichi, "The Burhami order and Islamic resurgence in modern Egypt." <i>Popular Movements and Democratization in the Islamic World</i>, pg. 57. Part of the New Horizons in Islamic Studies series. Ed. Masatoshi Kisaichi. London: Routledge, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134150618" title="Special:BookSources/9781134150618">9781134150618</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBabou2007184–6-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBabou2007184–6_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBabou2007">Babou 2007</a>, p. 184–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMbackéHunwick2005-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMbackéHunwick2005_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMbackéHunwick2005">Mbacké & Hunwick 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChodkiewicz1995Introduction-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChodkiewicz1995Introduction_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChodkiewicz1995">Chodkiewicz 1995</a>, Introduction.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121119133444/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2260?_hi=6&_pos=2">"Sufism"</a>. <i>Oxford Islamic Studies Online</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2260?_hi=6&_pos=2">the original</a> on November 19, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Islamic+Studies+Online&rft.atitle=Sufism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordislamicstudies.com%2Farticle%2Fopr%2Ft125%2Fe2260%3F_hi%3D6%26_pos%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoogelberg" class="citation book cs1">Googelberg, compiled form Wikipedia entries and published by Dr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OXACBAAAQBAJ&q=A+number+of+Westerners+have+embarked+with+varying+degrees+of+success+on+the+path+of+Sufism.+One+of+the+first+to+return+to+Europe+as+an+official+representative+of+a+Sufi+order%2C+and+with+the+specific+purpose+to+spread+Sufism+in+Western+Europe%2C+was+the+Swedish-born+wandering+Sufi+Ivan+Agu%C3%A9li.+Ren%C3%A9+Gu%C3%A9non%2C+the+French+scholar%2C+became+a+Sufi+in+the+early+twentieth+century+and+was+known+as+Sheikh+Abdul+Wahid+Yahya.+His+manifold+writings+defined+the+practice+of+Sufism+as+the+essence+of+Islam%2C+but+also+pointed+to+the+universality+of+its+message.+Other+spiritualists%2C+such+as+George+Gurdjieff%2C+may+or+may+not+conform&pg=PA407"><i>Islam</i></a>. Lulu.com. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-291-21521-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-291-21521-2"><bdi>978-1-291-21521-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam&rft.pub=Lulu.com&rft.isbn=978-1-291-21521-2&rft.aulast=Googelberg&rft.aufirst=compiled+form+Wikipedia+entries+and+published+by+Dr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOXACBAAAQBAJ%26q%3DA%2Bnumber%2Bof%2BWesterners%2Bhave%2Bembarked%2Bwith%2Bvarying%2Bdegrees%2Bof%2Bsuccess%2Bon%2Bthe%2Bpath%2Bof%2BSufism.%2BOne%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bfirst%2Bto%2Breturn%2Bto%2BEurope%2Bas%2Ban%2Bofficial%2Brepresentative%2Bof%2Ba%2BSufi%2Border%252C%2Band%2Bwith%2Bthe%2Bspecific%2Bpurpose%2Bto%2Bspread%2BSufism%2Bin%2BWestern%2BEurope%252C%2Bwas%2Bthe%2BSwedish-born%2Bwandering%2BSufi%2BIvan%2BAgu%25C3%25A9li.%2BRen%25C3%25A9%2BGu%25C3%25A9non%252C%2Bthe%2BFrench%2Bscholar%252C%2Bbecame%2Ba%2BSufi%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bearly%2Btwentieth%2Bcentury%2Band%2Bwas%2Bknown%2Bas%2BSheikh%2BAbdul%2BWahid%2BYahya.%2BHis%2Bmanifold%2Bwritings%2Bdefined%2Bthe%2Bpractice%2Bof%2BSufism%2Bas%2Bthe%2Bessence%2Bof%2BIslam%252C%2Bbut%2Balso%2Bpointed%2Bto%2Bthe%2Buniversality%2Bof%2Bits%2Bmessage.%2BOther%2Bspiritualists%252C%2Bsuch%2Bas%2BGeorge%2BGurdjieff%252C%2Bmay%2Bor%2Bmay%2Bnot%2Bconform%26pg%3DPA407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Muhammad Emin Er, <i>Laws of the Heart: A Practical Introduction to the Sufi Path</i>, Shifâ Publishers, 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9815196-1-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9815196-1-6">978-0-9815196-1-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abdullah Nur ad-Din Durkee, <i>The School of the Shadhdhuliyyah, Volume One: Orisons</i>; see also Shaykh Muhammad Hisham Kabbani, <i>Classical Islam and the Naqshbandi Sufi Tradition</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-930409-23-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-930409-23-1">978-1-930409-23-1</a>, which reproduces the spiritual lineage (<i>silsila</i>) of a living Sufi master.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-qutb-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-qutb_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-qutb_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMomen1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Moojan_Momen" title="Moojan Momen">Momen, Moojan</a> (1985). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontosh0000unse_d5k7"><i>An Introduction to Shiʻi Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shiʻism</i></a></span>. Yale University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontosh0000unse_d5k7/page/n272">209</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-03531-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-03531-5"><bdi>978-0-300-03531-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Shi%CA%BBi+Islam%3A+The+History+and+Doctrines+of+Twelver+Shi%CA%BBism&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-300-03531-5&rft.aulast=Momen&rft.aufirst=Moojan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontosh0000unse_d5k7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohammad_Najib-ur-Rehman_Madzillah-ul-Aqdus2015" class="citation book cs1">Mohammad Najib-ur-Rehman Madzillah-ul-Aqdus (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hlyMAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA277"><i>Sultan Bahoo: The Life and Teachings</i></a>. Sultan ul Faqr Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-969-9795-18-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-969-9795-18-3"><bdi>978-969-9795-18-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sultan+Bahoo%3A+The+Life+and+Teachings&rft.pub=Sultan+ul+Faqr+Publications&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-969-9795-18-3&rft.au=Mohammad+Najib-ur-Rehman+Madzillah-ul-Aqdus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhlyMAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Muhammad Emin Er, <i>Laws of the Heart: A Practical Introduction to the Sufi Path</i>, Shifâ Publishers, 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9815196-1-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9815196-1-6">978-0-9815196-1-6</a>, for a detailed description of the practices and preconditions of this sort of spiritual retreat.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See examples provided by Muzaffar Ozak in <i>Irshad: Wisdom of a Sufi Master</i>, addressed to a general audience rather than specifically to his own students.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnysh" class="citation book cs1">Knysh, Alexander. "Sufism". <i>Islamic cultures and societies to the end of the eighteenth century</i>. Irwin, Robert, 1946–. Cambridge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139056144" title="Special:BookSources/9781139056144"><bdi>9781139056144</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/742957142">742957142</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sufism&rft.btitle=Islamic+cultures+and+societies+to+the+end+of+the+eighteenth+century&rft.place=Cambridge&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F742957142&rft.isbn=9781139056144&rft.aulast=Knysh&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shaykh Muhammad Hisham Kabbani, <i>Classical Islam and the Naqshbandi Sufi Tradition</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-930409-23-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-930409-23-1">978-1-930409-23-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEErnst2010125-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErnst2010125_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFErnst2010">Ernst 2010</a>, p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEErnst2010130-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErnst2010130_105-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErnst2010130_105-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFErnst2010">Ernst 2010</a>, p. 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAavani" class="citation cs2">Aavani, Gholamreza, <i>Glorification of the Prophet Muhammad in the Poems of Sa'adi</i>, p. 4</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Glorification+of+the+Prophet+Muhammad+in+the+Poems+of+Sa%27adi&rft.pages=4&rft.aulast=Aavani&rft.aufirst=Gholamreza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGamard2004169-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGamard2004169_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGamard2004">Gamard 2004</a>, p. 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArabi" class="citation cs2">Arabi, Ibn, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bewley.virtualave.net/fusus27.html"><i>The Seals of Wisdom (Fusus al-Hikam)</i></a>, Aisha Bewley</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Seals+of+Wisdom+%28Fusus+al-Hikam%29&rft.aulast=Arabi&rft.aufirst=Ibn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbewley.virtualave.net%2Ffusus27.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAttar" class="citation cs2">Attar, Fariduddin, <i>Ilahi-nama – The Book of God</i>, John Andrew Boyle (translator), <q>Thou knowest that none of the poets have sung such praise save only I.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ilahi-nama+%E2%80%93+The+Book+of+God&rft.aulast=Attar&rft.aufirst=Fariduddin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAttar" class="citation cs2">Attar, Fariduddin, <i>Ilahi-nama – The Book of God</i>, John Andrew Boyle (translator)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ilahi-nama+%E2%80%93+The+Book+of+God&rft.aulast=Attar&rft.aufirst=Fariduddin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tasawwuf.co/writings/love_allah/love_chapter9.pdf"><i>The Signs of a Sincere Lover</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, p. 91</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Signs+of+a+Sincere+Lover&rft.pages=91&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tasawwuf.co%2Fwritings%2Flove_allah%2Flove_chapter9.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-celestial-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-celestial_112-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-celestial_112-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuzanne_Pinckney_Stetkevych2010" class="citation cs2">Suzanne Pinckney Stetkevych (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F-nY3_DXo-gC"><i>The Mantle Odes: Arabic Praise Poems to the Prophet Muhammad</i></a>, Indiana University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0253354877" title="Special:BookSources/978-0253354877"><bdi>978-0253354877</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mantle+Odes%3A+Arabic+Praise+Poems+to+the+Prophet+Muhammad&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0253354877&rft.au=Suzanne+Pinckney+Stetkevych&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF-nY3_DXo-gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Muhammad Emin Er, <i>The Soul of Islam: Essential Doctrines and Beliefs</i>, Shifâ Publishers, 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9815196-0-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9815196-0-9">978-0-9815196-0-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchimmel201399-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchimmel201399_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchimmel2013">Schimmel 2013</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmad_ibn_Naqib_al-MisriNuh_Ha_Mim_Keller1368" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Naqib_al-Misri" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad ibn Naqib al-Misri">Ahmad ibn Naqib al-Misri</a>; <a href="/wiki/Nuh_Ha_Mim_Keller" title="Nuh Ha Mim Keller">Nuh Ha Mim Keller</a> (1368). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catheyallison.com/Reliance_of_the_Traveller.pdf">"Reliance of the Traveller"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Amana Publications</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">778–</span>795<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amana+Publications&rft.atitle=Reliance+of+the+Traveller&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E778-%3C%2Fspan%3E795&rft.date=1368&rft.au=Ahmad+ibn+Naqib+al-Misri&rft.au=Nuh+Ha+Mim+Keller&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catheyallison.com%2FReliance_of_the_Traveller.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmad_ibn_Naqib_al-MisriNuh_Ha_Mim_Keller1368" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Naqib_al-Misri" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad ibn Naqib al-Misri">Ahmad ibn Naqib al-Misri</a>; <a href="/wiki/Nuh_Ha_Mim_Keller" title="Nuh Ha Mim Keller">Nuh Ha Mim Keller</a> (1368). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dailyrollcall.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/the-reliance-of-the-traveller.pdf">"A Classic Manual of Islamic Scared Law"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Shafiifiqh.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Shafiifiqh.com&rft.atitle=A+Classic+Manual+of+Islamic+Scared+Law&rft.date=1368&rft.au=Ahmad+ibn+Naqib+al-Misri&rft.au=Nuh+Ha+Mim+Keller&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdailyrollcall.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F04%2Fthe-reliance-of-the-traveller.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gibril_F._Haddad_2007_p._179-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gibril_F._Haddad_2007_p._179_117-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gibril_F._Haddad_2007_p._179_117-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gibril F. Haddad, <i>The Four Imams and Their Schools</i> (London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 179 <b><a href="/wiki/Malik_ibn_Anas#cite_ref-35" title="Malik ibn Anas">^</a></b></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ammanmessage.com/">The Amman Message Summary</a>. Retrieved on Feb 2, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Silvers, Laury (2013-09-01). "al-Fatḥ al-Mawṣilī". <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE</i>. <q>(...) uncle of the famous early Persian Ṣūfī Junayd al-Baghdādī (d. 298/911).</q></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNemanja2022" class="citation web cs1">Nemanja (2022-10-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://symbolsage.com/greatest-persian-poets/">"5 Greatest Persian Poets and Why They Remain Relevant"</a>. <i>Symbol Sage</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Symbol+Sage&rft.atitle=5+Greatest+Persian+Poets+and+Why+They+Remain+Relevant&rft.date=2022-10-25&rft.au=Nemanja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsymbolsage.com%2Fgreatest-persian-poets%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sunnah.com/qudsi40:25">"Hadith 25, 40 Hadith Qudsi - Forty Hadith Qudsi - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)"</a>. <i>sunnah.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sunnah.com&rft.atitle=Hadith+25%2C+40+Hadith+Qudsi+-+Forty+Hadith+Qudsi+-+Sunnah.com+-+Sayings+and+Teachings+of+Prophet+Muhammad+%28%D8%B5%D9%84%D9%89+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87+%D9%88+%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsunnah.com%2Fqudsi40%3A25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For an introduction to the normative creed of Islam as espoused by the consensus of scholars, see Hamza Yusuf, <i>The Creed of Imam al-Tahawi</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9702843-9-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9702843-9-6">978-0-9702843-9-6</a>, and Ahmad Ibn Muhammad Maghnisawi, <i>Imam Abu Hanifa's Al-Fiqh Al-Akbar Explained</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-933764-03-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-933764-03-0">978-1-933764-03-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The meaning of <i>certainty</i> in this context is emphasized in Muhammad Emin Er, <i>The Soul of Islam: Essential Doctrines and Beliefs</i>, Shifâ Publishers, 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9815196-0-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9815196-0-9">978-0-9815196-0-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See in particular the introduction by T. J. Winter to Abu Hamid Muhammad al-Ghazali, <i>Al-Ghazali on Disciplining the Soul and on Breaking the Two Desires: Books XXII and XXIII of the Revival of the Religious Sciences</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-946621-43-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-946621-43-9">978-0-946621-43-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdullah_Jawadi_Amuli" class="citation web cs1">Abdullah Jawadi Amuli. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://media.basirat.ca/docs/dhikr_and_the_wisdom_behind_it.pdf">"Dhikr and the Wisdom Behind It"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Translated by A. Rahmim<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-02-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dhikr+and+the+Wisdom+Behind+It&rft.au=Abdullah+Jawadi+Amuli&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedia.basirat.ca%2Fdocs%2Fdhikr_and_the_wisdom_behind_it.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hakim Moinuddin Chisti <i>The Book of Sufi Healing</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89281-043-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89281-043-7">978-0-89281-043-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970529081521/http://naqshbandi.org/dhikr/difference.htm">"The Naqshbandi Way of Dhikr"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naqshbandi.org/dhikr/difference.htm">the original</a> on 1997-05-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Naqshbandi+Way+of+Dhikr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naqshbandi.org%2Fdhikr%2Fdifference.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Touma 1996, p.162.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (February 2020)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080415182616/http://www.goharshahi.net/images/books_files/menar-e-noor_files/What%20is%20Remembrance%20and%20what%20is%20Contemplation.htm">"What is Remembrance and what is Contemplation?"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goharshahi.net/images/books_files/menar-e-noor_files/What%20is%20Remembrance%20and%20what%20is%20Contemplation.htm">the original</a> on 2008-04-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+Remembrance+and+what+is+Contemplation%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgoharshahi.net%2Fimages%2Fbooks_files%2Fmenar-e-noor_files%2FWhat%2520is%2520Remembrance%2520and%2520what%2520is%2520Contemplation.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150609000104/http://www.sultan-bahoo.com/en/tafakkur-and-muraqbah-meditation-and-concentration.html#Tafakkur-Muraqbah">"Muraqaba"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sultan-bahoo.com/tafakkur-muraqbah-meditation-concentration/#Tafakkur-Muraqbah">the original</a> on 2015-06-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Muraqaba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sultan-bahoo.com%2Ftafakkur-muraqbah-meditation-concentration%2F%23Tafakkur-Muraqbah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Muhammad Emin Er, <i>Laws of the Heart: A Practical Introduction to the Sufi Path</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9815196-1-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9815196-1-6">978-0-9815196-1-6</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121221021339/http://www.hayatidede.org/popups/about_sema.htm">"The Sema of the Mevlevi"</a>. Mevlevi Order of America. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hayatidede.org/popups/about_sema.htm">the original</a> on 2012-12-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Sema+of+the+Mevlevi&rft.pub=Mevlevi+Order+of+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hayatidede.org%2Fpopups%2Fabout_sema.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whirlingdervishes.org/whirlingdervishes.htm">"None"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=None&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whirlingdervishes.org%2Fwhirlingdervishes.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-qadiri-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-qadiri_134-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-qadiri_134-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-qadiri_134-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-qadiri_134-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHussain2012" class="citation web cs1">Hussain, Zahid (22 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thesunniway.com/articles/item/71-is-it-permissible-to-listen-to-qawwali">"Is it permissible to listen to Qawwali?"</a>. <i>TheSunniWay</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2020</span>. <q>Unfortunately, the name "Qawwali" is now only used if there is an addition of musical instruments and at times with the "add on" of dancing and whirling depending on the mood of those present. Musical instruments are forbidden. And so is dancing if it is with intent.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheSunniWay&rft.atitle=Is+it+permissible+to+listen+to+Qawwali%3F&rft.date=2012-04-22&rft.aulast=Hussain&rft.aufirst=Zahid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thesunniway.com%2Farticles%2Fitem%2F71-is-it-permissible-to-listen-to-qawwali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesai2011" class="citation web cs1">Desai, Siraj (13 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://askmufti.co.za/moulana-rumi-and-whirling-zikr/">"Moulana Rumi and Whirling Zikr"</a>. <i>askmufti</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2020</span>. <q>However, later on this Simaa' was modernized to include dancing and music, thus giving rise to the concept of "whirling dervishes". This is a Bid'ah and is not the creation of orthodox Sufism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=askmufti&rft.atitle=Moulana+Rumi+and+Whirling+Zikr&rft.date=2011-01-13&rft.aulast=Desai&rft.aufirst=Siraj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faskmufti.co.za%2Fmoulana-rumi-and-whirling-zikr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbidin" class="citation book cs1">Abidin, Ibn. <i>Radd al-Muhtar</i>. Vol. 6. Darul Ma'rifa. p. 396.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radd+al-Muhtar&rft.pages=396&rft.pub=Darul+Ma%27rifa&rft.aulast=Abidin&rft.aufirst=Ibn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Hashiyah at-Tahtaawi</i>. Al-Ilmiyya. p. 319.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hashiyah+at-Tahtaawi&rft.pages=319&rft.pub=Al-Ilmiyya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Murad, Abdul Hakim. "Music in the Islamic Tradition." <i>Cambridge Muslim College Retreat.</i> May 18, 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabbani2012" class="citation web cs1">Rabbani, Faraz (25 December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://seekersguidance.org/answers/general-counsel/listening-to-islamic-songs-with-musical-instruments/">"Listening to Islamic Songs with Musical Instruments"</a>. <i>Seekers Guidance</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Seekers+Guidance&rft.atitle=Listening+to+Islamic+Songs+with+Musical+Instruments&rft.date=2012-12-25&rft.aulast=Rabbani&rft.aufirst=Faraz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fseekersguidance.org%2Fanswers%2Fgeneral-counsel%2Flistening-to-islamic-songs-with-musical-instruments%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myreligionislam.com/detail.asp?Aid=6192">"Is Music Prohibited in Islam?"</a>. <i>My Religion Islam</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=My+Religion+Islam&rft.atitle=Is+Music+Prohibited+in+Islam%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.myreligionislam.com%2Fdetail.asp%3FAid%3D6192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuhammad_Ibn_Adam2004" class="citation web cs1">Muhammad Ibn Adam (14 April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://daruliftaa.com/miscellaneous/music-and-singing-a-detailed-article/">"Music and Singing – A Detailed Article"</a>. <i>Darul Ifta</i>. Leicester.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Darul+Ifta&rft.atitle=Music+and+Singing+%E2%80%93+A+Detailed+Article&rft.date=2004-04-14&rft.au=Muhammad+Ibn+Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdaruliftaa.com%2Fmiscellaneous%2Fmusic-and-singing-a-detailed-article%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Siyar-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Siyar_142-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Siyar_142-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuhammad_bin_Mubarak_Kirmani" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Muhammad bin Mubarak Kirmani. <i>Siyar-ul-Auliya: History of Chishti Silsila</i> (in Urdu). Translated by Ghulam Ahmed Biryan. Lahore: Mushtaq Book Corner.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Siyar-ul-Auliya%3A+History+of+Chishti+Silsila&rft.place=Lahore&rft.pub=Mushtaq+Book+Corner&rft.au=Muhammad+bin+Mubarak+Kirmani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAuliya1996" class="citation book cs1">Auliya, Nizamuddin (31 December 1996). <i>Fawa'id al-Fu'aad: Spiritual and Literal Discourses</i>. Translated by Z. H. Faruqi. D.K. Print World Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788124600429" title="Special:BookSources/9788124600429"><bdi>9788124600429</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fawa%27id+al-Fu%27aad%3A+Spiritual+and+Literal+Discourses&rft.pub=D.K.+Print+World+Ltd&rft.date=1996-12-31&rft.isbn=9788124600429&rft.aulast=Auliya&rft.aufirst=Nizamuddin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130320015139/http://worldmusic.nationalgeographic.com/view/page.basic/artist/content.artist/nusrat_fateh_ali_khan_28502/en_US">"Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan : National Geographic World Music"</a>. 2013-03-20. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldmusic.nationalgeographic.com/view/page.basic/artist/content.artist/nusrat_fateh_ali_khan_28502/en_US">the original</a> on 2013-03-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nusrat+Fateh+Ali+Khan+%3A+National+Geographic+World+Music&rft.date=2013-03-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldmusic.nationalgeographic.com%2Fview%2Fpage.basic%2Fartist%2Fcontent.artist%2Fnusrat_fateh_ali_khan_28502%2Fen_US&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ejtaal.net/aa/#hw4=1302,ll=3066,ls=79,la=4919,sg=1252,ha=906,br=1072,pr=171,aan=742,mgf=869,vi=392,kz=3008,mr=805,mn=1581,uqw=1902,umr=1196,ums=1010,umj=961,ulq=1833,uqa=460,uqq=444">"Mawrid Reader"</a>. <i>ejtaal.net</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ejtaal.net&rft.atitle=Mawrid+Reader&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fejtaal.net%2Faa%2F%23hw4%3D1302%2Cll%3D3066%2Cls%3D79%2Cla%3D4919%2Csg%3D1252%2Cha%3D906%2Cbr%3D1072%2Cpr%3D171%2Caan%3D742%2Cmgf%3D869%2Cvi%3D392%2Ckz%3D3008%2Cmr%3D805%2Cmn%3D1581%2Cuqw%3D1902%2Cumr%3D1196%2Cums%3D1010%2Cumj%3D961%2Culq%3D1833%2Cuqa%3D460%2Cuqq%3D444&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Renard, <i>Friends of God: Islamic Images of Piety, Commitment, and Servanthood</i> (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008); Idem., <i>Tales of God Friends: Islamic Hagiography in Translation</i> (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009), et passim.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadtke,_B.Lory,_P.Zarcone,_Th.DeWeese,_D.2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Radtke, B.; Lory, P.; Zarcone, Th.; DeWeese, D.; Gaborieau, M.; Denny, F.M.; Aubin, Françoise; Hunwick, J.O.; Mchugh, N. (2012). "Walī". In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i> (2nd ed.). Brill. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_1335">10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1335</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wal%C4%AB&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_1335&rft.au=Radtke%2C+B.&rft.au=Lory%2C+P.&rft.au=Zarcone%2C+Th.&rft.au=DeWeese%2C+D.&rft.au=Gaborieau%2C+M.&rft.au=Denny%2C+F.M.&rft.au=Aubin%2C+Fran%C3%A7oise&rft.au=Hunwick%2C+J.O.&rft.au=Mchugh%2C+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramerLobbanFluehr-Lobban2013" class="citation book cs1">Kramer, Robert S.; Lobban, Richard A. Jr.; Fluehr-Lobban, Carolyn (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0OKZRewiEOsC&q=%22holy+man%22+wali&pg=PA361"><i>Historical Dictionary of the Sudan</i></a>. Historical Dictionaries of Africa (4 ed.). Lanham, Maryland, USA: Scarecrow Press, an imprint of Rowman & Littlefield. p. 361. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6180-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6180-0"><bdi>978-0-8108-6180-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2015</span>. <q>QUBBA. The Arabic name for the tomb of a holy man... A qubba is usually erected over the grave of a holy man identified variously as <b>wali</b> (saint), faki, or shaykh since, according to folk Islam, this is where his baraka [blessings] is believed to be strongest...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Sudan&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland%2C+USA&rft.series=Historical+Dictionaries+of+Africa&rft.pages=361&rft.edition=4&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press%2C+an+imprint+of+Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-6180-0&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.&rft.au=Lobban%2C+Richard+A.+Jr.&rft.au=Fluehr-Lobban%2C+Carolyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0OKZRewiEOsC%26q%3D%2522holy%2Bman%2522%2Bwali%26pg%3DPA361&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Radtke, B., "Saint", in: <i>Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān</i>, General Editor: Jane Dammen McAuliffe, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. van Ess, <i>Theologie und Gesellschaft im 2. und 3. Jahrhundert Hidschra. Eine Geschichte des religiösen Denkens im frühen Islam</i>, II (Berlin-New York, 1992), pp. 89–90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">B. Radtke and J. O’Kane, <i>The Concept of Sainthood in Early Islamic Mysticism</i> (London, 1996), pp. 109–110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">B. Radtke, <i>Drei Schriften des Theosophen von Tirmid̲</i>, ii (Beirut-Stuttgart, 1996), pp. 68–69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Titus_Burckhardt_2009_p._99-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Titus_Burckhardt_2009_p._99_153-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Titus_Burckhardt_2009_p._99_153-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Titus Burckhardt, <i>Art of Islam: Language and Meaning</i> (Bloomington: World Wisdom, 2009), p. 99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gulfnews.com/world/mena/popular-sufi-leader-in-morocco-dies-aged-95-1.1964439">"Popular Sufi leader in Morocco dies aged 95"</a>. gulfnews.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Popular+Sufi+leader+in+Morocco+dies+aged+95&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgulfnews.com%2Fworld%2Fmena%2Fpopular-sufi-leader-in-morocco-dies-aged-95-1.1964439&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff_Writer2018" class="citation news cs1">Staff Writer (2018-03-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2018/03/243298/confreries-crossroads-moroccos-literary-spiritual-diversity/">"Confreries: A Crossroads of Morocco's Literary and Spiritual Diversity"</a>. Morocco World News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Confreries%3A+A+Crossroads+of+Morocco%27s+Literary+and+Spiritual+Diversity&rft.date=2018-03-28&rft.au=Staff+Writer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.moroccoworldnews.com%2F2018%2F03%2F243298%2Fconfreries-crossroads-moroccos-literary-spiritual-diversity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWehrCowan1979" class="citation book cs1">Wehr, Hans; Cowan, J. Milton (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ejtaal.net/aa/#q=krm"><i>A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic</i></a> (4th ed.). Spoken Language Services.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Modern+Written+Arabic&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Spoken+Language+Services&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Wehr&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft.au=Cowan%2C+J.+Milton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fejtaal.net%2Faa%2F%23q%3Dkrm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-karama-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-karama_157-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-karama_157-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardet,_L.2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gardet, L. (2012). "Karāma". In P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C.E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W.P. Heinrichs (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i> (2nd ed.). Brill. