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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Potano.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="295" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="295" /></a><figcaption>Approximate area of the Cades Pond culture region</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Matheson_Dugout.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Matheson_Dugout.jpg/310px-Matheson_Dugout.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Matheson_Dugout.jpg/465px-Matheson_Dugout.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Matheson_Dugout.jpg/620px-Matheson_Dugout.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3178" data-file-height="535" /></a><figcaption>1,500-year-old Cades Pond dugout canoe on display in lobby of <a href="/wiki/Matheson_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Matheson Museum">Matheson Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Cades Pond culture</b> is defined as a Middle <a href="/wiki/Woodland_period" title="Woodland period">Woodland</a> Southeast period <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">archaeological culture</a> in north-central <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, dating from around 100 to 600 <a href="/wiki/Current_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Current Era">CE</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location">Location</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cades_Pond_culture&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Cades Pond culture is found in an area roughly corresponding to present-day central and eastern <a href="/wiki/Alachua_County,_Florida" title="Alachua County, Florida">Alachua County</a>, northernmost <a href="/wiki/Marion_County,_Florida" title="Marion County, Florida">Marion County</a>, the southeastern corner of <a href="/wiki/Bradford_County,_Florida" title="Bradford County, Florida">Bradford County</a>, and western <a href="/wiki/Putnam_County,_Florida" title="Putnam County, Florida">Putnam County</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cades Pond village sites are located within 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) of a major lake or river.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most known village sites are in clusters between large lakes. A couple of villages have been found along the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_River_(Florida)" title="Santa Fe River (Florida)">Santa Fe River</a>. Milanich identifies six clusters of villages and major mounds in the Cades Pond area: <i>Paynes Prairie</i>, between <a href="/wiki/Paynes_Prairie" class="mw-redirect" title="Paynes Prairie">Paynes Prairie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Newnans_Lake" title="Newnans Lake">Newnans Lake</a>; <i>Levy Lake</i>, between the western end of Paynes Prairie and Levy Lake; <i>Cross Creek</i>, between <a href="/wiki/Orange_Lake_(Florida)" title="Orange Lake (Florida)">Orange Lake</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lochloosa_Lake" title="Lochloosa Lake">Lochloosa Lake</a> (adjacent to <a href="/wiki/Cross_Creek,_Florida" title="Cross Creek, Florida">Cross Creek</a>); <i>Natural Bridge</i>, at the <a href="/wiki/O%27Leno_State_Park" title="O'Leno State Park">Natural Bridge</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_River_(Florida)" title="Santa Fe River (Florida)">Santa Fe River</a>; and <i>Santa Fe Lake</i>, on the north side of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_Lake" title="Santa Fe Lake">Santa Fe Lake</a>. He also declares it likely that there are two to four more clusters in western Putnam County.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name of the culture derives from the Cades Pond Mound, in southeastern Bradford County (the <i>Santa Fe Lake</i> cluster), which was excavated by Henry Gilman in the 1870s. The present definition of the Cades Pond culture was developed around 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There may have been more than 50 mounds in Alachua County before agriculture and other development degraded or destroyed many of them. Most of those mounds were probably constructed by Cades Pond people. Villages and mounds usually occurred together. Villages that were ceremonial centers might also include one or more of additional mounds, cemeteries, other earthworks, and/or ponds. Some outlying hamlets might not have a mound.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Villages appear to have been occupied for long periods, and included large storage pits.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sites">Sites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cades_Pond_culture&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mounds and village sites of the Cades Pond culture include the Running Lake Mounds (8AL182, 8AL183), near <a href="/wiki/O%27Leno_State_Park" title="O'Leno State Park">River Sink</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_River_(Florida)" title="Santa Fe River (Florida)">Santa Fe River</a>, the Simmons Place (8AL188) near where Olustee Creek joins the Santa Fe River, the Cades Pond Mound and the Griner Mound (8BF8) northeast of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_Lake" title="Santa Fe Lake">Santa Fe Lake</a>, the Prairie Creek Midden site between <a href="/wiki/Paynes_Prairie" class="mw-redirect" title="Paynes Prairie">Paynes Prairie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Newnans_Lake" title="Newnans Lake">Newnans Lake</a>, the Shirea Site (8AL49, 8AL84) and the Melton Site (8AL5, 8AL7, 8AL169) on the north side of Paynes Prairie, the Ramsey Pasture Mound (8AL78) and Wacahoota Mound (8AL58) between the western end of Paynes Prairie and Levy Lake, the Cross Creek site (8AL2, 8AL3) between <a href="/wiki/Orange_Lake_(Florida)" title="Orange Lake (Florida)">Orange Lake</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lochloosa_Lake" title="Lochloosa Lake">Lochloosa Lake</a>, the <a href="/wiki/River_Styx_archaeological_site" title="River Styx archaeological site">River Styx site</a> (8AL458) north of Orange Lake, and mounds near <a href="/wiki/Hawthorne,_Florida" title="Hawthorne, Florida">Hawthorne</a> (8AL464), and <a href="/wiki/Evinston,_Florida" title="Evinston, Florida">Evinston</a> (8AL117).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cades_Pond_culture&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to 100, people of the Deptford culture spent most of their time on the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a> coast with seasonal excursions to inland sites. Deptford people established permanent villages in the area of Alachua County around 100, as the Cades Pond culture developed out of the Deptford culture. Late Deptford sites on the Gulf coast close to the Cades Pond culture area built shell mounds. Horseshoe-shaped <a href="/wiki/Shell_ring" title="Shell ring">shell rings</a> appeared in those sites starting in the first century CE. Several early Cades Pond sites, including River Styx, Ramsey Pasture and Cross Creek, had horseshoe shaped sand mounds or earthworks surrounding a central mound used for burials.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The River Styx site, the earliest known Cades Pond site, was a transitional site, with Deptford style ceramics resembling the <a href="/wiki/Yent_Mound" title="Yent Mound">Yent Complex</a>, whereas Deptford ceramics have not been found at later Cades Pond sites. The River Styx site has been compared to the more elaborate <a href="/wiki/Crystal_River_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Crystal River Archaeological State Park">Crystal River</a> (Deptford and <a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa-Swift_Creek_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Rosa-Swift Creek culture">Santa Rosa-Swift Creek culture</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Center" title="Fort Center">Fort Center</a> (<a href="/wiki/Belle_Glade_culture" title="Belle Glade culture">Belle Glade culture</a>) sites. Almost all of the burials at the River Styx site were cremations, whereas cremations were rare at other Cades Pond sites. Occupation of the River Styx site extended from about 100 to about 200.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The somewhat later Cross Creek site is more elaborate than the River Styx site, with several mounds. It did not have any Deptford-style ceramics. A burial mound is surrounded by a horseshoe-shaped earthwork, as at the River Styx site, but does not contain any cremations. Other mounds at Cross Creek do not have associated earthworks around them.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ramsey Pasture Mound (8FL78) has a central mound surrounded by horseshoe-shaped earthwork, which presumably places it early in the development of the Cades Pond culture, but it has not been excavated and cannot be placed in sequence with other sites.