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class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Useppa_Island&params=26_39_41_N_82_12_46_W_type:landmark_region:US-FL"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">26°39′41″N</span> <span class="longitude">82°12′46″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">26.66139°N 82.21278°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">26.66139; -82.21278</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Useppa&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Useppa">Useppa</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Island in Florida, United States</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United States historic place</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-spacing:1px;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="padding:0; border:none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;color: #202122; background: #A8EDEF; line-height:1.5">Useppa Island</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="width:100%; text-align:center; line-height:1.5;color: #202122; background: #A8EDEF;"><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">U.S. National Register of Historic Places</a></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_Florida_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Useppa Island is located in Florida"><img alt="Useppa Island is located in Florida" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/USA_Florida_location_map.svg/250px-USA_Florida_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/USA_Florida_location_map.svg/375px-USA_Florida_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/USA_Florida_location_map.svg/500px-USA_Florida_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1132" data-file-height="1096" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:65.777%;left:70.028%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Useppa Island"><img alt="Useppa Island" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Florida</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738" /><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Usa_edcp_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Useppa Island is located in the United States"><img alt="Useppa Island is located in the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/250px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/375px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/500px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="731" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:88.248%;left:76.888%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Useppa Island"><img alt="Useppa Island" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of the United States</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Lee_County,_Florida" title="Lee County, Florida">Lee County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Nearest city</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Cape_Coral,_Florida" title="Cape Coral, Florida">Cape Coral, Florida</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Useppa_Island&params=26_39_41_N_82_12_46_W_type:landmark_region:US-FL"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">26°39′41″N</span> <span class="longitude">82°12′46″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">26.66139°N 82.21278°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">26.66139; -82.21278</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Multiple_Property_Submission" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple Property Submission">MPS</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">Archeological Resources of the Caloosahatchee Region <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places#Multiple_Property_Submission" title="National Register of Historic Places">MPS</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">NRHP reference <abbr title="number">No.</abbr></th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/96000532">96000532</a><sup id="cite_ref-nrhp_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nrhp-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Added to NRHP</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">May 21, 1996</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Useppa Island</b> is an island located near the northern end of <a href="/wiki/Pine_Island_Sound" title="Pine Island Sound">Pine Island Sound</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lee_County,_Florida" title="Lee County, Florida">Lee County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, United States. It has been known for luxury resorts since the late 19th century, and it is currently the home of the private Useppa Island Club. On May 21, 1996, it was added to the U.S. <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a>, due to its archaeological significance. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Useppa_Island&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early 1830s the island was variously called Caldez's Island, Toampe, and Joseffa. Records indicate that José Caldez, who had operated a <a href="/wiki/Fishing_ranchos" title="Fishing ranchos">fishing <i>rancho</i></a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the island, called it Josepha's when he sold it in 1833. The name Useppa first appeared on a hydrological chart of the area in 1855.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-timeline_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeline-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like the nearby islands of <a href="/wiki/Gasparilla_Island" title="Gasparilla Island">Gasparilla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanibel_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanibel Island">Sanibel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Captiva_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Captiva Island">Captiva</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Folk_etymology" title="Folk etymology">folk etymology</a> has developed connecting Useppa Island's name to the legendary <a href="/wiki/Pirate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirate">pirate</a> captain <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gaspar" title="José Gaspar">José Gaspar</a>, also known as Gasparilla. A local folk story, extant in at least two versions, tells of Gaspar kidnapping a Spanish princess, with whom he becomes enamored. When she spurns his advances he kills her, but is overtaken by remorse and buries her himself on the beach. One version identifies the princess as Josefa, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Mayorga" title="Martín de Mayorga">Martín de Mayorga</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Viceroys_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Viceroys of New Spain">Viceroy</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> from 1779 to 1782, and indicates that her burial place of Useppa Island still bears her name in an altered form.