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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Origin</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Origin-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Origin subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legendary_origin_account_in_Hyginus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legendary_origin_account_in_Hyginus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Legendary origin account in Hyginus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legendary_origin_account_in_Hyginus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ultimate_derivation_from_Egyptian_hieroglyphs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ultimate_derivation_from_Egyptian_hieroglyphs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Ultimate derivation from Egyptian hieroglyphs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ultimate_derivation_from_Egyptian_hieroglyphs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaic_Latin_alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaic_Latin_alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Archaic Latin alphabet</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Archaic_Latin_alphabet-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Archaic Latin alphabet subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Archaic_Latin_alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Phonetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Phonetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Old_Latin_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_Latin_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Old Latin period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_Latin_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_Latin_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_Latin_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Classical Latin period</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classical_Latin_period-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classical Latin period subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classical_Latin_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Late_antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Late antiquity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Typography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Typography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Typography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Handwriting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Handwriting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Handwriting</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Handwriting-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Handwriting subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Handwriting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Roman_cursive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_cursive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Roman cursive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_cursive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secretary_hand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secretary_hand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Secretary hand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secretary_hand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italic_script" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italic_script"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Italic script</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italic_script-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Copperplate_and_cursive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Copperplate_and_cursive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Copperplate and cursive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Copperplate_and_cursive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diffusion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diffusion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Diffusion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diffusion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">History of the Latin script</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 9 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-9" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">9 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B2ria_de_l%27alfabet_llat%C3%AD" title="Història de l'alfabet llatí – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Història de l'alfabet llatí" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_del_alfabeto_latino" title="Historia del alfabeto latino – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historia del alfabeto latino" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latindar_alfabetoaren_historia" title="Latindar alfabetoaren historia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Latindar alfabetoaren historia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_l%27alphabet_latin" title="Histoire de l'alphabet latin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire de l'alphabet latin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_abecedarii_Latini" title="Historia abecedarii Latini – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Historia abecedarii Latini" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschiedenis_van_het_Latijnse_schrift" title="Geschiedenis van het Latijnse schrift – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geschiedenis van het Latijnse schrift" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%9F%DF%8A%DF%AC%DF%95%DF%8D%DF%B2%DF%AC_%DF%9B%DF%93%DF%8D%DF%9B%DF%8E%DF%B2_%DF%A0%DF%8A%DF%AB_%DF%98%DF%90%DF%AC%DF%9D%DF%90" title="ߟߊ߬ߕߍ߲߬ ߛߓߍߛߎ߲ ߠߊ߫ ߘߐ߬ߝߐ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߟߊ߬ߕߍ߲߬ ߛߓߍߛߎ߲ ߠߊ߫ ߘߐ߬ߝߐ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria_do_alfabeto_latino" title="História do alfabeto latino – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="História do alfabeto latino" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%8F%B2" title="拉丁字母發展史 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Latin_alphabet&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Latin alphabet">History of the Latin alphabet</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Evolution of the Roman alphabet</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Duenos_Inscription.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Duenos_Inscription.jpg/220px-Duenos_Inscription.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Duenos_Inscription.jpg/330px-Duenos_Inscription.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Duenos_Inscription.jpg/440px-Duenos_Inscription.jpg 2x" data-file-width="464" data-file-height="448" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Duenos_inscription" title="Duenos inscription">Duenos inscription</a>, dated to the 6th century BC, shows the earliest known forms of the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet#Archaic_Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Old Latin alphabet</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> is the most widely used <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabetic writing system</a> in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the standard script of the English language and is often referred to simply as "the alphabet" in English. It is a <a href="/wiki/True_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="True alphabet">true alphabet</a> which originated in the 7th century BC in Italy and has changed continually over the last 2,500 years. It has roots in the <a href="/wiki/Semitic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Semitic alphabet">Semitic alphabet</a> and its offshoot alphabets, the <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_alphabet" title="Etruscan alphabet">Etruscan</a>. The phonetic values of some letters <a href="/wiki/Latin_spelling_and_pronunciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin spelling and pronunciation">changed</a>, some letters were lost and gained, and several writing styles ("hands") developed. Two such styles, the <a href="/wiki/Minuscule_cursive" class="mw-redirect" title="Minuscule cursive">minuscule</a> and <a href="/wiki/Majuscule" class="mw-redirect" title="Majuscule">majuscule</a> hands, were combined into one script with alternate forms for the lower and upper <a href="/wiki/Letter_case" title="Letter case">case letters</a>. Modern uppercase letters differ only slightly from their classical counterparts, and there are few regional variants. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Summary_of_evolution">Summary of evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Latin_script&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Summary of evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Latin alphabet started out as uppercase <a href="/wiki/Serif" title="Serif">serifed</a> letters known as <a href="/wiki/Roman_square_capitals" title="Roman square capitals">Roman square capitals</a>. The lowercase letters evolved through cursive styles that developed to adapt the inscribed alphabet to being written with a pen. Over the ages many dissimilar stylistic forms of each letter evolved but, when not becoming a recognised subform to transliterate exotic tongues, denoted the same letter. After the evolution from the Western Greek Alphabet through <a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Italic alphabet">Old Italic alphabet</a>, G developed from C, the consonantal I (namely J) from a flourished I, V and U split likewise and the Germanic-centred ligature of VV became W, the letter thorn <a href="/wiki/%C3%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Þ">Þ</a> was introduced from the <a href="/wiki/Runic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Runic alphabet">runic alphabet</a> but was lost in all except Icelandic, and s would be normally written as a <a href="/wiki/Long_s" title="Long s">long s</a> (ſ), and when coming before <a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">z</a>, it formed the ligature <a href="/wiki/%C3%9F" title="ß">ß</a>, which has survived in German to this day as a separate letter. S would settle as it appears today a <i>terminal s</i> (as it always had been at a word's end) after the 7th century AD – the internal forms were widely deprecated by the 19th century. </p><p>However, thanks to <a href="/wiki/Classical_revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical revival">classical revival</a>, <b>Roman capitals</b> were reintroduced by <a href="/wiki/Humanists" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanists">humanists</a> making old Latin inscriptions easily legible while many medieval <a href="/wiki/Manuscripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuscripts">manuscripts</a> are unreadable to an untrained modern reader, due to unfamiliar letterforms, narrow spacing and <a href="/wiki/Scribal_abbreviations" class="mw-redirect" title="Scribal abbreviations">abbreviation marks</a> save for the apostrophe and <b>Carolingian minuscule</b> letters (lower caps). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">Phonetic value</a> of some letters has changed in live languages whether or not from <a href="/wiki/Latin_spelling_and_pronunciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin spelling and pronunciation">Latin origins</a>, each seeing diverse softenings, drifts or phonetic complications such as in <a href="/wiki/Italian_orthography" title="Italian orthography">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_orthography" title="English orthography">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_orthography" title="Dutch orthography">Dutch</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_orthography" title="French orthography">French</a>. Vowels have also evolved with notably great vowel shifts in <a href="/wiki/Great_Vowel_Shift" title="Great Vowel Shift">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>. Orthography does not fully match phonetics – an illustration being that <span class="nowrap">⟨o⟩</span> became used rather than <span class="nowrap">⟨u⟩</span> when before <i>i, m, n, v, w</i> for legibility, namely to avoid a succession of vertical strokes, in English.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within each language there are <a href="/wiki/Heterography_and_homography" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterography and homography">homophonic heterographs</a> (words written differently but sounding the same) and the adoption of <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraphs</a> for new sounds, such as <span class="nowrap">⟨sh⟩</span> for the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">voiceless postalveolar fricative</a> in English, being <span class="nowrap">⟨ch⟩</span> in French, yet <span class="nowrap">⟨ch⟩</span> in Italian denotes k or the very basic words that began qu and their derivations. A theme for digraphs is widespread use of h as a second letter, avoiding diacritics onto, under, or over the first letter (unavailable in most basic <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing presses</a>) as in Romance languages h is usually a voiceless remnant. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Latin_script&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Italic alphabet">Old Italic alphabet</a></div> <p>It is generally held that the <a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a> derived their alphabet from the <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_alphabet" title="Etruscan alphabet">Etruscan alphabet</a>. The Etruscans, in turn, derived their alphabet from the Greek colony of <a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumae</a> in Italy, who used a Western variant of the Greek alphabet, which was in turn derived from the <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician alphabet</a>, itself derived from <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a>. The Latins ultimately adopted 21 of the original 26 Etruscan letters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legendary_origin_account_in_Hyginus">Legendary origin account in Hyginus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Latin_script&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Legendary origin account in Hyginus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Hyginus" title="Gaius Julius Hyginus">Gaius Julius Hyginus</a>, who recorded much Roman mythology, mentions in <i>Fab. 277</i> the legend that it was <a href="/wiki/Carmenta" title="Carmenta">Carmenta</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cimmerian_Sibyl" title="Cimmerian Sibyl">Cimmerian Sibyl</a>, who altered fifteen letters of the Greek alphabet to become the Latin alphabet, which her son <a href="/wiki/Evander_of_Pallene" class="mw-redirect" title="Evander of Pallene">Evander</a> introduced into Latium, supposedly 60 years before the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a>, but there is no historically sound basis to this tale. </p> <blockquote><p>The <a href="/wiki/Parcae" title="Parcae">Parcae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clotho" title="Clotho">Clotho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lachesis_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lachesis (mythology)">Lachesis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Atropos" title="Atropos">Atropos</a> invented seven Greek letters – A B H T I Y. Others say that Mercury invented them from the flight of cranes, which, when they fly, form letters. <a href="/wiki/Palamedes_(Greek_mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Palamedes (Greek mythology)">Palamedes</a>, too, son of <a href="/wiki/Nauplius_(mythology)" title="Nauplius (mythology)">Nauplius</a>, invented eleven letters; <a href="/wiki/Simonides_of_Ceos" title="Simonides of Ceos">Simonides</a>, too, invented four letters – O E Z PH; <a href="/wiki/Epicharmus_of_Kos" title="Epicharmus of Kos">Epicharmus of Sicily</a>, two – P and PS. The Greek letters Mercury is said to have brought to Egypt, and from Egypt Cadmus took them to Greece. Cadmus in exile from Arcadia, took them to Italy, and his mother Carmenta changed them to Latin to the number of 15. Apollo on the lyre added the rest.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ultimate_derivation_from_Egyptian_hieroglyphs">Ultimate derivation from Egyptian hieroglyphs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Latin_script&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ultimate derivation from Egyptian hieroglyphs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Below is a table synoptically showing selected Proto-Sinaitic signs and the proposed correspondences with Phoenician letters. Also shown are the sound values, names, and descendants of the Phoenician letters.