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Weeden_Island_culture" title="Weeden Island culture">Weeden Island</a> ceremonial pottery appeared in Cades Pond mounds around 300. Pottery found in Cades Pond villages and <a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">middens</a> was largely undecorated, and resembled contemporary ceramics of the <a href="/wiki/St._Johns_culture" title="St. Johns culture">St. Johns culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cades Pond culture has been described as a Weeden Island culture, but St. Johns series pots always outnumbered Weeden Island pots in Cades Pond mounds, suggesting closer ties to the St. Johns culture area than to Weeden Island.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The influence of Weeden Island culture on Cades Pond may have weakened by 500.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 600 to 700 the Cades Pond culture was replaced by the Alachua culture.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wallis suggests that drought in north central Florida in 659 to 724 is related to replacement of the Cades Pond culture by the Alachua culture.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ritual and mounds of the Alachua culture were simpler than that of the Cades Pond culture. The subsistence patterns of the Alachua culture were oriented to upland areas, making little use of the wetlands that were so important to Cades Pond culture. Rolland offers three scenarios for consideration: (1) that the Alachua culture developed in place from Cades Pond, adopting pottery styles from inland cultures running up through Georgia and South Carolina into North Carolina, (2) that the predecessors of the Alachua culture moved into the area and coexisted with people of Cades Pond for a while (Cades Pond pottery may have remained in use in the area into the 9th or 10th century), eventually absorbing the Cades Pond people, or (3) the Cades Pond people left the area or otherwise disappeared before the people of the Alachua culture moved into the area.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cades_Pond_culture&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Cades Pond culture is distinguished by its <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">stone tools</a>, and by the siting of its villages. Pottery found at Cades Pond sites consists primarily of large, undecorated bowls. Stone tools include hafted knives and scraping tools, <a href="/wiki/Perforation" title="Perforation">perforators</a>, triangular knives, <a href="/wiki/Metate" title="Metate">manos and metates</a> and sandstone abraders. Bone tools include double-pointed <a href="/wiki/Leister" title="Leister">leisters</a>, splinter <a href="/wiki/Stitching_awl" title="Stitching awl">awls</a>, perforators, <a href="/wiki/Lithic_flake" title="Lithic flake">flakers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">deer</a> <a href="/wiki/Ulna" title="Ulna">ulna</a> awls, <a href="/wiki/Scraper_(archaeology)" title="Scraper (archaeology)">scrapers</a> or fleshers, punches, and <a href="/wiki/Fid" title="Fid">fids</a>. Shell columella (the central column of a <a href="/wiki/Conch" title="Conch">conch</a> or <a href="/wiki/Whelk" title="Whelk">whelk</a> shell, often used as a <a href="/wiki/Hammer" title="Hammer">hammer</a>) and tools with shark's teeth have also been found.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Cades Pond people heavily exploited the <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem" title="Aquatic ecosystem">aquatic resources</a> of their environment. A large <a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">midden</a> at the Melton site on the north side of Paynes Prairie provided evidence for most of what is known of Cades Pond subsistence. Eighty-five percent of the 1500 individual animals used for food at one site came from aquatic habitats. Included were <a href="/wiki/Snail" title="Snail">snails</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clams" class="mw-redirect" title="Clams">clams</a>, 12 species of <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frog" title="Frog">frogs</a>, 7 species of <a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">turtles</a>, 5 species of water <a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">snakes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alligator" title="Alligator">alligator</a>, 7 species of water birds, <a href="/wiki/Otter" title="Otter">otter</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Muskrat" title="Muskrat">muskrat</a>. Land animals consumed included deer, <a href="/wiki/American_black_bear" title="American black bear">black bear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cougar" title="Cougar">panther</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opossum" title="Opossum">opossum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rabbit" title="Rabbit">rabbits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Squirrel" title="Squirrel">squirrel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skunk" title="Skunk">skunk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rat" title="Rat">rats</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fox" title="Fox">foxes</a>. Identified plant remains include <a href="/wiki/Hickory" title="Hickory">hickory</a> (especially mockernut hickory), <a href="/wiki/Pine_nut" title="Pine nut">pine nuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acorn" title="Acorn">acorns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prunus_angustifolia" title="Prunus angustifolia">Chickasaw plum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persimmon" title="Persimmon">persimmon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prunus_caroliniana" title="Prunus caroliniana">wild cherry (Carolina cherry laurel)</a>. There is no evidence that the Cades Pond people cultivated any crops. Ceramics at the site suggest that food was commonly boiled or otherwise cooked with water. There were few grinding implements found, but wooden grinding tools are unlikely to have survived conditions at the site.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pottery of <a href="/wiki/St._Johns_culture" title="St. Johns culture">St. Johns Plain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dunns_Creek_State_Park" title="Dunns Creek State Park">Dunns Creek Red</a> types indicate trade with or influence from cultures of the <a href="/wiki/St_Johns_River" class="mw-redirect" title="St Johns River">St Johns River</a> valley. Evidence of trade with cultures of the Gulf, and possibly, Atlantic, coasts, includes the presence of remains of several types of <a href="/wiki/Shark" title="Shark">shark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_turtle" title="Sea turtle">sea turtles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mullet_(fish)" title="Mullet (fish)">mullet</a> and marine <a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">mollusks</a>. Wider trade networks are shown by the presence of objects made from slate, <a href="/wiki/Chlorastrolite" title="Chlorastrolite">greenstone</a> and copper, deposits of which are not found in Florida.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is no archaeological evidence of cultivation and consumption of maize in the Cades Pond culture. However, analysis of bone <a href="/wiki/Collagen" title="Collagen">collagen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bone_mineral" title="Bone mineral">apatite</a> that has been performed on skeletons from the early (200-400) Cades Pond Cross Creek and late (600-800) Cades Pond Melton I mounds suggests that <a href="/wiki/C4_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="C4 plant">C4 plants</a>, presumably maize, were increasing as a part of the diet of Cades Pond people from the early period to the late period.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cades_Pond_culture&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Milanich 1995: 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Milanich 1978a:134</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Milanich 1978b:168-69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hemmings: 141, 144</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hemmings: 146-47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Milanich 1995: 228-29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hemmings: 142-43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wallis, et al.: 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wallis, et al.: 172-73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hemmings: 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Milanich 1978b: 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wallis, et al.: 171-73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Milanich 1978b: 162-64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wallis, et al.: 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAnderson,_David_G.Robert_C.Mainfort_Jr.2002" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, David G.; Robert C.Mainfort Jr., eds. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qOb8BwjfzDAC&q=cades+pond+culture&pg=PA369"><i>The Woodland Southeast</i></a>. University of Alabama Press. p. 369. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8173-1137-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8173-1137-8"><bdi>0-8173-1137-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Woodland+Southeast&rft.pages=369&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8173-1137-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqOb8BwjfzDAC%26q%3Dcades%2Bpond%2Bculture%26pg%3DPA369&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACades+Pond+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Milanich 1994: 228-29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wallis 2016: 89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rolland: 136</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Milanich 1994: 333</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Milanich 1995: 28, 163, 228-29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wallis 2016: 97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rolland: 136</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Milanich 1995: 232, 235</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Milanich 1995: 229-32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hemmings: 144-46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Milanich 1995: 235</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKellyTykotMilanich2006" class="citation book cs1">Kelly, Jennifer A.; Tykot, Robert H.; Milanich, Jerald T. (2006). "Evidence for Early Use of Maize in Peninsular Florida". In Staller, John E.; Tykot, Robert H. (eds.). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historiesmaizemu00stal"><i>Histories of Maize</i></a></span>. Elsevier Academic Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historiesmaizemu00stal/page/n278">252</a>, 257. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0123693648" title="Special:BookSources/978-0123693648"><bdi>978-0123693648</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Evidence+for+Early+Use+of+Maize+in+Peninsular+Florida&rft.btitle=Histories+of+Maize&rft.pages=252%2C+257&rft.pub=Elsevier+Academic+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0123693648&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+A.&rft.au=Tykot%2C+Robert+H.&rft.au=Milanich%2C+Jerald+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoriesmaizemu00stal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACades+Pond+culture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cades_Pond_culture&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHemmings1978" class="citation journal cs1">Hemmings, E. Thomas (December 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00027829/00157/16j">"Cades Pond Subsistence, Settlement, and Ceremonialism"</a>. <i>The Florida Anthropologist</i>. <b>31</b> (4): 141–150<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Florida+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=Cades+Pond+Subsistence%2C+Settlement%2C+and+Ceremonialism&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=141-150&rft.date=1978-12&rft.aulast=Hemmings&rft.aufirst=E.+Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fufdc.ufl.edu%2FUF00027829%2F00157%2F16j&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACades+Pond+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilanich_1978a1978" class="citation journal cs1">Milanich 1978a, Jerald T. (December 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00027829/00157/6j">"Indians of North-Central Florida"</a>. <i>The Florida Anthropologist</i>. <b>31</b> (4): 131–140<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 23,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Florida+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=Indians+of+North-Central+Florida&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=131-140&rft.date=1978-12&rft.aulast=Milanich+1978a&rft.aufirst=Jerald+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fufdc.ufl.edu%2FUF00027829%2F00157%2F6j&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACades+Pond+culture" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilanich_1978b1978" class="citation journal cs1">Milanich 1978b, Jerald T. (December 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00027829/00157/26x">"Two Cades Pond Sites in North-Central Florida--the Occupational Nexus as a Model of Settlement"</a>. <i>The Florida Anthropologist</i>. <b>31</b> (4): 151–73 – via University of Florida Digital Collections.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Florida+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=Two+Cades+Pond+Sites+in+North-Central+Florida--the+Occupational+Nexus+as+a+Model+of+Settlement&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=151-73&rft.date=1978-12&rft.aulast=Milanich+1978b&rft.aufirst=Jerald+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fufdc.ufl.edu%2FUF00027829%2F00157%2F26x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACades+Pond+culture" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilanich1994" class="citation book cs1">Milanich, Jerald T. (1994). <i>Archaeology of Precolumbian Florida</i>. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8130-1273-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8130-1273-2"><bdi>0-8130-1273-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology+of+Precolumbian+Florida&rft.place=Gainesville%2C+Florida&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-8130-1273-2&rft.aulast=Milanich&rft.aufirst=Jerald+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACades+Pond+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilanich1995" class="citation book cs1">Milanich, Jerald T. (1995). <i>Florida Indians and the Invasion from Europe</i>. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8130-1360-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8130-1360-7"><bdi>0-8130-1360-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Florida+Indians+and+the+Invasion+from+Europe&rft.place=Gainesville%2C+Florida&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-8130-1360-7&rft.aulast=Milanich&rft.aufirst=Jerald+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACades+Pond+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilanich1998" class="citation book cs1">Milanich, Jerald T. (1998). <i>Florida's Indians from Ancient Times to the Present</i>. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8130-1599-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8130-1599-5"><bdi>0-8130-1599-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Florida%27s+Indians+from+Ancient+Times+to+the+Present&rft.place=Gainesville%2C+Florida&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-8130-1599-5&rft.aulast=Milanich&rft.aufirst=Jerald+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACades+Pond+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonésWallisSassaman2012" class="citation web cs1">Monés, Micah P.; Wallis, Neill J.; Sassaman, Kenneth E. (September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lsa.anthro.ufl.edu/publications/LSATechReport15.pdf">"Archaeological Investigations at Deer Island, Levy County, Florida"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Laboratory of Southeastern Archaeology, University of Florida</i>. Technical Report 15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Laboratory+of+Southeastern+Archaeology%2C+University+of+Florida&rft.atitle=Archaeological+Investigations+at+Deer+Island%2C+Levy+County%2C+Florida&rft.date=2012-09&rft.aulast=Mon%C3%A9s&rft.aufirst=Micah+P.&rft.au=Wallis%2C+Neill+J.&rft.au=Sassaman%2C+Kenneth+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flsa.anthro.ufl.edu%2Fpublications%2FLSATechReport15.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACades+Pond+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRolland2012" class="citation book cs1">Rolland, Vicky (2012). "The Alachua of North-Central Florida". In Ashley, Keith; White, Nancy Marie (eds.). <i>Late Prehistoric Florida</i>. Gainesville, Florida: University Press of Florida. pp. 126–48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-4014-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-4014-1"><bdi>978-0-8130-4014-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Alachua+of+North-Central+Florida&rft.btitle=Late+Prehistoric+Florida&rft.place=Gainesville%2C+Florida&rft.pages=126-48&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8130-4014-1&rft.aulast=Rolland&rft.aufirst=Vicky&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACades+Pond+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallis2016" class="citation journal cs1">Wallis, Neill (June–September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/32025748">"Climate Change and Ritual Intervention? An Egnimatic Sinkhole Pond and the End of Cades Pond Culture"</a>. <i>The Florida Anthropologist</i>. <b>69</b> (2–3): 89–110 – via Academia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Florida+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=Climate+Change+and+Ritual+Intervention%3F+An+Egnimatic+Sinkhole+Pond+and+the+End+of+Cades+Pond+Culture&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=2%E2%80%933&rft.pages=89-110&rft.date=2016-06%2F2016-09&rft.aulast=Wallis&rft.aufirst=Neill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F32025748&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACades+Pond+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallisCordellStoltman2014" class="citation journal cs1">Wallis, Neill; Cordell, Ann S.; Stoltman, James B. (December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272157649">"Foundations of the cades pond culture in north-central Florida: the River Styx site (8AL458)"</a>. <i>Southeastern Archaeology</i>. <b>33</b> (2): 168–188. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2Fsea.2014.33.2.003">10.1179/sea.2014.33.2.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129037557">129037557</a> – via Research Gate.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southeastern+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Foundations+of+the+cades+pond+culture+in+north-central+Florida%3A+the+River+Styx+site+%288AL458%29&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=168-188&rft.date=2014-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2Fsea.2014.33.2.003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129037557%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wallis&rft.aufirst=Neill&rft.au=Cordell%2C+Ann+S.&rft.au=Stoltman%2C+James+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F272157649&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACades+Pond+culture" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Late_Woodland_cultures" title="Template:Late Woodland cultures"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Late_Woodland_cultures" title="Template talk:Late Woodland cultures"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Late_Woodland_cultures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Late Woodland cultures"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25x25px_Late_Woodland_cultures" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Icon_mound_cone_HRoe.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Icon_mound_cone_HRoe.png/25px-Icon_mound_cone_HRoe.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d8/Icon_mound_cone_HRoe.png 1.5x" data-file-width="31" data-file-height="25" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Woodland_period" title="Woodland period">Late Woodland cultures</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Mound Builders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods_(North_America)" title="List of archaeological periods (North America)">List of archaeological periods (North America)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baum_Site" title="Baum Site">Baum Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beattie_Park_Mound_Group" title="Beattie Park Mound Group">Beattie Park Mound Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_site" title="Book site">Book site</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bowen_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bowen Site (page does not exist)">Bowen Site</a> (12 MA 61)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brinsfield_I_Site" title="Brinsfield I Site">Brinsfield I Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brokaw_Site" title="Brokaw Site">Brokaw Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clampitt_Site" title="Clampitt Site">Clampitt Site</a> (12-LR-329)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisher_site" title="Fisher site">Fisher site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoye_Site" title="Hoye Site">Hoye Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Maquoketa_River_Mounds_State_Preserve" title="Little Maquoketa River Mounds State Preserve">Little Maquoketa River Mounds State Preserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_Mound" title="Man Mound">Man Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Park_Site" title="Memorial Park Site">Memorial Park Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottingham_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Nottingham Site">Nottingham Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ormond_Mound" title="Ormond Mound">Ormond Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Croix_River_Access_Site" title="St. Croix River Access Site">St. Croix River Access Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sommerheim_Park_Archaeological_District" title="Sommerheim Park Archaeological District">Sommerheim Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Tennessee_Agriculture_Farm_Mound" title="University of Tennessee Agriculture Farm Mound">University of Tennessee Agriculture Farm Mound</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alachua_culture" title="Alachua culture">Alachua culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avonlea_culture" title="Avonlea culture">Avonlea culture</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clemson_Island_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clemson Island culture (page does not exist)">Clemson Island culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manahoac" title="Manahoac">Manahoac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monongahela_culture" title="Monongahela culture">Monongahela culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_phase" title="Oliver phase">Oliver phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Point_complex" title="Princess Point complex">Princess Point complex</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Springwells_phase&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Springwells phase (page does not exist)">Springwells phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwannee_Valley_culture" title="Suwannee Valley culture">Suwannee Valley culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weeden_Island_culture" title="Weeden Island culture">Weeden Island culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>Related topics</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Steuben_point" title="Steuben point">Steuben point</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Belle_Glade_culture" title="Belle Glade culture">Belle Glade culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather_events_of_535%E2%80%93536" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme weather events of 535–536">Extreme weather events of 535–536</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient" title="Fort Ancient">Fort Ancient culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oneota" title="Oneota">Oneota</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/St._Johns_culture" title="St. Johns culture">St. Johns culture</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="20x20px_Indigenous_peoples_of_Pre-Columbian_Florida" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#E8E6B4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indigenous_peoples_of_Pre-Columbian_Florida" title="Template:Indigenous peoples of Pre-Columbian Florida"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indigenous_peoples_of_Pre-Columbian_Florida" title="Template talk:Indigenous peoples of Pre-Columbian Florida"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous_peoples_of_Pre-Columbian_Florida" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous peoples of Pre-Columbian Florida"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="20x20px_Indigenous_peoples_of_Pre-Columbian_Florida" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mount_Royal_(Florida)_second_copper_plate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Mount_Royal_%28Florida%29_second_copper_plate.jpg/20px-Mount_Royal_%28Florida%29_second_copper_plate.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Mount_Royal_%28Florida%29_second_copper_plate.jpg/30px-Mount_Royal_%28Florida%29_second_copper_plate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Mount_Royal_%28Florida%29_second_copper_plate.jpg/40px-Mount_Royal_%28Florida%29_second_copper_plate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3400" data-file-height="3200" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Florida" title="Indigenous peoples of Florida">Indigenous peoples of Pre-Columbian Florida</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#E8E6B4"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><i>Periods</i></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Florida#Paleoindians" title="Indigenous peoples of Florida">Paleoindians</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Florida#Archaic_period" title="Indigenous peoples of Florida">Archaic period</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Florida#Post-Archaic_period" title="Indigenous peoples of Florida">Post-Archaic period</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Archaeological<br /> cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alachua_culture" title="Alachua culture">Alachua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belle_Glade_culture" title="Belle Glade culture">Belle Glade</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cades Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caloosahatchee_culture" title="Caloosahatchee culture">Caloosahatchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deptford_culture" title="Deptford culture">Deptford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Walton_culture" title="Fort Walton culture">Fort Walton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glades_culture" title="Glades culture">Glades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon-Jefferson_culture" title="Leon-Jefferson culture">Leon-Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manasota_culture" title="Manasota culture">Manasota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Taylor_period" title="Mount Taylor period">Mount Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwood_culture" title="Norwood culture">Norwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_period" title="Orange period">Orange period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensacola_culture" title="Pensacola culture">Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_Harbor_culture" title="Safety Harbor culture">Safety Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa-Swift_Creek_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Rosa-Swift Creek culture">Santa Rosa-Swift Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Johns_culture" title="St. Johns culture">St. Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwannee_Valley_culture" title="Suwannee Valley culture">Suwannee Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swift_Creek_culture" title="Swift Creek culture">Swift Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weeden_Island_culture" title="Weeden Island culture">Weeden Island</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Weeden_Island_culture#McKeithen_Weeden_Island_culture" title="Weeden Island culture">McKeithen</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Weeden_Island_culture#North_peninsular_Gulf_coast_region" title="Weeden Island culture">North peninsular Gulf coast</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Archaeological<br />sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KMMaskPointedNose.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/KMMaskPointedNose.jpg/110px-KMMaskPointedNose.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/KMMaskPointedNose.jpg/165px-KMMaskPointedNose.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/KMMaskPointedNose.jpg/220px-KMMaskPointedNose.jpg 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="716" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apalachee_Bay#Underwater_archaeological_sites" title="Apalachee Bay">Apalachee Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqui_Esta_Burial_Mound" title="Aqui Esta Burial Mound">Aqui Esta Burial Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Pines_Site" title="Bay Pines Site">Bay Pines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bear_Lake_Mounds_Archeological_District" title="Bear Lake Mounds Archeological District">Bear Lake Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Heart_West" title="Big Heart West">Big Heart West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Mound_City" title="Big Mound City">Big Mound City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Mound_Key-Boggess_Ridge_Archeological_District" title="Big Mound Key-Boggess Ridge Archeological District">Big Mound Key-Boggess Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_Hammock" title="Bird Hammock">Bird Hammock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueberry_Site" title="Blueberry Site">Blueberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowers_Bluff_Middens_Archeological_District" title="Bowers Bluff Middens Archeological District">Bowers Bluff Middens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bubba_Midden" title="Bubba Midden">Bubba Midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burns_Lake_Site" title="Burns Lake Site">Burns Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butcherpen_Mound" title="Butcherpen Mound">Butcherpen Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayo_Pelau_Archaeological_Site" title="Cayo Pelau Archaeological Site">Cayo Pelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayson_Mound_and_Village_Site" title="Cayson Mound and Village Site">Cayson Mound and Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._J._Ostl_Site" title="C. J. Ostl Site">C. J. Ostl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_River_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Crystal River Archaeological State Park">Crystal River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutler_Fossil_Site" title="Cutler Fossil Site">Cutler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demere_Key" title="Demere Key">Demere Key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_Den_Cave" title="Devil's Den Cave">Devil's Den Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dismal_Key" title="Dismal Key">Dismal Key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglass_Beach_Site" title="Douglass Beach Site">Douglass Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Center" title="Fort Center">Fort Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Walton_Mound" title="Fort Walton Mound">Fort Walton Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galt_Island_Archeological_District" title="Galt Island Archeological District">Galt Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_Patch_Archeological_Site" title="Garden Patch Archeological Site">Garden Patch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Mound" title="Green Mound">Green Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfway_Creek_Site" title="Halfway Creek Site">Halfway Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Blazes_archaeological_site" title="Helen Blazes archaeological site">Helen Blazes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hickory_Ridge_Cemetery_Archeological_Site" title="Hickory Ridge Cemetery Archeological Site">Hickory Ridge Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinson_Mounds" title="Hinson Mounds">Hinson Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horr%27s_Island" title="Horr's Island">Horr's Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Fields" title="Indian Fields">Indian Fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%26J_Hunt_Submerged_Archaeological_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="J&J Hunt Submerged Archaeological Site">J&J Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josslyn_Island_Site" title="Josslyn Island Site">Josslyn Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_Prada_Site" title="Jungle Prada Site">Jungle Prada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_Marco" title="Key Marco">Key Marco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimball_Island_Midden_Archeological_Site" title="Kimball Island Midden Archeological Site">Kimball Island Midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Jackson_Mounds_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Lake Jackson Mounds Archaeological State Park">Lake Jackson Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Pithlachocco_Canoe_Site" title="Lake Pithlachocco Canoe Site">Lake Pithlachocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letchworth-Love_Mounds_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Letchworth-Love Mounds Archaeological State Park">Letchworth-Love Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Salt_Spring" title="Little Salt Spring">Little Salt Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madira_Bickel_Mound_State_Archaeological_Site" title="Madira Bickel Mound State Archaeological Site">Madira Bickel Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Pardo_Shellworks_Site" title="Mark Pardo Shellworks Site">Mark Pardo Shellworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_Circle" title="Miami Circle">Miami Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill_Cove_Complex" title="Mill Cove Complex">Mill Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_Lake_Archeological_District" title="Monroe Lake Archeological District">Monroe Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_Key_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Mound Key Archaeological State Park">Mound Key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Elizabeth_Archeological_Site" title="Mount Elizabeth Archeological Site">Mount Elizabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Royal_(Florida)" title="Mount Royal (Florida)">Mount Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Taylor_(Florida)" title="Mount Taylor (Florida)">Mount Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullet_Key" title="Mullet Key">Mullet Key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myakkahatchee_Creek_Archaeological_Site" title="Myakkahatchee Creek Archaeological Site">Myakkahatchee Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Live_Oaks_Cemetery" title="Naval Live Oaks Cemetery">Naval Live Oaks Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nocoroco" title="Nocoroco">Nocoroco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ormond_Mound" title="Ormond Mound">Ormond Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortona_Prehistoric_Village" title="Ortona Prehistoric Village">Ortona Prehistoric Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otis_Hare_Archeological_Site" title="Otis Hare Archeological Site">Otis Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page-Ladson_site" class="mw-redirect" title="Page-Ladson site">Page-Ladson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persimmon_Mound" title="Persimmon