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_0445">10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0445</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kar%C4%81ma&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F1573-3912_islam_COM_0445&rft.au=Gardet%2C+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jonathan A.C. Brown, "Faithful Dissenters," <i>Journal of Sufi Studies</i> 1 (2012), p. 123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heart_2008-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heart_2008_159-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heart_2008_159-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Muhammad Emin Er, <i>Laws of the Heart: A Practical Introduction to the Sufi Order</i>, Shifâ Publishers, 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9815196-1-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9815196-1-6">978-0-9815196-1-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a systematic description of the diseases of the heart that are to be overcome in order for this perspective to take root, see Hamza Yusuf, <i>Purification of the Heart: Signs, Symptoms and Cures of the Spiritual Diseases of the Heart</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-929694-15-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-929694-15-0">978-1-929694-15-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Concerning this, and for an excellent discussion of the concept of attraction (<i>jadhba</i>), see especially the Introduction to Abdullah Nur ad-Din Durkee, <i>The School of the Shadhdhuliyyah, Volume One: Orisons</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/977-00-1830-9" title="Special:BookSources/977-00-1830-9">977-00-1830-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Muhammad Emin Er, <i>al-Wasilat al-Fasila</i>, unpublished MS.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nurmuhammad.com/HeartLevels/coverLataif5levelsofheart.htm">Realities of The Heart</a> Lataif</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchimmel2013-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchimmel2013_164-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchimmel2013">Schimmel 2013</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See especially Robert Frager, <i>Heart, Self & Soul: The Sufi Psychology of Growth, Balance, and Harmony</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8356-0778-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8356-0778-0">978-0-8356-0778-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkhtar2017" class="citation book cs1">Akhtar, Ali Humayun (June 10, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/philosophers-sufis-and-caliphs/philosophical-sufis-among-scholars-ulama-and-their-impact-on-political-culture/D3514A6470BA39F7301678CCAA0DD529"><i>Philosophical Sufis among Scholars (ʿulamāʾ) and Their Impact on Political Culture</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">135–</span>237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107182011" title="Special:BookSources/9781107182011"><bdi>9781107182011</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophical+Sufis+among+Scholars+%28%CA%BFulam%C4%81%CA%BE%29+and+Their+Impact+on+Political+Culture&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E135-%3C%2Fspan%3E237&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017-06-10&rft.isbn=9781107182011&rft.aulast=Akhtar&rft.aufirst=Ali+Humayun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fphilosophers-sufis-and-caliphs%2Fphilosophical-sufis-among-scholars-ulama-and-their-impact-on-political-culture%2FD3514A6470BA39F7301678CCAA0DD529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rabi'a_The_Mystic_and_Her_Fellow-Saints_in_Islam-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rabi'a_The_Mystic_and_Her_Fellow-Saints_in_Islam_167-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2010" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Margaret (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gqYDbBFAcB0C&q=rabia+the+mystic"><i><span></span></i>Rabi'a The Mystic and Her Fellow-Saints in Islam<i><span></span></i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 252. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108015912" title="Special:BookSources/9781108015912"><bdi>9781108015912</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rabi%27a+The+Mystic+and+Her+Fellow-Saints+in+Islam&rft.pages=252&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781108015912&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgqYDbBFAcB0C%26q%3Drabia%2Bthe%2Bmystic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, Margaret. <i>Rabi'a The Mystic</i>. Cambridge University Press, 1928.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed1992" class="citation book cs1">Ahmed, Leila (1992). <i>Women and Gender in Islam</i>. Yale University. p. 96.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+and+Gender+in+Islam&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Yale+University&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Leila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ahmed, Leila. <i>Women and Gender in Islam</i>. Yale University Press, 1992, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://qalandaria.blogspot.com/2010/10/brief-history-of-hazrat-rabia-al-basri.html">"Qalandaria: Brief History of Hazrat Rabia al Basri R . A"</a>. <i>Qalandaria</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Qalandaria&rft.atitle=Qalandaria%3A+Brief+History+of+Hazrat+Rabia+al+Basri+R+.+A&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fqalandaria.blogspot.com%2F2010%2F10%2Fbrief-history-of-hazrat-rabia-al-basri.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Meeting of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shattariyah.blogspot.com/p/rabia-basri.html">Rabia Basri</a> with <a href="/wiki/Hasan_Basri" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasan Basri">Hasan Basri</a> By <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shattariyah.blogspot.com/p/sayyed-aminul-qadri.html">Sayyed Aminul Qadri</a> Retrieved 25 July 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilvers2013" class="citation journal cs1">Silvers, Laury (2013-09-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/al-fath-al-mawsili-COM_27033?s.num=76&s.rows=100">"al-Fatḥ al-Mawṣilī"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE</i>. <q>(...) uncle of the famous early Persian Ṣūfī Junayd al-Baghdādī (d. 298/911).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+THREE&rft.atitle=al-Fat%E1%B8%A5+al-Maw%E1%B9%A3il%C4%AB&rft.date=2013-09-01&rft.aulast=Silvers&rft.aufirst=Laury&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-3%2Fal-fath-al-mawsili-COM_27033%3Fs.num%3D76%26s.rows%3D100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowne2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Granville_Browne" title="Edward Granville Browne">Browne, Edward Granville</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=baJfjwEACAAJ"><i>A Literary History of Persia</i></a>. BiblioBazaar. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-345-72256-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-345-72256-7"><bdi>978-1-345-72256-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Literary+History+of+Persia&rft.pub=BiblioBazaar&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-345-72256-7&rft.aulast=Browne&rft.aufirst=Edward+Granville&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbaJfjwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span>, page 428: "It is noteworthy that both <a href="/wiki/Bayazid_Bastami" title="Bayazid Bastami">Bayazid</a> and Junayd were Persians, and may very likely have imported to sufism."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Concise Encyclopedia of Islam</i>, C. Glasse, <i>al-Junayd</i> (p. 211), Suhail Academy co.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fountainmagazine.com/all-issues/2015/issue-107-september-october-2015/a-history-of-sufism-for-western-readers-september-octomber-2015">"A History of Sufism for Western Readers - The Fountain Magazine"</a>. <i>fountainmagazine.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Milford, Oxford university press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.280326/page/n145">128</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Islam%3A+a+religious+history+of+Islam+in+India&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=H.+Milford%2C+Oxford+university+press&rft.date=1930&rft.au=Murray+Thurston+Titus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.280326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shattariyah.blogspot.com/p/zinda-shah-madar.html">Zinda Shah Madar</a> Retrieved 17 July 2022</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">K. al-Wasa'il, quoted in <i>The Unlimited Mercifier</i>, Stephen Hirtenstein, p. 246</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Memoirs of the Saints, p.108.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (February 2020)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youm7.com/story/2018/4/30/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE-%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF-%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85-%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9/3771991">"تعرف على تاريخ ومولد ودورة الإمام أبو الحجاج الأقصرى السنوية × 15 معلومة"</a>. <i>اليوم السابع</i> (in Arabic).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9&rft.atitle=%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89+%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE+%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF+%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%85+%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%88+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AC+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%82%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%89+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9+%C3%97+15+%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youm7.com%2Fstory%2F2018%2F4%2F30%2F%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B9%25D8%25B1%25D9%2581-%25D8%25B9%25D9%2584%25D9%2589-%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D9%258A%25D8%25AE-%25D9%2588%25D9%2585%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D8%25AF-%25D9%2588%25D8%25AF%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1%25D8%25A9-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A5%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585-%25D8%25A3%25D8%25A8%25D9%2588-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AD%25D8%25AC%25D8%25A7%25D8%25AC-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25A3%25D9%2582%25D8%25B5%25D8%25B1%25D9%2589-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25B3%25D9%2586%25D9%2588%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9%2F3771991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arabnews.com/node/2266696/middle-east">"Sufis celebrate birthday of Sheikh Abu El-Haggag at Luxor mosque"</a>. <i>Arab News</i>. 11 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arab+News&rft.atitle=Sufis+celebrate+birthday+of+Sheikh+Abu+El-Haggag+at+Luxor+mosque&rft.date=2023-03-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabnews.com%2Fnode%2F2266696%2Fmiddle-east&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohammed_A._Rauf1964" class="citation book cs1">Mohammed A. 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(2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xh-9DwAAQBAJ"><i>The Heritage of Sufism: Classical Persian Sufism from Its Origins to Rumi (700-1300)</i></a>. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/Oneworld_Publications" title="Oneworld Publications">Oneworld Publications</a>. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781786075260" title="Special:BookSources/9781786075260"><bdi>9781786075260</bdi></a> – via Distributed by <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Heritage+of+Sufism%3A+Classical+Persian+Sufism+from+Its+Origins+to+Rumi+%28700-1300%29&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781786075260&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXh-9DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErik_S._Ohlander2008" class="citation book cs1">Erik S. 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Leiden-Boston: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789047432142" title="Special:BookSources/9789047432142"><bdi>9789047432142</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sufism+in+an+Age+of+Transition%3A+%CA%BFUmar+al-Suhraward%C4%AB+and+the+Rise+of+the+Islamic+Mystical+Brotherhoods&rft.place=Leiden-Boston&rft.series=Islamic+History+and+Civilization&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9789047432142&rft.au=Erik+S.+Ohlander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF9ywCQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarry_S._Neale2022" class="citation book cs1">Harry S. 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London and New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 276. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135179601" title="Special:BookSources/9781135179601"><bdi>9781135179601</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islamic+Civilization+and+Religion&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=276&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781135179601&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbYtmAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA.J._Arberry2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A.J._Arberry" class="mw-redirect" title="A.J. Arberry">A.J. Arberry</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mp3K7wd1VPAC&pg=PA85"><i>Sufism: An Account of the Mystics of Islam</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135029982" title="Special:BookSources/9781135029982"><bdi>9781135029982</bdi></a>. <q>Many of 'Abd al-Qādir's writings, sermons and prayers have been preserved; his most celebrated book, al-Ghunya li-tālibī tarīq al-haqq, was for many generations a favourite manual of instruction.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sufism%3A+An+Account+of+the+Mystics+of+Islam&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781135029982&rft.au=A.J.+Arberry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmp3K7wd1VPAC%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaeko_Yazaki2013" class="citation book cs1">Saeko Yazaki (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NxkTTvX9t44C&pg=PA129"><i>Islamic Mysticism and Abū Ṭālib Al-Makkī: The Role of the Heart</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415671101" title="Special:BookSources/9780415671101"><bdi>9780415671101</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Mysticism+and+Ab%C5%AB+%E1%B9%AC%C4%81lib+Al-Makk%C4%AB%3A+The+Role+of+the+Heart&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780415671101&rft.au=Saeko+Yazaki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNxkTTvX9t44C%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRana_Safvi2022" class="citation book cs1">Rana Safvi (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zkeHEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT122"><i>In Search of the Divine: Living Histories of Sufism in India</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hachette_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hachette (publisher)">Hachette India</a> (Registered name: Hachette Book Publishing India Pvt. Ltd) An Hachette UK company. p. 122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789393701169" title="Special:BookSources/9789393701169"><bdi>9789393701169</bdi></a>. <q>Sheikh Shihabuddin Abu Hafs Suhrawardi was a great scholar who wrote the Awarif al-Ma'arif (The Gifts of Spiritual Perceptions), which became one of the most popular Sufi books for seekers to read, memorize, and study regularly.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+the+Divine%3A+Living+Histories+of+Sufism+in+India&rft.place=India&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=Hachette+India+%28Registered+name%3A+Hachette+Book+Publishing+India+Pvt.+Ltd%29+An+Hachette+UK+company&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9789393701169&rft.au=Rana+Safvi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzkeHEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20230204184000/https://anqa.co.uk/about-ibn-arabi/contemporaries/shihabuddin-abu-hafs-%E2%80%98umar-al-suhrawardi">"Shihabuddin Abu Hafs 'Umar al-Suhrawardi"</a>. <i>anqa.co.uk</i>. Anqa Publishing. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anqa.co.uk/about-ibn-arabi/contemporaries/shihabuddin-abu-hafs-‘umar-al-suhrawardi">the original</a> on 4 February 2023. <q>One of the great teaching masters, who developed his uncle's methods, Abu Hafs was responsible for establishing the order that took his name, the <a href="/wiki/Suhrawardiyya" title="Suhrawardiyya">Suhrawardiyya</a>. He wrote 'Awarif al-ma'arif (which can be translated variously as The Benefits of the Spiritually Learned or The Gifts of Spiritual Perceptions), one of the most popular Sufi textbooks for later generations.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=anqa.co.uk&rft.atitle=Shihabuddin+Abu+Hafs+%27Umar+al-Suhrawardi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fanqa.co.uk%2Fabout-ibn-arabi%2Fcontemporaries%2Fshihabuddin-abu-hafs-%E2%80%98umar-al-suhrawardi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbn_'Ata'_Allah_al-Iskandari2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ibn_%27Ata%27_Allah_al-Iskandari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn 'Ata' Allah al-Iskandari">Ibn 'Ata' Allah al-Iskandari</a> (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZGn55hQzutQC"><i>The Book of Aphorisms (Kitab al-Hikam)</i></a>. Translated by Muhammed Nafih Wafy. <a href="/wiki/Selangor" title="Selangor">Selangor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>: Islamic Book Trust is affiliated with The Other Press. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789675062612" title="Special:BookSources/9789675062612"><bdi>9789675062612</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Aphorisms+%28Kitab+al-Hikam%29&rft.place=Selangor%2C+Malaysia&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Islamic+Book+Trust+is+affiliated+with+The+Other+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9789675062612&rft.au=Ibn+%27Ata%27+Allah+al-Iskandari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZGn55hQzutQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20210515103321/https://institute.global/policy/what-sufism">"What Is Sufism?"</a>. <i>institute.global</i>. <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair_Institute_for_Global_Change" title="Tony Blair Institute for Global Change">Tony Blair Institute for Global Change</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://institute.global/policy/what-sufism">the original</a> on 15 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=institute.global&rft.atitle=What+Is+Sufism%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finstitute.global%2Fpolicy%2Fwhat-sufism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZekeriya_Bașkal2013" class="citation book cs1">Zekeriya Bașkal (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7iZRCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT25"><i>Yunus Emre: The Sufi Poet in Love</i></a>. Blue Dome Press. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781935295914" title="Special:BookSources/9781935295914"><bdi>9781935295914</bdi></a>. <q>We should also bear in mind that Sufis emphasize inner development, the inner esoteric meanings of the sacred texts, and the imagination.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yunus+Emre%3A+The+Sufi+Poet+in+Love&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Blue+Dome+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781935295914&rft.au=Zekeriya+Ba%C8%99kal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7iZRCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMulla_'Ali_al-Qari2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Mulla_%27Ali_al-Qari" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulla 'Ali al-Qari">Mulla 'Ali al-Qari</a> (2012). ناجي السويد (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zNtLDwAAQBAJ"><i>تفسير الملا علي القاري المسمى (أنوار القرآن وأسرار الفرقان)</i></a> (in Arabic). <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>: <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dar_al-Kotob_al-ilmiyah" class="extiw" title="de:Dar al-Kotob al-ilmiyah">Dar al-Kotob al-'Ilmiyya</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">3–</span>4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782745175960" title="Special:BookSources/9782745175960"><bdi>9782745175960</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%89+%28%D8%A3%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%86+%D9%88%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%29&rft.place=Beirut%2C+Lebanon&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pub=Dar+al-Kotob+al-%27Ilmiyya&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9782745175960&rft.au=Mulla+%27Ali+al-Qari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzNtLDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAysha_Hidayatullah2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aysha_Hidayatullah" title="Aysha Hidayatullah">Aysha Hidayatullah</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aan0AgAAQBAJ"><i>Feminist Edges of the Qur'an</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199359585" title="Special:BookSources/9780199359585"><bdi>9780199359585</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feminist+Edges+of+the+Qur%27an&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780199359585&rft.au=Aysha+Hidayatullah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Daan0AgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeyyed_Hossein_Nasr2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr" title="Seyyed Hossein Nasr">Seyyed Hossein Nasr</a>, ed. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ncz9AQAAQBAJ"><i>Islamic Spirituality: Foundations</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134538959" title="Special:BookSources/9781134538959"><bdi>9781134538959</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Spirituality%3A+Foundations&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781134538959&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNcz9AQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarry_S_Neale2016" class="citation book cs1">Harry S Neale (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DQmkDQAAQBAJ"><i>Jihad in Premodern Sufi Writings</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: The <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a> imprint is published by <a href="/wiki/Springer_Nature" title="Springer Nature">Springer Nature</a>. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137561558" title="Special:BookSources/9781137561558"><bdi>9781137561558</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jihad+in+Premodern+Sufi+Writings&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=The+Palgrave+Macmillan+imprint+is+published+by+Springer+Nature&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781137561558&rft.au=Harry+S+Neale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDQmkDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20230214223903/https://arts.st-andrews.ac.uk/anatolia/data/documents/TK_Sul_HaciMahmut_31">"al-Ta'wilat al-Najmiyya"</a>. <i>arts.st-andrews.ac.uk</i>. <a href="/wiki/The_University_of_St_Andrews" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of St Andrews">The University of St Andrews</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arts.st-andrews.ac.uk/anatolia/data/documents/TK_Sul_HaciMahmut_31">the original</a> on 14 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=arts.st-andrews.ac.uk&rft.atitle=al-Ta%27wilat+al-Najmiyya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farts.st-andrews.ac.uk%2Fanatolia%2Fdata%2Fdocuments%2FTK_Sul_HaciMahmut_31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Rippin2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Rippin" title="Andrew Rippin">Andrew Rippin</a>, ed. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xUu04ozMXOcC"><i>The Blackwell Companion to the Qur'an</i></a>. First published 2006 by <a href="/wiki/Blackwell_Publishing_Ltd" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackwell Publishing Ltd">Blackwell Publishing Ltd</a>. p. 358. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405178440" title="Special:BookSources/9781405178440"><bdi>9781405178440</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+the+Qur%27an&rft.pages=358&rft.pub=First+published+2006+by+Blackwell+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9781405178440&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxUu04ozMXOcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliver_Leaman2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Leaman" title="Oliver Leaman">Oliver Leaman</a>, ed. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2wS2CAAAQBAJ"><i>The Biographical Encyclopedia of Islamic Philosophy</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781472569455" title="Special:BookSources/9781472569455"><bdi>9781472569455</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Biographical+Encyclopedia+of+Islamic+Philosophy&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781472569455&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2wS2CAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHassan2017" class="citation news cs1">Hassan, Syed Raza (17 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-pakistan-blast-sufis/pakistans-sufis-defiant-after-islamic-state-attack-on-shrine-kills-83-idUSKBN15W1OP">"Pakistan's Sufis defiant after Islamic State attack on shrine kills 83"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Pakistan%27s+Sufis+defiant+after+Islamic+State+attack+on+shrine+kills+83&rft.date=2017-02-17&rft.aulast=Hassan&rft.aufirst=Syed+Raza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-pakistan-blast-sufis%2Fpakistans-sufis-defiant-after-islamic-state-attack-on-shrine-kills-83-idUSKBN15W1OP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dailytimes.com.pk/pakistan/17-Feb-17/88-died-343-injured-in-sehwan-shrine-explosion-official-data">"88 dead, 343 injured in Sehwan shrine explosion: official data"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Times_(Pakistan)" title="Daily Times (Pakistan)">Daily Times (Pakistan)</a></i>. 17 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Times+%28Pakistan%29&rft.atitle=88+dead%2C+343+injured+in+Sehwan+shrine+explosion%3A+official+data&rft.date=2017-02-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdailytimes.com.pk%2Fpakistan%2F17-Feb-17%2F88-died-343-injured-in-sehwan-shrine-explosion-official-data&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geo.tv/latest/131752-Sehwan-blast-Death-toll-reaches-90-as-two-more-victims-succumb-to-injuries">"Sehwan blast: Death toll reaches 90 as two more victims succumb to injuries"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Geo_News" title="Geo News">Geo News</a></i>. 20 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geo+News&rft.atitle=Sehwan+blast%3A+Death+toll+reaches+90+as+two+more+victims+succumb+to+injuries&rft.date=2017-02-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geo.tv%2Flatest%2F131752-Sehwan-blast-Death-toll-reaches-90-as-two-more-victims-succumb-to-injuries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECook2015-230"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook2015_230-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECook2015_230-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCook2015">Cook 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Specia-2017-231"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Specia-2017_231-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Specia-2017_231-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Specia-2017_231-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpecia2017" class="citation news cs1">Specia, Megan (24 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/24/world/middleeast/sufi-muslim-explainer.html?emc=edit_ne_20171124&nl=evening-briefing&nlid=68634180&te=1">"Who Are Sufi Muslims and Why Do Some Extremists Hate Them?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201043849/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/24/world/middleeast/sufi-muslim-explainer.html?emc=edit_ne_20171124&nl=evening-briefing&nlid=68634180&te=1">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Who+Are+Sufi+Muslims+and+Why+Do+Some+Extremists+Hate+Them%3F&rft.date=2017-11-24&rft.aulast=Specia&rft.aufirst=Megan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F11%2F24%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fsufi-muslim-explainer.html%3Femc%3Dedit_ne_20171124%26nl%3Devening-briefing%26nlid%3D68634180%26te%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbrahim2010" class="citation web cs1">Ibrahim, Baher (10 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2010/may/10/islam-sufi-salafi-egypt-religion">"Salafi intolerance threatens Sufis"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Salafi+intolerance+threatens+Sufis&rft.date=2010-05-10&rft.aulast=Ibrahim&rft.aufirst=Baher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2Fbelief%2F2010%2Fmay%2F10%2Fislam-sufi-salafi-egypt-religion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMir" class="citation web cs1">Mir, Tariq. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pulitzercenter.org/projects/kashmir-sufi-resurgence-salafi-islam-belief-conflict-rising-salafism-muslim-islam">"Kashmir: From Sufi to Salafi"</a>. <i>November 5, 2012</i>. Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=November+5%2C+2012&rft.atitle=Kashmir%3A+From+Sufi+to+Salafi&rft.aulast=Mir&rft.aufirst=Tariq&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpulitzercenter.org%2Fprojects%2Fkashmir-sufi-resurgence-salafi-islam-belief-conflict-rising-salafism-muslim-islam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130530232126/http://www.islamopediaonline.org/country-profile/egypt/salafists/salafi-violence-against-sufis">"Salafi Violence against Sufis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Islamopedia_Online" title="Islamopedia Online">Islamopedia Online</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islamopediaonline.org/country-profile/egypt/salafists/salafi-violence-against-sufis">the original</a> on 2013-05-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Salafi+Violence+against+Sufis&rft.pub=Islamopedia+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamopediaonline.org%2Fcountry-profile%2Fegypt%2Fsalafists%2Fsalafi-violence-against-sufis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walsh-Declan-235"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Walsh-Declan_235-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walsh-Declan_235-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalshYoussef2017" class="citation news cs1">Walsh, Declan; Youssef, Nour (24 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/24/world/middleeast/mosque-attack-egypt.html?emc=edit_ne_20171124&nl=evening-briefing&nlid=68634180&te=1">"Militants Kill 305 at Sufi Mosque in Egypt's Deadliest Terrorist Attack"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201032823/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/24/world/middleeast/mosque-attack-egypt.html?emc=edit_ne_20171124&nl=evening-briefing&nlid=68634180&te=1">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Militants+Kill+305+at+Sufi+Mosque+in+Egypt%27s+Deadliest+Terrorist+Attack&rft.date=2017-11-24&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Declan&rft.au=Youssef%2C+Nour&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F11%2F24%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fmosque-attack-egypt.html%3Femc%3Dedit_ne_20171124%26nl%3Devening-briefing%26nlid%3D68634180%26te%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geaves-236"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Geaves_236-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geaves_236-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeavesGabrielHaddadSmith" class="citation book cs1">Geaves, Ron; Gabriel, Theodore; Haddad, Yvonne; Smith, Jane Idleman. <i>Islam and the West Post 9/11</i>. Ashgate Publishing. p. 67.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+the+West+Post+9%2F11&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.aulast=Geaves&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft.au=Gabriel%2C+Theodore&rft.au=Haddad%2C+Yvonne&rft.au=Smith%2C+Jane+Idleman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.soas.ac.uk/south-asia-institute/musa/events/24may2016-the-dabistan-and-orientalist-views-of-sufism.html">"The Dabistan and Orientalist views of Sufism | SOAS University of London"</a>. <i>www.soas.ac.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.soas.ac.uk&rft.atitle=The+Dabistan+and+Orientalist+views+of+Sufism+%7C+SOAS+University+of+London&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.soas.ac.uk%2Fsouth-asia-institute%2Fmusa%2Fevents%2F24may2016-the-dabistan-and-orientalist-views-of-sufism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeaves2014" class="citation cs2">Geaves, Ron (2014), Ridgeon, Lloyd (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-companion-to-sufism/sufism-in-the-west/0E365403019DD6826F782FE0B2C89671">"Sufism in the West"</a>, <i>The Cambridge Companion to Sufism</i>, Cambridge Companions to Religion, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. <span class="nowrap">233–</span>256, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-01830-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-01830-3"><bdi>978-1-107-01830-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-30</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Sufism&rft.atitle=Sufism+in+the+West&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E233-%3C%2Fspan%3E256&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-107-01830-3&rft.aulast=Geaves&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fcambridge-companion-to-sufism%2Fsufism-in-the-west%2F0E365403019DD6826F782FE0B2C89671&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span>"Throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, European orientalists would develop the thesis that Sufism and Islam were separate religious phenomena. The effect on Sufism in the West was twofold. The first impacted on the academic study of Sufism and the second on the development of Sufism as a religious form in Europe and North America. The separation of Sufism from its Islamic roots led to an over-emphasis on the translation of classical Sufi mystical literature at the expense of the lived religion practised throughout the Muslim world and perceived as part and parcel of a normative Islamic worldview, even if deeply contested in the Muslim majority world."