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Possible correspondences between Hieroglyphs, Phoenician and Latin alphabets </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Hieroglyph </th> <th>Proto-Sinaitic </th> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> value </th> <th>Reconstructed name </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Proto-Canaanite_alphabet" title="Proto-Canaanite alphabet">Proto-Canaanite</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Archaic Greek</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Modern Greek</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_script#Etruscan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Italic script">Etruscan</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_F1.png?8f0ee" height="18" title="F1" alt="F1" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semiticA-01.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aleph"><img alt="Aleph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Proto-semiticA-01.svg/20px-Proto-semiticA-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Proto-semiticA-01.svg/30px-Proto-semiticA-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Proto-semiticA-01.svg/40px-Proto-semiticA-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td>/ʔ/</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CA%BEalp" class="mw-redirect" title="ʾalp">ʾalp</a> "ox" </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Protoalef.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aleph"><img alt="Aleph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Protoalef.svg/20px-Protoalef.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Protoalef.svg/30px-Protoalef.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Protoalef.svg/40px-Protoalef.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="625" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_aleph.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aleph"><img alt="Aleph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Phoenician_aleph.svg/20px-Phoenician_aleph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Phoenician_aleph.svg/30px-Phoenician_aleph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Phoenician_aleph.svg/40px-Phoenician_aleph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Alpha_03.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Greek_Alpha_03.svg/20px-Greek_Alpha_03.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Greek_Alpha_03.svg/30px-Greek_Alpha_03.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Greek_Alpha_03.svg/40px-Greek_Alpha_03.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1180947483">.mw-parser-output .polytonic{font-family:"SBL BibLit","SBL Greek","New Athena Unicode","EB Garamond","EB Garamond 12","Foulis Greek","Garamond Libre","Noto Sans","Noto Serif","Cardo","Gentium Plus","Gentium Book Plus","Garamond","Palatino Linotype","DejaVu Sans","DejaVu Serif","FreeSerif","FreeSans","Arial Unicode MS","Lucida Sans Unicode","Lucida Grande","Code2000",sans-serif}</style><span class="polytonic"><a href="/wiki/Alpha_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha (letter)">Α</a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">𐌀</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">A</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_O1.png?39788" height="16" title="O1" alt="O1" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semiticB-01.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bet"><img alt="Bet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Proto-semiticB-01.svg/20px-Proto-semiticB-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Proto-semiticB-01.svg/30px-Proto-semiticB-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Proto-semiticB-01.svg/40px-Proto-semiticB-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td>/b/</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bet_(letter)" title="Bet (letter)">bayt</a> "house" </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Protobet.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bet"><img alt="Bet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Protobet.svg/20px-Protobet.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Protobet.svg/30px-Protobet.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Protobet.svg/40px-Protobet.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="625" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_beth.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Beth"><img alt="Beth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Phoenician_beth.svg/20px-Phoenician_beth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Phoenician_beth.svg/30px-Phoenician_beth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Phoenician_beth.svg/40px-Phoenician_beth.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Beta_16.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Greek_Beta_16.svg/20px-Greek_Beta_16.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Greek_Beta_16.svg/30px-Greek_Beta_16.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Greek_Beta_16.svg/40px-Greek_Beta_16.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1180947483"><span class="polytonic"><a href="/wiki/Beta_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta (letter)">Β</a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">𐌁</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">B</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_T14.png?183d0" height="38" title="T14" alt="T14" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semiticG-01.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gimel"><img alt="Gimel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Proto-semiticG-01.svg/20px-Proto-semiticG-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Proto-semiticG-01.svg/30px-Proto-semiticG-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Proto-semiticG-01.svg/40px-Proto-semiticG-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td>/g/</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gimel" title="Gimel">gaml</a> "throwstick" </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Protogimel.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gimel"><img alt="Gimel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Protogimel.svg/20px-Protogimel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Protogimel.svg/30px-Protogimel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Protogimel.svg/40px-Protogimel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="243" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_gimel.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gimel"><img alt="Gimel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Phoenician_gimel.svg/20px-Phoenician_gimel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Phoenician_gimel.svg/30px-Phoenician_gimel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Phoenician_gimel.svg/40px-Phoenician_gimel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Gamma_03.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Greek_Gamma_03.svg/20px-Greek_Gamma_03.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Greek_Gamma_03.svg/30px-Greek_Gamma_03.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Greek_Gamma_03.svg/40px-Greek_Gamma_03.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1180947483"><span class="polytonic"><a href="/wiki/Gamma_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma (letter)">Γ</a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">𐌂</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">C</a> <a href="/wiki/G" title="G">G</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_K1.png?7a62b" height="19" title="K1" alt="K1" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_K2.png?73cc7" height="16" title="K2" alt="K2" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semiticD-02.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dalet"><img alt="Dalet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Proto-semiticD-02.svg/20px-Proto-semiticD-02.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Proto-semiticD-02.svg/30px-Proto-semiticD-02.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Proto-semiticD-02.svg/40px-Proto-semiticD-02.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td>/d/</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dagon" title="Dagon">dag</a> "fish" </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Protodalet.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dalet"><img alt="Dalet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Protodalet.svg/20px-Protodalet.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Protodalet.svg/30px-Protodalet.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Protodalet.svg/40px-Protodalet.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="265" data-file-height="540" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_daleth.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dalet"><img alt="Dalet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Phoenician_daleth.svg/20px-Phoenician_daleth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Phoenician_daleth.svg/30px-Phoenician_daleth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Phoenician_daleth.svg/40px-Phoenician_daleth.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Delta_04.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Greek_Delta_04.svg/20px-Greek_Delta_04.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Greek_Delta_04.svg/30px-Greek_Delta_04.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Greek_Delta_04.svg/40px-Greek_Delta_04.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1180947483"><span class="polytonic"><a href="/wiki/Delta_(letter)" title="Delta (letter)">Δ</a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">𐌃</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">D</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_A28.png?bbed7" height="38" title="A28" alt="A28" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semiticE-01.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Heh"><img alt="Heh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Proto-semiticE-01.svg/20px-Proto-semiticE-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Proto-semiticE-01.svg/30px-Proto-semiticE-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Proto-semiticE-01.svg/40px-Proto-semiticE-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td>/h/</td> <td><a href="/wiki/He_(letter)" title="He (letter)">haw/hillul</a> "praise" </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Protohe.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="He"><img alt="He" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Protohe.svg/20px-Protohe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Protohe.svg/30px-Protohe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Protohe.svg/40px-Protohe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="625" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_he.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="He"><img alt="He" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Phoenician_he.svg/20px-Phoenician_he.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Phoenician_he.svg/30px-Phoenician_he.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Phoenician_he.svg/40px-Phoenician_he.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg/20px-Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg/30px-Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg/40px-Greek_Epsilon_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/%CE%95" class="mw-redirect" title="Ε">Ε</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">𐌄</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">E</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" align="center"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G43.png?6eb40" height="38" title="G43" alt="G43" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td rowspan="2" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semiticW-01.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Waw"><img alt="Waw" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Proto-semiticW-01.svg/20px-Proto-semiticW-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Proto-semiticW-01.svg/30px-Proto-semiticW-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Proto-semiticW-01.svg/40px-Proto-semiticW-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2">/w/</td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Waw_(letter)" title="Waw (letter)">waw/uph</a> "fowl" </td> <td rowspan="2" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Protowaw.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Waw"><img alt="Waw" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Protowaw.svg/20px-Protowaw.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Protowaw.svg/30px-Protowaw.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Protowaw.svg/40px-Protowaw.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="625" /></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_waw.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Waw"><img alt="Waw" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Phoenician_waw.svg/20px-Phoenician_waw.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Phoenician_waw.svg/30px-Phoenician_waw.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Phoenician_waw.svg/40px-Phoenician_waw.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Digamma_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Greek_Digamma_normal.svg/20px-Greek_Digamma_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Greek_Digamma_normal.svg/30px-Greek_Digamma_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Greek_Digamma_normal.svg/40px-Greek_Digamma_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center" style="background:#efefef;">N/A </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/%F0%90%8C%85" class="mw-redirect" title="𐌅">𐌅</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">F</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg/20px-Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg/30px-Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg/40px-Greek_Upsilon_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1180947483"><span class="polytonic"><a href="/wiki/Upsilon" title="Upsilon">Υ</a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%F0%90%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="𐌖">𐌖</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">U</a> <a href="/wiki/V" title="V">V</a> <a href="/wiki/W" title="W">W</a> <a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">Y</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" align="center"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Z4.png?dbdf8" height="14" title="Z4" alt="Z4" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td rowspan="2" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semiticZ-01.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zayin"><img alt="Zayin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Proto-semiticZ-01.svg/20px-Proto-semiticZ-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Proto-semiticZ-01.svg/30px-Proto-semiticZ-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Proto-semiticZ-01.svg/40px-Proto-semiticZ-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> </td> <td>/z/</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zayin" title="Zayin">zayn/zayt</a> "sword" </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Protozayn.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zayin"><img alt="Zayin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Protozayn.svg/20px-Protozayn.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Protozayn.svg/30px-Protozayn.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Protozayn.svg/40px-Protozayn.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="625" /></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_zayin.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zayin"><img alt="Zayin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Phoenician_zayin.svg/20px-Phoenician_zayin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Phoenician_zayin.svg/30px-Phoenician_zayin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Phoenician_zayin.svg/40px-Phoenician_zayin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg/20px-Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg/30px-Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg/40px-Greek_Zeta_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2" align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1180947483"><span class="polytonic"><a href="/wiki/Zeta" title="Zeta">Z</a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2" align="center"><a href="/wiki/%F0%90%8C%86" class="mw-redirect" title="𐌆">𐌆</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Z</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>/ð/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zayin" title="Zayin">ḏiqq</a> "manacle" </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ProtoZiqq.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/ProtoZiqq.svg/20px-ProtoZiqq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/ProtoZiqq.svg/30px-ProtoZiqq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/ProtoZiqq.svg/40px-ProtoZiqq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="806" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_O6.png?36172" height="38" title="O6" alt="O6" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N24.png?9137a" height="14" title="N24" alt="N24" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_V28.png?f1179" height="38" title="V28" alt="V28" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td rowspan="2" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semiticH-01.