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology">Geology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Useppa_Island&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Useppa Island is 1 mile (1.6 kilometres) long north to south, and up to <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> mile (0.80 kilometres) wide. A ridge, up to 18 feet (5.5 metres) high, runs along much of the eastern edge of the island. A ridge up to 40 feet (12 m) high is in the middle of the island along the western side. A 9-metre-tall (30-foot) conical shell midden with ramps is located on the west side of the island towards the southern end. The southern end of the island may have grown by as much as 500 metres (1,600 feet) during the 20th century, possibly when a golf course was developed there. The island was part of the Florida mainland during the <a href="/wiki/Last_glacial_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Last glacial period">last glacial period</a>, when the sea level around Florida was 100 metres (330 feet) or more lower than today. Useppa Island is high ground that became separated from the mainland by a rising sea level around 4500 <a href="/wiki/Current_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Current Era">BCE</a>. This high ground is believed to be stabilized sand dunes formed during a high sea level episode prior to the last glacial episode. During the period from 4500 BCE to 3000 BCE <a href="/wiki/Barrier_island" title="Barrier island">barrier islands</a> formed to the west of Useppa Island, creating Pine Island Sound and protecting Useppa Island from the open <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-timeline_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeline-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Useppa_Island&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before Useppa Island separated from the mainland, the area was visited by <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indians</a>, who were present in Florida by at least 8,000 BCE. Soon after the sea level had risen enough to separate the island from the mainland, around 4500 BCE, Indians of the <a href="/wiki/Archaic_period_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic period in the Americas">Archaic period</a> began living on the island for part of the year, primarily during the spring and summer. Oyster shells were deposited in <a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">middens</a> from this time. Tools made from seashells during the period from 4500 BCE to 3000 BCE show a cultural affinity with <a href="/wiki/Horr%27s_Island_archaeological_site" class="mw-redirect" title="Horr's Island archaeological site">Horr's Island</a> to the south.<sup id="cite_ref-timeline_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeline-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After about 3000 BCE bodies were buried on Useppa Island in a <a href="/wiki/Burial#Body_positioning" title="Burial">flexed position</a>. <a href="/wiki/Steatite" class="mw-redirect" title="Steatite">Steatite</a> stone vessels and fiber-<a href="/wiki/Temper_(pottery)" title="Temper (pottery)">tempered</a> pottery came into use on the island after 2000 BCE. Sand-tempered pottery appeared after 1200 BCE. Seasonal occupation of the island continued through the end of the Archaic period (c. 500 BCE) and into the <a href="/wiki/Caloosahatchee_culture" title="Caloosahatchee culture">Caloosahatchee culture</a> period, until about 1200. While the island may have been used occasionally as a fishing camp after that date, there is no known sustained occupation of the island until after 1700. Shortly after 1700, the <a href="/wiki/Calusa" title="Calusa">Calusa</a> people (the people of the Caloosahatchee culture region during the historic period) were killed, carried away to slavery, or driven out of the area by <a href="/wiki/Muscogee_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscogee people">Creek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yamasee" title="Yamasee">Yamasee</a> people (who later coalesced into the <a href="/wiki/Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminole</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-timeline_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeline-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later in the 18th century and as late as 1835 <a href="/wiki/Muspa" title="Muspa">Muspa</a> Indians, possibly descendants of people who lived in the Calusa town of Muspa (on or near <a href="/wiki/Marco_Island,_Florida" title="Marco Island, Florida">Marco Island</a>) were reported to be living in the <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Harbor_(estuary)" title="Charlotte Harbor (estuary)">Charlotte Harbor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pine_Island_(Lee_County,_Florida)" title="Pine Island (Lee County, Florida)">Pine Island</a> area. Around 1784, Jose Caldez of Cuba began using Useppa Island as the base for his seasonal fishing operations. Caldez employed both Cubans and local Native Americans at this fishing <i>rancho</i>. By 1833 the <i>rancho</i> consisted of close to 20 palmetto-thatched houses and about 60 people.