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorbett2016" class="citation book cs1">Corbett, Rosemary R. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=23704"><i>Making Moderate Islam: Sufism, Service, and the "Ground Zero Mosque" Controversy</i></a>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804791281" title="Special:BookSources/9780804791281"><bdi>9780804791281</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161029043841/http://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=23704">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-10-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Moderate+Islam%3A+Sufism%2C+Service%2C+and+the+%22Ground+Zero+Mosque%22+Controversy&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780804791281&rft.aulast=Corbett&rft.aufirst=Rosemary+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sup.org%2Fbooks%2Ftitle%2F%3Fid%3D23704&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasr1993" class="citation book cs1">Nasr, Seyyed Hossein Nasr (1993-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IgVtq3kNCrYC&q=origins+of+tasawwuf&pg=PA192"><i>An Introduction to Islamic Cosmological Doctrines</i></a>. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791415153" title="Special:BookSources/9780791415153"><bdi>9780791415153</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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FP. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140914003445/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/06/09/state_sponsored_sufism">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-09-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=State-Sponsored+Sufism&rft.date=2009-06-10&rft.aulast=ETERAZ&rft.aufirst=ALI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2Farticles%2F2009%2F06%2F09%2Fstate_sponsored_sufism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunn1969" class="citation journal cs1">Munn, Richard C. (January–March 1969). 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American Oriental Society: <span class="nowrap">279–</span>281. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F598339">10.2307/598339</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/598339">598339</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Reviewed+work%28s%29%3A+The+Sufis+by+Idries+Shah&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E279-%3C%2Fspan%3E281&rft.date=1969-01%2F1969-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F598339&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F598339%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Munn&rft.aufirst=Richard+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah197028-29-250"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShah197028-29_250-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShah1970">Shah 1970</a>, p. 28-29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah1964–2014-251"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShah1964–2014_251-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShah1964–2014">Shah 1964–2014</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Malika Mohammada <i>The Foundations of the Composite Culture in India</i> Aakar Books 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-189-83318-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-189-83318-3">978-8-189-83318-3</a> page 141</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Jamaat Tableegh and the Deobandis</i> by Sajid Abdul Kayum, Chapter 1: Overview and Background.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohammada2007" class="citation book cs1">Mohammada, Malika (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dwzbYvQszf4C&pg=PA90"><i>The Foundations of the Composite Culture in India</i></a>. Aakar Books. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-89833-18-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-89833-18-3"><bdi>978-81-89833-18-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Philosophy+of+Religion%3A+Synthesis+of+Science+Religion+and+Philosophy&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Sarup+%26+Sons&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-7625-476-2&rft.aulast=Laliwala&rft.aufirst=J.+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI2Wz4HEoOgYC%26dq%3Dinsan%2Bi%2Bkamil%2Bbaqa%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChamankhah2019" class="citation book cs1">Chamankhah, Leila (3 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2GGtDwAAQBAJ&dq=insan+i+kamil+baqa&pg=PA253"><i>The Conceptualization of Guardianship in Iranian Intellectual History (1800–1989): Reading Ibn ʿArabī's Theory of Wilāya in the Shīʿa World</i></a>. Springer Nature. p. 253. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-22692-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-22692-3"><bdi>978-3-030-22692-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Sultan ul Faqr Publications. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-969-9795-18-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-969-9795-18-3"><bdi>978-969-9795-18-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sultan-Bahoo-The+Life+and+Teachings&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Sultan+ul+Faqr+Publications&rft.date=2015-03-11&rft.isbn=978-969-9795-18-3&rft.aulast=Madzillah-ul-Aqdus&rft.aufirst=Sultan+ul+Ashiqeen+Hazrat+Sakhi+Sultan+Mohammad+Najib-ur-Rehman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhlyMAwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dinsan%2Bi%2Bkamil%2Bbaqa%26pg%3DPA299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBahoo2015" class="citation book cs1">Bahoo, Sultan ul Arifeen Hazrat Sakhi Sultan (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GeZGCwAAQBAJ&dq=insan+i+kamil+baqa+muhammad&pg=PA58"><i>Risala Roohi Sharif (The Divine Soul): English Translation and Exegesis with Persian Text</i></a>. Sultan ul Faqr Publications. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-969-9795-28-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-969-9795-28-2"><bdi>978-969-9795-28-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Risala+Roohi+Sharif+%28The+Divine+Soul%29%3A+English+Translation+and+Exegesis+with+Persian+Text&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Sultan+ul+Faqr+Publications&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-969-9795-28-2&rft.aulast=Bahoo&rft.aufirst=Sultan+ul+Arifeen+Hazrat+Sakhi+Sultan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGeZGCwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dinsan%2Bi%2Bkamil%2Bbaqa%2Bmuhammad%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett1998" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, Clinton (1 January 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ADytAwAAQBAJ&dq=insan+i+kamil+baqa+muhammad&pg=PA190"><i>In Search of Muhammad</i></a>. A&C Black. p. 223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-70401-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-304-70401-9"><bdi>978-0-304-70401-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+Muhammad&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=1998-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-304-70401-9&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Clinton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DADytAwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dinsan%2Bi%2Bkamil%2Bbaqa%2Bmuhammad%26pg%3DPA190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett1998" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, Clinton (1 January 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ADytAwAAQBAJ&dq=insan+i+kamil+baqa+muhammad&pg=PA190"><i>In Search of Muhammad</i></a>. A&C Black. p. 190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-70401-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-304-70401-9"><bdi>978-0-304-70401-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+Muhammad&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=1998-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-304-70401-9&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Clinton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DADytAwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dinsan%2Bi%2Bkamil%2Bbaqa%2Bmuhammad%26pg%3DPA190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNichollsRiddell2020" class="citation book cs1">Nicholls, Ruth J.; Riddell, Peter G. (31 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gdz0DwAAQBAJ&dq=avatar+sufism&pg=PA181"><i>Insights into Sufism: Voices from the Heart</i></a>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5275-5748-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5275-5748-2"><bdi>978-1-5275-5748-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Insights+into+Sufism%3A+Voices+from+the+Heart&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2020-07-31&rft.isbn=978-1-5275-5748-2&rft.aulast=Nicholls&rft.aufirst=Ruth+J.&rft.au=Riddell%2C+Peter+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgdz0DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Davatar%2Bsufism%26pg%3DPA181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A Sufi-Jewish Dialogue: Philosophy and Mysticism in Bahya ibn Paquda's Duties of the Heart</i>, Diana Lobel</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Sefer Hammaspiq, "Happerishuth", Chapter 11 ("Ha-mmaʿaḇāq") s.v. hithbonen efo be-masoreth mufla'a zo, citing the Talmudic explanation of Jeremiah 13:27 in Chagigah 5b; in Rabbi Yaakov Wincelberg's translation, <i>The Way of Serving God</i> (Feldheim), p. 429 and above, p. 427. Also see ibid., Chapter 10 ("Iqquḇim"), s.v. wa-halo yoḏeʾaʿ atta; in <i>The Way of Serving God</i>, p. 371.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/maimonides-abraham">"Maimonides, Abraham | Encyclopedia.com"</a>. <i>www.encyclopedia.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+du+Centre+de+Recherche+Fran%C3%A7ais+%C3%80+J%C3%A9rusalem&rft.atitle=Jewish+pietism+of+the+Sufi+type&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E87-%3C%2Fspan%3E91&rft.date=2000-10-15&rft.aulast=Loubet&rft.aufirst=Mireille&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbcrfj.revues.org%2Findex2312.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/"><i>Jewish Encyclopedia</i></a>. 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SFGate.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Islamic+verses+%2F+The+influence+of+Muslim+literature+in+the+United+States+has+grown+stronger+since+the+Sept.+11+attacks&rft.date=2005-02-06&rft.aulast=Curiel&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fopinion%2Farticle%2FIslamic-verses-The-influence-of-Muslim-2732710.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/jul/01/forty-rules-love-elif-shafak-review">"The Forty Rules of Love by Elif Shafak – review"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 2011-07-01. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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New Delhi: Kitab Bhavan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8171510818" title="Special:BookSources/978-8171510818"><bdi>978-8171510818</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/70825403">70825403</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+reconstruction+of+religious+thought+in+Islam&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Kitab+Bhavan&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F70825403&rft.isbn=978-8171510818&rft.aulast=Muhammad&rft.aufirst=Iqbal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDehlvi2024" class="citation web cs1">Dehlvi, Ghulam Rasool (April 28, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shattariyah.blogspot.com/p/amir-khusro-chishti-sufi-tradition-of.html">"Amir Khusro & Chishti Sufi Tradition of Sima'a"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Qadri_Shattari" title="Qadri Shattari">Qadri Shattari</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 29,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Qadri+Shattari&rft.atitle=Amir+Khusro+%26+Chishti+Sufi+Tradition+of+Sima%27a&rft.date=2024-04-28&rft.aulast=Dehlvi&rft.aufirst=Ghulam+Rasool&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shattariyah.blogspot.com%2Fp%2Famir-khusro-chishti-sufi-tradition-of.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ghani, Kashshaf (2023-11-29). Sufi Rituals and Practices: Experiences from South Asia, 1200-1450. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. ISBN 978-0-19-288923-2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/3054">"Battle of Karbala"</a>. <i>Brooklynmuseum.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a>. 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Many+Voices+of+Enlightenment&rft.date=2009-06-11&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Cotter&rft.aufirst=Holland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F06%2F12%2Farts%2Fdesign%2F12sufi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mstv.co.in/2016/07/05/exhibition-of-paintings-by-farkhananda-khan-at-sufi-festival/">"Exhibition of Paintings by Farkhananda Khan at Sufi Festival"</a>. <i>mstv.co.in</i>. July 5, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mstv.co.in&rft.atitle=Exhibition+of+Paintings+by+Farkhananda+Khan+at+Sufi+Festival&rft.date=2016-07-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmstv.co.in%2F2016%2F07%2F05%2Fexhibition-of-paintings-by-farkhananda-khan-at-sufi-festival%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabou2007" class="citation journal cs1">Babou, Cheikh Anta (2007). "Sufism and Religious Brotherhoods in Senegal". <i>The International Journal of African Historical Studies</i>. <b>40</b> (1): 184.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+Journal+of+African+Historical+Studies&rft.atitle=Sufism+and+Religious+Brotherhoods+in+Senegal&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=184&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Babou&rft.aufirst=Cheikh+Anta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChittick2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Chittick" title="William Chittick">Chittick, William</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LI0kjBlXS5UC"><i>Sufism: A Beginner's Guide</i></a>. Oneworld Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78074-052-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78074-052-2"><bdi>978-1-78074-052-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sufism%3A+A+Beginner%27s+Guide&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-78074-052-2&rft.aulast=Chittick&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLI0kjBlXS5UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChodkiewicz1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Chodkiewicz" title="Michel Chodkiewicz">Chodkiewicz, Michel</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AisToMtog14C"><i>The Spiritual Writings of Amir ʿAbd al-Kader</i></a>. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2446-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-2446-9"><bdi>978-0-7914-2446-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spiritual+Writings+of+Amir+%CA%BFAbd+al-Kader&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-2446-9&rft.aulast=Chodkiewicz&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAisToMtog14C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChopra2016" class="citation book cs1">Chopra, R.M. (2016). <i>SUFISM (Origin, Growth, Eclipse, Resurgence)</i>. New Delhi: Anuradha Prakashan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-85083-52-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-85083-52-5"><bdi>978-93-85083-52-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SUFISM+%28Origin%2C+Growth%2C+Eclipse%2C+Resurgence%29&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Anuradha+Prakashan&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-93-85083-52-5&rft.aulast=Chopra&rft.aufirst=R.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErnst2010" class="citation book cs1">Ernst, Carl W. (2010). "Muḥammad as the Pole of Existence". In Brockopp, Jonathan E. (ed.). <i>The Cambridge Companion to Muhammad</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">123–</span>138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139828383" title="Special:BookSources/9781139828383"><bdi>9781139828383</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+as+the+Pole+of+Existence&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Muhammad&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E123-%3C%2Fspan%3E138&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781139828383&rft.aulast=Ernst&rft.aufirst=Carl+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzpatrickWalker2014" class="citation book cs1">Fitzpatrick, Coeli; Walker, Hani (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2AtvBAAAQBAJ"><i>Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture</i></a>. ABC-Clio. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-177-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-177-2"><bdi>978-1-61069-177-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muhammad+in+History%2C+Thought%2C+and+Culture&rft.pub=ABC-Clio&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-177-2&rft.aulast=Fitzpatrick&rft.aufirst=Coeli&rft.au=Walker%2C+Hani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2AtvBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGamard2004" class="citation book cs1">Gamard, Ibrahim (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-17EZOGivqMC"><i>Rumi and Islam: Selections from His Stories, Poems, and Discourses, Annotated & Explained</i></a>. SkyLight Paths Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59473-002-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59473-002-3"><bdi>978-1-59473-002-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rumi+and+Islam%3A+Selections+from+His+Stories%2C+Poems%2C+and+Discourses%2C+Annotated+%26+Explained&rft.pub=SkyLight+Paths+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-59473-002-3&rft.aulast=Gamard&rft.aufirst=Ibrahim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-17EZOGivqMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlassé2008" class="citation book cs1">Glassé, Cyril (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D7tu12gt4JYC"><i>The New Encyclopedia of Islam</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6296-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6296-7"><bdi>978-0-7425-6296-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-6296-7&rft.aulast=Glass%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Cyril&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD7tu12gt4JYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuénon2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon, René</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t2MicNN1KiUC"><i>Insights Into Islamic Esoterism and Taoism</i></a>. Sophia Perennis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-900588-43-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-900588-43-3"><bdi>978-0-900588-43-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Insights+Into+Islamic+Esoterism+and+Taoism&rft.pub=Sophia+Perennis&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-900588-43-3&rft.aulast=Gu%C3%A9non&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt2MicNN1KiUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMbackéHunwick2005" class="citation book cs1">Mbacké, Khadim; Hunwick, John O. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rUrOn6papygC"><i>Sufism and Religious Brotherhoods in Senegal</i></a>. Markus Wiener Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55876-342-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55876-342-5"><bdi>978-1-55876-342-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sufism+and+Religious+Brotherhoods+in+Senegal&rft.pub=Markus+Wiener+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-55876-342-5&rft.aulast=Mback%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Khadim&rft.au=Hunwick%2C+John+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrUrOn6papygC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahimi2007" class="citation journal cs1">Rahimi, Sadeq (September 2007). "Intimate Exteriority: Sufi Space as Sanctuary for Injured Subjectivities in Turkey". <i>Journal of Religion and Health</i>. <b>46</b> (3). Springer: <span class="nowrap">409–</span>421. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10943-006-9073-2">10.1007/s10943-006-9073-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27513026">27513026</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:26296782">26296782</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Religion+and+Health&rft.atitle=Intimate+Exteriority%3A+Sufi+Space+as+Sanctuary+for+Injured+Subjectivities+in+Turkey&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E409-%3C%2Fspan%3E421&rft.date=2007-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A26296782%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27513026%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10943-006-9073-2&rft.aulast=Rahimi&rft.aufirst=Sadeq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchimmel2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Annemarie_Schimmel" title="Annemarie Schimmel">Schimmel, Annemarie</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V59xBAAAQBAJ"><i>Mystical Dimension of Islam</i></a>. Noura Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-979-433-797-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-979-433-797-4"><bdi>978-979-433-797-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mystical+Dimension+of+Islam&rft.pub=Noura+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-979-433-797-4&rft.aulast=Schimmel&rft.aufirst=Annemarie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV59xBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidle2008" class="citation magazine cs1">Schmidle, Nicholas (December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090122031623/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/people-places/Faith-and-Ecstasy.html">"Pakistan's Sufis Preach Faith and Ecstasy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_(magazine)" title="Smithsonian (magazine)">Smithsonian Magazine</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smithsonianmag.com/people-places/Faith-and-Ecstasy.html">the original</a> on 2009-01-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=Pakistan%27s+Sufis+Preach+Faith+and+Ecstasy&rft.date=2008-12&rft.aulast=Schmidle&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fpeople-places%2FFaith-and-Ecstasy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSells1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Sells" title="Michael Sells">Sells, Michael</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BrU54SYQSyoC"><i>Early Islamic Mysticism: Sufi, Qurʼan, Miraj, Poetic and Theological Writings</i></a>. Paulist Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-3619-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-3619-3"><bdi>978-0-8091-3619-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Islamic+Mysticism%3A+Sufi%2C+Qur%CA%BCan%2C+Miraj%2C+Poetic+and+Theological+Writings&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8091-3619-3&rft.aulast=Sells&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBrU54SYQSyoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShah1964–2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Idries_Shah" title="Idries Shah">Shah, Idries</a> (1964–2014). <i>The Sufis</i>. <a href="/wiki/The_Idries_Shah_Foundation" title="The Idries Shah Foundation">ISF Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1784790035" title="Special:BookSources/978-1784790035"><bdi>978-1784790035</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sufis&rft.pub=ISF+Publishing&rft.date=1964%2F2014&rft.isbn=978-1784790035&rft.aulast=Shah&rft.aufirst=Idries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShah1970" class="citation book cs1">Shah, Idries (1970). <i>The Way of the Sufi</i>. E.P. Dutton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Way+of+the+Sufi&rft.pub=E.P.+Dutton&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Shah&rft.aufirst=Idries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZarrabi-Zadeh2016" class="citation book cs1">Zarrabi-Zadeh, Saeed (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routledge.com/products/9781138100121"><i>Practical Mysticism in Islam and Christianity: A Comparative Study of Jalal al-Din Rumi and Meister Eckhart</i></a>. Routledge Sufi Series. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-13-810012-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-13-810012-1"><bdi>978-1-13-810012-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Practical+Mysticism+in+Islam+and+Christianity%3A+A+Comparative+Study+of+Jalal+al-Din+Rumi+and+Meister+Eckhart&rft.series=Routledge+Sufi+Series&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-13-810012-1&rft.aulast=Zarrabi-Zadeh&rft.aufirst=Saeed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledge.com%2Fproducts%2F9781138100121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASufism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Sufi" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Sufi">Sufi</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Sufism" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Sufism">Sufism</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Sufism" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Sufism">Sufism</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sufism200" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:gold; white-space:nowrap; font-size:100%; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sufi" title="Template:Sufi"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sufi" title="Template talk:Sufi"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sufi" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sufi"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sufism200" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sufism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold; white-space:nowrap; font-size:100%; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sufi_orders" title="List of Sufi orders">Sufi orders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Qadiriyya" title="Qadiriyya">Qadiriyya</a></b> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qadir_Gilani" title="Abdul Qadir Gilani">'Abd al-Qadir al-Gilani</a>)</small></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chishtiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Chishtiyya">Chishtiyya</a></b> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Mu%27in_al-Din_Chishti" title="Mu'in al-Din Chishti">Mu'in al-Din Chishti</a>)</small></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Naqshbandiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Naqshbandiyya">Naqshbandiyya</a></b> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Baha%27_al-Din_Naqshband" title="Baha' al-Din Naqshband">Baha' al-Din Naqshband</a>)</small></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Suhrawardiyya" title="Suhrawardiyya">Suhrawardiyya</a></b> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Shihab_al-Din_%27Umar_al-Suhrawardi" title="Shihab al-Din 'Umar al-Suhrawardi">Shihab al-Din 'Umar al-Suhrawardi</a>)</small></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rifa%27iyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Rifa'iyya">Rifa'iyya</a></b> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Rifa%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad al-Rifa'i">Ahmad al-Rifa'i</a>)</small></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Badawiyya" title="Badawiyya">Badawiyya</a></b> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Badawi" title="Ahmad al-Badawi">Ahmad al-Badawi</a>)</small></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Desuqiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Desuqiyya">Desuqiyya</a></b> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Desuqi" title="Ibrahim al-Desuqi">Ibrahim al-Desuqi</a>)</small></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Shadhiliyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadhiliyya">Shadhiliyya</a></b> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Hasan_al-Shadhili" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu al-Hasan al-Shadhili">Abu al-Hasan al-Shadhili</a>)</small></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Akbariyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbariyya">Akbariyya</a></b> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arabi" title="Ibn Arabi">Ibn Arabi</a>)</small></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Khalwatiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalwatiyya">Khalwatiyya</a></b> <small>('Umar al-Khalwati)</small></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rahmaniyya" title="Rahmaniyya">Rahmaniyya</a></b> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Sidi_M%27hamed_Bou_Qobrine" title="Sidi M'hamed Bou Qobrine">Muhammad b. 'Abd al-Rahman al-Azhari</a>)</small></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bayramiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayramiyya">Bayramiyya</a></b> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Bayram_Wali" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayram Wali">Bayram Wali</a>)</small></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ba_%27Alawiyya" title="Ba 'Alawiyya">Ba 'Alawiyya</a></b> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Faqih_al-Muqaddam" title="Muhammad al-Faqih al-Muqaddam">Muhammad ibn 'Ali Ba 'Alawi</a>)</small></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tijaniyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Tijaniyya">Tijaniyya</a></b> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Tijani" title="Ahmad al-Tijani">Ahmad al-Tijani</a>)</small></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Idrisiyya" title="Idrisiyya">Idrisiyya</a></b> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Idris_al-Fasi" title="Ahmad ibn Idris al-Fasi">Ahmad ibn Idris al-Fasi</a>)</small></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maghribi_Kufic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Maghribi_Kufic.jpg/150px-Maghribi_Kufic.