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<li id="toc-Establishment_from_1917" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment_from_1917"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Establishment from 1917</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment_from_1917-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Silent_era_(1918–1930)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Silent_era_(1918–1930)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Silent era (1918–1930)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Silent_era_(1918–1930)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hugenberg_(1927–1933)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hugenberg_(1927–1933)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Hugenberg (1927–1933)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hugenberg_(1927–1933)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nazification_(1933–1937)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nazification_(1933–1937)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Nazification (1933–1937)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nazification_(1933–1937)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nationalization_(1937–1941)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nationalization_(1937–1941)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Nationalization (1937–1941)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nationalization_(1937–1941)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_film_monopoly:_UFI_(1942–1945)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_film_monopoly:_UFI_(1942–1945)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>State film monopoly: UFI (1942–1945)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_film_monopoly:_UFI_(1942–1945)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war_period:_Dissolution_and_Sovietization_vs._re-privatization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war_period:_Dissolution_and_Sovietization_vs._re-privatization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Post-war period: Dissolution and Sovietization vs. re-privatization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war_period:_Dissolution_and_Sovietization_vs._re-privatization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bertelsmann_(starting_in_1964)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bertelsmann_(starting_in_1964)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Bertelsmann (starting in 1964)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bertelsmann_(starting_in_1964)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Production_units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production_units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.1</span> <span>Production units</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production_units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Former_subsidiaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Former_subsidiaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8.2</span> <span>Former subsidiaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Former_subsidiaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_films_from_the_1920s_to_the_1940s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_films_from_the_1920s_to_the_1940s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Popular films from the 1920s to the 1940s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_films_from_the_1920s_to_the_1940s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leading_UFA_directors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leading_UFA_directors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Leading UFA directors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leading_UFA_directors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filmography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filmography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Filmography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filmography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%85" title="شركة يونيفيرسال فيلم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شركة يونيفيرسال فيلم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%85_%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%85" title="اونیورزوم فیلم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اونیورزوم فیلم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%A4%D0%90" title="УФА – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="УФА" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universum_Film_AG" title="Universum Film AG – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Universum Film AG" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFA" title="UFA – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="UFA" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFA_(filmselskab)" title="UFA (filmselskab) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="UFA (filmselskab)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFA" title="UFA – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="UFA" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universum_Film_AG" title="Universum Film AG – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Universum Film AG" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universum_Film_AG" title="Universum Film AG – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Universum Film AG" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%85_%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%85" title="اونیورزوم فیلم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اونیورزوم فیلم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universum_Film_AG" title="Universum Film AG – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Universum Film AG" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%ED%8C%8C_(%EA%B8%B0%EC%97%85)" title="우파 (기업) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="우파 (기업)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universum_Film_Aktiengesselschaft" title="Universum Film Aktiengesselschaft – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Universum Film Aktiengesselschaft" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFA_(azienda)" title="UFA (azienda) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="UFA (azienda)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFA" title="UFA – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="UFA" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFA" title="UFA – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="UFA" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFA_GmbH" title="UFA GmbH – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="UFA GmbH" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universum_Film_AG" title="Universum Film AG – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Universum Film AG" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%83%BC%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1_(%E6%98%A0%E7%94%BB%E4%BC%9A%E7%A4%BE)" title="ウーファ (映画会社) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウーファ (映画会社)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universum_Film" title="Universum Film – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Universum Film" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFA" title="UFA – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="UFA" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universum_Film_AG" title="Universum Film AG – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Universum Film AG" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studiourile_de_filme_UFA" title="Studiourile de filme UFA – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Studiourile de filme UFA" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universum_Film_AG" title="Universum Film AG – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Universum Film AG" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFA" title="UFA – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="UFA" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universum_Film" title="Universum Film – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Universum Film" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universum_Film_AG" title="Universum Film AG – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Universum Film AG" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universum_Film_AG" title="Universum Film AG – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Universum Film AG" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%8F%91%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" title="乌发电影公司 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="乌发电影公司" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q41468#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22UFA+GmbH%22">"UFA GmbH"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22UFA+GmbH%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22UFA+GmbH%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22UFA+GmbH%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22UFA+GmbH%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22UFA+GmbH%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">German film company</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org" style="font-size: 125%;">UFA GmbH</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Logo_UFA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Logo_UFA.svg/112px-Logo_UFA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="112" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Logo_UFA.svg/168px-Logo_UFA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Logo_UFA.svg/224px-Logo_UFA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="392" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Subsidiary" title="Subsidiary">Subsidiary</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Film_industry" title="Film industry">Motion picture</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">December 18, 1917<span class="noprint">; 107 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1917-12-18</span>)</span>, in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, Germany</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="ib-company-locality locality"><a href="/wiki/Babelsberg" title="Babelsberg">Babelsberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a></div>, <div class="ib-company-country country-name">Germany</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Area served</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Worldwide</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data agent">Nico Hofmann (<a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">CEO</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Products</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV-film" class="mw-redirect" title="TV-film">TV-film</a></li> <li>TV series</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Production output</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Television program">TV program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Parent_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Parent company">Parent</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bertelsmann" title="Bertelsmann">Bertelsmann</a> (1964–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLT-UFA" class="mw-redirect" title="CLT-UFA">CLT-UFA</a> (1997–2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremantle_(company)" title="Fremantle (company)">Fremantle</a> (2000–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Division_(business)" title="Division (business)">Divisions</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UFA_Fiction" title="UFA Fiction">Fiction</a></li> <li>Mitte</li> <li>Serial Drama</li> <li>Show & Factual</li> <li>Documentary</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ufa.de/">ufa<wbr />.de</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>UFA GmbH</b>, shortened to <b>UFA</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈuːfa]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/8\/86\/De-Ufa.ogg\/De-Ufa.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Ufa.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/86/De-Ufa.ogg/De-Ufa.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Ufa.ogg" title="File:De-Ufa.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>), is a film and television production company that unites all production activities of the <a href="/wiki/Media_conglomerate" title="Media conglomerate">media conglomerate</a> <a href="/wiki/Bertelsmann" title="Bertelsmann">Bertelsmann</a> in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original UFA was established as <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Universum-Film Aktiengesellschaft</i></span> on December 18, 1917, as a direct response to foreign competition in film and propaganda. UFA was founded by a consortium headed by <a href="/wiki/Emil_Georg_von_Stau%C3%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="Emil Georg von Stauß">Emil Georg von Stauß</a>, a former <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bank" title="Deutsche Bank">Deutsche Bank</a> board member.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKreimeier199922–25_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKreimeier199922–25-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 1927, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hugenberg" title="Alfred Hugenberg">Alfred Hugenberg</a>, an influential German media entrepreneur and later minister of the economy and minister of agriculture and nutrition in <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>'s cabinet, purchased UFA and transferred ownership of it to the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> in 1933. </p><p>In 1942, as a result of the Nazi policy of "forcible coordination" known as the <a href="/wiki/Gleichschaltung" title="Gleichschaltung">Gleichschaltung</a>, UFA and all of its competitors, including <a href="/wiki/Tobis_Film" title="Tobis Film">Tobis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terra_Film" title="Terra Film">Terra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bavaria_Film" title="Bavaria Film">Bavaria Film</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wien-Film" title="Wien-Film">Wien-Film</a>, were bundled together with Nazi-controlled foreign film production companies to form the super-corporation UFA-Film GmbH (Ufi), with headquarters in Berlin. After the Red Army occupied the UFA complex in 1945 in <a href="/wiki/Babelsberg_Studio" title="Babelsberg Studio">Babelsberg</a>, and after the privatization of Bavaria and UFA in 1956 in West Germany, the company was restructured to form Universum Film AG and taken over by a consortium of banks. However, in film production and distribution, it failed to revive and went into receivership. </p><p>In 1964, <a href="/wiki/Bertelsmann" title="Bertelsmann">Bertelsmann</a>'s Chief Representative, Manfred Köhnlechner, acquired the entire Universum Film AG holdings from Deutsche Bank, which had previously been the main UFA shareholder and which had determined the company's business policy as head of the shareholders' consortium. Köhnlechner bought UFA, which was heavily in debt, on behalf of <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Mohn" title="Reinhard Mohn">Reinhard Mohn</a> for roughly five million Deutschmarks. (Köhnlechner: "The question came up as to why not take the entire thing, it still had many gems.") Only a few months later, Köhnlechner also acquired the UFA-Filmtheaterkette, a movie theater chain, for almost eleven million Deutschmarks.