<sup id="cite_ref-timeline_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeline-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Second_Seminole_War" title="Second Seminole War">Second Seminole War</a> began in late 1835. Henry Crews, the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Customs_officer" title="Customs officer">Customs officer</a> on Josefa Island (Useppa), was killed in late March 1836, possibly by Seminoles or by Indians working at the <i>rancho</i>. Crews had been at odds with the Spaniards at the fishing <i>rancho</i>, believing that they were using fishing as a cover for large scale smuggling. After the death of Crews, the "Americans" living around Charlotte Harbor, which probably included Spaniards and <i>rancho</i> Indians, fled to the <i>rancho</i> operated by William Bunce on Passage Island in <a href="/wiki/Tampa_Bay" title="Tampa Bay">Tampa Bay</a>. In late 1836 the <i>ranchos</i> around Charlotte Harbor, including the Caldez <i>rancho</i> on Useppa, were reported to be abandoned and "largely destroyed." <i>Rancho</i> Indians, including those who were married to Cubans or were half-Cuban, were gathered up by the Army and sent west to <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-timeline_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeline-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The area around Charlotte Harbor and Pine Island, including Josefa Island, remained sparsely inhabited for several decades. The U.S. Army established <a href="/wiki/Fort_Casey_(Florida)" title="Fort Casey (Florida)">Fort Casey</a> on, renamed, Useppa Island early in 1850, but abandoned it before the end of the year. Union troops and refugee Union sympathizers occupied the island in December 1863, and mounted a small raid into Charlotte Harbor and up the <a href="/wiki/Myakka_River" title="Myakka River">Myakka River</a>, which resulted in some skirmishes with Confederate troops and irregulars. The troops on Useppa Island moved to <a href="/wiki/Fort_Myers,_Florida#History" title="Fort Myers, Florida">Fort Myers</a> after it was established in January, 1864. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Census">Census</a> of 1870 found two residents on the island. It was reported to be uninhabited in 1885, and to have one family in residence in 1895.<sup id="cite_ref-timeline_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeline-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chicago businessman John Roach built a hotel on Useppa Island in 1896. <a href="/wiki/Barron_Collier" title="Barron Collier">Barron Collier</a> bought the island in 1911, and developed the resort, enlarging the hotel and adding tennis courts and a 9-hole golf course. Collier made the island his official residence, from which he directed his real estate empire. Collier died in 1939, and the resort was closed during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Hurricanes in 1944 and 1946 damaged the hotel, and it was torn down. The island opened again as a resort in 1946, continuing until 1960. In 1960, Useppa briefly served as a <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a> training base for <a href="/wiki/Cuban_exile" title="Cuban exile">Cuban exiles</a> in preparation for the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-timeline_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeline-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Useppa Island changed hands four times in the 1960s and 1970s, with two short-lived attempts to operate it as a resort. Gar Beckstead bought the island in 1976 and his company, Useppa Inn and Dock Company, has operated it as a private resort since then. <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Charley" title="Hurricane Charley">Hurricane Charley</a> heavily damaged the island in 2004. The rebuilt Collier Inn was re-opened one year later.<sup id="cite_ref-timeline_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeline-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Useppa Island Historical Society operates the Barbara Sumwalt Museum on the island.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeological_investigations">Archaeological investigations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Useppa_Island&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Archaeological investigations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While some archaeologists passed by or visited Useppa Island in the 19th century, the first scientific excavation on the island was by <a href="/wiki/John_W._Griffin_(archaeologist)" title="John W. Griffin (archaeologist)">John Griffin</a> and Hale Smith, who collected ceramics from a disturbed midden in 1947. Jerald Milanich and <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Chapman" title="Jefferson Chapman">Jefferson Chapman</a> conducted more extensive excavations on Collier Mound and adjacent middens in 1979 and 1980, using a backhoe to dig trenches in mound and middens.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>William Marquardt and Michael Hansinger conducted an excavation on Collier Ridge in 1985. Marquardt and Corbett Torrence excavated several locations on the island in 1989. Marquardt excavated a burial on a lot scheduled for construction in 1994. Volunteers associated with the Rendell Research Society, the University of California Los Angeles, and the Useppa Island Historical Society excavated a shell axe workshop on the island in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-timeline_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeline-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Useppa_Island&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Spaniard" class="mw-redirect" title="Spaniard">Spaniards</a> from <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> began fishing along the coast of <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwestern Florida">southwestern Florida</a> in the 17th century, trading with the <a href="/wiki/Calusa" title="Calusa">Calusa</a> and employing them in the fishing industry. When the <a href="/wiki/Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminole</a> displaced the Calusa in the early 18th century, they also began trading with and working for the Cubans. Later in the century fishing companies from <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a> set up permanent stations, <i>ranchos</i>, on islands along the coast. The <i>ranchos</i> were used from September to March each year to dry and salt fish caught along the coast to supply Havana. Indians living in the area, possibly Calusa at first, and later Seminole, worked seasonally at the <i>ranchos</i>, staying on in the area during the off-season. Some children born on Useppa Island with Spanish fathers and Indian mothers were taken to Cuba to be baptised.(Hammond:355, 357, 359; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWorth2005" class="citation journal cs1">Worth, John (June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/sflarch/RRC_Vol5_No2.pdf">"Details Emerge on "Spanish Indians" of Useppa Island"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Friends of the Rendell Research Center</i>. <b>5</b> (2): 2<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Friends+of+the+Rendell+Research+Center&rft.atitle=Details+Emerge+on+%22Spanish+Indians%22+of+Useppa+Island&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2005-06&rft.aulast=Worth&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flmnh.ufl.edu%2Fsflarch%2FRRC_Vol5_No2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUseppa+Island" class="Z3988"></span>)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Useppa_Island&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nrhp-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nrhp_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com/FL/Lee/state.html">"National Register of Historical Places - Florida (FL), Lee County"</a>. <i>National Register of Historic Places</i>. National Park Service. 