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Maghribi_Kufic.jpg/225px-Maghribi_Kufic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Maghribi_Kufic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="328" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold; white-space:nowrap; font-size:100%; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhikr" title="Dhikr">Dhikr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ha%E1%B8%8Dra" title="Haḍra">Haḍra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">Zuhd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyarat" title="Ziyarat">Ziyarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid">Mawlid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muraqabah" title="Muraqabah">Muraqabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqwa" title="Taqwa">Taqwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tazkiyah" title="Tazkiyah">Tazkiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawassul" title="Tawassul">Tawassul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barakah" title="Barakah">Tabarruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawakkul" title="Tawakkul">Tawakkul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold; white-space:nowrap; font-size:100%; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;width:1%">Ideas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ihsan" title="Ihsan">Ihsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wajd" title="Wajd">Wajd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashf" title="Kashf">Kashf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karamat" title="Karamat">Karamat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C5%ABr_(Islam)" title="Nūr (Islam)">Nūr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhawq" title="Dhawq">Dhawq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishq" title="Ishq">Ishq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murid" title="Murid">Murid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salik" title="Salik">Salik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_studies" title="Sufi studies">Sufi studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi poetry">Sufi poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_philosophy" title="Sufi philosophy">Sufi philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold; white-space:nowrap; font-size:100%; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sufi_literature" title="Sufi literature">Sufi literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Risala_al-Qushayriyya" title="Al-Risala al-Qushayriyya">Al-Risala al-Qushayriyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilyat_al-Awliya%27" title="Hilyat al-Awliya'">Hilyat al-Awliya'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashf_al-Mahjub" title="Kashf al-Mahjub">Kashf al-Mahjub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Alchemy_of_Happiness" title="The Alchemy of Happiness">The Alchemy of Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revival_of_the_Religious_Sciences" title="The Revival of the Religious Sciences">The Revival of the Religious Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Burda" title="Al-Burda">Al-Burda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dala%27il_al-Khayrat" title="Dala'il al-Khayrat">Dala'il al-Khayrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazail-e-Amaal" title="Fazail-e-Amaal">Fadha'il al-'Amal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:gold; white-space:nowrap; font-size:100%; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sufis" title="List of Sufis">Notable Sufis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd AH/8th AD</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_al-Basri" title="Hasan al-Basri">Al-Hasan al-Basri</a> (d. 110 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_ibn_Dinar" class="mw-redirect" title="Malik ibn Dinar">Malik ibn Dinar</a> (d. 128 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_ibn_Adham" title="Ibrahim ibn Adham">Ibrahim ibn Adham</a> (d. 160 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufyan_al-Thawri" title="Sufyan al-Thawri">Sufyan al-Thawri</a> (d. 161 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawud_al-Ta%27i" title="Dawud al-Ta'i">Dawud al-Ta'i</a> (d. 165 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Wahid_ibn_Zaid" title="Abd al-Wahid ibn Zaid">'Abd al-Wahid ibn Zaid</a> (d. 177 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabia_of_Basra" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabia of Basra">Rabi'a al-'Adawiyya</a> (d. 180 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Mubarak" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn al-Mubarak">Ibn al-Mubarak</a> (d. 181 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fudayl_ibn_%27Iyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Fudayl ibn 'Iyad">Al-Fudayl ibn 'Iyad</a> (d. 188 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaqiq_al-Balkhi" title="Shaqiq al-Balkhi">Shaqiq al-Balkhi</a> (d. 194 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27ruf_al-Karkhi" title="Ma'ruf al-Karkhi">Ma'ruf al-Karkhi</a> (d. 200 AH)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd AH/9th AD</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Darani" title="Al-Darani">Al-Darani</a> (d. 205 or 215 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishr_al-Hafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishr al-Hafi">Bishr al-Hafi</a> (d. 227 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Harith_al-Muhasibi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Harith al-Muhasibi">Al-Harith al-Muhasibi</a> (d. 243 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhul-Nun_al-Misri" title="Dhul-Nun al-Misri">Dhul-Nun al-Misri</a> (d. 245 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sari_al-Saqati" title="Sari al-Saqati">Sari al-Saqati</a> (d. 253 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahya_ibn_Mu%27adh_al-Razi" title="Yahya ibn Mu'adh al-Razi">Yahya ibn Mu'adh al-Razi</a> (d. 258 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sa%27id_al-Kharraz" title="Abu Sa'id al-Kharraz">Abu Sa'id al-Kharraz</a> (d. 277 or 286 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahl_al-Tustari" title="Sahl al-Tustari">Sahl al-Tustari</a> (d. 283 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_al-Tirmidhi" title="Al-Hakim al-Tirmidhi">Al-Hakim al-Tirmidhi</a> (d. 295 or 320 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Husain_al-Nuri" title="Abu al-Husain al-Nuri">Abu al-Husain al-Nuri</a> (d. 295 AH)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th AH/10th AD</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruwaym" title="Ruwaym">Ruwaym</a> (d. 303 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Shibli" title="Abu Bakr al-Shibli">Abu Bakr al-Shibli</a> (d. 334 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Talib_al-Makki" title="Abu Talib al-Makki">Abu Talib al-Makki</a> (d. 386 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Kalabadhi" title="Abu Bakr al-Kalabadhi">Abu Bakr al-Kalabadhi</a> (d. 380 AH)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #FFE4E1">Sufi leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi</a> (d. 589 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kb%C3%B6ri" title="Gökböri">Muzaffar al-Din Gökböri</a> (d. 630 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Abu_al-Haggag" title="Yusuf Abu al-Haggag">Yusuf Abu al-Haggag</a> (d. 642 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II">Muhammad al-Fateh</a> (d. 886 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a> (d. 1118 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazl-e-Haq_Khairabadi" title="Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi">Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi</a> (d. 1277 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_Zafar" title="Bahadur Shah Zafar">Bahadur Shah Zafar</a> (d. 1278 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imam_Shamil" title="Imam Shamil">Imam Shamil</a> (d. 1287 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emir_Abdelkader" title="Emir Abdelkader">Emir Abdel-Kader</a> (d. 1300 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ahmad" title="Muhammad Ahmad">Muhammad Ahmad</a> (d. 1302/1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_al-Mukhtar" title="Omar al-Mukhtar">Omar al-Mukhtar</a> (d. 1350 AH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izz_ad-Din_al-Qassam" title="Izz ad-Din al-Qassam">'Izz al-Din al-Qassam</a> (d. 1354 AH)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:gold; white-space:nowrap; font-size:100%; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sufism_terminology124" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sufism_terminology" title="Template:Sufism terminology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sufism_terminology" title="Template talk:Sufism terminology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sufism_terminology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sufism terminology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sufism_terminology124" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sufism</a> terminology</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sufis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdal" title="Abdal">Abdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Khutwa" title="Ahl al-Khutwa">Ahl al-Khutwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ins%C4%81n_al-K%C4%81mil" title="Al-Insān al-Kāmil">Al-Insān al-Kāmil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bash_Hezzab" title="Bash Hezzab">Bash Hezzab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dervish" title="Dervish">Dervish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakir" title="Fakir">Fakir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafiz_(Quran)" title="Hafiz (Quran)">Hafiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hezzab" title="Hezzab">Hezzab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">Imam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatib" title="Khatib">Khatib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majzoob_(Sufism)" title="Majzoob (Sufism)">Majzoob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marabout" title="Marabout">Marabout</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mudaqiq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mudaqiq (page does not exist)">Mudaqiq</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%82%D9%82_(%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9)" class="extiw" title="ar:مدقق (صوفية)">ar</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqaddam" title="Muqaddam">Muqaddam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqarrab_(Sufism)" title="Muqarrab (Sufism)">Muqarrab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murshid" title="Murshid">Murshid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mutahaqiq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mutahaqiq (page does not exist)">Mutahaqiq</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%82_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%82_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%82" class="extiw" title="ar:متحقق بالحق والخلق">ar</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murid" title="Murid">Murid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nass_al-Houdhour" title="Nass al-Houdhour">Nass al-Houdhour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_(Sufism)" title="Pir (Sufism)">Pir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalandar_(title)" title="Qalandar (title)">Qalandar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%C4%81ri%CA%BE" title="Qāriʾ">Qāriʾ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutb" title="Qutb">Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbani_(Sufism)" title="Rabbani (Sufism)">Rabbani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salik" title="Salik">Salik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_(Sufism)" title="Sheikh (Sufism)">Sheikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddiq" title="Siddiq">Siddiq</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sufis_ranks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sufis ranks (page does not exist)">Sufis ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talibe" title="Talibe">Talibe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Seven_ranks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Seven ranks (page does not exist)">The Seven ranks</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:المراتب السبعة">ar</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wali" title="Wali">Wali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasil_(Sufism)" title="Wasil (Sufism)">Wasil</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Raising_hands_in_Dua" title="Raising hands in Dua"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/IslamSymbol.svg/160px-IslamSymbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/IslamSymbol.svg/240px-IslamSymbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/IslamSymbol.svg/320px-IslamSymbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="213" data-file-height="213" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aayane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aayane (page does not exist)">Aayane</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81)" class="extiw" title="ar:أعيان (تصوف)">ar</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aayane_Thabita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aayane Thabita (page does not exist)">Aayane Thabita</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:الأعيان الثابتة">ar</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">Aql</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baqaa" title="Baqaa">Baqaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhawq" title="Dhawq">Dhawq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fana_(Sufism)" title="Fana (Sufism)">Fana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghaflah" title="Ghaflah">Ghaflah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hal_(Sufism)" title="Hal (Sufism)">Hal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijab_(Sufism)" title="Hijab (Sufism)">Hijab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huwa" title="Huwa">Huwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ihsan" title="Ihsan">Ihsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishq" title="Ishq">Ishq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismul_Azam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismul Azam">Ismul Azam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lataif-e-Sitta" title="Lataif-e-Sitta">Lataif-e-Sitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqam_(Sufism)" title="Maqam (Sufism)">Maqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafs" title="Nafs">Nafs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalb" title="Qalb">Qalb</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ran_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ran (Sufism) (page does not exist)">Ran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%AB%E1%B8%A5" title="Rūḥ">Rūḥ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sadr_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sadr (Sufism) (page does not exist)">Sadr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqeen" title="Yaqeen">Yaqeen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wird_(Sufism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wird (Sufism)">Awrad</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhikr" title="Dhikr">Dhikr</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Djamaa_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Djamaa (Sufism) (page does not exist)">Djamaa</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9_(%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%83)" class="extiw" title="ar:جمع (سلوك)">ar</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Djoua_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Djoua (Sufism) (page does not exist)">Djoua</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B9_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81)" class="extiw" title="ar:جوع (تصوف)">ar</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dua" title="Dua">Dua</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibara_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibara (Sufism) (page does not exist)">Ibara</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_(%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9)" class="extiw" title="ar:عبارة (صوفية)">ar</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ichara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ichara (page does not exist)">Ichara</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_(%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9)" class="extiw" title="ar:إشارة (صوفية)">ar</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Latifa_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Latifa (Sufism) (page does not exist)">Latifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazimi" title="Lazimi">Lazimi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhasabah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhasabah (page does not exist)">Muhasabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muraqabah" title="Muraqabah">Muraqabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raising_hands_in_Dua" class="mw-redirect" title="Raising hands in Dua">Raising hands in Dua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabr" title="Sabr">Sabr</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sahar_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sahar (Sufism) (page does not exist)">Sahar</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%87%D8%B1_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81)" class="extiw" title="ar:سهر (تصوف)">ar</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salat_al-Fatih" title="Salat al-Fatih">Salat al-Fatih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salawat" title="Salawat">Salawat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samt_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samt (Sufism) (page does not exist)">Samt</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%85%D8%AA_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81)" class="extiw" title="ar:صمت (تصوف)">ar</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shuhud_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shuhud (Sufism) (page does not exist)">Shuhud</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81)" class="extiw" title="ar:شهود (تصوف)">ar</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shukr" title="Shukr">Shukr</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sufism_pillars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sufism pillars (page does not exist)">Sufism pillars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemplation" title="Contemplation">Tafakur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tahara_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tahara (Sufism) (page does not exist)">Tahara</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" class="extiw" title="ar:طهارة معنوية">ar</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tahlia_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tahlia (Sufism) (page does not exist)">Tahlia</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_(%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9)" class="extiw" title="ar:تحلية (صوفية)">ar</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Takhlia_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Takhlia (Sufism) (page does not exist)">Takhlia</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_(%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9)" class="extiw" title="ar:تخلية (صوفية)">ar</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tawajud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tawajud (page does not exist)">Tawajud</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AF" class="extiw" title="ar:تواجد">ar</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawakkul" title="Tawakkul">Tawakkul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawassul" title="Tawassul">Tawassul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tazkiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Tazkiah">Tazkiah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uzla_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uzla (Sufism) (page does not exist)">Uzla</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%84%D8%A9_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81)" class="extiw" title="ar:عزلة (تصوف)">ar</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wajd" title="Wajd">Wajd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wazifa" title="Wazifa">Wazifa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wazifa_Zarruqiyya" title="Wazifa Zarruqiyya">Zarruqiyya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wird" title="Wird">Wird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">Zuhd</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Warid_(Sufism)" title="Warid (Sufism)">Waridates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barakah" title="Barakah">Barakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basirah" class="mw-redirect" title="Basirah">Basirah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bast_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bast (Sufism) (page does not exist)">Bast</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B3%D8%B7_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81)" class="extiw" title="ar:بسط (تصوف)">ar</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Djadba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Djadba (page does not exist)">Djadba</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B0%D8%A8%D8%A9_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81)" class="extiw" title="ar:جذبة (تصوف)">ar</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fath_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fath (Sufism) (page does not exist)">Fath</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81)" class="extiw" title="ar:فتح (تصوف)">ar</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haqiqa" title="Haqiqa">Haqiqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidayah" title="Hidayah">Hidayah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afflatus" title="Afflatus">Ilham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irfan" title="Irfan">Irfan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuminationism" title="Illuminationism">Ishrak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karamat" title="Karamat">Karamat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashf" title="Kashf">Kashf</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khatir_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khatir (Sufism) (page does not exist)">Khatir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27rifa" title="Ma'rifa">Ma'rifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C5%ABr_(Islam)" title="Nūr (Islam)">Nūr</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qabdh_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qabdh (Sufism) (page does not exist)">Qabdh</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A8%D8%B6_(%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81)" class="extiw" title="ar:قبض (تصوف)">ar</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rabita_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rabita (Sufism) (page does not exist)">Rabita</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B7%D8%A9_(%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9)" class="extiw" title="ar:رابطة (صوفية)">ar</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ru%27ya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ru'ya (page does not exist)">Ru'ya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secret_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secret (Sufism) (page does not exist)">Secret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajalli" title="Tajalli">Tajalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thawab" title="Thawab">Thawab</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uns_(Sufism)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uns (Sufism) (page does not exist)">Uns</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%B3" class="extiw" title="ar:أنس">ar</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walayah" title="Walayah">Walayah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warid_(Sufism)" title="Warid (Sufism)">Warid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Misconducts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antinomianism#Islamic_antinomianism" title="Antinomianism">Antinomianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Rahbaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shath" title="Shath">Shath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubris" title="Hubris">Taqabbur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zandaqa" title="Zandaqa">Zandaqa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ceremonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashura" title="Ashura">Ashura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay%27ah" title="Bay'ah">Bay'ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ha%E1%B8%8Dra" title="Haḍra">Haḍra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hizb_Rateb" title="Hizb Rateb">Hizb Rateb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idjaza" class="mw-redirect" title="Idjaza">Idjaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid">Mawlid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawsim" title="Mawsim">Mawsim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salka_(Sufism)" title="Salka (Sufism)">Salka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sbooa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sbooa (page does not exist)">Sbooa</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sbu%C3%A2" class="extiw" title="fr:Sbuâ">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebiba" title="Sebiba">Sebiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silsila" title="Silsila">Silsila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sufi_orders" title="List of Sufi orders">Sufi orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariqa" title="Tariqa">Tariqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tweeza" title="Tweeza">Tweeza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wezeea" title="Wezeea">Wezeea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyarat" title="Ziyarat">Ziyarat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ashewiq&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ashewiq (page does not exist)">Ashewiq</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%82" class="extiw" title="ar:أشويق">ar</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madih_nabawi" title="Madih nabawi">Madih nabawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasheed" title="Nasheed">Nasheed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%CA%BDat" title="Naʽat">Naʽat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qawwali" title="Qawwali">Qawwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama_(Sufism)" title="Sama (Sufism)">Sama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_cosmology" title="Sufi cosmology">Sufi cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sufism" title="History of Sufism">Sufism history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_literature" title="Sufi literature">Sufi literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_metaphysics" title="Sufi metaphysics">Sufi metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_music" title="Sufi music">Sufi music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufis persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_philosophy" title="Sufi philosophy">Sufi philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi poetry">Sufi poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_psychology" title="Sufi psychology">Sufi psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_whirling" title="Sufi whirling">Sufi whirling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daara" title="Daara">Daara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dargah" title="Dargah">Dargah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datuk_Keramat" title="Datuk Keramat">Datuk Keramat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eidgah" title="Eidgah">Eidgah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonbad" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonbad">Gonbad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongbei_(Islamic_architecture)" title="Gongbei (Islamic architecture)">Gongbei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama_masjid" class="mw-redirect" title="Jama masjid">Jama masjid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_Khana" title="Jama'at Khana">Jama'at Khana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalwa_(Sufism)" title="Khalwa (Sufism)">Khalwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalwa_(school)" title="Khalwa (school)"> Khalawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanqah">Khanqah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BClliye" title="Külliye">Külliye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuttab" title="Kuttab">Kuttab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqam_(shrine)" title="Maqam (shrine)">Maqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqbara" title="Maqbara">Maqbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum" title="Mausoleum">Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazar_(mausoleum)" title="Mazar (mausoleum)">Mazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musalla" title="Musalla">Musalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qubba" title="Qubba">Qubba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rauza" title="Rauza">Rauza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribat" title="Ribat">Ribat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surau" title="Surau">Surau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takya" class="mw-redirect" title="Takya">Takya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbah" title="Turbah">Turbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrbe" title="Türbe">Türbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zawiya_(institution)" title="Zawiya (institution)">Zawiya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammama" title="Ammama">Ammama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balgha" title="Balgha">Balgha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnous" title="Burnous">Burnous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djellaba" title="Djellaba">Djellaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandoura" title="Gandoura">Gandoura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jellabiya" title="Jellabiya">Jellabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirqa" title="Khirqa">Khirqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misbaha" title="Misbaha">Misbaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miswak" title="Miswak">Miswak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_rug" title="Prayer rug">Prayer rug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qashabiya" title="Qashabiya">Qashabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagelmust" class="mw-redirect" title="Tagelmust">Tagelmust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqiyah_(cap)" title="Taqiyah (cap)">Taqiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarboosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarboosh">Tarboosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turban" title="Turban">Turban</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sufism_books32" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sufism_books" title="Template:Sufism books"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sufism_books" title="Template talk:Sufism books"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sufism_books" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sufism books"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sufism_books32" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sufism books</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">Books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Risala_al-Qushayriyya" title="Al-Risala al-Qushayriyya">Al-Risala al-Qushayriyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilyat_al-Awliya_wa_Tabaqat_al-Asfiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilyat al-Awliya wa Tabaqat al-Asfiya">Hilyat al-Awliya wa Tabaqat al-Asfiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wabil_al-Sayyib" title="Al-Wabil al-Sayyib">Al-Wabil al-Sayyib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dala%27il_al-Khayrat" title="Dala'il al-Khayrat">Dala'il al-Khayrat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hikam_al-Ataiyya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hikam al-Ataiyya (page does not exist)">Hikam al-Ataiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masnavi" title="Masnavi">Masnavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matn_Ibn_Ashir" class="mw-redirect" title="Matn Ibn Ashir">Matn Ibn Ashir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Futuhat_al-Makkiyya" title="Al-Futuhat al-Makkiyya">Meccan Revelations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Questions" title="Sicilian Questions">Sicilian Questions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beginning_of_Guidance" title="The Beginning of Guidance">The Beginning of Guidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Moderation_in_Belief" title="The Moderation in Belief">The Moderation in Belief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revival_of_the_Religious_Sciences" title="The Revival of the Religious Sciences">The Revival of the Religious Sciences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamic_theology48" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_theology" title="Template:Islamic theology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_theology" title="Template talk:Islamic theology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_theology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic theology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamic_theology48" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Islamic theology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="FieldsTheologiansBooks48" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Fields</li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_theologians" title="List of Muslim theologians">Theologians</a></li><li>Books</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">Aqidah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Kalam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%27Aql" title="'Aql">‘Aql</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Islam" title="Education in Islam">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Logic in Islamic philosophy">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Peace in Islamic philosophy">Peace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmology in medieval Islam">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Physics in the medieval Islamic world">Physics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sufism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_cosmology" title="Sufi cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_metaphysics" title="Sufi metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_philosophy" title="Sufi philosophy">Philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_theologians" title="List of Muslim theologians">Theologians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Abu_Hasan_al-Ash%27ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari">al-Ash'ari</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bayhaqi" title="Al-Bayhaqi">Al-Bayhaqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Baqillani" title="Al-Baqillani">Al-Baqillani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Juwayni" title="Al-Juwayni">Al-Juwayni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qushayri" title="Al-Qushayri">Al-Qushayri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shahrastani" title="Al-Shahrastani">Al-Shahrastani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Al-Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Taftazani" title="Al-Taftazani">Al-Taftazani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Maziri" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Maziri">Al-Maziri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Furak" title="Ibn Furak">Ibn Furak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abi_Zayd_al-Qayrawani" title="Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani">Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakariyya_al-Ansari" title="Zakariyya al-Ansari">Zakariyya al-Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Mansur_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi">Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ishaq_al-Isfara%27ini" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Ishaq al-Isfara'ini">Abu Ishaq al-Isfara'ini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Aqil" title="Ibn Aqil">Ibn Aqil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tumart" title="Ibn Tumart">Ibn