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1997, UFA and the Luxembourgish rival CLT established the joint venture CLT-UFA, which, following the takeover of British rival <a href="/wiki/Pearson_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearson Television">Pearson Television</a>, was restructured as <a href="/wiki/RTL_Group" title="RTL Group">RTL Group</a> in 2000. Now, UFA GmbH (UFA) works as a subsidiary of RTL Group's production division <a href="/wiki/Fremantle_(company)" title="Fremantle (company)">Fremantle</a>, which had been formed out of <a href="/wiki/Fremantle_(company)" title="Fremantle (company)">Pearson TV</a>, and is responsible for all production activities of Bertelsmann and Fremantle in Germany. Until August 2013, eight subsidiaries operated under the UFA umbrella: UFA Fernsehproduktion, UFA Entertainment, Grundy UFA, Grundy Light Entertainment, UFA Cinema, teamWorx, Phoenix Film and UFA Brand Communication. </p><p>In August 2013, UFA underwent an organizational restructuring that simplified the company down to three production divisions. Today, <i>UFA Fiction</i>, <i>UFA Serial Drama</i>, <i>UFA Show & Factual</i> and <i>UFA Documentary</i> are the four units responsible for production. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UFA_GmbH&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Altes-ufa-logo_Kopie_20mal20.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Altes-ufa-logo_Kopie_20mal20.jpg/220px-Altes-ufa-logo_Kopie_20mal20.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Altes-ufa-logo_Kopie_20mal20.jpg/330px-Altes-ufa-logo_Kopie_20mal20.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Altes-ufa-logo_Kopie_20mal20.jpg/440px-Altes-ufa-logo_Kopie_20mal20.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1134" data-file-height="1134" /></a><figcaption>UFA logo 1917–1991</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ufa_rgb_Raute.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Ufa_rgb_Raute.jpg/220px-Ufa_rgb_Raute.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Ufa_rgb_Raute.jpg/330px-Ufa_rgb_Raute.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Ufa_rgb_Raute.jpg/440px-Ufa_rgb_Raute.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1285" data-file-height="1673" /></a><figcaption>UFA logo 1991–2013</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment_from_1917">Establishment from 1917</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UFA_GmbH&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Establishment from 1917"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An early step towards the founding of UFA was taken on January 13, 1917, with the creation of the Bild- und Filmamt (Bufa) by Germany's Supreme Army Command. Formed as a reaction to the perceived advantage of Germany's enemies in the realm of film propaganda, Bufa's task was to use film for psychological warfare. </p><p>The plans envisaged by the German General Staff – especially those of <a href="/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff">Erich Ludendorff</a> – went far beyond the creation of Bufa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKracauer194735–36_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKracauer194735–36-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ludendorff foresaw a large-scale, state-controlled film corporation that would serve national interests. In this spirit, <b>Universum-Film AG (UFA)</b> was founded as a consolidation of private film companies on December 18, 1917 in Berlin. The company's starting capital was 25 million Reichsmark (equivalent to 62 million 2021 €): among the contributors were the German government, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Ministry_of_Defence_(Germany)#History" title="Federal Ministry of Defence (Germany)">War Ministry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bank" title="Deutsche Bank">Deutsche Bank</a>. The board chairman of the new company was Deutsche Bank director Emil Georg von Stauß. </p><p>Prior to establishing the company, the General Staff had considered taking over the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Lichtbild-Gesellschaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutsche Lichtbild-Gesellschaft">Deutsche Lichtbild-Gesellschaft</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Lichtbild-Gesellschaft" class="extiw" title="de:Deutsche Lichtbild-Gesellschaft">de</a>]</span> e. V. (DLG), which had been founded in 1916. This agency was too much under the influence of heavy industry and, in particular, of <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hugenberg" title="Alfred Hugenberg">Alfred Hugenberg</a>, chairman of <a href="/wiki/Krupp" title="Krupp">Krupp</a>. Hugenberg would later take over UFA in 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKracauer194735–39_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKracauer194735–39-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three main film companies formed the nucleus of UFA from the end of 1917: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messter_Film" title="Messter Film">Messter Film</a>, owned by <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Messter" title="Oskar Messter">Oskar Messter</a>, a dominant German producer<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKreimeier199968_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKreimeier199968-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAGU" title="PAGU">PAGU</a> (Projektions Union), originally formed by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Davidson_(producer)" title="Paul Davidson (producer)">Paul Davidson</a> in <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Templehof_Studios" class="mw-redirect" title="Templehof Studios">Templehof Studios</a> in Oberlandstraße in <a href="/wiki/Berlin-Tempelhof" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin-Tempelhof">Berlin-Tempelhof</a> and in Weissensee; and the Union-Theater (U.T. or U.T- Lichtspiele) chain of some 50 cinemas<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKreimeier199968_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKreimeier199968-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The entire German operation of <a href="/wiki/Nordisk_Film" title="Nordisk Film">Nordisk Film</a> (founded in 1906 by <a href="/wiki/Ole_Olsen_(filmmaker)" title="Ole Olsen (filmmaker)">Ole Olsen</a>) including Nordische Films, the production company Oliver-Film of <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Oliver_(producer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Oliver (producer) (page does not exist)">David Oliver</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Oliver_(Produzent)" class="extiw" title="de:David