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ḥet"><img alt="Ḥet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Proto-semiticH-01.svg/20px-Proto-semiticH-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Proto-semiticH-01.svg/30px-Proto-semiticH-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Proto-semiticH-01.svg/40px-Proto-semiticH-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td>/ħ/</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Heth" title="Heth">ḥaṣr</a> "courtyard" </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Protohet.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Heth"><img alt="Heth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Protohet.svg/20px-Protohet.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Protohet.svg/30px-Protohet.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Protohet.svg/40px-Protohet.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="335" data-file-height="421" /></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_heth.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ḥet"><img alt="Ḥet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Phoenician_heth.svg/20px-Phoenician_heth.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Phoenician_heth.svg/30px-Phoenician_heth.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Phoenician_heth.svg/40px-Phoenician_heth.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Eta_08.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Greek_Eta_08.svg/20px-Greek_Eta_08.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Greek_Eta_08.svg/30px-Greek_Eta_08.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Greek_Eta_08.svg/40px-Greek_Eta_08.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Eta_square-2-bars.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Greek_Eta_square-2-bars.svg/20px-Greek_Eta_square-2-bars.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Greek_Eta_square-2-bars.svg/30px-Greek_Eta_square-2-bars.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Greek_Eta_square-2-bars.svg/40px-Greek_Eta_square-2-bars.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Heta_08.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Greek_Heta_08.svg/20px-Greek_Heta_08.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Greek_Heta_08.svg/30px-Greek_Heta_08.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Greek_Heta_08.svg/40px-Greek_Heta_08.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2" align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1180947483"><span class="polytonic"><a href="/wiki/Eta" title="Eta">Η</a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2" align="center"><a href="/wiki/%F0%90%8C%87" class="mw-redirect" title="𐌇">𐌇</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" align="center"><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">H</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_V28.png?f1179" height="38" title="V28" alt="V28" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td>/x/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Heth" title="Heth">ḫa</a>yt "thread" </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Protokh.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Heth"><img alt="Heth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Protokh.svg/10px-Protokh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Protokh.svg/15px-Protokh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Protokh.svg/20px-Protokh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="2674" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D36.png?9d512" height="12" title="D36" alt="D36" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semiticI-02.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Yad"><img alt="Yad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Proto-semiticI-02.svg/20px-Proto-semiticI-02.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Proto-semiticI-02.svg/30px-Proto-semiticI-02.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Proto-semiticI-02.svg/40px-Proto-semiticI-02.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semiticI-01.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Yad"><img alt="Yad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Proto-semiticI-01.svg/20px-Proto-semiticI-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Proto-semiticI-01.svg/30px-Proto-semiticI-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Proto-semiticI-01.svg/40px-Proto-semiticI-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td>/j/</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yad" title="Yad">yad</a> "hand" </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Protoyud.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Yodh"><img alt="Yodh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Protoyud.svg/20px-Protoyud.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Protoyud.svg/30px-Protoyud.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Protoyud.svg/40px-Protoyud.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="625" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_yodh.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Yad"><img alt="Yad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Phoenician_yodh.svg/20px-Phoenician_yodh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Phoenician_yodh.svg/30px-Phoenician_yodh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Phoenician_yodh.svg/40px-Phoenician_yodh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Iota_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Greek_Iota_normal.svg/20px-Greek_Iota_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Greek_Iota_normal.svg/30px-Greek_Iota_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Greek_Iota_normal.svg/40px-Greek_Iota_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1180947483"><span class="polytonic"><a href="/wiki/Iota" title="Iota">Ι</a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">I</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">I</a> <a href="/wiki/J" title="J">J</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D46.png?1dee4" height="12" title="D46" alt="D46" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semiticK-01.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Khof"><img alt="Khof" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Proto-semiticK-01.svg/20px-Proto-semiticK-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Proto-semiticK-01.svg/30px-Proto-semiticK-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Proto-semiticK-01.svg/40px-Proto-semiticK-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td>/k/</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaph" title="Kaph">kap</a> "palm" </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Protokaf.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kaph"><img alt="Kaph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Protokaf.svg/20px-Protokaf.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Protokaf.svg/30px-Protokaf.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Protokaf.svg/40px-Protokaf.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="625" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_kaph.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kaph"><img alt="Kaph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Phoenician_kaph.svg/20px-Phoenician_kaph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Phoenician_kaph.svg/30px-Phoenician_kaph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Phoenician_kaph.svg/40px-Phoenician_kaph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Kappa_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Greek_Kappa_normal.svg/20px-Greek_Kappa_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Greek_Kappa_normal.svg/30px-Greek_Kappa_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Greek_Kappa_normal.svg/40px-Greek_Kappa_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1180947483"><span class="polytonic"><a href="/wiki/Kappa" title="Kappa">Κ</a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">𐌊</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">K</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_U20.png?76885" height="9" title="U20" alt="U20" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semiticL-01.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lamed"><img alt="Lamed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Proto-semiticL-01.svg/20px-Proto-semiticL-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Proto-semiticL-01.svg/30px-Proto-semiticL-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Proto-semiticL-01.svg/40px-Proto-semiticL-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td>/l/</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lamedh" title="Lamedh">lamd</a> "goad" </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Protolamed.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lamedh"><img alt="Lamedh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Protolamed.svg/20px-Protolamed.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Protolamed.svg/30px-Protolamed.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Protolamed.svg/40px-Protolamed.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="338" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_lamedh.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lamed"><img alt="Lamed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Phoenician_lamedh.svg/20px-Phoenician_lamedh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Phoenician_lamedh.svg/30px-Phoenician_lamedh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Phoenician_lamedh.svg/40px-Phoenician_lamedh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Lambda_06.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Greek_Lambda_06.svg/20px-Greek_Lambda_06.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Greek_Lambda_06.svg/30px-Greek_Lambda_06.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Greek_Lambda_06.svg/40px-Greek_Lambda_06.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Lambda_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Greek_Lambda_normal.svg/20px-Greek_Lambda_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Greek_Lambda_normal.svg/30px-Greek_Lambda_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Greek_Lambda_normal.svg/40px-Greek_Lambda_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1180947483"><span class="polytonic"><a href="/wiki/Lambda" title="Lambda">Λ</a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/%F0%90%8C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="𐌋">𐌋</a> <a href="/wiki/%CF%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="Ϟ">ϟ</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">L</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N35.png?fcc27" height="5" title="N35" alt="N35" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semiticM-01.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mem"><img alt="Mem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Proto-semiticM-01.svg/20px-Proto-semiticM-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Proto-semiticM-01.svg/30px-Proto-semiticM-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Proto-semiticM-01.svg/40px-Proto-semiticM-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td>/m/</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mem" title="Mem">maym</a> "water" </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Protomem.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mem"><img alt="Mem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Protomem.svg/20px-Protomem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="42" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Protomem.svg/30px-Protomem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Protomem.svg/40px-Protomem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="208" data-file-height="434" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_mem.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mem"><img alt="Mem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Phoenician_mem.svg/20px-Phoenician_mem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Phoenician_mem.svg/30px-Phoenician_mem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Phoenician_mem.svg/40px-Phoenician_mem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Mu_04.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Greek_Mu_04.svg/20px-Greek_Mu_04.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Greek_Mu_04.svg/30px-Greek_Mu_04.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Greek_Mu_04.svg/40px-Greek_Mu_04.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1180947483"><span class="polytonic"><a href="/wiki/Mu_(letter)" title="Mu (letter)">Μ</a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">𐌌</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">M</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_I10.png?9f0b0" height="38" title="I10" alt="I10" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semiticN-01.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nun"><img alt="Nun" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Proto-semiticN-01.svg/20px-Proto-semiticN-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Proto-semiticN-01.svg/30px-Proto-semiticN-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Proto-semiticN-01.svg/40px-Proto-semiticN-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td>/n/</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nun_(letter)" title="Nun (letter)">naḥaš</a> "snake" </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Protonun.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nun"><img alt="Nun" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Protonun.svg/20px-Protonun.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Protonun.svg/30px-Protonun.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Protonun.svg/40px-Protonun.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="213" data-file-height="396" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_nun.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nun"><img alt="Nun" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Phoenician_nun.svg/20px-Phoenician_nun.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Phoenician_nun.svg/30px-Phoenician_nun.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Phoenician_nun.svg/40px-Phoenician_nun.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Nu_01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Nu_01.svg/20px-Greek_Nu_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Nu_01.svg/30px-Greek_Nu_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Greek_Nu_01.svg/40px-Greek_Nu_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/%CE%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="Ν">Ν</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">𐌍</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">N</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D4.png?e1f5d" height="12" title="D4" alt="D4" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semiticO-01.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ayin"><img alt="Ayin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Proto-semiticO-01.svg/20px-Proto-semiticO-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Proto-semiticO-01.svg/30px-Proto-semiticO-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Proto-semiticO-01.svg/40px-Proto-semiticO-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td>/ʕ/</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CA%BFen" class="mw-redirect" title="ʿen">ʿayn</a> "eye" </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Protoayin.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ayin"><img alt="Ayin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Protoayin.svg/20px-Protoayin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Protoayin.svg/30px-Protoayin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Protoayin.svg/40px-Protoayin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="625" /></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_ayin.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ayin"><img alt="Ayin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Phoenician_ayin.svg/20px-Phoenician_ayin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Phoenician_ayin.svg/30px-Phoenician_ayin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Phoenician_ayin.svg/40px-Phoenician_ayin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Omicron_04.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Greek_Omicron_04.svg/20px-Greek_Omicron_04.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Greek_Omicron_04.svg/30px-Greek_Omicron_04.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Greek_Omicron_04.svg/40px-Greek_Omicron_04.