Tumart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qadir_Gilani" title="Abdul Qadir Gilani">Abdul Qadir Gilani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Walid_al-Baji" title="Abu al-Walid al-Baji">Abu al-Walid al-Baji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_ibn_al-Arabi" title="Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi">Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Jawzi" title="Ibn al-Jawzi">Ibn al-Jawzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadi_Ayyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadi Ayyad">Qadi Ayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Rifa%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad al-Rifa'i">Ahmad al-Rifa'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi" title="Fakhr al-Din al-Razi">Fakhr al-Din al-Razi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayf_al-Din_al-Amidi" title="Sayf al-Din al-Amidi">Sayf al-Din al-Amidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izz_al-Din_ibn_%27Abd_al-Salam" title="Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam">Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqi_al-Din_al-Subki" title="Taqi al-Din al-Subki">Taqi al-Din al-Subki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihab_al-Din_al-Qarafi" title="Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi">Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hayyan_al-Gharnati" title="Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati">Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Baydawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Baydawi">Al-Baydawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arafa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Arafa">Ibn Arafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Tha%27alibi" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Tha'alibi">Abd al-Rahman al-Tha'alibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hajar_al-Haytami" title="Ibn Hajar al-Haytami">Ibn Hajar al-Haytami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sha%27rani" title="Al-Sha'rani">Al-Sha'rani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalal_al-Din_al-Dawani" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalal al-Din al-Dawani">Jalal al-Din al-Dawani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Maqqari_al-Tilmisani" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Maqqari al-Tilmisani">Al-Maqqari al-Tilmisani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Fasi" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Fasi">Abd al-Rahman al-Fasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Ashir" title="Ibn Ashir">Ibn Ashir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bah%C5%ABt%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Bahūtī">Al-Bahūtī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mayyara" title="Muhammad Mayyara">Muhammad Mayyara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ali_al-Hassan_al-Yusi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Ali al-Hassan al-Yusi">Abu Ali al-Hassan al-Yusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Illish" class="mw-redirect" title="'Illish">'Illish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Bajuri" title="Ibrahim al-Bajuri">Ibrahim al-Bajuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_ibn_Alawi_al-Haddad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah ibn Alawi al-Haddad">Abdullah ibn Alawi al-Haddad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Dardir" title="Ahmad al-Dardir">Ahmad al-Dardir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Arafa_al-Desouki" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Arafa al-Desouki">Muhammad Arafa al-Desouki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Zayni_Dahlan" title="Ahmad Zayni Dahlan">Ahmad Zayni Dahlan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam_scholars_diagram" title="Template:Islam scholars diagram">Early</a> <a href="/wiki/Sunni_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni schools">Sunni</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hanifa" title="Abu Hanifa">Abū Ḥanīfah al-Nu'mān ibn Thābit</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hanafi_school" title="Hanafi school">Hanafiyah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_ibn_Anas" title="Malik ibn Anas">Malik ibn Anas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maliki_school" title="Maliki school">Maliki</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shafi%27i" title="Al-Shafi'i">Al-Shafi'i</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i_school" title="Shafi'i school">Shafi‘i</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Abu_Mansur_al-Maturidi" title="Abu Mansur al-Maturidi">Al-Maturidi</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_al-Samarqandi" title="Al-Hakim al-Samarqandi">Al-Hakim al-Samarqandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sarakhsi" title="Al-Sarakhsi">Al-Sarakhsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bazdawi" title="Al-Bazdawi">Al-Bazdawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Yusr_al-Bazdawi" title="Abu al-Yusr al-Bazdawi">Abu al-Yusr al-Bazdawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Mu%27in_al-Nasafi" title="Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi">Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ishaq_al-Saffar_al-Bukhari" title="Abu Ishaq al-Saffar al-Bukhari">Abu Ishaq al-Saffar al-Bukhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Layth_al-Samarqandi" title="Abu al-Layth al-Samarqandi">Abu al-Layth al-Samarqandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Ala%27_al-Din_al-Bukhari" title="'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari">'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sharif_al-Jurjani" title="Al-Sharif al-Jurjani">Al-Sharif al-Jurjani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akmal_al-Din_al-Babarti" title="Akmal al-Din al-Babarti">Akmal al-Din al-Babarti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_al-Din_al-Ghaznawi" title="Jamal al-Din al-Ghaznawi">Jamal al-Din al-Ghaznawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_al-Din_al-Sabuni" title="Nur al-Din al-Sabuni">Nur al-Din al-Sabuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najm_al-Din_%27Umar_al-Nasafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Najm al-Din 'Umar al-Nasafi">Najm al-Din 'Umar al-Nasafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siraj_al-Din_al-Ushi" title="Siraj al-Din al-Ushi">Siraj al-Din al-Ushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shams_al-Din_al-Samarqandi" title="Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi">Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khidr_Bey" title="Khidr Bey">Khidr Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kemal" title="Ibn Kemal">Ibn Kemal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Qushji" title="Ali Qushji">Ali Qushji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Qari" title="Ali al-Qari">Ali al-Qari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Ghani_al-Ghunaymi_al-Maydani" title="Abd al-Ghani al-Ghunaymi al-Maydani">Al-Maydani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Sirhindi" title="Ahmad Sirhindi">Ahmad Sirhindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_Shah_Kashmiri" title="Anwar Shah Kashmiri">Anwar Shah Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Waliullah_Dehlawi" title="Shah Waliullah Dehlawi">Shah Waliullah Dehlawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Abdul_Aziz" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Abdul Aziz">Shah Abdul Aziz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalil_Ahmad_Saharanpuri" title="Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri">Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zakariya_Kandhlawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zakariya Kandhlawi">Muhammad Zakariya Kandhlawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahmatullah_Kairanawi" title="Rahmatullah Kairanawi">Rahmatullah Kairanawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murtada_al-Zabidi" title="Murtada al-Zabidi">Murtada al-Zabidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Ghani_al-Nabulsi" title="Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi">Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abu_Zahra" title="Muhammad Abu Zahra">Muhammad Abu Zahra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanthapuram_A._P._Aboobacker_Musliyar" title="Kanthapuram A. P. Aboobacker Musliyar">Kanthapuram A. P. Aboobacker Musliyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Rumi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ta%27til" title="Ta'til">Mu'attila</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/al-Dscha%CA%BFd_ibn_Dirham" class="extiw" title="de:al-Dschaʿd ibn Dirham">Al-Ja'd ibn Dirham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jabriyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabriyah">Mu'jbira</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahm_bin_Safwan" title="Jahm bin Safwan">Abū Muḥrīz Jahm ibn Ṣafwān ar-Rāsibī as-Samarqāndī at-Tirmidhī</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jahmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jahmi">Jahmīyya</a> <ul><li>Abū Abdirrahmān Bishr ibn Ghiyāth ibn Abī Karīma al-Marīsī al-Baghdādī</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tashbih" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashbih">Mu'jassimā</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muqatil_ibn_Sulayman" title="Muqatil ibn Sulayman">Abu’l-Hassan Muqātil ibn Sulaymān ibn Bashīr al-Azdī</a> al-<a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a>ī (Muqātilīyya)</li> <li>Abū Muḥāmmad (Abū’l-Hākem) Heshām ibn Sālem al-Jawālikī al-<a href="/wiki/Juzjan" class="mw-redirect" title="Juzjan">Juzjan</a>ī al-<a href="/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kūf</a>ī <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">Jawālikīyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum_(endonym)" title="Rum (endonym)">Rum</a> <a href="/wiki/Abdal" title="Abdal">Abdals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Karram" title="Ibn Karram">Ibn Karram</a> (<a href="/wiki/Karramiyya" title="Karramiyya">Karramiyya</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Murji%27ah" title="Murji'ah">Murji'ah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Abū Marwān Gaylān ibn Mūslīm ad-<a href="/wiki/Dimashq" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimashq">Dimashq</a>ī an-<a href="/wiki/Nabati" title="Nabati">Nabati</a> al-Qībtī (<a href="/wiki/Murji%27ah" title="Murji'ah">Murjī</a>-<a href="/wiki/Qadariyah" title="Qadariyah">Qadariyah</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazila" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'tazila">Mu'tazila</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Wasil_ibn_%27Ata%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Wasil ibn 'Ata'">Wasil ibn 'Ata'</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Nazzam" title="Ibrahim al-Nazzam">Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm ibn Sayyār ibn Hāni’ an-Nazzām</a> (Nazzāmīyya)</li> <li>Abū Bakr Abdurrahmān ibn Kaysān al-Asāmm</li> <li>Abū Mūsā Isā ibn Subeyh (Sabīh) al-Murdār al-Bāsrī (Murdārīyya)</li> <li>Hīshām ibn Amr al-Fuwātī ash-Shaybānī (Hīshāmīyya)</li> <li>Abū Sahl Abbād ibn Sulaimān (Salmān) as-Sāymarī</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jubba%27i" title="Al-Jubba'i">Abū Alī Muḥāmmad ibn Abdi’l-Wahhāb ibn Sallām al-Jubbā'ī</a> (Jubbāīyya)</li> <li>Abū’l-Hūsayn Abdūrrāhīm ibn Muḥāmmad ibn Uthmān al-Hayyāt (Hayyātīyya)</li> <li>Ja'far ibn Harb</li> <li>Ja'far ibn Mūbassīr</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jahiz" title="Al-Jahiz">Abū Uthmān Amr ibn Bhār ibn Māhbūb al-Jāhiz al-Kinānī</a> (Jāhizīyya)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Jabbar_ibn_Ahmad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Jabbar ibn Ahmad">Al-Qadi 'Abd al-Jabbar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Husayn_al-Basri" title="Abu al-Husayn al-Basri">Abu al-Husayn al-Basri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zamakhshari" title="Al-Zamakhshari">Al-Zamakhshari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amr_ibn_Ubayd" title="Amr ibn Ubayd">Amr ibn Ubayd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abi%27l-Hadid" title="Ibn Abi'l-Hadid">Ibn Abi'l-Hadid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahib_ibn_Abbad" title="Sahib ibn Abbad">Sahib ibn Abbad</a></li> <li>Abū Amr Ḍirār ibn Amr al-Gatafānī al-Kūfī (Ḍirārīyya)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neccariyye" class="extiw" title="tr:Neccariyye">Najjārīyya</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Abū ʿAbdillāh al-Husayn ibn Muḥāmmad ibn ʿAbdillāh an-Najjār ar-Rāzī <ul><li>Abū Amr (Abū Yahyā) Hāfs al-Fard</li> <li>Muḥāmmad ibn ʿĪsā (Burgūsīyya)</li> <li>Abū ʿAbdallāh Ibnū’z-Zā‘farānī (Zā‘farānīyya)</li> <li>Mustadrakīyya</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi Theologians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Taymiyyah">Ibn Taymiyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibnul_Qayyim" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibnul Qayyim">Ibnul Qayyim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shawkani" title="Al-Shawkani">Al-Shawkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Baz" title="Ibn Baz">Ibn Baz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Uthaymin" title="Al-Uthaymin">Al-Uthaymin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqbil_bin_Hadi_al-Wadi%27i" title="Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i">Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Albani" title="Al-Albani">Al-Albani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saleh_Al-Fawzan" title="Saleh Al-Fawzan">Saleh Al-Fawzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabee_al-Madkhali" title="Rabee al-Madkhali">Rabee al-Madkhali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madkhalism" title="Madkhalism">Madkhalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Nazeer_Husain" title="Syed Nazeer Husain">Syed Nazeer Husain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddiq_Hasan_Khan" title="Siddiq Hasan Khan">Siddiq Hasan Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zubair_Ali_Zai" title="Zubair Ali Zai">Zubair Ali Zai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safar_Al-Hawali" class="mw-redirect" title="Safar Al-Hawali">Safar Al-Hawali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahwa_movement" title="Sahwa movement">Sahwa movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salman_al-Ouda" title="Salman al-Ouda">Salman al-Ouda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_Jihadism" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafi Jihadism">Salafi Jihadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Umar_al-Hazimi" title="Ahmad ibn Umar al-Hazimi">Ahmad ibn Umar al-Hazimi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hazimism" title="Hazimism">Hazimism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasir_Qadhi" title="Yasir Qadhi">Yasir Qadhi</a> <ul><li>Post-Salafism</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Imams" title="Twelve Imams">Twelve Imams</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan ibn Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn ibn Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Sajjad" title="Ali al-Sajjad">Ali al-Sajjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Baqir" title="Muhammad al-Baqir">Muhammad al-Baqir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Ja'far al-Sadiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_al-Kazim" title="Musa al-Kazim">Musa al-Kazim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Rida" title="Ali al-Rida">Ali al-Rida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Jawad" title="Muhammad al-Jawad">Muhammad al-Jawad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Hadi" title="Ali al-Hadi">Ali al-Hadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_al-Askari" title="Hasan al-Askari">Hasan al-Askari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Mahdi" title="Muhammad al-Mahdi">Muhammad al-Mahdi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shaykh_Al-Mufid" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid">Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharif_al-Murtaza" title="Sharif al-Murtaza">Sharif al-Murtaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaykh_Tusi" title="Shaykh Tusi">Shaykh Tusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi" title="Nasir al-Din al-Tusi">Nasir al-Din al-Tusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allamah_Al-Hilli" class="mw-redirect" title="Allamah Al-Hilli">Allamah Al-Hilli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Baqer_Majlesi" title="Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi">Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurarah_ibn_A%27yan" title="Zurarah ibn A'yan">Zurarah ibn A'yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hisham_ibn_Hakam" class="mw-redirect" title="Hisham ibn Hakam">Hisham ibn Hakam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agha_Zia_ol_Din_Araghi" title="Agha Zia ol Din Araghi">Agha Zia ol Din Araghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_Sobhani" title="Ja'far Sobhani">Ja'far Sobhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilayat_al-faqih" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilayat al-faqih">Wilayat al-faqih</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ili Shi'ism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qadi_al-Nu%27man" title="Al-Qadi al-Nu'man">Al-Qadi al-Nu'man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Yaqub_al-Sijistani" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani">Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_al-Din_al-Kirmani" title="Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani">Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27ayyad_fi%27l-Din_al-Shirazi" title="Al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi">Al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Naysaburi" title="Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Naysaburi">Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Naysaburi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Fawaris_Ahmad_ibn_Ya%27qub" title="Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ya'qub">Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ya'qub</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tayyibi_Isma%27ilism" title="Tayyibi Isma'ilism">Tayyibi Ismā'īlī doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhu%27ayb_ibn_Musa" title="Dhu'ayb ibn Musa">Dhu'ayb ibn Musa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Ala_Dhikrihi%27s_Salam" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan Ala Dhikrihi's Salam">Hassan Ala Dhikrihi's Salam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idris_Imad_al-Din" title="Idris Imad al-Din">Idris Imad al-Din</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Muhammad_ibn_al-Walid" title="Ali ibn Muhammad ibn al-Walid">Ali ibn Muhammad ibn al-Walid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydi Shi'ism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Jarud_al-Hamdani" title="Abu'l-Jarud al-Hamdani">Abu'l-Jarud al-Hamdani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Isa_ibn_Zayd" title="Ahmad ibn Isa ibn Zayd">Ahmad ibn Isa ibn Zayd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qasim_al-Rassi" title="Al-Qasim al-Rassi">Al-Qasim al-Rassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hadi_ila%27l-Haqq_Yahya" title="Al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya">Al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur_al-Qasim" title="Al-Mansur al-Qasim">Al-Mansur al-Qasim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sunni_books" title="List of Sunni books">Sunni books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Asas_al-Taqdis" title="Asas al-Taqdis">Asas al-Taqdis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Baz_al-Ashhab" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Baz al-Ashhab">Al-Baz al-Ashhab</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Farq_bayn_al-Firaq" title="Al-Farq bayn al-Firaq">Al-Farq bayn al-Firaq</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Milal_wa_al-Nihal" title="Al-Milal wa al-Nihal">Al-Milal wa al-Nihal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Guide_to_Conclusive_Proofs_for_the_Principles_of_Belief" title="A Guide to Conclusive Proofs for the Principles of Belief">Al-Irshad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Aqidah_al-Tahawiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Aqidah al-Tahawiyyah">Al-Aqidah al-Tahawiyyah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Sawad_al-A%27zam" title="Al-Sawad al-A'zam">Al-Sawad al-A'zam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Tawhid_(Al-Maturidi)" title="Kitab al-Tawhid (Al-Maturidi)">Kitab al-Tawhid</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tabsirat_al-Adilla" title="Tabsirat al-Adilla">Tabsirat al-Adilla</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Masnavi" title="Masnavi">Masnavi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fihi_Ma_Fihi" title="Fihi Ma Fihi">Fihi Ma Fihi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Divan-i_Shams-i_Tabrizi" title="Divan-i Shams-i Tabrizi">Divan-i Shams-i Tabrizi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Moderation_in_Belief" title="The Moderation in Belief">The Moderation in Belief</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shia_books" title="List of Shia books">Shia books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/E%CA%BFteq%C4%81d%C4%81tal-Em%C4%81m%C4%ABya" title="Eʿteqādātal-Emāmīya">Eʿteqādātal-Emāmīya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Amali_(of_Shaykh_Saduq)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Amali (of Shaykh Saduq)">Al-Amali</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Khisal" title="Al-Khisal">Al-Khisal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Awail_Al_Maqalat" title="Awail Al Maqalat">Awail Al Maqalat</a></i></li> <li><i>Tashih al-I'tiqad</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tajrid_al-I%27tiqad" title="Tajrid al-I'tiqad">Tajrid al-I'tiqad</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_Brethren_of_Purity" title="Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity">Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Majmu" title="Kitab al-Majmu">Kitab al-Majmu</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alawis" class="mw-redirect" title="Alawis">Alawis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malf%C5%ABz%C4%81t" title="Malfūzāt">Malfūzāt</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-kitab_(Shi%27i_book)" title="Umm al-kitab (Shi'i book)">Umm al-kitab</a> of <a href="/wiki/Musta%27li_Isma%27ilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Musta'li Isma'ilism">Musta'li Isma'ilism</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam_scholars_diagram" title="Template:Islam scholars diagram">Early Muslim scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_contemporary_Muslim_scholars_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="List of contemporary Muslim scholars of Islam">List of contemporary Muslim scholars of Islam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Islamic_schools_and_branches48" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Islamic schools and branches</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Hadith" title="Ahl al-Hadith">Ahl al-Hadith</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Kullabiyya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kullab" title="Ibn Kullab">Ibn Kullab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanbali_school" title="Hanbali school">Hanbalis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal" title="Ahmad ibn Hanbal">Ahmad ibn Hanbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qadi_Abu_Ya%27la" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Qadi Abu Ya'la">Al-Qadi Abu Ya'la</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwaja_Abdullah_Ansari" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwaja Abdullah Ansari">Khwaja Abdullah Ansari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahiri_school" title="Zahiri school">Zahiris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dawud_al-Zahiri" title="Dawud al-Zahiri">Dawud al-Zahiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Nazeer_Husain" title="Syed Nazeer Husain">Syed Nazeer Husain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Siddiq_Hasan_Khan" title="Siddiq Hasan Khan">Siddiq Hasan Khan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Baz" title="Ibn Baz">Ibn Baz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Uthaymin" title="Al-Uthaymin">Al-Uthaymin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Albani" title="Al-Albani">Al-Albani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement#Political_trends_within_Salafism" title="Salafi movement">Other Salafi trends</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madkhalism" title="Madkhalism">Madkhalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahwa_movement" title="Sahwa movement">Sahwa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_Modernism" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafi Modernism">Salafi Modernism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Dawud_al-Zahiri" title="Muhammad bin Dawud al-Zahiri">Muhammad bin Dawud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqrizi" class="mw-redirect" title="Maqrizi">Maqrizi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ahl_ar-Ra%27y" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahl ar-Ra'y">Ahl ar-Ra'y</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Ilm_al-Kalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilm al-Kalam">Ilm al-Kalam</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maliki_school" title="Maliki school">Malikis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i_school" title="Shafi'i school">Shafi'is</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_al-Harari" title="Abdullah al-Harari">Abdullah al-Harari</a> – <a href="/wiki/Al-Ahbash" title="Al-Ahbash">Al-Ahbash</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanafi_school" title="Hanafi school">Hanafis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fazl-e-Haq_Khairabadi" title="Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi">Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Raza_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Raza Khan">Ahmed Raza Khan</a> – <a href="/wiki/Barelvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Barelvi">Barelvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Qasim_Nanautavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi">Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Ahmad_Gangohi" title="Rashid Ahmad Gangohi">Rashid Ahmad Gangohi</a> – <a href="/wiki/Deobandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Deobandi">Deobandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necmettin_Erbakan" title="Necmettin Erbakan">Necmettin Erbakan</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mill%C3%AE_G%C3%B6r%C3%BC%C5%9F" title="Millî Görüş">Millî Görüş</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Zaydism11" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zayd_ibn_Ali" title="Zayd ibn Ali">Zayd ibn Ali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jarudiyya" title="Jarudiyya">Jarudiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batriyya" title="Batriyya">Batriyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Zaydi_doctrine" title="Imamate in Zaydi doctrine">Imamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alid_dynasties_of_northern_Iran" title="Alid dynasties of northern Iran">Alid dynasties of northern Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_al-Utrush" title="Hasan al-Utrush">Hasan al-Utrush</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahya_ibn_Umar" title="Yahya ibn Umar">Yahya ibn Umar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imams_of_Yemen" title="Imams of Yemen">Imams of Yemen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinct_Shia_sects#Zaydi_Shia_sects" title="List of extinct Shia sects">Extinct Zaydi Shi'a sects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dukayniyya_Shia" title="Dukayniyya Shia">Dukayniyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalafiyya_Shia" title="Khalafiyya Shia">Khalafiyya</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Imamah_(Shi%27a_doctrine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imamah (Shi'a doctrine)">Imami</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdiist</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Shi%27ite" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'ite">Shi'ite</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sects_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sects in Islam">Sects in</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Twelver_doctrine" title="Imamate in Twelver doctrine">Imami</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Twelvers" class="mw-redirect" title="Theology of Twelvers">Theology of Twelvers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27fari_school" title="Ja'fari school">Ja'fari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhbari" title="Akhbari">Akhbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usulism" title="Usulism">Usuli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaykhism" title="Shaykhism">Shaykhism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Haydar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheikh Haydar">Sheikh Haydar</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shah_Ismail" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Ismail">Shah Ismail</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pir_Sultan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pir Sultan">Pir Sultan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kul_Nes%C3%AEm%C3%AE" title="Kul Nesîmî">Kul Nesîmî</a> – <a href="/wiki/Safavid_conversion_of_Iran_to_Shia_Islam" title="Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam">Safavid Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulat" title="Ghulat">Ghulat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kha%E1%B9%A3%C4%ABb%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Khaṣībī">al-Khaṣībī</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Nusayr" title="Ibn Nusayr">ibn Nusayr</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazlallah_Astarabadi" title="Fazlallah Astarabadi">Astarabadi (Naimi)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Imadaddin_Nasimi" title="Imadaddin Nasimi">Imadaddin Nasimi</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hurufism" title="Hurufism">Hurufism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bektashism_and_folk_religion" title="Bektashism and folk religion">Bektashism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Baktāshism_(Bektaşilik)" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Baktāshism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demir_Baba_Teke" title="Demir Baba Teke">Demir Bābā</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alians" title="Alians">Alians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Rexheb" title="Baba Rexheb">Bābā Rexheb</a> – <a href="/wiki/Arabati_Baba_Te%E1%B8%B1e" title="Arabati Baba Teḱe">Hārābātīs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Ismaili_doctrine" title="Imamate in Ismaili doctrine">Imami</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fathite" class="mw-redirect" title="Fathite">Fathite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_al-Aftah" title="Abdallah al-Aftah">Abdallah al-Aftah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batiniyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Batiniyyah">Batiniyyah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamdan_Qarmat" title="Hamdan Qarmat">Hamdan Qarmat</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sevener" title="Sevener">Sevener</a> <a href="/wiki/Qarmatians" title="Qarmatians">Qarmatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza_ibn_Ali" title="Hamza ibn Ali">Hamza</a> / <a href="/wiki/Baha_al-Din_al-Muqtana" title="Baha al-Din al-Muqtana">Baha al-Din al-Muqtana</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ad-Darazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ad-Darazi">ad-Darazi</a> – <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druzes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_dynasty" title="Fatimid dynasty">Fatimids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musta%27li_Isma%27ilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Musta'li Isma'ilism">Musta'li</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tayyibi_Isma%27ilism" title="Tayyibi Isma'ilism">Tayyibi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alavi_Bohras" title="Alavi Bohras">Alavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawoodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulaymani_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulaymani Bohra">Sulaymani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafizi_Isma%27ilism" title="Hafizi Isma'ilism">Hafizi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Khusraw_al-Qubadiani" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasir Khusraw al-Qubadiani">Nasir Khusraw al-Qubadiani</a> – <a href="/wiki/Badakhshan" title="Badakhshan">Badakhshan</a> <a href="/wiki/Pamiris#Religion" title="Pamiris">Alevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Nizari_doctrine" title="Imamate in Nizari doctrine">Nizari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hassan-i_Sabbah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan-i Sabbah">Hassan-i Sabbah</a> – <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Assassins" title="Order of Assassins">Assassins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan" title="Aga Khan">Aga