Oliver (Produzent)">de</a>]</span>, cinemas, and a distribution company, was bought by UFA in 1918<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKreimeier199930,_68_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKreimeier199930,_68-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHampicke199676–77_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHampicke199676–77-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>More companies joined UFA not long after: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joe_May" title="Joe May">Joe May</a>'s May-Film company,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKreimeier199969_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKreimeier199969-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with film duplicating plant and glass-house studios at <a href="/wiki/Weissensee_Studios" title="Weissensee Studios">Weissensee Studios</a> (next door to PAGU). The studios were previously owned by <a href="/wiki/Continental-Kunstfilm" title="Continental-Kunstfilm">Continental-Kunstfilm</a>, whose production had slowed since 1915 and didn't join UFA.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Greenbaum#Greenbaum-Film" title="Jules Greenbaum">Greenbaum-Film</a> (previously Vitascope before its brief merger with PAGU in January 1914) joined in 1919, but the deal was disastrous for <a href="/wiki/Jules_Greenbaum" title="Jules Greenbaum">Jules Greenbaum</a> who died in a mental institution in 1924.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decla_Film" title="Decla Film">Decla-Bioscop</a>. Originally founded by Jules Greenbaum in 1902 as <a href="/wiki/Jules_Greenbaum#Early_career_and_Deutsche_Bioscope" title="Jules Greenbaum">Deutsche Bioskop AG</a>, sold to Carl Moritz Schleussner in 1908 and moved to <a href="/wiki/Neubabelsberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Neubabelsberg">Neubabelsberg</a>);<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHampicke2015_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHampicke2015-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> merged in March 1920 with <a href="/wiki/Erich_Pommer" title="Erich Pommer">Erich Pommer</a>'s Decla-Film which had been formed in 1915 out of the confiscated assets of the German branch of the French <a href="/wiki/%C3%89clair_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Éclair (company)">Éclair</a> (<b>De</b>utsche É<b>cla</b>ir, thus Decla)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHampicke2015_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHampicke2015-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to form Decla-Bioskop:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKreimeier199968_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKreimeier199968-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taken over by UFA in October 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKreimeier199972_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKreimeier199972-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>UFA continued to sign production agreements with various independent producers: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deulig" class="mw-redirect" title="Deulig">Deulig</a> from October 1920, previously <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Lichtbild-Gesellschaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutsche Lichtbild-Gesellschaft">Deutsche Lichtbild-Gesellschaft</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Lichtbild-Gesellschaft" class="extiw" title="de:Deutsche Lichtbild-Gesellschaft">de</a>]</span> (DLG)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1998130–31_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1998130–31-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrawer20054-5,_11_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrawer20054-5,_11-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cser%C3%A9py_Film" title="Cserépy Film">Cserépy Film</a>, founded by <a href="/wiki/Arz%C3%A9n_von_Cser%C3%A9py" title="Arzén von Cserépy">Arzén von Cserépy</a>, merged with UFA in 1922<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Gloria-Film AG, founded by <a href="/wiki/Hanns_Lippmann" title="Hanns Lippmann">Hanns Lippmann</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGandert1993869_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandert1993869-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Bolten-Baeckers" title="Heinrich Bolten-Baeckers">Heinrich Bolten-Baeckers</a>' BB-Film<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKreimeier199968_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKreimeier199968-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Rex-Film, founded in 1917 by <a href="/wiki/Lupu_Pick" title="Lupu Pick">Lupu Pick</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKreimeier199969–70_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKreimeier199969–70-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Fern-Andra Vertriebsgesellschaft, the film production company of <a href="/wiki/Fern_Andra" title="Fern Andra">Fern Andra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossi_Oswalda" title="Ossi Oswalda">Ossi-Oswalda-Film</a> contracted to UFA from 1925</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Film_distributor" title="Film distributor">distributor</a> Hansa-Film</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Silent_era_(1918–1930)"><span id="Silent_era_.281918.E2.80.931930.29"></span>Silent era (1918–1930)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UFA_GmbH&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Silent era (1918–1930)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1991-0109-502,_Berlin,_Aufnahmegel%C3%A4nde_der_Ufa_in_Tempelhof.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1991-0109-502%2C_Berlin%2C_Aufnahmegel%C3%A4nde_der_Ufa_in_Tempelhof.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1991-0109-502%2C_Berlin%2C_Aufnahmegel%C3%A4nde_der_Ufa_in_Tempelhof.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1991-0109-502%2C_Berlin%2C_Aufnahmegel%C3%A4nde_der_Ufa_in_Tempelhof.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1991-0109-502%2C_Berlin%2C_Aufnahmegel%C3%A4nde_der_Ufa_in_Tempelhof.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1991-0109-502%2C_Berlin%2C_Aufnahmegel%C3%A4nde_der_Ufa_in_Tempelhof.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1991-0109-502%2C_Berlin%2C_Aufnahmegel%C3%A4nde_der_Ufa_in_Tempelhof.