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2" align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1180947483"><span class="polytonic"><a href="/wiki/Omicron" title="Omicron">Ο</a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2" align="center"><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">𐌏</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" align="center"><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">O</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_V28.png?f1179" height="38" title="V28" alt="V28" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td style="font-size: 20px" align="center">𓎛 <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghayn.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ghayn"><img alt="Ghayn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Ghayn.svg/20px-Ghayn.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Ghayn.svg/30px-Ghayn.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Ghayn.svg/40px-Ghayn.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="394" /></a></span> </td> <td>/ɣ/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ghayn" title="Ghayn">ġabiʿ</a> "calyx" </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Protoghayn.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ghayn"><img alt="Ghayn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Protoghayn.svg/20px-Protoghayn.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Protoghayn.svg/30px-Protoghayn.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Protoghayn.svg/40px-Protoghayn.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="625" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D21.png?9bfb9" height="11" title="D21" alt="D21" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semiticP-01.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pe (Semitic letter)"><img alt="Pe (Semitic letter)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Proto-semiticP-01.svg/20px-Proto-semiticP-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Proto-semiticP-01.svg/30px-Proto-semiticP-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Proto-semiticP-01.svg/40px-Proto-semiticP-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td>/p/</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pe_(Semitic_letter)" title="Pe (Semitic letter)">pʿit</a> "corner" </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Protope.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pe"><img alt="Pe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Protope.svg/20px-Protope.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Protope.svg/30px-Protope.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Protope.svg/40px-Protope.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="625" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_pe.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pe (Semitic letter)"><img alt="Pe (Semitic letter)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Phoenician_pe.svg/20px-Phoenician_pe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Phoenician_pe.svg/30px-Phoenician_pe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Phoenician_pe.svg/40px-Phoenician_pe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Pi_archaic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Pi_archaic.svg/20px-Greek_Pi_archaic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Pi_archaic.svg/30px-Greek_Pi_archaic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Greek_Pi_archaic.svg/40px-Greek_Pi_archaic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Pi_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Greek_Pi_normal.svg/20px-Greek_Pi_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Greek_Pi_normal.svg/30px-Greek_Pi_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Greek_Pi_normal.svg/40px-Greek_Pi_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1180947483"><span class="polytonic"><a href="/wiki/Pi_(letter)" title="Pi (letter)">Π</a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/%F0%90%8C%90" class="mw-redirect" title="𐌐">𐌐</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">P</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_O34.png?63e15" height="6" title="O34" alt="O34" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semiticQ-01.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Qoph"><img alt="Qoph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Proto-semiticQ-01.svg/20px-Proto-semiticQ-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Proto-semiticQ-01.svg/30px-Proto-semiticQ-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Proto-semiticQ-01.svg/40px-Proto-semiticQ-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> </td> <td>/kˤ/ or /q/</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Qoph" title="Qoph">qoba</a> "needle/nape/monkey" </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Protoquf.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Qoph"><img alt="Qoph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Protoquf.svg/20px-Protoquf.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Protoquf.svg/30px-Protoquf.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Protoquf.svg/40px-Protoquf.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="429" data-file-height="353" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_qoph.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Qoph"><img alt="Qoph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Phoenician_qoph.svg/20px-Phoenician_qoph.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Phoenician_qoph.svg/30px-Phoenician_qoph.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Phoenician_qoph.svg/40px-Phoenician_qoph.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Koppa_strikethrough.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Greek_Koppa_strikethrough.svg/20px-Greek_Koppa_strikethrough.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Greek_Koppa_strikethrough.svg/30px-Greek_Koppa_strikethrough.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Greek_Koppa_strikethrough.svg/40px-Greek_Koppa_strikethrough.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Koppa_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Greek_Koppa_normal.svg/20px-Greek_Koppa_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Greek_Koppa_normal.svg/30px-Greek_Koppa_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Greek_Koppa_normal.svg/40px-Greek_Koppa_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Phi_05.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Greek_Phi_05.svg/20px-Greek_Phi_05.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Greek_Phi_05.svg/30px-Greek_Phi_05.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Greek_Phi_05.svg/40px-Greek_Phi_05.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Phi_normal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Greek_Phi_normal.svg/20px-Greek_Phi_normal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Greek_Phi_normal.svg/30px-Greek_Phi_normal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Greek_Phi_normal.svg/40px-Greek_Phi_normal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1180947483"><span class="polytonic"><a href="/wiki/Phi_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Phi (letter)">Φ</a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/%F0%90%8C%98" class="mw-redirect" title="𐌘">𐌘</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">Q</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D1.png?aa707" height="19" title="D1" alt="D1" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D19.png?86712" height="26" title="D19" alt="D19" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semiticR-01.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Resh"><img alt="Resh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Proto-semiticR-01.svg/20px-Proto-semiticR-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Proto-semiticR-01.svg/30px-Proto-semiticR-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Proto-semiticR-01.svg/40px-Proto-semiticR-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td>/r/</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Resh" title="Resh">raʾš</a> "head" </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Protoresh.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Resh"><img alt="Resh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Protoresh.svg/20px-Protoresh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Protoresh.svg/30px-Protoresh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Protoresh.svg/40px-Protoresh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="311" data-file-height="444" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_res.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Res"><img alt="Res" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Phoenician_res.svg/20px-Phoenician_res.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Phoenician_res.svg/30px-Phoenician_res.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Phoenician_res.svg/40px-Phoenician_res.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Rho_pointed.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Greek_Rho_pointed.svg/20px-Greek_Rho_pointed.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Greek_Rho_pointed.svg/30px-Greek_Rho_pointed.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Greek_Rho_pointed.svg/40px-Greek_Rho_pointed.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Rho_03.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Greek_Rho_03.svg/20px-Greek_Rho_03.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Greek_Rho_03.svg/30px-Greek_Rho_03.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Greek_Rho_03.svg/40px-Greek_Rho_03.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1180947483"><span class="polytonic"><a href="/wiki/Rho_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rho (letter)">Ρ</a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">𐌓</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">R</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N6.png?4f1ba" height="20" title="N6" alt="N6" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shamash.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shin"><img alt="Shin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Shamash.svg/20px-Shamash.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Shamash.svg/30px-Shamash.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Shamash.svg/40px-Shamash.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="405" /></a></span> </td> <td>/ʃ/ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shamash" title="Shamash">šimš</a> "sun" </td> <td rowspan="2" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semiticS-01.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shin"><img alt="Shin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Proto-semiticS-01.svg/20px-Proto-semiticS-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Proto-semiticS-01.svg/30px-Proto-semiticS-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Proto-semiticS-01.svg/40px-Proto-semiticS-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_sin.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shin"><img alt="Shin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Phoenician_sin.svg/20px-Phoenician_sin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Phoenician_sin.svg/30px-Phoenician_sin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Phoenician_sin.svg/40px-Phoenician_sin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Sigma_04.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Greek_Sigma_04.svg/20px-Greek_Sigma_04.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Greek_Sigma_04.svg/30px-Greek_Sigma_04.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Greek_Sigma_04.svg/40px-Greek_Sigma_04.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1180947483"><span class="polytonic"><a href="/wiki/Sigma_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigma (letter)">Σ</a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">𐌔</a> </td> <td align="center" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">S</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" align="center"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M39.png?45bb8" height="16" title="M39" alt="M39" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M40.png?36181" height="38" title="M40" alt="M40" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M41.png?a086a" height="7" title="M41" alt="M41" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td rowspan="2" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semiticS-01.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shin"><img alt="Shin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Proto-semiticS-01.svg/20px-Proto-semiticS-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Proto-semiticS-01.svg/30px-Proto-semiticS-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Proto-semiticS-01.svg/40px-Proto-semiticS-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td>/ɬ/</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblehub.com/hebrew/7704.htm">śadeh</a> "field, land" </td></tr> <tr> <td>/θ/</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/_/roots.aspx?type=Semitic&root=%C5%A1nn">ṯann</a> "bow" </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ProtoThann.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/ProtoThann.svg/20px-ProtoThann.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/ProtoThann.svg/30px-ProtoThann.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/ProtoThann.svg/40px-ProtoThann.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1047" /></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Tau_02.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Greek_Tau_02.svg/20px-Greek_Tau_02.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Greek_Tau_02.svg/30px-Greek_Tau_02.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Greek_Tau_02.svg/40px-Greek_Tau_02.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="43" data-file-height="53" /></a></span> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%CE%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="Τ">Τ</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">𐌕</a> </td> <td align="center" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">T</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Z9.png?d2054" height="16" title="Z9" alt="Z9" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proto-semiticT-01.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tof"><img alt="Tof" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Proto-semiticT-01.svg/20px-Proto-semiticT-01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Proto-semiticT-01.svg/30px-Proto-semiticT-01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Proto-semiticT-01.svg/40px-Proto-semiticT-01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span> </td> <td>/t/</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tav_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tav (letter)">tāw</a> "mark" </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prototaw.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Taw"><img alt="Taw" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Prototaw.svg/20px-Prototaw.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Prototaw.svg/30px-Prototaw.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Prototaw.svg/40px-Prototaw.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="625" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenician_taw.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Taw"><img alt="Taw" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Phoenician_taw.svg/20px-Phoenician_taw.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Phoenician_taw.svg/30px-Phoenician_taw.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Phoenician_taw.svg/40px-Phoenician_taw.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="85" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" style="background:#efefef;">N/A </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_Chi_classical.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Greek_Chi_classical.svg/20px-Greek_Chi_classical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Greek_Chi_classical.svg/30px-Greek_Chi_classical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Greek_Chi_classical.svg/40px-Greek_Chi_classical.