Khans</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nizaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizaris">Nizaris</a> / <a href="/wiki/Khojas" class="mw-redirect" title="Khojas">Khojas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_Sadardin" title="Pir Sadardin">Pir Sadardin</a> – <a href="/wiki/Satpanth" title="Satpanth">Satpanth</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kaysanites_Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaysanites Shia">Kaysanites<br />Shia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mukhtar_al-Thaqafi" title="Mukhtar al-Thaqafi">Mukhtār</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Amra_Kaysan" title="Abu Amra Kaysan">Abū ʿAmra Kaysān</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_Muhammad_ibn_al-Hanafiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah">Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hashimiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Hashimiyya">Hashimiyya</a> <ul><li>Hārbīyya <ul><li>ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Hārb ibn al-Kindi</li> <li>Janāhiyya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_ibn_Mu%27awiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdallah ibn Mu'awiya">Abdallah ibn Mu'awiya</a></li> <li>Hārithīyya</li></ul></li> <li>Riyāhīyya</li></ul></li> <li>Sam‘ānīyya <ul><li>Bayān ibn Sam‘ān</li></ul></li> <li>Rezāmīyya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Muslim" title="Abu Muslim">Abu Muslim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunpadh" title="Sunpadh">Sunpadh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%E1%B8%A5ammirah" class="mw-redirect" title="Muḥammirah">Muḥammirah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khurramites" title="Khurramites">Khurramites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babak_Khorramdin" title="Babak Khorramdin">Babak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazyar" title="Mazyar">Mazyar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muqanna" title="Al-Muqanna">al-Muqanna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishaq_al-Turk" title="Ishaq al-Turk">Ishaq al-Turk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khashabiyya_Shia" title="Khashabiyya Shia">Khashabiyya Shia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;">Other <a href="/wiki/Mahdiist" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdiist">Mahdiists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/An-Nafs_Az-Zakiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="An-Nafs Az-Zakiyyah">An-Nafs Az-Zakiyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurufiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurufiyya">Hurufiyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Pasikhani" title="Mahmoud Pasikhani">Maḥmūd Pasīkhānī</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nuktawiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuktawiyya">Nuktawiyya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shayki" class="mw-redirect" title="Shayki">Shayki</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuqta-yi_Ula" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuqta-yi Ula">Nuqta-yi Ula</a> – <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bis#Antecedents" class="mw-redirect" title="Bábis">Bábīyya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawussite_Shia" title="Tawussite Shia">Tawussite Shia</a> <ul><li>ʿAjlan ibn Nawus</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waqifite_Shia" title="Waqifite Shia">Waqifite Shia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muhakkima" title="Muhakkima">Muhakkima</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Siffin#Arbitration" title="Battle of Siffin">Arbitration</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Kharijites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ajardi <ul><li>Abd al-Karīm ibn Adjrād</li> <li>Maymunīyyah</li> <li>Sa'labīyyah</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azariqa" title="Azariqa">Azariqa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nafi_ibn_al-Azraq" title="Nafi ibn al-Azraq">Nafi ibn al-Azraq al-Hānafī al-Handhalī</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bayhasīyyah <ul><li>Abu Bayhas al-Hāytham ibn Jābir</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najdat" title="Najdat">Najdat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Najdah_ibn_%27Amir" class="mw-redirect" title="Najdah ibn 'Amir">Najdah ibn 'Amir al-Hānafī</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufri" title="Sufri">Sufri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Qurra" title="Abu Qurra">Abu Qurra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Yazid" title="Abu Yazid">Abū Yazīd Mukhallad ibn Kayrād</a> al-<a href="/wiki/Nukkari" title="Nukkari">Nukkari</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_ibn_Ibad" title="Abdallah ibn Ibad">'Abdullāh ibn Ibāḍ al-Tamimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%81bir_ibn_Zayd" class="mw-redirect" title="Jābir ibn Zayd">Jābir ibn Zayd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakkariyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakkariyyah">Abu Qudama Yazid ibn Fandin</a> al-<a href="/wiki/Banu_Ifran" title="Banu Ifran">Ifrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_Wahb_al-Rasibi" title="Abd Allah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi">Abd Allah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi#Wahbi_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi">Wahbiyyah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azzabas" title="Azzabas">Azzabas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Murji%27ah" title="Murji'ah">Murji'ah</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Muhammad_ibn_al-Hanafiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasan ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah">Hasan ibn<br />Muḥāmmad</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_al-Hanafiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah">ibn al-<br />Hanafiyyah</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Karramiyya" title="Karramiyya">Karrāmīyya</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Abū ʿAbdillāh Muḥāmmad ibn Karrām ibn Arrāk ibn Huzāba ibn al-Barā’ as-Sijjī <ul><li>ʿĀbidīyya (ʿUthmān al-ʿĀbid)</li> <li>Dhīmmīyya</li> <li>Hakāiqīyya</li> <li>Haisamīyya (Abū ʿAbdallāh Muhammad ibn al-Haisam)</li> <li>Hīdīyya (Hīd ibn Saif)</li> <li>Ishāqīyya (Abū Yaʿqūb Ishāq ibn Mahmashādh)</li> <li>Maʿīyya</li> <li>Muhājirīyya (Ibrāhīm ibn Muhājir)</li> <li>Nūnīyya</li> <li>Razīnīyya</li> <li>Sauwāqīyya</li> <li>Sūramīyya</li> <li>Tarā'ifīyya (Ahmad ibn ʿAbdūs at-Tarā'ifī)</li> <li>Tūnīyya (Abū Bakr ibn ʿAbdallāh)</li> <li>Wāhidīyya</li> <li>Zarībīyya</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;">Other sects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Gaylānīyya <ul><li>Gaylān ibn Marwān</li></ul></li> <li>Yūnusīyya <ul><li>Yūnus ibn Awn an-Namīrī</li></ul></li> <li>Gassānīyya <ul><li>Gassān al-Kūfī</li></ul></li> <li>Tūmanīyya <ul><li>Abū Muāz at-Tūmanī</li></ul></li> <li>Sawbānīyya <ul><li>Abū Sawbān al-Murjī</li></ul></li> <li>Sālehīyya <ul><li>Sāleh ibn Umar</li></ul></li> <li>Shamrīyya <ul><li>Abū Shamr</li></ul></li> <li>Ubaydīyya <ul><li>Ubayd al-Mūktaib</li></ul></li> <li>Ziyādīyya <ul><li>Muhammad ibn Ziyād al-Kūfī</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;">Other Murjīs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Harith_ibn_Surayj" title="Al-Harith ibn Surayj">Al-Harith ibn Surayj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27id_ibn_Jubayr" title="Sa'id ibn Jubayr">Sa'id ibn Jubayr</a></li> <li>Hammād ibn Abū Sūlaimān</li> <li>Muhārīb ibn Dithār</li> <li>Sābit Kutna</li> <li>Awn ibn Abdullāh</li> <li>Mūsā ibn Abū Kasīr</li> <li>Umar ibn Zar</li> <li>Salm ibn Sālem</li> <li>Hālaf ibn Ayyūb</li> <li>Ibrāhim ibn Yousūf</li> <li>Nusayr ibn Yahyā</li> <li>Ahmad ibn Hārb</li> <li>Amr ibn Murrah</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Tashbih" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Mu'shabbiha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Euhemerism" title="Euhemerism">Tamsīl</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Jawārībīyya <ul><li>Dāwūd al-Jawāribî</li></ul></li> <li>Hāshwīyya</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tashbih" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashbih">Hulmānīyya</a> <ul><li>Abū Hulmān al-<a href="/wiki/Fars_province" title="Fars province">Fāris</a>ī ad-<a href="/wiki/Dimashq" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimashq">Dimashq</a>ī</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalandars" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalandars">Kalandars</a></li> <li><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barak_Baba" class="extiw" title="tr:Barak Baba">Bārāq Bābā</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Anthropopathy_in_the_history_of_Ghulāt_Shīʿīsm" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Tajsīm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khattabiyya" title="Khattabiyya">Khaṭṭābiyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Khattab" title="Abu al-Khattab">Abu al-Khattab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazighiyya_Shia" title="Bazighiyya Shia">Bāzīghiyya</a> <ul><li>Bāzīgh ibn Mūsā</li></ul></li> <li>Muʿāmmarīyya <ul><li>Muʿāmmar ibn Ahmar</li></ul></li> <li>ʿIjlīyya/Umayrīyya <ul><li>Umayr ibn Bayān al-ʿIjlī</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mufaddaliyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Mufaddaliyya">Mufaḍḍaliyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mufaddal_ibn_Umar_al-Ju%27fi" title="Al-Mufaddal ibn Umar al-Ju'fi">al-Mufaddal ibn Umar al-Ju'fi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghurabiya" title="Ghurabiya">Ghurābīyya</a></li> <li>Mānsūrīyya <ul><li>Abū Mānsūr al-ʿIjlī</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinct_Shia_sects#Ghulat_sects" title="List of extinct Shia sects">Mughīrīyya</a> <ul><li>Abū Abdillāh Mugīre ibn Sāīd al-ʿIjlī el-Bajalī</li></ul></li> <li>Mukhāmmīsa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namiriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Namiriya">Namiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhammiyya_Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhammiyya Shia">‘Ulyanīyya/'Alyaīyya</a></li> <li>Saba'īyya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_ibn_Saba%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah ibn Saba'">Abdullah ibn Saba'</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Qadariyah" title="Qadariyah">Qadariyah</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Ma%27bad_al-Juhani" title="Ma'bad al-Juhani">Ma'bad<br />al-Juhani</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qutb_ad-D%C4%ABn_Haydar" title="Qutb ad-Dīn Haydar">Qutb ad-Dīn Haydar</a> – <a href="/wiki/Malamatiyya" title="Malamatiyya">Malamatiyya</a> / <a href="/wiki/Qalandariyya" title="Qalandariyya">Qalandariyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Ishak" title="Baba Ishak">Baba Ishak</a> – <a href="/wiki/Babai_revolt" title="Babai revolt">Babai revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal%C4%B1m_Sultan" title="Balım Sultan">Balım Sultan</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bektashi_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashi Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galip_Hassan_Kuscuoglu" title="Galip Hassan Kuscuoglu">Galip Hassan Kuscuoglu</a> – <a href="/wiki/Galibi_Order" title="Galibi Order">Galibi Order</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mu%CA%BFtazila" class="mw-redirect" title="Muʿtazila">Muʿtazila</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Mā’marīyya <ul><li>Abū Amr (Abū Mu‘tamīr) Muāmmar ibn Abbād as-Sūlamī</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishriyya" title="Bishriyya">Bishriyya</a> <ul><li>Abū Sahl Bīshr ibn al-Mu‘tamīr al-Hilālī al-Baghdādī</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Abi_Du%27ad" title="Ahmad ibn Abi Du'ad">Abū Abdi’l-Lāh Ahmad ibn Abī Du'ad Faraj ibn Carīr ibn Mâlik al-Iyādī</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahshamiyya" title="Bahshamiyya">Bahshamiyya</a> <ul><li>Abū Hāshīm Abdu’s-Salām ibn Muḥāmmad ibn Abdi’l-Wahhāb al-Jubbā'ī</li></ul></li> <li>Huzaylīyya <ul><li>Abū’l-Huzayl Muḥāmmad ibn al-Huzayl ibn Abdillāh al-Allāf al-Abdī al-Bāsrī <ul><li>Abū Ma‘n Sūmāma ibn Ashras an-Nūmayrī al-Bāsrī al-Baghdādī</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Ikhshīdiyya</li> <li>Nazzāmīyya <ul><li>Ali al-Aswarī</li> <li>Abū Bakr Muḥāmmad ibn Abdillāh ibn Shabīb al-Basrī</li> <li>Hābītīyya <ul><li>Ahmad ibn Hābīt</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Sumamīyya <ul><li>Sumāma ibn Ashras</li></ul></li> <li>Kā‘bīyya <ul><li>Abū’l-Kāsīm Abdullāh ibn Ahmad ibn Māhmūd al-Balhī al-Kā‘bī</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Ahle Qur'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kala_Kato" title="Kala Kato">Kala Kato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolu-e-Islam_(organization)" title="Tolu-e-Islam (organization)">Tolu-e-Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Ahmed_Pervez" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghulam Ahmed Pervez">Ghulam Ahmed Pervez</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Submitters_International" class="mw-redirect" title="United Submitters International">United Submitters International</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashad_Khalifa" title="Rashad Khalifa">Rashad Khalifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edip_Y%C3%BCksel" title="Edip Yüksel">Edip Yüksel</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent<br /><a href="/wiki/Muslim_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim beliefs">Muslim<br />beliefs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Messianism#Islam" title="Messianism">Messianism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad_bibliography" title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad bibliography">Mirza Ghulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadiani" title="Qadiani">Qadiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Ahmadiyya_Movement_for_the_Propagation_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam">Lahori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabbalist">Kabbalist</a> <a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmes" class="mw-redirect" title="Dönmes">Dönmes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabbatai_Zevi" title="Sabbatai Zevi">Sabbatai Zevi</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sabbatean" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabbatean">Sabbatean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdavia">Mahdavīyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Jaunpuri" title="Muhammad Jaunpuri">Muhammad Jaunpuri</a> / <a href="/wiki/Syed_Khundmir" title="Syed Khundmir">Bandagi Mian Syed Khundmir</a> – <a href="/wiki/Zikris" class="mw-redirect" title="Zikris">Zikris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Fard_Muhammad" title="Wallace Fard Muhammad">Wallace Fard Muhammad</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Beliefs_and_theology_of_the_Nation_of_Islam" title="Beliefs and theology of the Nation of Islam">doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Nur movement">Nur movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Said_Nurs%C3%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Said Nursî">Said Nursî</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fethullah_G%C3%BClen" title="Fethullah Gülen">Fethullah Gülen</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hizmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hizmet">Hizmet</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Modernism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Modernism">Modernism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_Salafism" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist Salafism">Modernist Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh" title="Muhammad Abduh">Muhammad Abduh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Asad" title="Muhammad Asad">Muhammad Asad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_ad-Din_al-Afghani" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani">Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a></li> <li>Other <a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic modernist">Islamic modernists</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%A3awwuf" class="mw-redirect" title="Taṣawwuf">Taṣawwuf</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tariqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Tariqah">Tariqah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Raza_Khan_Barelvi" title="Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi">Ahmed Raza Khan</a> – <a href="/wiki/Barelvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Barelvi">Barelvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_Hilmi_Tunahan" title="Süleyman Hilmi Tunahan">Hilmi Tunahan</a> – <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleymanc%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Süleymancı">Süleymancı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Rifa%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad al-Rifa'i">Ahmad al-Rifa'i</a> – <a href="/wiki/Rifa%60i" class="mw-redirect" title="Rifa`i">Rifa`i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sufi_orders" title="List of Sufi orders">Other orders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawassul" title="Tawassul">Tawassul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim beliefs">Other beliefs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadaqah" title="Sadaqah">Sadaqah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqwa" title="Taqwa">Taqwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawakkul" title="Tawakkul">Tawakkul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tewafuq" title="Tewafuq">Tewafuq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thawab" title="Thawab">Thawab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Other scholars of <a href="/wiki/Sunni_schools_of_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni schools of jurisprudence">Sunni schools of jurisprudence</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hanafi_scholars" title="Template:Hanafi scholars">Hanafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hanbali_scholars" title="Template:Hanbali scholars">Hanbali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Maliki_scholars" title="Template:Maliki scholars">Maliki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Shafi%27i_scholars" title="Template:Shafi'i scholars">Shafi'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Zahiri_scholars" title="Template:Zahiri scholars">Zahiri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islam_topics273" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam_topics" title="Template:Islam topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islam_topics" title="Template talk:Islam topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islam_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islam topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islam_topics273" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Islam" title="Outline of Islam">Outline of Islam</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Beliefs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God in Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">In Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Revelation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Qadar</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Resurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Resurrection">Judgement Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiest_sites_in_Islam" title="Holiest sites in Islam">Holiest sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Five Pillars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Shahada</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Salah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_Islam" title="Fasting in Islam">Sawm</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_religious_leaders" title="Islamic religious leaders">Leaders</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_history_of_Islam" title="Timeline of the history of Islam">Timeline of the history of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Early conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Islam" title="Historiography of early Islam">Historiography</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Sahaba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Shi'a Imams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate"><i>Rashidun</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Córdoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate" title="Ottoman Caliphate">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Religious texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Tafsir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">Seerah</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qisas_Al-Anbiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Qisas Al-Anbiya">Story of Prophets</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Denominations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazili" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'tazili">Mu'tazili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Bektashi Alevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhakkima" title="Muhakkima">Muhakkima</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Khawarij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azariqa" title="Azariqa">Azariqa</a></li> <li>Moderate Kharijites <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azzabas" title="Azzabas">Azzabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukkari" title="Nukkari">Nukkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam#Wahbi_school" title="Ibadi Islam">Wahbi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufri" title="Sufri">Sufri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najdat" title="Najdat">Najdat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Ahmadiyya_Movement_for_the_Propagation_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam">Lahori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Life</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Culture</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Islam" title="Animals in Islam">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_association_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in association football">Association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_children" title="Islam and children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_clothing" title="Islamic clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_flags" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holidays" title="Islamic holidays">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality_in_Islam" title="Morality in Islam">Moral teachings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Political aspects</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qurban_(Islamic_ritual_sacrifice)" title="Qurban (Islamic ritual sacrifice)">Qurbani</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_attitudes_towards_science" title="Islamic attitudes towards science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_humanity" title="Islam and humanity">Social welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Islam" title="Women in Islam">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT in Islam">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">Islam by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="LawJurisprudence273" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Jurisprudence</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islamic_economics" title="History of Islamic economics">Economic history</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sukuk" title="Sukuk">Sukuk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Takaful" title="Takaful">Takaful</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Murabaha" title="Murabaha">Murabaha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Riba" title="Riba">Riba</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic hygienical jurisprudence">Hygiene</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghusl" title="Ghusl">Ghusl</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miswak" title="Miswak">Miswak</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Najis" title="Najis">Najis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tayammum" title="Tayammum">Tayammum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_toilet_etiquette" title="Islamic toilet etiquette">Toilet</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wudu" title="Wudu">Wudu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_family_jurisprudence" title="Islamic family jurisprudence">Family</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marital_jurisprudence" title="Islamic marital jurisprudence">Marriage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_sexual_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic sexual jurisprudence">Sex</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Haya_(Islam)" title="Haya (Islam)">Haya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marriage_contract" title="Islamic marriage contract">Marriage contract</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahr" title="Mahr">Mahr</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahram" title="Mahram">Mahram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Islam" title="Marriage in Islam">Nikah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nikah_mut%27ah" title="Nikah mut'ah">Nikah mut'ah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zina" title="Zina">Zina</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Other aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Baligh" title="Baligh">Baligh</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic hygienical jurisprudence">Cleanliness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_criminal_jurisprudence" title="Islamic criminal jurisprudence">Criminal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_blasphemy" title="Islam and blasphemy">Blasphemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Islam" title="Capital punishment in Islam">Death penalty</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhabihah" title="Dhabihah">Dhabiĥa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Dhimmi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Islam" title="Divorce in Islam">Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adab_(Islam)" title="Adab (Islam)">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maisir" title="Maisir">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_gender_segregation" title="Islam and gender segregation">Gender segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_honorifics" title="Islamic honorifics">Honorifics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hudud" title="Hudud">Hudud</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_inheritance_jurisprudence" title="Islamic inheritance jurisprudence">Inheritance</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">Jizya</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_leadership" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic leadership">Leadership</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ma_malakat_aymanukum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma malakat aymanukum">Ma malakat aymanukum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war in Islam">POWs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sources_of_sharia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sources of sharia">Sources of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_theological_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic theological jurisprudence">Theological</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Kalam</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">Schools of islamic jurisprudence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="_Islamic_studies273" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="padding-left:2.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Islamic studies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_rug" title="Oriental rug">Carpets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Geometric patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_pottery" title="Islamic pottery">Pottery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemy and chemistry in the medieval Islamic world">Alchemy and chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmology in medieval Islam">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_and_cartography_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Geography and cartography in the medieval Islamic world">Geography and cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Medicine in the medieval Islamic world">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Ophthalmology in the medieval Islamic world">Ophthalmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Physics in the medieval Islamic world">Physics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Islamic_philosophy" title="Contemporary Islamic philosophy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Theological</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Other areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astrology in the medieval Islamic world">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_evolution" title="Islamic views on evolution">Creationism (evolution)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inventions_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Liberalism and progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_literature" title="Islamic literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_poetry" title="Islamic poetry">poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Psychology in the medieval Islamic world">Psychology</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shu%27ubiyya" title="Shu'ubiyya">Shu'ubiyya</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_non-Islamic_places_of_worship_into_mosques" title="Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques">Conversion to mosques</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="_Other273" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="padding-left:2.5em;"> </span>Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_other_religions" title="Islam and other religions">Other religions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Mormonism" title="Islam and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_and_Islam" title="Protestantism and Islam">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze#Relationship_with_Muslims" title="Druze">Druzism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Jainism" title="Islam and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Sikhism" title="Islam and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam_by_country" title="Apostasy in Islam by country">Apostasy in Islam by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex-Muslims" title="Ex-Muslims">Ex-Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_Muslims" title="List of former Muslims">List of former Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ex-Muslim_organisations" title="List of ex-Muslim organisations">List of ex-Muslim organisations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islam" title="Criticism of Islam">Criticism of Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Muhammad" title="Criticism of Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Quran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural Muslim">Cultural Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Islamism" title="Post-Islamism">Post-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">Islamic extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_miracles" title="Islamic view of miracles">Islamic view of miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_domestic_violence" title="Islam and domestic violence">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_in_Islam" title="Nursing in Islam">Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution of Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quran_and_miracles" class="mw-redirect" title="Quran and miracles">Quran and miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Islam" title="Symbols of Islam">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Islam" title="Category:Islam">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religion220" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religion_topics" title="Template:Religion topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religion_topics" title="Template talk:Religion topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religion_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religion topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religion220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religious_groups_and_denominations220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religious groups and denominations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Western_religions" title="Western religions">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Zionist</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">Proto-Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a>/<a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Schwarzenau Brethren">Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwenkfelder_Church" title="Schwenkfelder Church">Schwenkfelder Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Reformed_Protestantism" title="Continental Reformed Protestantism">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-charismatic_movement" title="Neo-charismatic