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="556" /></a><figcaption>UFA film set at the <a href="/wiki/Tempelhof_Studios" title="Tempelhof Studios">Tempelhof Studios</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Given that Germany had been – and continued to be – largely cut off from film imports due to World War I, the new company had ideal conditions for their conquest of the German market. </p><p>The mission of UFA at the time of its founding was the production of films – feature films, documentaries, cultural films and weekly headline (newsreel) films – designed to function as propaganda for Germany abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKreimeier199922–25_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKreimeier199922–25-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, after mounting tensions between the company's founding members, Deutsche Bank was able to prevail and implement their approach to film production as a business rather than for military objectives. Instead of propaganda films, UFA now produced elaborate entertainment films such as <i><a href="/wiki/Sumurun" title="Sumurun">Sumurun</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Ernst_Lubitsch" title="Ernst Lubitsch">Ernst Lubitsch</a>, 1920). </p><p>UFA was already in 1921 producing the lion's share of German feature films, and in that year it was privatized. Starting in 1922, large ateliers in <a href="/wiki/Neubabelsberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Neubabelsberg">Neubabelsberg</a> (today's <a href="/wiki/Babelsberg_Studio" title="Babelsberg Studio">Babelsberg Studio</a>) and on Oberlandstraße in <a href="/wiki/Berlin-Tempelhof" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin-Tempelhof">Berlin-Tempelhof</a> were made available for film production. In 1926, the facilities were expanded by means of the construction of the largest studio hall in Europe at the time. In 1923, after Decla-Bioscop AG and others were taken over, <a href="/wiki/Erich_Pommer" title="Erich Pommer">Erich Pommer</a> became head of all production operations and discovered and fostered many stars, including <a href="/wiki/Emil_Jannings" title="Emil Jannings">Emil Jannings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pola_Negri" title="Pola Negri">Pola Negri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Veidt" title="Conrad Veidt">Conrad Veidt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lya_de_Putti" class="mw-redirect" title="Lya de Putti">Lya de Putti</a>. During this era UFA was a leader in the time of the <i><a href="/wiki/German_Expressionism" class="mw-redirect" title="German Expressionism">German Expressionism</a></i>, experienced a further boom, and emerged as a direct competitor to Hollywood with films such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Cabinet_of_Dr._Caligari" title="The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari">The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari</a></i> (1920), <i><a href="/wiki/Dr._Mabuse_the_Gambler" title="Dr. Mabuse the Gambler">Dr. Mabuse the Gambler</a></i> (1922), <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Nibelungen" title="Die Nibelungen">Die Nibelungen</a></i> (1924), <i><a href="/wiki/Variety_(1925_film)" title="Variety (1925 film)">Variety</a></i> (1925) and <i><a href="/wiki/Faust_(1926_film)" title="Faust (1926 film)">Faust</a></i> (1926).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hugenberg_(1927–1933)"><span id="Hugenberg_.281927.E2.80.931933.29"></span>Hugenberg (1927–1933)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UFA_GmbH&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hugenberg (1927–1933)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2005-0621-500,_Reichsminister_Alfred_Hugenberg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2005-0621-500%2C_Reichsminister_Alfred_Hugenberg.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2005-0621-500%2C_Reichsminister_Alfred_Hugenberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2005-0621-500%2C_Reichsminister_Alfred_Hugenberg.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2005-0621-500%2C_Reichsminister_Alfred_Hugenberg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2005-0621-500%2C_Reichsminister_Alfred_Hugenberg.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2005-0621-500%2C_Reichsminister_Alfred_Hugenberg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hugenberg" title="Alfred Hugenberg">Alfred Hugenberg</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue-Angel-Dietrich-Chorines.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Blue-Angel-Dietrich-Chorines.jpg/220px-Blue-Angel-Dietrich-Chorines.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Blue-Angel-Dietrich-Chorines.jpg/330px-Blue-Angel-Dietrich-Chorines.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Blue-Angel-Dietrich-Chorines.jpg/440px-Blue-Angel-Dietrich-Chorines.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="716" /></a><figcaption>Promotional photo of <a href="/wiki/Marlene_Dietrich" title="Marlene Dietrich">Marlene Dietrich</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Angel" title="The Blue Angel">The Blue Angel</a></i> (1930), with UFA logo at lower left</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Universum-Film_AG_1929.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Universum-Film_AG_1929.jpg/220px-Universum-Film_AG_1929.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Universum-Film_AG_1929.jpg/330px-Universum-Film_AG_1929.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Universum-Film_AG_1929.jpg/440px-Universum-Film_AG_1929.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3545" data-file-height="2563" /></a><figcaption>Share of the Universum-Film AG, issued July 1929, signed by Hugenberg</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1927, UFA found itself in serious financial trouble. After the stabilization of the German currency starting in November 1924, the German film industry in general entered a period of crisis: foreign sales stalled due to low profit margins, and the German market became profitable once again for American film giants.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resulting concentration on a few large German film companies, which came together to unite production, distribution and presentation under one UFA's managers made severe miscalculations with regard to two large-scale productions, <i>Nibelungen</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(1927_film)" title="Metropolis (1927 film)">Metropolis</a></i> in 1924-1926.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Broken / run-on sentence (October 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This situation was made even worse as the result of a gag contract (the <a href="/wiki/Parufamet" title="Parufamet">Parufamet</a> agreement) they had entered into in 1925 with the American companies <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Pictures" title="Paramount Pictures">Paramount Pictures</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer" title="Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer">Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer</a>. In March 1927, with the company facing bankruptcy, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hugenberg" title="Alfred Hugenberg">Alfred Hugenberg</a> – Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_People%27s_Party" title="German National People's Party">German National People's Party</a> and owner of the Scherl-Gruppe, a powerful media corporation – bought the company. The new general director was Ludwig Klitzsch; Hugenberg himself took over the chairmanship of the supervisory board; his deputy was banker <a href="/wiki/Emil_Georg_von_Stau%C3%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="Emil Georg von Stauß">Emil Georg von Stauß</a>. </p><p>At first, nothing changed in UFA's production policy. In 1928, <a href="/wiki/Erich_Pommer" title="Erich Pommer">Erich Pommer</a> was replaced as head of production by <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Hugo_Correll" title="Ernst Hugo Correll">Ernst Hugo Correll</a>, who led the company through the transition to talking pictures or "talkies". UFA gained an advantage over smaller companies in the realm of talkie production as a result of a contract with Tobis-Klangfilm, which simplified the licensing situation for UFA.