Mound">Persimmon Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierce_Site" title="Pierce Site">Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pineland_Archeological_District" title="Pineland Archeological District">Pineland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platt_Island" title="Platt Island">Platt Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaza_Site" title="Plaza Site">Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompano_Beach_Mound" title="Pompano Beach Mound">Pompano Beach Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portavant_Mound" title="Portavant Mound">Portavant Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porter%27s_Bar_Site" title="Porter's Bar Site">Porter's Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Mound" title="Princess Mound">Princess Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Styx_archaeological_site" title="River Styx archaeological site">River Styx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberts_Island_complex" title="Roberts Island complex">Roberts Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Mound_Archeological_Site" title="Rock Mound Archeological Site">Rock Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rookery_Mound" title="Rookery Mound">Rookery Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Hammock_Site" title="Ross Hammock Site">Ross Hammock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_Harbor_site" title="Safety Harbor site">Safety Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_River_Slough_Archeological_District" title="Shark River Slough Archeological District">Shark River Slough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_Bluff_Landing" title="Shell Bluff Landing">Shell Bluff Landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce_Creek_Mound_Complex" title="Spruce Creek Mound Complex">Spruce Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Gulf_Breeze" title="Third Gulf Breeze">Third Gulf Breeze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Creek_Archeological_District" title="Thomas Creek Archeological District">Thomas Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turner_River_Site" title="Turner River Site">Turner River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_Mound" title="Turtle Mound">Turtle Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_Mounds_Archeological_District" title="Twin Mounds Archeological District">Twin Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Tampa_Bay_Park" title="Upper Tampa Bay Park">Upper Tampa Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Useppa_Island" title="Useppa Island">Useppa Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velda_Mound" title="Velda Mound">Velda Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waddells_Mill_Pond_Site" title="Waddells Mill Pond Site">Waddells Mill Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Ball_Wakulla_Springs_State_Park" title="Edward Ball Wakulla Springs State Park">Wakulla Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yent_Mound" title="Yent Mound">Yent Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yon_Mound_and_Village_Site" title="Yon Mound and Village Site">Yon Mound and Village</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Human<br />remains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Manasota_Key_Offshore" title="Manasota Key Offshore">Manasota Key Offshore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Bone_Bed#Melbourne_Man" title="Melbourne Bone Bed">Melbourne Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vero_man" title="Vero man">Vero man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warm_Mineral_Springs_(spring)" title="Warm Mineral Springs (spring)">Warm Mineral Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windover_Archeological_Site" title="Windover Archeological Site">Windover</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Lake_point" title="Beaver Lake point">Beaver Lake point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Everglades_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous peoples of the Everglades region">Indigenous peoples of the Everglades region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protection_of_Native_American_sites_in_Florida" title="Protection of Native American sites in Florida">Protection of Native American sites in Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_ring" title="Shell ring">Shell ring</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_shell_ring_sites#Florida" title="List of shell ring sites">List of shell ring sites#Florida</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_works" title="Shell works">Shell works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simpson_point" title="Simpson point">Simpson point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwannee_point" title="Suwannee point">Suwannee point</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#E8E6B4"><div> <dl><dt>Related</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian era</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pre-Columbian_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#E8E6B4"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pre-Columbian_North_America" title="Template:Pre-Columbian North America"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pre-Columbian_North_America" title="Template talk:Pre-Columbian North America"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pre-Columbian_North_America" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pre-Columbian North America"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pre-Columbian_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era#North_America" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian North America</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#E8E6B4"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods_(North_America)" title="List of archaeological periods (North America)">Periods</a></i></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lithic_stage" title="Lithic stage">Lithic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Archaic_period_(North_America)" title="Archaic period (North America)">Archaic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Formative_stage" title="Formative stage">Formative</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Classic_stage" title="Classic stage">Classic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Post-Classic_stage" title="Post-Classic stage">Post-Classic</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Archaeological<br /> cultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adena_culture" title="Adena culture">Adena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alachua_culture" title="Alachua culture">Alachua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Beringian" title="Ancient Beringian">Ancient Beringian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_Puebloans" title="Ancestral Puebloans">Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Anishinaabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avonlea_culture" title="Avonlea culture">Avonlea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baytown_culture" title="Baytown culture">Baytown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belle_Glade_culture" title="Belle Glade culture">Belle Glade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buttermilk_Creek_complex" title="Buttermilk Creek complex">Buttermilk Creek complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caborn-Welborn_culture" title="Caborn-Welborn culture">Caborn-Welborn</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cades Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calf_Creek_culture" title="Calf Creek culture">Calf Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caloosahatchee_culture" title="Caloosahatchee culture">Caloosahatchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coles_Creek_culture" title="Coles Creek culture">Coles Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comond%C3%BA_complex" title="Comondú complex">Comondú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deptford_culture" title="Deptford culture">Deptford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_tradition" title="Folsom tradition">Folsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient" title="Fort Ancient">Fort Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Walton_culture" title="Fort Walton culture">Fort Walton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont_culture" title="Fremont culture">Fremont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_Kame_culture" title="Glacial Kame culture">Glacial Kame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glades_culture" title="Glades culture">Glades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hohokam" title="Hohokam">Hohokam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_tradition" title="Hopewell tradition">Hopewell</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hopewell_sites" title="List of Hopewell sites">List of Hopewell sites</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Jolla_complex" title="La Jolla