2007-02-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Register+of+Historic+Places&rft.atitle=National+Register+of+Historical+Places+-+Florida+%28FL%29%2C+Lee+County&rft.date=2007-02-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com%2FFL%2FLee%2Fstate.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUseppa+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Milanich, et al.:267</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-timeline-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-timeline_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-timeline_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-timeline_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-timeline_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-timeline_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-timeline_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-timeline_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-timeline_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-timeline_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-timeline_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://useppahs.org/pages/useppa_history.html">"An Archaeological and Historical Timeline of Useppa Island"</a>. Useppa Island Historical Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Archaeological+and+Historical+Timeline+of+Useppa+Island&rft.pub=Useppa+Island+Historical+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuseppahs.org%2Fpages%2Fuseppa_history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUseppa+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFD'Ans1980" class="citation journal cs1">D'Ans, André-Marcel (1980). "The Legend of Gasparilla: Myth and History on Florida's West Coast". <i>Tampa Bay History</i>. <b>2</b> (2): 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tampa+Bay+History&rft.atitle=The+Legend+of+Gasparilla%3A+Myth+and+History+on+Florida%27s+West+Coast&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=D%27Ans&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9-Marcel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUseppa+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Milanich, et al.:262-63, 264, 266-67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Covington:61-62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHodge1907" class="citation book cs1">Hodge, Frederick Webb (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kugNAAAAIAAJ&q=muspa+tribe&pg=PA963"><i>Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico:A - M</i></a>. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. p. 963.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+American+Indians+North+of+Mexico%3AA+-+M&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=963&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Hodge&rft.aufirst=Frederick+Webb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkugNAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dmuspa%2Btribe%26pg%3DPA963&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUseppa+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hammond:367-68, 377, 378</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDillon1984" class="citation journal cs1">Dillon, Rodney E. Jr. (January 1984). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"The Little Affair": The Southwest Florida Campaign, 1863–1864". <i>The Florida Historical Quarterly</i>. <b>62</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">314–</span>331. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30146289">30146289</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Florida+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=%22The+Little+Affair%22%3A+The+Southwest+Florida+Campaign%2C+1863%E2%80%931864&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E314-%3C%2Fspan%3E331&rft.date=1984-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30146289%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Dillon&rft.aufirst=Rodney+E.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUseppa+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.useppahs.org/pages/visit_museum.html">"Useppa Island: A History of 10,000 Years"</a>. <i>Useppa Island Historical Society</i>. 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 5,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Useppa+Island+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=Useppa+Island%3A+A+History+of+10%2C000+Years&rft.date=2018&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.useppahs.org%2Fpages%2Fvisit_museum.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUseppa+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Milanich, et al.:268-70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDietler2006" class="citation journal cs1">Dietler, John (June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/sflarch/RRC_Vol5_No2.pdf">"Useppa Island Fieldwork Reaches Successful Conclusion"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Friends of the Rendell Research Center</i>. <b>5</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>2<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Friends+of+the+Rendell+Research+Center&rft.atitle=Useppa+Island+Fieldwork+Reaches+Successful+Conclusion&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.date=2006-06&rft.aulast=Dietler&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flmnh.ufl.edu%2Fsflarch%2FRRC_Vol5_No2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUseppa+Island" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Useppa_Island&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCovington1954" class="citation journal cs1">Covington, James W. (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcollections.fiu.edu/tequesta/files/1954/54_1_04.pdf">"A Petition from Some Latin-American Fishermen; 1838"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Tequesta</i>. <b>XIV</b>: <span class="nowrap">61–</span>65<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tequesta&rft.atitle=A+Petition+from+Some+Latin-American+Fishermen%3B+1838&rft.volume=XIV&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E61-%3C%2Fspan%3E65&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Covington&rft.aufirst=James+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcollections.fiu.edu%2Ftequesta%2Ffiles%2F1954%2F54_1_04.