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, UFA has recorded unsurpassed artistic successes with films such as Fritz Lang's <i><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(1927_film)" title="Metropolis (1927 film)">Metropolis</a></i> (inscribed on <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Memory_of_the_World_Programme#Memory_of_the_World_Register" title="Memory of the World Programme">Memory of the World Register</a>, the first film thus distinguished) and <i><a href="/wiki/Woman_in_the_Moon" title="Woman in the Moon">Woman in the Moon</a></i> to this day. <i><a href="/wiki/Asphalt_(1929_film)" title="Asphalt (1929 film)">Asphalt</a></i> (<i>German Realism</i>) or entertainment movies such as <i><a href="/wiki/Melody_of_the_Heart" title="Melody of the Heart">Melody of the Heart</a></i> or the musical film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Three_from_the_Filling_Station_(1930_film)" title="The Three from the Filling Station (1930 film)">The Three from the Filling Station</a></i> are produced by the UFA. In 1930, the company enjoyed worldwide success with the film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Angel" title="The Blue Angel">The Blue Angel</a></i>, starring <a href="/wiki/Marlene_Dietrich" title="Marlene Dietrich">Marlene Dietrich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emil_Jannings" title="Emil Jannings">Emil Jannings</a>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_von_Sternberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph von Sternberg">Joseph von Sternberg</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nazification_(1933–1937)"><span id="Nazification_.281933.E2.80.931937.29"></span>Nazification (1933–1937)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UFA_GmbH&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Nazification (1933–1937)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-No_footnotes plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-No_footnotes" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section includes a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">list of references</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Further_reading" title="Wikipedia:Further reading">related reading</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a>, <b>but its sources remain unclear because it lacks <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fact_and_Reference_Check" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check">improve</a> this section by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-1002-500,_Besuch_von_Hitler_und_Goebbels_bei_der_UFA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-1002-500%2C_Besuch_von_Hitler_und_Goebbels_bei_der_UFA.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-1002-500%2C_Besuch_von_Hitler_und_Goebbels_bei_der_UFA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-1002-500%2C_Besuch_von_Hitler_und_Goebbels_bei_der_UFA.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-1002-500%2C_Besuch_von_Hitler_und_Goebbels_bei_der_UFA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-1002-500%2C_Besuch_von_Hitler_und_Goebbels_bei_der_UFA.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1990-1002-500%2C_Besuch_von_Hitler_und_Goebbels_bei_der_UFA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Goebbels</a> visit UFA in 1935</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berlijn._Nachtopname_van_de_Hardenbergstrasse_met_een_toegang_tot_de_U-bahnhalte,_Bestanddeelnr_191-0463.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Berlijn._Nachtopname_van_de_Hardenbergstrasse_met_een_toegang_tot_de_U-bahnhalte%2C_Bestanddeelnr_191-0463.jpg/220px-Berlijn._Nachtopname_van_de_Hardenbergstrasse_met_een_toegang_tot_de_U-bahnhalte%2C_Bestanddeelnr_191-0463.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Berlijn._Nachtopname_van_de_Hardenbergstrasse_met_een_toegang_tot_de_U-bahnhalte%2C_Bestanddeelnr_191-0463.jpg/330px-Berlijn._Nachtopname_van_de_Hardenbergstrasse_met_een_toegang_tot_de_U-bahnhalte%2C_Bestanddeelnr_191-0463.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Berlijn._Nachtopname_van_de_Hardenbergstrasse_met_een_toegang_tot_de_U-bahnhalte%2C_Bestanddeelnr_191-0463.jpg/440px-Berlijn._Nachtopname_van_de_Hardenbergstrasse_met_een_toegang_tot_de_U-bahnhalte%2C_Bestanddeelnr_191-0463.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2537" data-file-height="3507" /></a><figcaption>A typical "UFA-Palast" in Berlin in the mid-1930s. (Photo by <a href="/wiki/Willem_van_de_Poll" title="Willem van de Poll">Willem van de Poll</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>UFA experienced a new commercial boom in the Nazi era, not least due to the government's protectionist measures, which freed the company from bothersome domestic and foreign competition, sometimes even incorporating their production facilities and staff (see also: National Socialist Film Policy). On top of that, by occupying almost all of Europe, the Nazi regime also provided UFA with new sales markets, as well as placing distribution outlets in such "neutral" countries as the United States. By 1938, after taking over foreign film production facilities in France, Belgium and other countries, one third of the company's sales came from abroad. UFA's economic boom made it possible to further expand the so-called "star system," which had already been developed in the silent film era. The highest paid UFA stars in the Nazi era were <a href="/wiki/Hans_Albers" title="Hans Albers">Hans Albers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zarah_Leander" title="Zarah Leander">Zarah Leander</a>. <a href="/wiki/Veit_Harlan" title="Veit Harlan">Veit Harlan</a> was the highest-earning director. </p><p>In addition, as a result of the nationalist German spirit that already dominated the company, UFA was perfectly suited to serve the goals of National Socialist propaganda in film. Hugenberg had been named Reich Minister of Economics immediately following the Nazi takeover of January 30, 1933, and made UFA openly available for <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a>' propaganda machine, even though Hugenberg was removed from his post shortly thereafter (June 1933) under pressure from Hitler. In an act of anticipatory obedience to the Nazi regime, UFA management fired several Jewish employees on March 29, 1933. In the summer of 1933, the Nazi regime created the Film Chamber of the Reich, which adopted regulations officially excluding Jewish filmmakers from all German studios. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nationalization_(1937–1941)"><span id="Nationalization_.281937.E2.80.931941.29"></span>Nationalization (1937–1941)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UFA_GmbH&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Nationalization (1937–1941)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-No_footnotes plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-No_footnotes" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section includes a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">list of references</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Further_reading" title="Wikipedia:Further reading">related reading</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a>, <b>but its sources remain unclear because it lacks <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fact_and_Reference_Check" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check">improve</a> this section by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 1936, Germany's first film institute was founded in the form of the UFA-Lehrschau set up by Hans Traub at the Babelsberg Film Complex. Goebbels systematically brought UFA and all other media companies under the control of his Propaganda Ministry. On March 18, 1937, the Hugenberg Company was forced to sell all of its UFA shares for 21.25 million Reichsmark (equivalent to 95 million 2021 €) to Cautio Treuhand GmbH, a quasi-governmental holding company that answered to Goebbels. This move meant that UFA was effectively nationalized. Emil Georg von Stauß was named Chairman of the Supervisory Committee, Ludwig Klitzsch remained general director, and Carl Opitz was named press officer. In May, an art committee headed by Carl Froelich – but in fact controlled by Goebbels – was founded. This committee proceeded to have a direct influence on UFA's production planning; it also severely curtailed the work of production head <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Hugo_Correll" title="Ernst Hugo Correll">Ernst Hugo Correll</a>. In 1939, Correll was fired after refusing to join the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a>. </p><p>At the time of its nationalization, among the production facilities belonging to UFA were 27 film studios, nine of which were in Neubabelsberg (Potsdam-Babelsberg), and seven of which were in Berlin-Tempelhof, including three that belonged to Carl Froelich-Film GmbH in name only. UFA also had two dubbing studios, a mixing studio, two animation studios, two ateliers for advertising films, one for cartoons and a small training atelier. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_film_monopoly:_UFI_(1942–1945)"><span id="State_film_monopoly:_UFI_.281942.E2.80.931945.29"></span>State film monopoly: UFI (1942–1945)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UFA_GmbH&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: State film monopoly: UFI (1942–1945)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-No_footnotes plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-No_footnotes" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section includes a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">list of references</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Further_reading" title="Wikipedia:Further reading">related reading</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a>, <b>but its sources remain unclear because it lacks <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fact_and_Reference_Check" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check">improve</a> this section by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>On January 10, 1942, UFA officially became the subsidiary of UFA-Film GmbH (UFI), into which all German film production was merged. Other companies were dissolved or integrated into UFA at the time, including Bavaria Film, Berlin-Film, Terra Film and Tobis AG, which became additional production units. Film production in the captured nations was also brought under its aegis. Profits reached 155 million <a href="/wiki/Reichsmarks" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichsmarks">Reichsmarks</a> in 1942 (equivalent to <a href="/wiki/%E2%82%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="€">€</a>649,828,997 in 2021) and 175 million ℛℳ in 1943 (equivalent to €715,085,619 in 2021). </p><p>At this point, the UFA staff hierarchy was reorganized according to the Nazi <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrer_principle" class="mw-redirect" title="Führer principle">Führer principle</a>. The coordination of individual sub-groups of the UFI Corporation was the job of the newly appointed Reich Film Director-General. The production heads worked for the administrative director general and were responsible for the overall planning of annual programming and content design all the way up to the actual shooting of the film: these heads were also responsible for giving instructions to the film line producers and directors. It was subsequently fully nationalized in mid-1944. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-war_period:_Dissolution_and_Sovietization_vs._re-privatization">Post-war period: Dissolution and Sovietization vs. re-privatization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UFA_GmbH&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Post-war period: Dissolution and Sovietization vs. re-privatization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In late April 1945, the UFA ateliers in <a href="/wiki/Potsdam-Babelsberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Potsdam-Babelsberg">Potsdam-Babelsberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berlin-Tempelhof" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin-Tempelhof">Berlin-Tempelhof</a> were occupied by the Red Army. After the German Wehrmacht issued its unconditional surrender on May 7 & 9, 1945, the Military Government Law No. 191 initially halted and prohibited all further film production. On July 14, 1945, as a result of Military Government Law No. 52, all Reich-owned film assets of UFI Holding were seized. All activities in the film industry were placed under strict licensing regulations and all films were subject to censorship. </p><p>The Soviet military government, which was in favour of a speedy reconstruction of the German film industry under Soviet supervision, incorporated the Babelsberg ateliers into <a href="/wiki/DEFA" title="DEFA">DEFA</a>, the state-run film studio, subsequently the GDR's state film studio, on May 17, 1946. <i><a href="/wiki/Murderers_Among_Us" class="mw-redirect" title="Murderers Among Us">Murderers Among Us</a></i> was the first German feature film in the post-war era and the first so-called "Trümmerfilm" ("Rubble Film"). It was shot in 1945/46 by DEFA in the <a href="/wiki/Althoff_Studios" title="Althoff Studios">Althoff Studios</a> in <a href="/wiki/Babelsberg" title="Babelsberg">Babelsberg</a> and the Jofa ateliers in Berlin-Johannisthal. <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Staudte" title="Wolfgang Staudte">Wolfgang Staudte</a> directed the film and also wrote the screenplay. Additionally, the Soviets confiscated numerous UFA productions from the Babelsburg vaults and dubbed them into Russian for release in the USSR; and simultaneously began importing Soviet films to the same offices for dubbing into German and distribution to the surviving German theaters. </p><p>In contrast, the main film-policy goal of the Allied occupying forces, under American insistence, consisted in preventing any future accumulation of power in the German film industry. The Western powers also had more interest in opening up the German film market for their own products rather than in letting the national film industry regain its foothold. Thus the reorganization of Germany's film industry outside the Soviet zone was very slow, in spite of the "Lex UFI" law issued in September 1949 by the American and British military regime and the Dissolution Law (June 1953) issued by the German Bundestag. The status of UFA was furthermore controversial, with doubts about whether it should be allowed to resume operations at all because of its identification with Nazi film production. Motion pictures produced after the war in the Allied zones were, for a decade, made by other, fledgling companies. </p><p>It was 1956 by the time Bavaria was outsourced and the remaining UFA re-privatized. A bank consortium led by Deutsche Bank was behind the founding of the new Universum-Film