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="65" data-file-height="80" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/%CE%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="Χ">Χ</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">𐌗</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">X</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaic_Latin_alphabet">Archaic Latin alphabet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Latin_script&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Archaic Latin alphabet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The original Latin alphabet was: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Original Latin alphabet, in the modern equivalent letters </caption> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">A</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">B</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">C</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">D</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">E</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">F</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Z</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">H</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">I</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">K</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">L</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">M</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">N</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">O</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">P</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">Q</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">R</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">S</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">T</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">V</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">X</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The oldest Latin inscriptions do not distinguish between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span>, represented both by C, K and Q according to position. This is explained by the fact that the <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_language" title="Etruscan language">Etruscan language</a> did not make this distinction. K was used before A; Q was used (if at all) before O or V; C was used elsewhere. C derived from Greek Gamma (Γ) and Q from Greek <a href="/wiki/Koppa_(letter)" title="Koppa (letter)">Koppa</a> (Ϙ). In later Latin, K survived only in a few forms such as <i>Kalendae</i>; Q survived only before V (representing <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kw/</span>), and C was used everywhere else. G was later invented to distinguish between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span>; it was originally simply a C with an additional stroke. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonetics">Phonetics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Latin_script&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Phonetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Latin_spelling_and_pronunciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin spelling and pronunciation">Latin spelling and pronunciation</a></div> <ul><li>C stood for both <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span></li> <li>I stood for both <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span>.</li> <li>V stood for both <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/u/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Old_Latin_period">Old Latin period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Latin_script&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Old Latin period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Old_Latin" title="Old Latin">Old Latin</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">K</a> was marginalized in favour of <a href="/wiki/C" title="C">C</a>, which afterward stood for both /ɡ/ and /k/. </p><p>Probably during the 3rd century BC, the <a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Z</a> was dropped and a new letter <a href="/wiki/G" title="G">G</a> was placed in its position – according to <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Spurius_Carvilius_Ruga" title="Spurius Carvilius Ruga">Spurius Carvilius Ruga</a> – so that afterward, C = /k/, G = /ɡ/. </p><p>Old Latin could be written from <a href="/wiki/Right-to-left_script" title="Right-to-left script">right to left</a> (as were Etruscan and early Greek) or <a href="/wiki/Boustrophedon" title="Boustrophedon">boustrophedon</a>, while writing after the first century BC was almost always left-to-right.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Old Latin alphabet, in the modern equivalent letters </caption> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">A</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">B</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">C</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">D</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">E</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">F</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">G</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">H</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">I</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">K</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">L</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">M</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">N</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">O</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">P</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">Q</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">R</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">S</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">T</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">V</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">X</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classical_Latin_period">Classical Latin period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Latin_script&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Classical Latin period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carving_in_Rome.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Carving_in_Rome.jpg/220px-Carving_in_Rome.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Carving_in_Rome.jpg/330px-Carving_in_Rome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Carving_in_Rome.jpg/440px-Carving_in_Rome.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Two carvings in <a href="/wiki/San_Pietro_in_Vincoli" title="San Pietro in Vincoli">San Pietro in Vincoli</a>, Rome. The lower dates to the 4th century AD, with letters in a <a href="/wiki/Roman_cursive" title="Roman cursive">Roman cursive</a> style and no spaces between words.</figcaption></figure> <p>An attempt by the emperor <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a> to introduce three <a href="/wiki/Claudian_letters" title="Claudian letters">additional letters</a> was short-lived, but after the conquest of <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> in the 1st century BC the letters Y and Z were, respectively, adopted and readopted from the Greek alphabet and placed at the end. Now the new Latin alphabet contained 23<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> letters: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Classical Latin alphabet </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="text-align:left">Letter </th> <th><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">A</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">B</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">C</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">D</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">E</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">F</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">G</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">H</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">I</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">K</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">L</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">M</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">N</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">O</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">P</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">Q</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">R</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">S</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">T</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">V</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">X</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">Y</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Z</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Latin name (majus) </th> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps">á</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">bé</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">cé</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">dé</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">é</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">ef</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">gé</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">há</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">ꟾ</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">ká</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">el</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">em</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">en</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">ó</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">pé</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">q</span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">v́</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">er</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">es</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">té</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">v́</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">ix</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">ꟾ graeca</span></td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">zéta</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Latin name </th> <td><i>ā</i></td> <td><i>bē</i></td> <td><i>cē </i></td> <td><i>dē </i></td> <td><i>ē</i></td> <td><i>ef</i></td> <td><i>gē </i></td> <td><i>hā</i></td> <td><i>ī</i></td> <td><i>kā </i></td> <td><i>el</i></td> <td><i>em</i></td> <td><i>en</i></td> <td><i>ō </i></td> <td><i>pē</i></td> <td><i>qū </i></td> <td><i>er</i></td> <td><i>es </i></td> <td><i>tē</i></td> <td><i>ū</i></td> <td><i>ix </i></td> <td><span class="nowrap"><i>ī Graeca</i></span></td> <td><i>zēta</i> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left">Latin pronunciation (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">IPA</a>) </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">aː</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">beː</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">keː</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">deː</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">eː</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛf</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɡeː</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">haː</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">iː</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kaː</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛl</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛm</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛn</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">oː</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">peː</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kuː</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛr</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɛs</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">teː</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">uː</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">iks</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">iː ˈɡraɪka</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ˈdzeːta</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Latin names of some of the letters are disputed. In general, however, the Romans did not use the traditional (Semitic-derived) names as in Greek, but adopted the simplified names of the Etruscans, which derived from saying the sounds of the letters: the vowels stood for themselves, the names of the <a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">stop consonant</a> letters were formed by adding the neutral vowel <i>e</i>, which in Latin became <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eː/</span> (except for K and Q, which were distinguished from C by appending the vowel which followed them in Etruscan orthography), and the names of the <a href="/wiki/Continuant" title="Continuant">continuant</a> consonants were formed by preceded the sound with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span>. X was named <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/eks/</span> rather than <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kseː/</span>, as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ks/</span> could not begin a word in Latin (and possibly Etruscan). When the letter Y was introduced into Latin, it was probably called <i>hy</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/hyː/</span> as in Greek (the name <a href="/wiki/Upsilon" title="Upsilon">upsilon</a> being not yet in use), but was changed to <i>i Graeca</i> ("Greek i") as Latin speakers had difficulty distinguishing the sounds <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/y/</span>. Z was given its Greek name, <a href="/wiki/Zeta_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeta (letter)">zeta</a>, when it was borrowed.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the Latin sounds represented by the various letters see <a href="/wiki/Latin_spelling_and_pronunciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin spelling and pronunciation">Latin spelling and pronunciation</a>; for the names of the letters in English see <a href="/wiki/English_alphabet" title="English alphabet">English alphabet</a> and for the sounds in English see <a href="/wiki/English_phonetics" class="mw-redirect" title="English phonetics">English phonetics</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Roman_cursive" title="Roman cursive">Roman cursive</a> script, also called <a href="/wiki/Majuscule" class="mw-redirect" title="Majuscule">majuscule</a> cursive and capitalis cursive, was the everyday form of handwriting used for writing letters, by merchants writing business accounts, by schoolchildren learning the Latin alphabet, and even by <a href="/wiki/Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Emperor">emperors</a> issuing commands. A more formal style of writing was based on <a href="/wiki/Roman_square_capitals" title="Roman square capitals">Roman square capitals</a>, but cursive was used for quicker, informal writing. It was most commonly used from about the 1st century BC to the 3rd century AD, but it probably existed earlier than that. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_antiquity">Late antiquity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Latin_script&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Late antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Visigothic_script" title="Visigothic script">Visigothic script</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_cursive" title="Roman cursive">Roman cursive</a></div> <p>The Latin alphabet spread from <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, along with the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin language</a>, to the lands surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> with the expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. The eastern half of the Roman Empire, including <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, continued to use <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a>, but Latin was widely spoken in the western half of the Empire, and as the western <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>, including <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>, evolved out of Latin they continued to use and adapt the Latin alphabet. In the East, it evolved forming the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> language. </p><p>Some of the letters had variant shapes in <a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">epigraphy</a>: </p> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%EA%9F%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="Ꟶ">Ꟶ</a>⟩</span> was used occasionally instead of <span class="nowrap">⟨H⟩</span> in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Roman Gaul</a>.</li> <li><span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%EA%9F%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="ꟾ">ꟾ</a>⟩</span> was sometimes used to mark a long <span class="nowrap">⟨I⟩</span>.</li> <li><span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%EA%9F%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="ꟷ">ꟷ</a>⟩</span> was used in <a href="/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain" title="Sub-Roman Britain">Sub-Roman Britain</a> for the <span class="nowrap">⟨I⟩</span> in some grammatical roles.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Latin_script&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_minuscule" title="Carolingian minuscule">Carolingian minuscule</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insular_script" title="Insular script">Insular script</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Uncial" class="mw-redirect" title="Uncial">Uncial</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ioanne_Arnoldo_1541.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Ioanne_Arnoldo_1541.PNG/300px-Ioanne_Arnoldo_1541.PNG" decoding="async" width="300" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Ioanne_Arnoldo_1541.PNG/450px-Ioanne_Arnoldo_1541.