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUseppa+Island" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHammond1973" class="citation journal cs1">Hammond, E. A. (April 1973). "The Spanish Fisheries of Charlotte Harbor". <i>The Florida Historical Quarterly</i>. <b>51</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">355–</span>80. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30145870">30145870</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Florida+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Spanish+Fisheries+of+Charlotte+Harbor&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E355-%3C%2Fspan%3E80&rft.date=1973-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30145870%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=E.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUseppa+Island" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMilanich1984" class="citation book cs1">Milanich, J. T., J. Chapman, A. S. Cordell, S. Hale, and R. A. Marrinan (1984). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/perspectivesongu0000unse/page/258">"Prehistoric Development of Calusa Society in Southwest Florida: Excavations on Useppa Island"</a></span>. In Dave D. Davis (ed.). <i>Perspectives on Gulf Coast Prehistory</i>. Gainesville, Florida: University of Florida Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/perspectivesongu0000unse/page/258">258–314</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-0756-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-0756-4"><bdi>978-0-8130-0756-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prehistoric+Development+of+Calusa+Society+in+Southwest+Florida%3A+Excavations+on+Useppa+Island&rft.btitle=Perspectives+on+Gulf+Coast+Prehistory&rft.place=Gainesville%2C+Florida&rft.pages=258-314&rft.pub=University+of+Florida+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-8130-0756-4&rft.aulast=Milanich&rft.aufirst=J.+T.%2C+J.+Chapman%2C+A.+S.+Cordell%2C+S.+Hale%2C+and+R.+A.+Marrinan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fperspectivesongu0000unse%2Fpage%2F258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUseppa+Island" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Useppa_Island&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://useppa.com/">Useppa Island Club website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flheritage.com">Florida's Office of Cultural and Historical Programs</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070216141343/http://www.flheritage.com/facts/reports/places/index.cfm?fuseaction=ListAreas&county=Lee">Lee County listings</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040107014350/http://www.useppa.com/society.html">Useppa Island Museum</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7901818#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh99005465">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007542289305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="20x20px_Indigenous_peoples_of_Pre-Columbian_Florida581" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#E8E6B4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indigenous_peoples_of_Pre-Columbian_Florida" title="Template:Indigenous peoples of Pre-Columbian Florida"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indigenous_peoples_of_Pre-Columbian_Florida" title="Template talk:Indigenous peoples of Pre-Columbian Florida"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous_peoples_of_Pre-Columbian_Florida" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous peoples of Pre-Columbian Florida"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="20x20px_Indigenous_peoples_of_Pre-Columbian_Florida581" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Royal_(Florida)_second_copper_plate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Mount_Royal_%28Florida%29_second_copper_plate.jpg/20px-Mount_Royal_%28Florida%29_second_copper_plate.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Mount_Royal_%28Florida%29_second_copper_plate.jpg/30px-Mount_Royal_%28Florida%29_second_copper_plate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Mount_Royal_%28Florida%29_second_copper_plate.jpg/40px-Mount_Royal_%28Florida%29_second_copper_plate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3400" data-file-height="3200" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Florida" title="Indigenous peoples of Florida">Indigenous peoples of Pre-Columbian Florida</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#E8E6B4"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><i>Periods</i></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Florida#Paleoindians" title="Indigenous peoples of Florida">Paleoindians</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Florida#Archaic_period" title="Indigenous peoples of Florida">Archaic period</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Florida#Post-Archaic_period" title="Indigenous peoples of Florida">Post-Archaic period</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Archaeological<br /> cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alachua_culture" title="Alachua culture">Alachua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belle_Glade_culture" title="Belle Glade culture">Belle Glade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cades_Pond_culture" title="Cades Pond culture">Cades Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caloosahatchee_culture" title="Caloosahatchee culture">Caloosahatchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deptford_culture" title="Deptford culture">Deptford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Walton_culture" title="Fort Walton culture">Fort Walton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glades_culture" title="Glades culture">Glades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon-Jefferson_culture" title="Leon-Jefferson culture">Leon-Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manasota_culture" title="Manasota culture">Manasota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Taylor_period" title="Mount Taylor period">Mount Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwood_culture" title="Norwood culture">Norwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_period" title="Orange period">Orange period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensacola_culture" title="Pensacola culture">Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_Harbor_culture" title="Safety Harbor culture">Safety Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa-Swift_Creek_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Rosa-Swift Creek culture">Santa Rosa-Swift Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Johns_culture" title="St. Johns culture">St. Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwannee_Valley_culture" title="Suwannee Valley culture">Suwannee Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swift_Creek_culture" title="Swift Creek culture">Swift Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weeden_Island_culture" title="Weeden Island culture">Weeden Island</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Weeden_Island_culture#McKeithen_Weeden_Island_culture" title="Weeden Island culture">McKeithen</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Weeden_Island_culture#North_peninsular_Gulf_coast_region" title="Weeden Island culture">North peninsular Gulf coast</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Archaeological<br />sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KMMaskPointedNose.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/KMMaskPointedNose.jpg/110px-KMMaskPointedNose.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/KMMaskPointedNose.jpg/165px-KMMaskPointedNose.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/KMMaskPointedNose.jpg/220px-KMMaskPointedNose.jpg 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="716" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apalachee_Bay#Underwater_archaeological_sites" title="Apalachee Bay">Apalachee Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqui_Esta_Burial_Mound" title="Aqui Esta Burial Mound">Aqui Esta Burial Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Pines_Site" title="Bay Pines Site">Bay Pines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_Lake_Mounds_Archeological_District" title="Bear Lake Mounds Archeological District">Bear Lake Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Heart_West" title="Big Heart West">Big Heart West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Mound_City" title="Big Mound City">Big Mound City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Mound_Key-Boggess_Ridge_Archeological_District" title="Big Mound Key-Boggess Ridge Archeological District">Big Mound Key-Boggess Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_Hammock" title="Bird Hammock">Bird Hammock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueberry_Site" title="Blueberry Site">Blueberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowers_Bluff_Middens_Archeological_District" title="Bowers Bluff Middens Archeological District">Bowers Bluff Middens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bubba_Midden" title="Bubba Midden">Bubba Midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burns_Lake_Site" title="Burns Lake Site">Burns Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butcherpen_Mound" title="Butcherpen Mound">Butcherpen Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayo_Pelau_Archaeological_Site" title="Cayo Pelau Archaeological Site">Cayo Pelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayson_Mound_and_Village_Site" title="Cayson Mound and Village Site">Cayson Mound and Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._J._Ostl_Site" title="C. J. Ostl Site">C. J. Ostl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_River_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Crystal River Archaeological State Park">Crystal River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutler_Fossil_Site" title="Cutler Fossil Site">Cutler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demere_Key" title="Demere Key">Demere Key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_Den_Cave" title="Devil's Den Cave">Devil's Den Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dismal_Key" title="Dismal Key">Dismal Key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglass_Beach_Site" title="Douglass Beach Site">Douglass Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Center" title="Fort Center">Fort Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Walton_Mound" title="Fort Walton Mound">Fort Walton Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galt_Island_Archeological_District" title="Galt Island Archeological District">Galt Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_Patch_Archeological_Site" title="Garden Patch Archeological Site">Garden Patch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Mound" title="Green Mound">Green Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfway_Creek_Site" title="Halfway Creek Site">Halfway Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Blazes_archaeological_site" title="Helen Blazes archaeological site">Helen Blazes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hickory_Ridge_Cemetery_Archeological_Site" title="Hickory Ridge Cemetery Archeological Site">Hickory Ridge Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinson_Mounds" title="Hinson Mounds">Hinson Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horr%27s_Island" title="Horr's Island">Horr's Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Fields" title="Indian Fields">Indian Fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%26J_Hunt_Submerged_Archaeological_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="J&J Hunt Submerged Archaeological Site">J&J Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josslyn_Island_Site" title="Josslyn Island Site">Josslyn Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_Prada_Site" title="Jungle Prada Site">Jungle Prada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_Marco" title="Key Marco">Key Marco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimball_Island_Midden_Archeological_Site" title="Kimball Island Midden Archeological Site">Kimball Island Midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Jackson_Mounds_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Lake Jackson Mounds Archaeological State Park">Lake Jackson Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Pithlachocco_Canoe_Site" title="Lake Pithlachocco Canoe Site">Lake Pithlachocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letchworth-Love_Mounds_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Letchworth-Love Mounds Archaeological State Park">Letchworth-Love Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Salt_Spring" title="Little Salt Spring">Little Salt Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madira_Bickel_Mound_State_Archaeological_Site" title="Madira