complex">La Jolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Palmas_complex" title="Las Palmas complex">Las Palmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Archaic" title="Maritime Archaic">Maritime Archaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mississippian_sites" title="List of Mississippian sites">List of Mississippian sites</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogollon_culture" title="Mogollon culture">Mogollon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monongahela_culture" title="Monongahela culture">Monongahela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Cordilleran_culture" title="Old Cordilleran culture">Old Cordilleran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneota" title="Oneota">Oneota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Arctic_tradition" title="Paleo-Arctic tradition">Paleo-Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patayan" title="Patayan">Patayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plano_cultures" title="Plano cultures">Plano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaquemine_culture" title="Plaquemine culture">Plaquemine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_Point_culture" title="Poverty Point culture">Poverty Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Ocher_people" title="Red Ocher people">Red Ocher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_Harbor_culture" title="Safety Harbor culture">Safety Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa-Swift_Creek_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Rosa-Swift Creek culture">Santa Rosa-Swift Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Johns_culture" title="St. Johns culture">St. Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steed-Kisker_culture" title="Steed-Kisker culture">Steed-Kisker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwannee_Valley_culture" title="Suwannee Valley culture">Suwannee Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tchefuncte_site#Tchefuncte_culture" title="Tchefuncte site">Tchefuncte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troyville_culture" title="Troyville culture">Troyville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weeden_Island_culture" title="Weeden Island culture">Weeden Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Archaeological<br />sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel_Mounds" title="Angel Mounds">Angel Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anzick_site" title="Anzick site">Anzick site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandelier_National_Monument" title="Bandelier National Monument">Bandelier National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastian_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Bastian Site">Bastian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benson_Archeological_Site_(13WD50)" title="Benson Archeological Site (13WD50)">Benson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Spring_Heritage_Center" title="Blue Spring Heritage Center">Blue Spring Shelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluefish_Caves" title="Bluefish Caves">Bluefish Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bluff_Point_Stoneworks" title="The Bluff Point Stoneworks">The Bluff Point Stoneworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brewster_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Brewster Site">Brewster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahokia" title="Cahokia">Cahokia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candelaria_Cave" title="Candelaria Cave">Candelaria Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_Grande_Ruins_National_Monument" title="Casa Grande Ruins National Monument">Casa Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaco_Culture_National_Historical_Park" title="Chaco Culture National Historical Park">Chaco Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coso_Rock_Art_District" title="Coso Rock Art District">Coso Rock Art District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_River_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Crystal River Archaeological State Park">Crystal River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuarenta_Casas" title="Cuarenta Casas">Cuarenta Casas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cueva_de_la_Olla_(archaeological_site)" title="Cueva de la Olla (archaeological site)">Cueva de la Olla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutler_Fossil_Site" title="Cutler Fossil Site">Cutler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eaker_site" title="Eaker site">Eaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Fin_del_Mundo" title="El Fin del Mundo">El Fin del Mundo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Vallecito" title="El Vallecito">El Vallecito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effigy_Mounds_National_Monument" title="Effigy Mounds National Monument">Effigy Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etowah_Indian_Mounds" title="Etowah Indian Mounds">Etowah Indian Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Eva Site">Eva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_site" title="Folsom site">Folsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Ancient_(Lebanon,_Ohio)" title="Fort Ancient (Lebanon, Ohio)">Fort Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Center" title="Fort Center">Fort Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Juelson" title="Fort Juelson">Fort Juelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Mounds_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Mounds Site">Four Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gila_Cliff_Dwellings_National_Monument" title="Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument">Gila Cliff Dwellings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenwood_Archeological_District" title="Glenwood Archeological District">Glenwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimes_Point" title="Grimes Point">Grimes Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Blazes_archaeological_site" title="Helen Blazes archaeological site">Helen Blazes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holly_Bluff_site" title="Holly Bluff site">Holly Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopewell_Culture_National_Historical_Park" title="Hopewell Culture National Historical Park">Hopewell Culture National Historical Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horr%27s_Island" title="Horr's Island">Horr's Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu%C3%A1poca" title="Huápoca">Huápoca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_Marco" title="Key Marco">Key Marco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimball_Village" title="Kimball Village">Kimball Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kincaid_Mounds_State_Historic_Site" title="Kincaid Mounds State Historic Site">Kincaid Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolomoki_Mounds" title="Kolomoki Mounds">Kolomoki Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Jackson_Mounds_Archaeological_State_Park" title="Lake Jackson Mounds Archaeological State Park">Lake Jackson Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehner_Mammoth-Kill_Site" title="Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site">Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Anse_aux_Meadows" title="L'Anse aux Meadows">L'Anse aux Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynch_Quarry_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Lynch Quarry Site">Lynch Quarry Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marksville_culture" title="Marksville culture">Marksville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marmes_Rockshelter" title="Marmes Rockshelter">Marmes Rockshelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meadowcroft_Rockshelter" title="Meadowcroft Rockshelter">Meadowcroft Rockshelter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesa_Verde_National_Park" title="Mesa Verde National Park">Mesa Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moaning_Cavern" title="Moaning Cavern">Moaning Cavern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorehead_Circle" title="Moorehead Circle">Moorehead Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrison_Mounds" title="Morrison Mounds">Morrison Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moundville_Archaeological_Site" title="Moundville Archaeological Site">Moundville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy_Cave" title="Mummy Cave">Mummy Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nodena_site" title="Nodena site">Nodena site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocmulgee_Mounds_National_Historical_Park" title="Ocmulgee Mounds National Historical Park">Ocmulgee Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Stone_Fort_(Tennessee)" title="Old Stone Fort (Tennessee)">Old Stone Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orwell_Site_(Fergus_Falls,_Minnesota)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orwell Site (Fergus Falls, Minnesota)">Orwell