movement">Neo-charismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakerism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Christianity" title="Esoteric Christianity">Esoteric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaizers" title="Judaizers">Judaizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement" title="Bible Student movement">Bible Students</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement#Associated_Bible_Students" title="Bible Student movement">Associated Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Bible_Students" title="Free Bible Students">Free Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Man" title="Friends of Man">Friends of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo#Kitawala" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Kitawala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laymen%27s_Home_Missionary_Movement" title="Laymen's Home Missionary Movement">Laymen's Home Missionary Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneness_Pentecostalism" title="Oneness Pentecostalism">Oneness Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Christianity" title="Spiritual Christianity">Spiritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">Swedenborgianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoyan_movement" title="Tolstoyan movement">Tolstoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">Modernist Salafism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'ism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali-Illahism" title="Ali-Illahism">Ali-Illahism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Khawarij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishikism" title="Ishikism">Ishikism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Alevism" title="Kurdish Alevism">Kurdish Alevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdawi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdawi movement">Mahdavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milah_Abraham" title="Milah Abraham">Milah Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bism" title="Bábism">Bábism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azali" title="Azali">Azalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilm-e-Khshnoom" title="Ilm-e-Khshnoom">Ilm-e-Khshnoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazdaznan" title="Mazdaznan">Mazdaznan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Zurvanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Kurdish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shabakism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabakism">Shabakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Assianism/Uatsdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roshani_movement" title="Roshani movement">Roshani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Manichaeism" title="Chinese Manichaeism">Chinese Manichaeism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd%C3%A2nism" title="Yazdânism">Yazdânism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidism" title="Yazidism">Yazidism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_religions" title="Eastern religions">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_teaching" title="Luo teaching">Luoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuo_folk_religion" title="Nuo folk religion">Nuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_salvationist_religions" title="Chinese salvationist religions">Salvationist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiantiandao" title="Xiantiandao">Xiantiandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiguandao" title="Yiguandao">Yiguandao</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ritual_mastery_traditions" title="Chinese ritual mastery traditions">Folk Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_folk_religion" title="Yao folk religion">Yao Taoism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shinto_sects_and_schools" title="Shinto sects and schools">list</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shugend%C5%8D" title="Shugendō">Shugendō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenrikyo" title="Tenrikyo">Tenrikyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_religion" title="Ryukyuan religion">Ryukyuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Korean shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheondoism" title="Cheondoism">Cheondoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeung_San_Do" title="Jeung San Do">Jeungsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnamese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Vietnamese folk religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_M%E1%BA%ABu" title="Đạo Mẫu">Đạo Mẫu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caodaism" title="Caodaism">Caodaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2a_H%E1%BA%A3o" title="Hòa Hảo">Hoahaoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_B%E1%BB%ADu_S%C6%A1n_K%E1%BB%B3_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương">Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Sri Vaishnavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sampradaya" title="Brahma Sampradaya">Brahma Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushtimarg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushtimarg">Pushtimarg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanandi_Sampradaya" title="Ramanandi Sampradaya">Ramanandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warkari" title="Warkari">Warkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan_Sampradaya" title="Swaminarayan Sampradaya">Swaminarayan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganapatya" title="Ganapatya">Ganapatya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Kashmir Shaivism">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaumaram" title="Kaumaram">Kaumaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingayatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingayatism">Lingayatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Nath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Balinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saura_(Hinduism)" title="Saura (Hinduism)">Sauraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mat" title="Sant Mat">Sant Mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Neo-Hinduism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Thiền</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Amidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Neo-Buddhism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalash_people#Religion" title="Kalash people">Kalash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnaism" title="Sarnaism">Sarnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kirat Mundhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedda#Religion" title="Vedda">Vedda religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidassia" title="Ravidassia">Ravidassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sects_of_Sikhism" title="Sects of Sikhism">Sects</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turko</a>-<a href="/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism" title="Mongolian shamanism">Mongolic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vattisen_Yaly" title="Vattisen Yaly">Vattisen Yaly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_creation_myth" title="Tungusic creation myth">Tungusic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenks#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenks">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_shamanism" title="Manchu shamanism">Manchu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarna_(place)" title="Sarna (place)">Sarnaism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parmalim" title="Parmalim">Batak Parmalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_people#Religion_and_festivals" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaharingan" title="Kaharingan">Kaharingan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Sabahan_religions" title="Traditional Sabahan religions">Traditional Sabahan religions</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indonesian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliran_Kepercayaan" title="Aliran Kepercayaan">Aliran Kepercayaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kejaw%C3%A8n" title="Kejawèn">Kejawèn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapitayan" title="Kapitayan">Kapitayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemena" title="Pemena">Karo Pemena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_folk_religion" title="Malaysian folk religion">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions" title="Indigenous Philippine folk religions">Philippine Dayawism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religious_beliefs_of_the_Tagalog_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous religious beliefs of the Tagalog people">Tagalog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_mythology" title="Polynesian mythology">Polynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_religion" title="Hawaiian religion">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_M%C4%81ori_people" title="Religion of Māori people">Māori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marapu" title="Marapu">Sumbese Marapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Wiwitan" title="Sunda Wiwitan">Sundanese Wiwitan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions" title="Native American religions">Native<br />American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki_mythology" title="Abenaki mythology">Abenaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_religion" title="Alaska Native religion">Alaskan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe_traditional_beliefs" title="Anishinaabe traditional beliefs">Anishinaabe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe#Spiritual_beliefs" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midewiwin" title="Midewiwin">Midewiwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabunowin" title="Wabunowin">Wabunowin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache#Religion" title="Apache">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_mythology" title="Blackfoot mythology">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_narratives_of_Indigenous_Californians" title="Traditional narratives of Indigenous Californians">Californian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuksu_(religion)" title="Kuksu (religion)">Kuksu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miwok_mythology" title="Miwok mythology">Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohlone_mythology" title="Ohlone mythology">Ohlone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomo_religion" title="Pomo religion">Pomo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_mythology" title="Chilote mythology">Chilote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_mythology" title="Choctaw mythology">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_religion" title="Crow religion">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance" title="Ghost Dance">Ghost Dance</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sun_Dance" title="Sun Dance">Sun Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarani_mythology" title="Guarani mythology">Guarani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_mythology" title="Haida mythology">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk_mythology" title="Ho-Chunk mythology">Ho-Chunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_mythology" title="Iroquois mythology">Iroquois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_spiritual_beliefs" title="Cherokee spiritual beliefs">Cherokee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Mothers_Society" title="Four Mothers Society">Four Mothers Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keetoowah_Nighthawk_Society" title="Keetoowah Nighthawk Society">Keetoowah Society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse_Religion" title="Longhouse Religion">Longhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people#Religion" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_mythology" title="Creek mythology">Muscogee Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_mythology" title="Seneca mythology">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Wyandot religion">Wyandot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jivaroan_peoples#Religion" title="Jivaroan peoples">Jivaroan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwakwaka%CA%BCwakw_mythology" title="Kwakwakaʼwakw mythology">Kwakwakaʼwakw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenape_mythology" title="Lenape mythology">Lenape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_religion" title="Mapuche religion">Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_religion" title="Mesoamerican religion">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_religion" title="Aztec religion">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_religion" title="Maya religion">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_religion" title="Purépecha religion">Purépecha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_mythology" title="Muisca mythology">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Church" title="Native American Church">Native American Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo#Spiritual_and_religious_beliefs" title="Navajo">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth_mythology" title="Nuu-chah-nulth mythology">Nuu-chah-nulth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_mythology" title="Pawnee mythology">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_religion" title="Pueblo religion">Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoma_Pueblo#Religion" title="Acoma Pueblo">Acoma Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopi_mythology" title="Hopi mythology">Hopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_mythology" title="Zuni mythology">Zuni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux#Religion" title="Sioux">Sioux</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_religion" title="Lakota religion">Lakota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wocekiye" title="Wocekiye">Wocekiye</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshian_mythology" title="Tsimshian mythology">Tsimshian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_mythology" title="Ute mythology">Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions#Washat_Dreamers_Religion" title="Native American religions">Washat Dreamers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui#Yaqui_cosmology_and_religion" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples" title="Tai peoples">Tai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_religion" title="Ahom religion">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_folk_religion" title="Miao folk religion">Hmongism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_(religion)" title="Mo (religion)">Mo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_folk_religion" title="Tai folk religion">Satsana Phi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burmese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_folk_religion" title="Burmese folk religion">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzhuism" title="Benzhuism">Benzhuism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimoism" title="Bimoism">Bimoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathouism" title="Bathouism">Bathouism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mun_(religion)" title="Mun (religion)">Bongthingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongba" title="Dongba">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donyi-Polo" title="Donyi-Polo">Donyi-Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurung_shamanism" title="Gurung shamanism">Gurung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraka">Heraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kiratism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_folk_religion" title="Qiang folk religion">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanamahism" title="Sanamahism">Sanamahism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional <br /> African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">North African</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Berber_religion" title="Traditional Berber religion">Berber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Guanche_People" title="Church of the Guanche People">Guanche church</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Sub-Saharan<br />African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_people" title="Kamba people">Akamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akan_religion" title="Akan religion">Akan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baluba_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Baluba mythology">Baluba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu mythology">Bantu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_religion" title="Kongo religion">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_traditional_religion" title="Zulu traditional religion">Zulu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushongo_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushongo mythology">Bushongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinka_religion" title="Dinka religion">Dinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogon_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogon religion">Dogon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efik_mythology" title="Efik mythology">Efik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomean_religion" title="Dahomean religion">Fon and Ewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ik_people" title="Ik people">Ik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotuko_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotuko mythology">Lotuko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozi_mythology" title="Lozi mythology">Lozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugbara_mythology" title="Lugbara mythology">Lugbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasai_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Maasai mythology">Maasai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbuti_mythology" title="Mbuti mythology">Mbuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odinala" title="Odinala">Odinala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_religion" title="San religion">San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Serer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbuka_mythology" title="Tumbuka mythology">Tumbuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urhobo_people" title="Urhobo people">Urhobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waaqeffanna" title="Waaqeffanna">Waaqeffanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/If%C3%A1" title="Ifá">Ifá</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">Diasporic</a>:</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">Candomblé</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Bantu" title="Candomblé Bantu">Bantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Jej%C3%A9" title="Candomblé Jejé">Jejé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Ketu" title="Candomblé Ketu">Ketu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfa" title="Comfa">Comfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convince" title="Convince">Convince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espiritismo" title="Espiritismo">Espiritismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumina" title="Kumina">Kumina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obeah" title="Obeah">Obeah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palo_(religion)" title="Palo (religion)">Palo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quimbanda" title="Quimbanda">Quimbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Santería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambor_de_Mina" title="Tambor de Mina">Tambor de Mina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_Orisha" title="Trinidad Orisha">Trinidad Orisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbanda" title="Umbanda">Umbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">Vodou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Voodoo" title="Louisiana Voodoo">Voodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winti" title="Winti">Winti</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_religion_and_mythology" title="Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology">Aboriginal Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_religion" title="Inuit religion">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_mythology" title="Papuan mythology">Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism_in_Siberia" title="Shamanism in Siberia">Siberian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">New<br /> religious<br /> movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Syncretic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmoism" title="Brahmoism">Brahmoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_salvationist_religions" title="Chinese salvationist religions">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_Religion" title="Coconut Religion">Coconut Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_new_religions" title="Japanese new religions">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meivazhi" title="Meivazhi">Meivazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modekngei" title="Modekngei">Modekngei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Acropolis" title="New Acropolis">New Acropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Thought" title="New Thought">New Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajneesh_movement" title="Rajneesh movement">Rajneesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movements" title="Contemporary Sant Mat movements">Sant Mat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Soami" title="Radha Soami">Radha Soami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subud" title="Subud">Subud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensegrity_(Castaneda)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensegrity (Castaneda)">Tensegrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Theosophy" title="Neo-Theosophy">Neo-Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Yoga" title="Agni Yoga">Agni Yoga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roerichism" title="Roerichism">Roerichism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation" title="Transcendental Meditation">Transcendental Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_White_Brotherhood" title="Universal White Brotherhood">White Brotherhood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Modern<br />paganism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>African <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Godianism" title="Godianism">Godianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetanism" title="Hetanism">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_neopaganism" title="Baltic neopaganism">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dievtur%C4%ABba" title="Dievturība">Dievturība</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romuva_(religion)" title="Romuva (religion)">Romuva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_neopaganism" title="Caucasian neopaganism">Caucasian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz neopaganism">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_Xabze" title="Adyghe Xabze">Circassian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(modern_religion)" title="Hellenism (modern religion)">Hellenism (modern religion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoshamanism" title="Neoshamanism">Neoshamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism" title="Polytheistic reconstructionism">Polytheistic reconstructionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Roman_religion" title="Reconstructionist Roman religion">Italo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemetism" title="Kemetism">Kemetism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Authentism" title="Russian Authentism">Authentism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_neopaganism" title="Uralic neopaganism">Uralic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_neopaganism" title="Estonian neopaganism">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Finnish_paganism" title="Modern Finnish paganism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Native_Faith" title="Hungarian Native Faith">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_religion" title="Mari religion">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzyan_native_religion" title="Erzyan native religion">Erzya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_shamanism" title="Sámi shamanism">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_Vos" title="Udmurt Vos">Udmurt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Zalmoxianism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_pagan_movements" title="List of modern pagan movements">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">De novo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordianism" title="Discordianism">Discordianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eckankar" title="Eckankar">Eckankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Way" title="Fourth Way">Fourth Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jediism" title="Jediism">Jediism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">Satanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_religion" title="UFO religion">UFO religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABlism" title="Raëlism">Raëlism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Historical_religions220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">Historical religions</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_people#Religion" title="Ainu people">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_mythology" title="Prussian mythology">Old Prussian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_mythology" title="Basque mythology">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_mythology" title="Cook Islands mythology">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atenism" title="Atenism">Atenism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_mythology" title="Finnish mythology">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuegians#Spiritual_culture" title="Fuegians">Fuegian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selk%27nam_mythology" title="Selk'nam mythology">Selk'nam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_mythology" title="Georgian mythology">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_paganism" title="Frankish paganism">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism" title="Orphism">Orphism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanches#System_of_beliefs" title="Guanches">Guanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation#Religion" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Harappan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_mythology" title="Hungarian mythology">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrian_religion" title="Hurrian religion">Hurrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Confederacy#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois Confederacy">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_mythology" title="Inca mythology">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Maroon_religion" title="Jamaican Maroon religion">Jamaican Maroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdakism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_mythology" title="Melanesian mythology">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_religion" title="Babylonian religion">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumerian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_mythology" title="Micronesian mythology">Micronesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_Indigenous_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nauruan Indigenous religion">Nauruan Indigenous religion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_religion" title="Olmec religion">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_folk_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian folk beliefs">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian mythology">Dacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Illyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian religion">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketmaker_III_Era#Culture_and_religion" title="Basketmaker III Era">Ancestral Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_II_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo II Period">Pueblo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_III_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo III Period">Pueblo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_IV_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo IV Period">Pueblo IV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_mythology" title="Rapa Nui mythology">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cult of Magna Mater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_religion" title="Gallo-Roman religion">Gallo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">Imperial cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Isis" title="Mysteries of Isis">Mysteries of Isis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Semitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_religion" title="Punic religion">Punic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahwism" title="Yahwism">Yahwism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_mythology" title="Somali mythology">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_religion" title="Tongan religion">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turkic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu#Religion" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vainakh_religion" title="Vainakh religion">Vainakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_civilization#Religion_and_Myth" title="Zapotec civilization">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">Apostasy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Religious_disaffiliation" title="Religious disaffiliation">Disaffiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_behaviour" title="Religious behaviour">Behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belief#Religion" title="Belief">Beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_to_prayer" title="Call to prayer">Call to prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laicism" title="Laicism">Laicism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">Laity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_(religion)" title="Covenant (religion)">Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">Denomination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novice" title="Novice">Novice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">Nun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_mythology" title="Religion and mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopraxy" title="Orthopraxy">Orthopraxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_experience" title="Religious experience">Religious experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">Purification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_space" title="Sacred space">Sacred space</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_waters" title="Sacred waters">Bodies of water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_grove" title="Sacred grove">Groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_mountains" title="Sacred mountains">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tree" title="Sacred tree">Trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">Spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_symbol" title="Religious symbol">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_truth" title="Religious views on truth">Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_and_religion" title="Water and religion">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">Worship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Worship_of_heavenly_bodies" title="Worship of heavenly bodies">Astral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_worship" title="Fire worship">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_worship" title="Nature worship">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_of_worship" title="Place of worship">Place</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheism" title="Transtheism">Transtheism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Religious<br />studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion" title="Anthropology of religion">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science_of_religion" title="Cognitive science of religion">Cognitive science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">Comparative</a></li> <li>Demographics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religion" title="Indigenous religion">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_religious_groups" title="Major religious groups">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_religions" title="World religions">World</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_of_religion" title="Evolutionary psychology of religion">Evolutionary psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_of_religion" title="Neuroscience of