Bickel Mound State Archaeological Site">Madira Bickel Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Pardo_Shellworks_Site" title="Mark Pardo Shellworks Site">Mark Pardo Shellworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_Circle" title="Miami Circle">Miami Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill_Cove_Complex" title="Mill Cove Complex">Mill Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_Lake_Archeological_District" title="Monroe Lake Archeological District">Monroe Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_Key_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Mound Key Archaeological State Park">Mound Key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Elizabeth_Archeological_Site" title="Mount Elizabeth Archeological Site">Mount Elizabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Royal_(Florida)" title="Mount Royal (Florida)">Mount Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Taylor_(Florida)" title="Mount Taylor (Florida)">Mount Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullet_Key" title="Mullet Key">Mullet Key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myakkahatchee_Creek_Archaeological_Site" title="Myakkahatchee Creek Archaeological Site">Myakkahatchee Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Live_Oaks_Cemetery" title="Naval Live Oaks Cemetery">Naval Live Oaks Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nocoroco" title="Nocoroco">Nocoroco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ormond_Mound" title="Ormond Mound">Ormond Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortona_Prehistoric_Village" title="Ortona Prehistoric Village">Ortona Prehistoric Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otis_Hare_Archeological_Site" title="Otis Hare Archeological Site">Otis Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page-Ladson_site" class="mw-redirect" title="Page-Ladson site">Page-Ladson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persimmon_Mound" title="Persimmon Mound">Persimmon Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierce_Site" title="Pierce Site">Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pineland_Archeological_District" title="Pineland Archeological District">Pineland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platt_Island" title="Platt Island">Platt Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaza_Site" title="Plaza Site">Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompano_Beach_Mound" title="Pompano Beach Mound">Pompano Beach Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portavant_Mound" title="Portavant Mound">Portavant Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porter%27s_Bar_Site" title="Porter's Bar Site">Porter's Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Mound" title="Princess Mound">Princess Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Styx_archaeological_site" title="River Styx archaeological site">River Styx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberts_Island_complex" title="Roberts Island complex">Roberts Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Mound_Archeological_Site" title="Rock Mound Archeological Site">Rock Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rookery_Mound" title="Rookery Mound">Rookery Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Hammock_Site" title="Ross Hammock Site">Ross Hammock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_Harbor_site" title="Safety Harbor site">Safety Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_River_Slough_Archeological_District" title="Shark River Slough Archeological District">Shark River Slough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_Bluff_Landing" title="Shell Bluff Landing">Shell Bluff Landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce_Creek_Mound_Complex" title="Spruce Creek Mound Complex">Spruce Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Gulf_Breeze" title="Third Gulf Breeze">Third Gulf Breeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Creek_Archeological_District" title="Thomas Creek Archeological District">Thomas Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turner_River_Site" title="Turner River Site">Turner River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_Mound" title="Turtle Mound">Turtle Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_Mounds_Archeological_District" title="Twin Mounds Archeological District">Twin Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Tampa_Bay_Park" title="Upper Tampa Bay Park">Upper Tampa Bay</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Useppa Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velda_Mound" title="Velda Mound">Velda Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waddells_Mill_Pond_Site" title="Waddells Mill Pond Site">Waddells Mill Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Ball_Wakulla_Springs_State_Park" title="Edward Ball Wakulla Springs State Park">Wakulla Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yent_Mound" title="Yent Mound">Yent Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yon_Mound_and_Village_Site" title="Yon Mound and Village Site">Yon Mound and Village</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Human<br />remains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Manasota_Key_Offshore" title="Manasota Key Offshore">Manasota Key Offshore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Bone_Bed#Melbourne_Man" title="Melbourne Bone Bed">Melbourne Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vero_man" title="Vero man">Vero man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warm_Mineral_Springs_(spring)" title="Warm Mineral Springs (spring)">Warm Mineral Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windover_Archeological_Site" title="Windover Archeological Site">Windover</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Lake_point" title="Beaver Lake point">Beaver Lake point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Everglades_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous peoples of the Everglades region">Indigenous peoples of the Everglades region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protection_of_Native_American_sites_in_Florida" title="Protection of Native American sites in Florida">Protection of Native American sites in Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_ring" title="Shell ring">Shell ring</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_shell_ring_sites#Florida" title="List of shell ring sites">List of shell ring 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