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Ioanne_Arnoldo_1541.PNG/600px-Ioanne_Arnoldo_1541.PNG 2x" data-file-width="702" data-file-height="358" /></a><figcaption><i>De chalcographiae inventione</i> (1541, <a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a>) with the 23 letters. <a href="/wiki/W" title="W">W</a>, <a href="/wiki/U" title="U">U</a> and <a href="/wiki/J" title="J">J</a> are missing.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rekenaar_1553.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Rekenaar_1553.jpg/300px-Rekenaar_1553.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Rekenaar_1553.jpg/450px-Rekenaar_1553.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Rekenaar_1553.jpg/600px-Rekenaar_1553.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1379" data-file-height="641" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jeton" title="Jeton">Jeton</a> from <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a>, c. 1553, with 24 letters, W is included.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Lower_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower case">lower case</a> (minuscule) letters developed in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> from <a href="/wiki/Roman_cursive#New_Roman_cursive" title="Roman cursive">New Roman Cursive</a> writing, first as the <a href="/wiki/Uncial" class="mw-redirect" title="Uncial">uncial</a> script, and later as minuscule script. The old Roman letters were retained for formal inscriptions and for emphasis in written documents. The languages that use the Latin alphabet generally use capital letters to begin paragraphs and sentences and for proper nouns. The rules for capitalization have changed over time, and different languages have varied in their rules for capitalization. <a href="/wiki/Old_English_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old English language">Old English</a>, for example, was rarely written with even proper nouns capitalised; whereas Modern English of the 18th century had frequently all nouns capitalised, in the same way that Modern <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> is today. </p><p>The use of the letters I and V for both consonants and vowels proved inconvenient as the Latin alphabet was adapted to Germanic and Romance languages. <a href="/wiki/W" title="W">W</a> originated as a doubled <a href="/wiki/V" title="V">V</a> (VV) used to represent the sound <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w]</span> found in <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> as early as the 7th century. It came into common use in the later 11th century, replacing the runic <a href="/wiki/Wynn" title="Wynn">Wynn</a> letter which had been used for the same sound. In the Romance languages, the minuscule form of V was a rounded <i>u</i>; from this was derived a rounded capital U for the vowel in the 16th century, while a new, pointed minuscule <i>v</i> was derived from V for the consonant. In the case of I, a word-final <a href="/wiki/Swash_(typography)" title="Swash (typography)">swash</a> form, <i>j</i>, came to be used for the consonant, with the un-swashed form restricted to vowel use. Such conventions were erratic for centuries. J was introduced into English for the consonant in the 17th century (being rare as a vowel), but it was not universally considered a distinct letter in the alphabetic order until the 19th century. </p><p>The names of the letters were largely unchanged, with the exception of H. As the sound <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> disappeared from the Romance languages, the original Latin name <i>hā</i> became difficult to distinguish from A. Emphatic forms such as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[aha]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[axxa]</span> were used, developing eventually into <i>acca</i>, the direct ancestor of English <i>aitch</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evolution_of_minuscule.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Evolution_of_minuscule.svg/800px-Evolution_of_minuscule.svg.png" decoding="async" width="800" height="575" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Evolution_of_minuscule.svg/1200px-Evolution_of_minuscule.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Evolution_of_minuscule.svg/1600px-Evolution_of_minuscule.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1824" data-file-height="1312" /></a><figcaption>Simplified relationship between various scripts leading to the development of modern lower case of the standard Latin alphabet and that of the modern variants, <a href="/wiki/Fraktur_(script)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraktur (script)">Fraktur</a> (used in Germany until recently) and <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_type" title="Gaelic type">Gaelic</a> (Ireland). Several scripts coexisted such as <a href="/wiki/Half-uncial" class="mw-redirect" title="Half-uncial">half-uncial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uncial" class="mw-redirect" title="Uncial">uncial</a>, which derive from <a href="/wiki/Roman_cursive" title="Roman cursive">Roman cursive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_uncial" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek uncial">Greek uncial</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Visigothic_script" title="Visigothic script">Visigothic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merovingian_script" title="Merovingian script">Merovingian (Luxeuil variant here)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beneventan_script" title="Beneventan script">Beneventan</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolingian script">Carolingian script</a> was the basis for <a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">blackletter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Humanist_sans-serif" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanist sans-serif">humanist</a>. What is commonly called "Gothic writing" is technically called blackletter (here <a href="/wiki/Textualis" class="mw-redirect" title="Textualis">Textualis quadrata</a>), and is completely unrelated to Visigothic script. The letter j is i with a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/flourish" class="extiw" title="wikt:flourish">flourish</a>; u and v are the same letter in early scripts and varied according to position in insular half-uncial and caroline minuscule and later scripts; W is a ligature of vv; in Anglo-Saxon insular the <a href="/wiki/Rune" title="Rune">rune</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Wynn" title="Wynn">wynn</a></i> is used as a w and <a href="/wiki/Thorn_(letter)" title="Thorn (letter)"><i>thorn</i></a> (þ) for th. A dot was adopted for i only after late-caroline (protogothic), and in Beneventan script the <a href="/wiki/Scribal_abbreviation" title="Scribal abbreviation">macron abbreviation</a> featured a dot above. Lost variants such as <a href="/wiki/R_rotunda" title="R rotunda">r rotunda</a>, ligatures and <a href="/wiki/Scribal_abbreviation" title="Scribal abbreviation">scribal abbreviation marks</a> are omitted, <a href="/wiki/Long_s" title="Long s">long s</a> is shown when no terminal s (surviving variant) is present. <a href="/wiki/Humanist_sans-serif" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanist sans-serif">Humanist script</a> was the basis for venetian <a href="/wiki/Typeface" title="Typeface">types</a> which changed little until today, such as <a href="/wiki/Times_Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Times Roman">Times New Roman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Serif" title="Serif">a serif typeface</a>).</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Typography">Typography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Latin_script&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Typography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_typography" title="History of Western typography">History of Western typography</a></div> <p>With the spread of <a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">printing</a>, several styles of Latin <a href="/wiki/Typography" title="Typography">typography</a> emerged with <a href="/wiki/Typeface" title="Typeface">typefaces</a> based on various <a href="/wiki/Letter_case" title="Letter case">minuscules</a> of the Middle Ages depending on the region. In Germany, starting with <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Gutenberg" title="Johannes Gutenberg">Johannes Gutenberg</a> the commonly used <a href="/wiki/Typefaces" class="mw-redirect" title="Typefaces">typefaces</a> were based on <a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">blackletter</a> scripts, a tradition that lasted until the 20th century, an example of the later typefaces used is <a href="/wiki/Fraktur" title="Fraktur">fraktur</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, due to the <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">revival of classical culture</a>, the heavy gothic styles were soon displaced by <i>Venetian</i> Latin types, also called <a href="/wiki/Antiqua_(typeface_class)" title="Antiqua (typeface class)">antiqua</a>, which were based on the <a href="/wiki/Roman_square_capitals" title="Roman square capitals">inscriptional capitals</a> on <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> buildings and <a href="/wiki/Monument" title="Monument">monuments</a>. However, <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanist</a> scholars of the early 15th century mistook <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_minuscule" title="Carolingian minuscule">Carolingian minuscule</a> as the authentic writing style of the Romans and redesigned the small Carolingian letter, lengthening ascenders and descenders, and adding incised serifs and finishing strokes to integrate them with the Roman capitals. By the time <a href="/wiki/Movable_type" title="Movable type">moveable type</a> reached Italy several decades later, the humanistic writing had evolved into a consistent model known as <b>humanistic minuscule</b>, which served as the basis for Venetian typeface. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Handwriting">Handwriting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Latin_script&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Handwriting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Western_calligraphy" title="Western calligraphy">Western calligraphy</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vereinfachte_Ausgangsschrift.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Vereinfachte_Ausgangsschrift.png/250px-Vereinfachte_Ausgangsschrift.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Vereinfachte_Ausgangsschrift.png/375px-Vereinfachte_Ausgangsschrift.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Vereinfachte_Ausgangsschrift.png/500px-Vereinfachte_Ausgangsschrift.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="654" /></a><figcaption>Handwritten form of the Latin script used in Germany</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_cursive">Roman cursive</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Latin_script&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Roman cursive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Roman_cursive" title="Roman cursive">Roman cursive</a></div> <p>In addition to the aforementioned square capitals used in architecture, in the Roman empire and in the Middle Ages for rapidly written vernacular documents <a href="/wiki/Roman_cursive" title="Roman cursive">roman cursive</a> or even a form of shorthand, called <a href="/wiki/Tironian_notes" title="Tironian notes">tironian notes</a>, were used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secretary_hand">Secretary hand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Latin_script&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Secretary hand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Secretary_hand" title="Secretary hand">Secretary hand</a></div> <p>Whereas the meticulously drawn textualis quadrata was the most common script for religious works, starting from the 13th century a common style of handwriting for vernacular work, which were written at speed, was <a href="/wiki/Secretary_hand" title="Secretary hand">secretary hand</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Cursive" title="Cursive">cursive</a> script, which features amongst several ligatures and contraction distinctive strong "elephant's ear" ascenders and descenders<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italic_script">Italic script</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Latin_script&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Italic script"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Italic_script" title="Italic script">Italic script</a></div> <p>In the 16th–17th centuries secretary hand was slowly replaced by <a href="/wiki/Italic_script" title="Italic script">italic scripts</a>, a semi-cursive group of scripts. Early italic hand, dating from the 15th century, was based on <a href="/wiki/Humanist_minuscule" title="Humanist minuscule">humanist minuscule</a> with pronounced serifs, a <a href="/wiki/A" title="A">single story a</a>, <a href="/wiki/G" title="G">open tailed g</a>, slight forward slope and in the late renaissance could have been written with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Flourishes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flourishes (page does not exist)">flourishes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swashes" class="mw-redirect" title="Swashes">swashes</a>. Italic hand developed into Cancelleresca (chancery) corsiva (also an italic script) used for <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Vatican</a> documents from the middle of the 16th century, which featured a more prominent slope and lavish swashes (often curled) on capitals. </p><p>Additionally this script led to the <a href="/wiki/Italic_type" title="Italic type">italic type</a> in typography, which could be used within a text written in <a href="/wiki/Roman_type" title="Roman type">Roman type</a> (<i>e.g.</i> "The <a href="/wiki/Biological_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological classification">taxonomic name</a> of the red fox is <i>Vulpes vulpes</i>") and thanks to <a href="/wiki/Edward_Johnston" title="Edward Johnston">Edward Johnston</a> this script has enjoyed a revival in the 20th century. </p><p><b>Note:</b> "Italic hand" (a semi-cursive script), "Ital<i>ian</i> hand" (a copperplate cursive script) and "Italic <i>type</i>" (a typeface) are different concepts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Copperplate_and_cursive">Copperplate and cursive</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Latin_script&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Copperplate and cursive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Copperplate_script" title="Copperplate script">Copperplate script</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cursive" title="Cursive">cursive</a></div> <p>From the italic scripts after the 16th century, more cursive forms evolved, known as <a href="/wiki/Copperplate_script" title="Copperplate script">Copperplate script</a> due to way the calligraphy books were printed. These scripts reached their height in the 18–19th century. The main examples were the Italian hand and the English round-hand, which in Britain were taught to men and women respectively, these scripts feature flowing letters which could be written with a single pen lift (with the exception of x and the marks added after writing the word which were dots on i and j and the bar of the ascender of t) with straight or looped ascenders and descenders. In Italy, Italian hand is instead known as "posata" (posed). </p><p>Several national styles of cursive were developed, such as <a href="/wiki/Spencerian_Script" class="mw-redirect" title="Spencerian Script">Spencerian Script</a> in the US. Despite the recent decline, in several countries cursive scripts are still taught in schools today<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"><span title="An editor has requested that an example be provided. (September 2010)">example needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, often modified to be more similar to roman type letters (tailless z, w-like instead of a 90° CW turned s for w, capitals without "belly" or swashes, forward-facing capital F etc.). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diffusion">Diffusion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Latin_script&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Diffusion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spread_of_the_Latin_script" title="Spread of the Latin script">Spread of the Latin script</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/History_of_the_Latin_script" title="Special:EditPage/History of the Latin script">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>With the spread of <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a> the Latin alphabet spread to the peoples of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">northern Europe</a> who spoke <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a>, displacing their earlier <a href="/wiki/Runic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Runic alphabet">Runic alphabets</a>, as well as to the speakers of <a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic languages</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>, and several (non-<a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a>) <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic languages</a>, most notably <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> the Latin alphabet also came into use among the peoples speaking <a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic languages</a>, including the ancestors of modern <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czechs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovenes" title="Slovenes">Slovenes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Slovaks" title="Slovaks">Slovaks</a>, as these peoples adopted Roman Catholicism. Speakers of <a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">East Slavic languages</a> generally adopted both <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a>. </p><p>As late as 1492, the Latin alphabet was limited primarily to the languages spoken in western, northern and <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">central Europe</a>. The Orthodox Christian Slavs of eastern and <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern Europe">southeastern Europe</a> mostly used the Cyrillic alphabet, and the Greek alphabet was still in use by Greek-speakers around the eastern Mediterranean. The <a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic alphabet</a> was widespread within Islam, both among <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arabs</a> and non-Arab nations like the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia" title="Ethnic groups in Indonesia">Indonesians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay people">Malays</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a>. Most of the rest of Asia used a variety of <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmic family">Brahmic alphabets</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese script">Chinese script</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:De-facto_Latin_script_distribution_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/De-facto_Latin_script_distribution_map.svg/350px-De-facto_Latin_script_distribution_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/De-facto_Latin_script_distribution_map.svg/525px-De-facto_Latin_script_distribution_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/De-facto_Latin_script_distribution_map.svg/700px-De-facto_Latin_script_distribution_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption>World distribution of the Latin alphabet. The blue areas show the countries where the Latin alphabet is the sole official script or most predominant writing system.</figcaption></figure> <p>By the 18th century, the standard Latin alphabet, cemented by the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a>, comprised the 26 letters we are familiar with today, albeit in <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a> the letter <span class="nowrap">⟨w⟩</span> was until the 19th century very rare. </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a>, the alphabet began its spread around the world, being employed for previously unwritten languages, notably in the wake of <a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a>, being used in <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations" title="Bible translations">Bible translations</a>. It spread to <a href="/wiki/The_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="The Americas">the Americas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, and parts of <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, and the Pacific, along with the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> languages. </p><p>In the late 18th century, the <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romanians</a> adopted the Latin alphabet; although <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a> is a Romance language, the Romanians were predominantly Orthodox Christians, and until the 19th century the Church used the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Romanian Cyrillic alphabet">Romanian Cyrillic alphabet</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, under French rule, adapted the Latin alphabet for <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>, which had previously used Chinese characters. The Latin alphabet is also used for many <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> and the other <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Languages of the Philippines">languages of the Philippines</a>, and the official <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahasa Malaysia">Malaysian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>, replacing earlier Arabic and Brahmic scripts. </p><p>In 1928, as part of <a href="/wiki/Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" class="mw-redirect" title="Kemal Atatürk">Kemal Atatürk</a>'s reforms, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> adopted the Latin alphabet for the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish language</a>, replacing the Arabic alphabet. Most of <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a>-speaking peoples of the former <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bashkirs" title="Bashkirs">Bashkirs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azeri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeri language">Azeri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a> and others, used the <a href="/wiki/Uniform_Turkic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform Turkic alphabet">Uniform Turkic alphabet</a> in the 1930s. In the 1940s all those alphabets were replaced by Cyrillic. After the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in 1991, several of the newly independent Turkic-speaking republics adopted the Latin alphabet, replacing Cyrillic. <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> have officially adopted the Latin alphabet for <a href="/wiki/Azeri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeri language">Azeri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a>, respectively. In the 1970s, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> developed an official transliteration of <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a> into the Latin alphabet, called <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a>, used to aid children and foreigners in learning the pronunciation of Chinese characters. Aside from that, Chinese characters are used for reading and writing. </p><p><a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic</a> and some <a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic languages</a> use the Latin alphabet rather than the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a>, a reflection of the dominant religion practiced among those peoples. Among these, <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> uses a variety of diacritics and digraphs to represent special phonetic values, as well as <a href="/wiki/L_with_stroke" class="mw-redirect" title="L with stroke">l with stroke</a> – ł – for a w-like sound. <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a> uses <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a> as in Dvořák – the term <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1%C4%8Dek" class="mw-redirect" title="Háček">háček</a> ("little hook") is Czech. <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a> and the Latin version of <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a> use carons, or háčeks, in č, š, ž, an <a href="/wiki/Acute_accent" title="Acute accent">acute</a> in ć and a <a href="/wiki/Bar_(diacritic)" title="Bar (diacritic)">bar</a> in đ. The languages of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> Slavs generally use Cyrillic instead which is much closer to the Greek alphabet. <a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a>, however, actively uses both alphabets. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Latin_script&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_alphabet" title="History of the alphabet">History of the alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scribal_abbreviation" title="Scribal abbreviation">Scribal abbreviation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Latin_script&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/331677/Latin-alphabet">"Latin alphabet"</a>. <i>britannica.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=britannica.com&rft.atitle=Latin+alphabet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F331677%2FLatin-alphabet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Latin+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Algeo, J., Butcher, C., <i>The Origins and Development of the English Language</i>, Cengage Learning 2013, p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theoi.com/Text/HyginusFabulae5.html">Hyginus, <i>Fabulae</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Based on Simons (2011), <ul><li>Figure Two: "Representative selection of proto-Sinaitic characters with comparison to Egyptian hieroglyphs" (p. 38),</li> <li>Figure Three: "Chart of all early proto-Canaanite letters with comparison to proto-Sinaitic signs" (p. 39),</li> <li>Figure Four: "Representative selection of later proto-Canaanite letters with comparison to early proto-Canaanite and proto-Sinaitic signs" (p. 40).</li></ul> See also: Goldwasser (2010), following Albright (1966), "Schematic Table of Proto-Sinaitic Characters" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apocalypse2008-2015.com/images/Proto-Sinaitic_Table.gif">fig. 1</a>). A comparison of glyphs from western ("Proto-Canaanite", Byblos) and southern scripts along with the reconstructed "Linear Ugaritic" (Lundin 1987) is found in Manfried Dietrich and Oswald Loretz, <i>Die Keilalphabete: die phönizisch-kanaanäischen und altarabischen Alphabete in Ugarit</i>, Ugarit-Verlag, 1988, p. 102, reprinted in Wilfred G. E. Watson, Nicolas Wyatt (eds.), <i>Handbook of Ugaritic Studies</i> (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Z2Jo01iq1YC&pg=PA86">p. 86</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalsey1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Darrach_Halsey" title="William Darrach Halsey">Halsey, William D.</a> (1965). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/colliersencyclop01shor/page/595"><i>Collier's encyclopedia, with Bibliography and Index</i></a></span>. USA: The Crowell-Collier Publishing Company. p. 595.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collier%27s+encyclopedia%2C+with+Bibliography+and+Index&rft.place=USA&rft.pages=595&rft.pub=The+Crowell-Collier+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Halsey&rft.aufirst=William+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcolliersencyclop01shor%2Fpage%2F595&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Latin+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/latin.htm">"The Latin alphabet"</a>. <i>www.omniglot.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.omniglot.com&rft.atitle=The+Latin+alphabet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fwriting%2Flatin.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Latin+script" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sampson, 1990. <i>Writing Systems: A Linguistic Introduction</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sampson, 1990. <i>Writing Systems: A Linguistic Introduction</i>, p. 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Calligrapher's Bible: 100 Complete Alphabets and How to Draw Them</i>, David Harris, 2003</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Latin_script" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Latin_script/main" title="Template:Latin script/main"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Latin_script/main" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Latin script/main"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Latin_script/main" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Latin script/main"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Latin_script" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_the_Latin_script" title="Spread of the Latin script">Spread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">Romanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligature_(writing)#Latin_alphabet" title="Ligature (writing)">Ligatures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin-script_alphabet" title="Latin-script alphabet">Alphabets</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_alphabets" title="List of Latin-script alphabets">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Latin alphabet">Classical Latin alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet" title="ISO basic Latin alphabet">ISO basic Latin alphabet</a></li> <li>Phonetic alphabets <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-SAMPA" title="X-SAMPA">X-SAMPA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spelling_alphabet" title="Spelling alphabet">Spelling alphabet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Letters (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_letters" title="List of Latin-script letters">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="margin: 0 -0.25em; width: 100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="26"><div style="width:100%; background:#e0e0e0;; text-align:center;">Letters of the <a href="/wiki/ISO_basic_Latin_alphabet" title="ISO basic Latin alphabet">ISO basic Latin alphabet</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/A" title="A">Aa</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/B" title="B">Bb</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/C" title="C">Cc</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/D" title="D">Dd</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/E" title="E">Ee</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/F" title="F">Ff</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/G" title="G">Gg</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/H" title="H">Hh</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/I" title="I">Ii</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/J" title="J">Jj</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/K" title="K">Kk</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/L" title="L">Ll</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/M" title="M">Mm </a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/N" title="N">Nn</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/O" title="O">Oo</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/P" title="P">Pp</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Q" title="Q">Qq</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/R" title="R">Rr</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/S" title="S">Ss</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/T" title="T">Tt</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/U" title="U">Uu</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/V" title="V">Vv</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/W" title="W">Ww</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/X" title="X">Xx</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Y" title="Y">Yy</a></span> </td> <td style="text-align:center;width:3.85%;"><span class=""><a href="/wiki/Z" title="Z">Zz </a></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Latin-script_multigraph" title="Latin-script multigraph">Multigraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_digraphs" title="List of Latin-script digraphs">Digraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ch_(digraph)" title="Ch (digraph)">Ch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dz_(digraph)" title="Dz (digraph)">Dz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%BE" title="Dž">Dž</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gh_(digraph)" title="Gh (digraph)">Gh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IJ_(digraph)" title="IJ (digraph)">IJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lj_(digraph)" title="Lj (digraph)">Lj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ll" title="Ll">Ll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_ly" title="Hungarian ly">Ly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nh_(digraph)" title="Nh (digraph)">Nh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nj_(digraph)" title="Nj (digraph)">Nj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny_(digraph)" title="Ny (digraph)">Ny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh_(digraph)" title="Sh (digraph)">Sh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sz_(digraph)" title="Sz (digraph)">Sz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th_(digraph)" title="Th (digraph)">Th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_trigraphs" title="List of Latin-script trigraphs">Trigraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_dzs" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian dzs">dzs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eau_(trigraph)" title="Eau (trigraph)">eau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_tetragraphs" title="List of Latin-script tetragraphs">Tetragraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ough_(orthography)" title="Ough (orthography)">ough</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_pentagraphs" title="List of Latin-script pentagraphs">Pentagraphs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Tzsch" class="mw-redirect" title="Tzsch">tzsch</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Keyboard layouts (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin-script_keyboard_layouts" title="List of Latin-script keyboard layouts">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/QWERTY" title="QWERTY">QWERTY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QWERTZ" title="QWERTZ">QWERTZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AZERTY" title="AZERTY">AZERTY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvorak_keyboard_layout" title="Dvorak keyboard layout">Dvorak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colemak" title="Colemak">Colemak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%89PO" title="BÉPO">BÉPO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo_(keyboard_layout)" title="Neo (keyboard layout)">Neo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_646" title="ISO/IEC 646">ISO/IEC 646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Latin_character_sets_(computing)" title="Western Latin character sets (computing)">Western Latin character sets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script_in_Unicode" title="Latin script in Unicode">Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIN_91379" title="DIN 91379">DIN 91379: Unicode subset for Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_precomposed_Latin_characters_in_Unicode" title="List of precomposed Latin characters in Unicode">Precomposed Latin characters in Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_letters_used_in_mathematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin letters used in mathematics">Letters used in mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_typographical_symbols_and_punctuation_marks" title="List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks">List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">Diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaeography" title="Palaeography">Palaeography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Typography" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Typography" title="Template:Typography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Typography" title="Template talk:Typography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Typography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Typography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Typography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Typography" title="Typography">Typography</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Page_(paper)" title="Page (paper)">Page</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canons_of_page_construction" title="Canons of page construction">Canons of page construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_(typography)" title="Column (typography)">Column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Even_working" title="Even working">Even working</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margin_(typography)" title="Margin (typography)">Margin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Page_numbering" title="Page numbering">Page numbering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_size" title="Paper size">Paper size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagination" title="Pagination">Pagination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pull_quote" title="Pull quote">Pull quote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recto_and_verso" title="Recto and verso">Recto and verso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentionally_blank_page" title="Intentionally blank page">Intentionally blank page</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paragraph" title="Paragraph">Paragraph</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Typographic_alignment" title="Typographic alignment">Alignment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leading" title="Leading">Leading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_length" title="Line length">Line length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_(typography)" title="River (typography)">River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runaround_(typography)" title="Runaround (typography)">Runaround</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widows_and_orphans" title="Widows and orphans">Widows and orphans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Runt_(typography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Runt (typography)">runt</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glyph" title="Glyph">Character</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Typeface_anatomy" title="Typeface anatomy">Typeface anatomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter_(typography)" title="Counter (typography)">Counter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">Diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dingbat" title="Dingbat">Dingbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glyph" title="Glyph">Glyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ink_trap" title="Ink trap">Ink trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligature_(writing)" title="Ligature (writing)">Ligature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotated_letter" title="Rotated letter">Rotation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subscript_and_superscript" title="Subscript and superscript">Subscript and superscript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swash_(typography)" title="Swash (typography)">Swash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_figures" title="Text figures">Text figures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tittle" title="Tittle">Tittle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Capitalization" title="Capitalization">Capitalization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_caps" title="All caps">All caps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camel_case" title="Camel case">Camel case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initial" title="Initial">Initial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_case" title="Letter case">Letter case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_caps" title="Small caps">Small caps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake_case" title="Snake case">Snake case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_case" title="Title case">Title case</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Emphasis_(typography)" title="Emphasis (typography)">Visual distinction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackboard_bold" title="Blackboard bold">Blackboard bold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emphasis_(typography)" title="Emphasis (typography)">Bold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_printing" title="Color printing">Color printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italic_type" title="Italic type">Italics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblique_type" title="Oblique type">Oblique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underscore" title="Underscore">Underline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitespace_character" title="Whitespace character">Whitespace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Horizontal aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Figure_space" title="Figure space">Figure space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerning" title="Kerning">Kerning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter-spacing" class="mw-redirect" title="Letter-spacing">Letter-spacing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_(typewriter)" title="Pitch (typewriter)">Pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentence_spacing" title="Sentence spacing">Sentence spacing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thin_space" title="Thin space">Thin space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_spacing" title="Word spacing">Word spacing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Vertical aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascender_(typography)" title="Ascender (typography)">Ascender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseline_(typography)" title="Baseline (typography)">Baseline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_height_(typography)" title="Body height (typography)">Body height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cap_height" title="Cap height">Cap height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descender" title="Descender">Descender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mean_line" title="Mean line">Mean line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overshoot_(typography)" title="Overshoot (typography)">Overshoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-height" title="X-height">x-height</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Typeface" title="Typeface">Typeface<br /> classifications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Roman_type" title="Roman type">Roman type</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serif" title="Serif">Serif</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiqua_(typeface_class)" title="Antiqua (typeface class)">Antiqua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didone_(typography)" title="Didone (typography)">Didone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slab_serif" title="Slab serif">slab serif</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sans-serif" title="Sans-serif">Sans-serif</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">Blackletter type</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fraktur" title="Fraktur">Fraktur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotunda_(script)" title="Rotunda (script)">Rotunda</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Schwabacher" title="Schwabacher">Schwabacher</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_type" title="Gaelic type">Gaelic type</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insular_script" title="Insular script">Insular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncial_script" title="Uncial script">Uncial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Specialist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Record_type" title="Record type">Record type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_typeface" title="Display typeface">Display typeface</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Script_typeface" title="Script typeface">script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_face" title="Fat face">fat face</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse-contrast_typefaces" title="Reverse-contrast typefaces">reverse-contrast</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Punctuation" title="Punctuation">Punctuation</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_typographical_symbols_and_punctuation_marks" title="List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bullet_(typography)" title="Bullet (typography)">Bullet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dash" title="Dash">Dash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanging_punctuation" title="Hanging punctuation">Hanging punctuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyphen" title="Hyphen">Hyphen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyphen-minus" title="Hyphen-minus">minus sign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpunct" title="Interpunct">Interpunct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_(punctuation)" title="Space (punctuation)">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_bar" title="Vertical bar">Vertical bar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Typesetting" title="Typesetting">Typesetting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etaoin_shrdlu" title="Etaoin shrdlu">Etaoin shrdlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Font" title="Font">Font</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_font" title="Computer font">computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monospaced_font" title="Monospaced font">monospaced</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Font_catalog" title="Font catalog">Font catalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_position_only" title="For position only">For position only</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letterpress_printing" title="Letterpress printing">Letterpress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorem_ipsum" title="Lorem ipsum">Lorem ipsum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microprinting" title="Microprinting">Microprinting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microtypography" title="Microtypography">Microtypography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movable_type" title="Movable type">Movable type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangram" title="Pangram">Pangram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phototypesetting" title="Phototypesetting">Phototypesetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punchcutting" title="Punchcutting">Punchcutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversing_type" title="Reversing type">Reversing type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sort_(typesetting)" title="Sort (typesetting)">Sort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_color" title="Type color">Type color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_design" title="Type design">Type design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typeface" title="Typeface">Typeface</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_typefaces" title="List of typefaces">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Typographic_unit" title="Typographic unit">Typographic units</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agate_(typography)" title="Agate (typography)">Agate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero_(typography)" title="Cicero (typography)">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Em_(typography)" title="Em (typography)">Em</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/En_(typography)" title="En (typography)">En</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metric_typographic_units" title="Metric typographic units">Metric units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pica_(typography)" title="Pica (typography)">Pica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_(typography)" title="Point (typography)">Point</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_point-size_names" title="Traditional point-size names">traditional point-size names</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twip" title="Twip">Twip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Digital typography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Character_encoding" title="Character encoding">Character encoding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Font_hinting" title="Font hinting">Hinting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Font_rasterization" title="Font rasterization">Rasterization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_typographic_features" title="List of typographic features">Typographic features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_typography" title="Web typography">Web typography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9zier_curve#Fonts" title="Bézier curve">Bézier curves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desktop_publishing" title="Desktop publishing">Desktop publishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Typography in other<br />writing systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_typography" title="Arabic typography">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_typography" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic typography">Cyrillic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PT_Fonts" title="PT Fonts">PT Fonts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_typography" title="East Asian typography">East Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_typography" title="Thai typography">Thai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Fonts" title="National Fonts">National Fonts</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penmanship" title="Penmanship">Penmanship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Handwriting" title="Handwriting">Handwriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handwriting_script" title="Handwriting script">Handwriting script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" 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