religion">Neurotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soteriology" title="Soteriology">Soteriology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">Salvation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religion" title="Theories about religion">Theories about religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_religion" title="Women and religion">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_society" title="Category:Religion and society">Religion <br />and society</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_agriculture" title="Religion and agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_business" title="Religion and business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">Priest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_assimilation" title="Religious assimilation">Assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">Missionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">Proselytism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_religion" title="Disability and religion">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_education" title="Religious education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_fanaticism" title="Religious fanaticism">Fanaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universalism" title="Universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_of_religion" title="Growth of religion">Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_happiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and happiness">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_religion" title="Homosexuality and religion">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_religion" title="Minority religion">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_church" title="National church">National church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Importance_of_religion_by_country" title="Importance of religion by country">National religiosity levels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_politics" title="Religion in politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_populations" title="List of religious populations">Populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religiocentrism" title="Religiocentrism">Religiocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_religion" title="Vegetarianism and religion">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_video_games" title="Religion and video games">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">Sectarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_and_religion" title="Wealth and religion">Wealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a> <br />and <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">irreligion</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_deconstruction" title="Positive deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_theology" title="Secular theology">Secular theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">Secularization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Unaffiliated</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Overviews<br />and <a href="/wiki/Category:Religion-related_lists" title="Category:Religion-related lists">lists</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_prophets_of_Abrahamic_religions" title="Table of prophets of Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_been_considered_deities" title="List of people who have been considered deities">Deification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_deities" title="Lists of deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_founders_of_religious_traditions" title="List of founders of religious traditions">Founders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_religion-related_articles" title="Index of religion-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_peaceful_gatherings" title="List of largest peaceful gatherings">Mass gatherings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_religious_movements" title="List of new religious movements">New religious movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_organizations" title="List of religious organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_religion" title="Outline of religion">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religions and spiritual traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_religion" title="Timeline of religion">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religion_by_country220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Religion by country</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Algeria" title="Religion in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Angola" title="Religion in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Benin" title="Religion in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Botswana" title="Religion in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Religion in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burundi" title="Religion in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cameroon" title="Religion in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cape_Verde" title="Religion in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Religion in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chad" title="Religion in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Comoros" title="Religion in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Djibouti" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Egypt" title="Religion in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Religion in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eritrea" title="Religion in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eswatini" title="Religion in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ethiopia" title="Religion in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Gabon" title="Religion in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Gambia" title="Religion in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ghana" title="Religion in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea" title="Religion in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Religion in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Religion in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kenya" title="Religion in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lesotho" title="Religion in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liberia" title="Religion in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Libya" title="Religion in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Madagascar" title="Religion in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malawi" title="Religion in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mali" title="Religion in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritania" title="Religion in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritius" title="Religion in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Morocco" title="Religion in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mozambique" title="Religion in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Namibia" title="Religion in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Niger" title="Religion in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nigeria" title="Religion in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Rwanda" title="Religion in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Religion in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Senegal" title="Religion in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Seychelles" title="Religion in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Religion in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Somalia" title="Religion in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Africa" title="Religion in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Sudan" title="Religion in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sudan" title="Religion in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tanzania" title="Religion in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Togo" title="Religion in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tunisia" title="Religion in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uganda" title="Religion in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zambia" title="Religion in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zimbabwe" title="Religion in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Asia" title="Religion in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Afghanistan" title="Religion in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Armenia" title="Religion in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Religion in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bahrain" title="Religion in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bangladesh" title="Religion in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bhutan" title="Religion in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brunei" title="Religion in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cambodia" title="Religion in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cyprus" title="Religion in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Religion in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hong_Kong" title="Religion in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Indonesia" title="Religion in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iran" title="Religion in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq" title="Religion in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Israel" title="Religion in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jordan" title="Religion in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Religion in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Korea" title="Religion in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Korea" title="Religion in South Korea">South Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kuwait" title="Religion in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Religion in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Laos" title="Religion in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lebanon" title="Religion in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Macau" title="Religion in Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malaysia" title="Religion in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Maldives" title="Religion in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mongolia" title="Religion in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Myanmar" title="Religion in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nepal" title="Religion in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oman" title="Religion in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Pakistan" title="Religion in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Religion in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Qatar" title="Religion in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Religion in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Singapore" title="Religion in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Religion in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Syria" title="Religion in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Taiwan" title="Religion in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tajikistan" title="Religion in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Thailand" title="Religion in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey" title="Religion in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkmenistan" title="Religion in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Religion in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uzbekistan" title="Religion in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Yemen" title="Religion in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Europe" title="Religion in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Albania" title="Religion in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Andorra" title="Religion in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Austria" title="Religion in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belarus" title="Religion in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belgium" title="Religion in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Religion in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bulgaria" title="Religion in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Croatia" title="Religion in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Religion in the Czech Republic">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Denmark" title="Religion in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Estonia" title="Religion in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Finland" title="Religion in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_France" title="Religion in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Germany" title="Religion in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Greece" title="Religion in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hungary" title="Religion in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iceland" title="Religion in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Religion in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kosovo" title="Religion in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Latvia" title="Religion in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liechtenstein" title="Religion in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lithuania" title="Religion in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Luxembourg" title="Religion in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malta" title="Religion in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Moldova" title="Religion in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Montenegro" title="Religion in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Religion in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Macedonia" title="Religion in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Norway" title="Religion in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Poland" title="Religion in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Portugal" title="Religion in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Romania" title="Religion in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Russia" title="Religion in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_San_Marino" title="Religion in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Serbia" title="Religion in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovakia" title="Religion in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovenia" title="Religion in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Spain" title="Religion in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sweden" title="Religion in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Switzerland" title="Religion in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ukraine" title="Religion in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Religion in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Religion in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wales" title="Religion in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_America" title="Religion in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Religion in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Bahamas" title="Religion in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Barbados" title="Religion in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belize" title="Religion in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Costa_Rica" title="Religion in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cuba" title="Religion in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Dominica" title="Religion in Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Religion in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_El_Salvador" title="Religion in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guatemala" title="Religion in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Haiti" title="Religion in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Honduras" title="Religion in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jamaica" title="Religion in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mexico" title="Religion in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nicaragua" title="Religion in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Panama" title="Religion in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Religion in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oceania" title="Religion in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Australia" title="Religion in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Fiji" title="Religion in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kiribati" title="Religion in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Religion in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Religion in the Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nauru" title="Religion in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_New_Zealand" title="Religion in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Palau" title="Religion in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Religion in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Samoa" title="Religion in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Solomon_Islands" title="Religion in Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tonga" title="Religion in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tuvalu" title="Religion in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vanuatu" title="Religion in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_America" title="Religion in South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Argentina" title="Religion in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bolivia" title="Religion in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brazil" title="Religion in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chile" title="Religion in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Colombia" title="Religion in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ecuador" title="Religion in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guyana" title="Religion in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Paraguay" title="Religion in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Peru" title="Religion in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Suriname" title="Religion in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uruguay" title="Religion in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Venezuela" title="Religion in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Religion" title="Category:Religion">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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.navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/21px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9603#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3932" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9603#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3932" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9603#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Sufism"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/4879154387247530970007">VIAF</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Sufism"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1137257/">FAST</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Sufismus"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4058522-0">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Sufism"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85129660">United States</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mysticism in Islam"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85089353">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Soufisme"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13162706g">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Soufisme"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13162706g">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="イスラム神秘主義"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/001119183">Japan</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="súfismus"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph126404&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Sufismo"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4576255">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Sūfisms"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000064888&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Sufism"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=492/59252">Vatican</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007543845505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Soufisme"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027268209">IdRef</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="TASAVVUF"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/tasavvuf">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sufism&oldid=1274947407">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sufism&oldid=1274947407</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sufism" title="Category:Sufism">Sufism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sunni_Islam" title="Category:Sunni Islam">Sunni 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class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> 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mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-n7rgf","wgBackendResponseTime":174,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.104","walltime":"3.558","ppvisitednodes":{"value":30329,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1043932,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":29187,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":71,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":907787,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2797.935 1 -total"," 44.53% 1246.000 2 Template:Reflist"," 17.04% 476.659 95 Template:Cite_book"," 11.01% 308.081 51 Template:Cite_web"," 7.89% 220.746 21 Template:Navbox"," 7.28% 203.701 2 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 6.65% 186.053 1 Template:Sufism"," 5.57% 155.982 25 Template:Sfn"," 3.96% 110.901 26 Template:ISBN"," 3.94% 110.360 3 Template:Navbox_with_collapsible_groups"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.807","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19197040,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFA.J._Arberry2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAaron_W._Hughes2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAavani\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbdullah_Jawadi_Amuli\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbidin\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAbul_Hasan_ash-Shadhili1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAhmad1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAhmad_ibn_Naqib_al-MisriNuh_Ha_Mim_Keller1368\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFAhmed1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAkhtar2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAkyeampongHenry_Louis_Gates_Jr.2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndrew_A.C.S._Peacock2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndrew_Rippin2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnjum2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArabi\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAttar\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFAuliya1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAysha_Hidayatullah2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBabou2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBahoo2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBangstad2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBelhaj2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBennett1998\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBhattacharya2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBin_Jamil_Zeno1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBos2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrowne2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChamankhah2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChittick2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChittick2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChodkiewicz1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChopra2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCook2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorbett2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCotter2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCuriel2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDehlvi2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDesai2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFETERAZ2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmara2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErik_S._Ohlander2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErnst2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErnst2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErnst2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFitzpatrickWalker2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGamard2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGardet,_L.2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeaves2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeavesGabrielHaddadSmith\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhazzālīGhazzalial-GhazaliMcCarthy1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibb1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlassé2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoogelberg\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuénon2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalligan2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarry_S._Neale2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarry_S_Neale2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHassan2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHossein.2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHowell\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHussain2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIan_Richard_Netton2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIbn_\u0026#039;Ata\u0026#039;_Allah_al-Iskandari2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIbrahim2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_Wise2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJay_L._GarfieldWilliam_Edelglass2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJenkins2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJestice2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJosef_W._Meri2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKabbani2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaramustafa2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnysh\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnysh2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnysh2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnysh2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKramerLobbanFluehr-Lobban2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaliwala2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeonard_Lewisohn2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLivingstone2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLloyd_Ridgeon,_University_of_Glasgow2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoubet2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadzillah-ul-Aqdus2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMassington,_L.Radtke,_B.Chittick,_W.C.Jong,_F._de2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMassington,_L.Radtke,_B.Chittick,_W._C.Jong,_F._de.2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasterton2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMbackéHunwick2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilani2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMir\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMohammad_Najib-ur-Rehman_Madzillah-ul-Aqdus2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMohammada2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMohammed_A._Rauf1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMomen1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuhammad1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuhammad_Hisham_Kabbani2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuhammad_Ibn_Adam2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuhammad_bin_Mubarak_Kirmani\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMulla_\u0026#039;Ali_al-Qari2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMunn1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurray_Thurston_Titus1930\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMário_Alves_da_Silva_Filho2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNasr1993\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFNasr2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNasr2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNemanja2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewlon2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNichollsRiddell2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOliver_Leaman2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParfitt2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeacock2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPirainoSedgwick2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQamar-ul_Huda2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRabasaBenardSchwartzSickle2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRabbani2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRadtke,_B.Lory,_P.Zarcone,_Th.DeWeese,_D.2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRahimi2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRana_Safvi2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRidgeon2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaeko_Yazaki2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchimmel\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchimmel2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmidle2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSebottendorff2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSedgwick2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSells1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeyyed_Hossein_Nasr2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShah1964–2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShah1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaykh_Tariq_Knecht2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiddiquiWaugh\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilvers2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpecia2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStaff_Writer2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuvorova2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuzanne_Pinckney_Stetkevych2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTottoli2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrimingham1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVoll2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWalshYoussef2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWehrCowan1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWillis2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZarrabi-Zadeh2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZekeriya_Bașkal2013\"] = 1,\n [\"JACBMM2014\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 4,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 9,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 9,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 95,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 18,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 15,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 51,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"EI3\"] = 1,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Hamza\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 26,\n [\"Ill\"] = 10,\n [\"Islam\"] = 1,\n [\"Islam topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Islamic theology\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 6,\n [\"Langx\"] = 5,\n [\"Lit.\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 11,\n [\"Original research section\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Primary source inline\"] = 2,\n [\"Qref\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 1,\n [\"Religion topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 2,\n [\"Rquote\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 4,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 25,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sufi\"] = 1,\n [\"Sufism\"] = 1,\n [\"Sufism books\"] = 1,\n [\"Sufism terminology\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 24,\n [\"Wikibooks\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionary\"] = 1,\n [\"•\"] = 5,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","260","13.7"],["?","240","12.6"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","160","8.4"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","160","8.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","140","7.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","100","5.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","100","5.3"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","80","4.2"],["citation0 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