site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casas_Grandes" title="Casas Grandes">Paquime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painted_Bluff" title="Painted Bluff">Painted Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkin_Archeological_State_Park" title="Parkin Archeological State Park">Parkin Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinson_Mounds" title="Pinson Mounds">Pinson Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum_Bayou_Mounds_Archeological_State_Park" title="Plum Bayou Mounds Archeological State Park">Plum Bayou Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Earthworks" title="Portsmouth Earthworks">Portsmouth Earthworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_Point" title="Poverty Point">Poverty Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Bonito" title="Pueblo Bonito">Pueblo Bonito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rassawek" title="Rassawek">Rassawek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_Canyon" title="Recapture Canyon">Recapture Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Styx_archaeological_site" title="River Styx archaeological site">River Styx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberts_Island_complex" title="Roberts Island complex">Roberts Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Eagle" title="Rock Eagle">Rock Eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Hawk" title="Rock Hawk">Rock Hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosenstock_Village_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosenstock Village Site">Rosenstock Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Cave_National_Monument" title="Russell Cave National Monument">Russell Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_Ruins" title="Salmon Ruins">Salmon Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpent_Mound" title="Serpent Mound">Serpent Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Paintings_of_Sierra_de_San_Francisco" title="Rock Paintings of Sierra de San Francisco">Sierra de San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shell_ring_sites" title="List of shell ring sites">Shell ring sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiro_Mounds" title="Spiro Mounds">Spiro Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stallings_Island" title="Stallings Island">Stallings Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SunWatch_Indian_Village" title="SunWatch Indian Village">SunWatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taos_Pueblo" title="Taos Pueblo">Taos Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_Creek_Indian_Mound" title="Town Creek Indian Mound">Town Creek Indian Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_River_Mounds_State_Preserve" title="Turkey River Mounds State Preserve">Turkey River Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upward_Sun_River_site" title="Upward Sun River site">Upward Sun River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velda_Mound" title="Velda Mound">Velda Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Oak_Forest_Earthlodge_Site" title="West Oak Forest Earthlodge Site">West Oak Forest Earthlodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wickiup_Hill" title="Wickiup Hill">Wickiup Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windover_Archeological_Site" title="Windover Archeological Site">Windover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winterville_site" title="Winterville site">Winterville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wupatki_National_Monument" title="Wupatki National Monument">Wupatki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Human<br />remains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anzick-1" title="Anzick-1">Anzick-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlington_Springs_Man" title="Arlington Springs Man">Arlington Springs Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhl_Woman" title="Buhl Woman">Buhl Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennewick_Man" title="Kennewick Man">Kennewick Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Brea_Woman" title="La Brea Woman">La Brea Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leanderthal_Lady" title="Leanderthal Lady">Leanderthal Lady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Bone_Bed#Melbourne_Man" title="Melbourne Bone Bed">Melbourne Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Woman" title="Minnesota Woman">Minnesota Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1on_woman" title="Peñon woman">Peñon woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_Cave_mummy" title="Spirit Cave mummy">Spirit Cave mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vero_man" title="Vero man">Vero man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#E8E6B4;width:1%;vertical-align:top;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aridoamerica" title="Aridoamerica">Aridoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_ballgame" title="Mesoamerican ballgame">Ballgame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Black drink">Black drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_pipe" title="Ceremonial pipe">Ceremonial pipe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chanunpa" title="Chanunpa">Chanunpa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chunkey" title="Chunkey">Chunkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_point" title="Clovis point">Clovis point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container_Revolution_(pottery)" class="mw-redirect" title="Container Revolution (pottery)">Container Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Agricultural_Complex" title="Eastern Agricultural Complex">Eastern Agricultural Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_point" title="Eden point">Eden point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effigy_mound" title="Effigy mound">Effigy mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex#Birdman" title="Southeastern Ceremonial Complex">Falcon dancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_point" title="Folsom point">Folsom point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Corn_Ceremony" title="Green Corn Ceremony">Green Corn Ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horned_Serpent" title="Horned Serpent">Horned Serpent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiva" title="Kiva">Kiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_wheel" title="Medicine wheel">Medicine wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy_in_pre-Columbian_America#North_America" title="Metallurgy in pre-Columbian America">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq_hieroglyphic_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing">Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Mound Builders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Graves_Protection_and_Repatriation_Act" title="Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act">N.A.G.P.R.A.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_colonization_of_North_America" title="Norse colonization of North America">Norse colonization of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oasisamerica" title="Oasisamerica">Oasisamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piasa" title="Piasa">Piasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Projectile_point" title="Projectile point">Projectile point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Ceremonial_Complex" title="Southeastern Ceremonial Complex">Southeastern Ceremonial Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_North_American_stickball" title="Indigenous North American stickball">Stickball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Sisters_(agriculture)" title="Three Sisters (agriculture)">Three Sisters agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderbird_(mythology)" title="Thunderbird (mythology)">Thunderbird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_transoceanic_contact_theories" title="Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories">Transoceanic contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_panther" title="Underwater panther">Underwater panther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_glyphs" title="Water glyphs">Water glyphs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#E8E6B4"><div> <dl><dt>Related</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas">Genetic history</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-Columbian era</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a 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period in the Americas">Formative period in the Americas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1st-century_establishments" title="Category:1st-century establishments">1st-century establishments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:6th-century_disestablishments_in_North_America" title="Category:6th-century disestablishments in North America">6th-century disestablishments in North America</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">CS1 maint: numeric names: authors 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