AG, whose production facilities included the Afifa-Kopierwerk and the ateliers in Berlin-Tempelhof. Its first board chairman was Arno Hauke who, until then, had been the General Trustee for UFI assets in the British zone. The first film made by Universum-Film AG, a short documentary film called <i>Am Seidenen Faden</i>, came out in 1955. In 1958, the first UFA feature film <i><a href="/wiki/Stefanie_(film)" title="Stefanie (film)">Stefanie</a></i> came out: it starred <a href="/wiki/Sabine_Sinjen" title="Sabine Sinjen">Sabine Sinjen</a> and was directed by <a href="/wiki/Josef_von_Baky" class="mw-redirect" title="Josef von Baky">Josef von Baky</a>, who had directed the UFA's large-scale 25th anniversary film <i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnchhausen_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Münchhausen (film)">Münchhausen</a></i> in 1942. In 1969, after ten further feature films directed by leading artists such as <a href="/wiki/Curtis_Bernhardt" title="Curtis Bernhardt">Curtis Bernhardt</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Dieterle" title="William Dieterle">William Dieterle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helmut_K%C3%A4utner" title="Helmut Käutner">Helmut Käutner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Liebeneiner" title="Wolfgang Liebeneiner">Wolfgang Liebeneiner</a> – as well as such newcomers as <a href="/wiki/Peter_Beauvais" title="Peter Beauvais">Peter Beauvais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rolf_von_Sydow" title="Rolf von Sydow">Rolf von Sydow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georg_Tressler" title="Georg Tressler">Georg Tressler</a> – feature film production at UFA was ended. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bertelsmann_(starting_in_1964)"><span id="Bertelsmann_.28starting_in_1964.29"></span>Bertelsmann (starting in 1964)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UFA_GmbH&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bertelsmann (starting in 1964)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1964, <a href="/wiki/Bertelsmann" title="Bertelsmann">Bertelsmann</a> acquired Universum-Film AG and all other divisions of UFA-Theater AG. In order to prevent the sale of film rights belonging to the old UFA, the <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Murnau_Foundation" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau Foundation">Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau Foundation</a> was set up in Wiesbaden on the initiative of the German Federal Government and representatives of the film industry. In 1966, the foundation acquired the rights to UFA and Bavaria Film – and they have been administering, storing and restoring ever since. In 1972, the <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinz_Riech" class="extiw" title="de:Heinz Riech">Riech Group</a> acquired UFA-Theater AG and continued operating the company with a license from Bertelsmann under the UFA's trademark rhombus logo. The right to the UFA name remains, however, with Bertelsmann. Under the management of Werner Mietzner, the company experienced a renaissance in productions at UFA Fernsehproduktion. With the launch of private television in 1984, the Bertelsmann Group brought together its film and TV activities in a new holding – the UFA Film und Fernseh GmbH in Hamburg – which also held investments in radio and TV stations such as RTL and Premiere. They also established and marketed new film and sports rights. </p><p>The production companies belonging to UFA Berlin have been under the management of Wolf Bauer, Norbert Sauer and Axel Reick since autumn 1991. Using the rhombus logo again, this team developed UFA Film & TV Produktion into the largest production company in Germany, now written in capital letters <i>UFA</i>. UFA's many prize-winning TV films, light entertainment formats, popular soap operas, long-running TV series, sitcoms and non-fiction programs have made it the leader on the German television market. The company broadcasts over 2,800 hours of content each year. In early 1997, the holding society UFA Hamburg (today Cologne) merged with CLT in Luxemburg to form CLT-UFA. April 2000 saw a merger with Pearson TV and the creation of the RTL Group, in which Bertelsmann has held the majority (90.4%) since late 2001. All worldwide production activities of the RTL Group are consolidated in FremantleMedia, and UFA is the holding company of all FremantleMedia's production activities in Germany. UFAInteractive, a small subsidiary directly associated with the holding company, was created to fulfill UFA's need for constant innovation (e.g. program content for mobile devices and special-interest channels) as well as to assist the larger companies independently in an advisory function. </p><p>On August 9, 2013, the company underwent a major restructuring based on the new strategic goal and concept of "One UFA". UFA's organizational structure was simplified down to three production units.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Production_units">Production units</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UFA_GmbH&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Production units"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UFA_Fiction" title="UFA Fiction">UFA Fiction</a></li> <li>UFA Serial Drama</li> <li>UFA Show & Factual</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Former_subsidiaries">Former subsidiaries</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UFA_GmbH&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Former subsidiaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>UFA Cinema GmbH</li> <li>UFA brand communication GmbH</li> <li>UFA Entertainment</li> <li>UFA Fernsehproduktion, <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Film_%26_Television_Productions" title="Phoenix Film & Television Productions">Phoenix Film</a>, teamWorx</li> <li>UFA Filmproduktion</li> <li>UFA Film- & Medienproduktion GmbH</li> <li>UFA Interactive</li> <li>GRUNDY Light Entertainment GmbH</li> <li>Grundy UFA (Grundy UFA Baleares, Magyar Grundy UFA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTL_Passion" title="RTL Passion">Passion</a></li> <li>Universum Film GmbH (since 2019 owned by <a href="/wiki/Kohlberg_Kravis_Roberts" title="Kohlberg Kravis Roberts">KKR</a>, renamed as Leonine Distribution in 2020)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_films_from_the_1920s_to_the_1940s">Popular films from the 1920s to the 1940s</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UFA_GmbH&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Popular films from the 1920s to the 1940s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>UFA experienced a golden age in cinema from the 1920s to the 1940s. In this period, the company contributed significantly to the history of German film. The following are among UFA's most famous productions from those years: </p> <ul><li>1922: <i><a href="/wiki/Dr._Mabuse_the_Gambler" title="Dr. Mabuse the Gambler">Dr. Mabuse the Gambler</a></i> (directed by <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Lang" title="Fritz Lang">Fritz Lang</a>)</li> <li>1924: <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Nibelungen" title="Die Nibelungen">Die Nibelungen</a></i> (directed by Fritz Lang)</li> <li>1924: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Laugh_(1924_film)" title="The Last Laugh (1924 film)">The Last Laugh</a></i> (directed by <a href="/wiki/F._W._Murnau" title="F. W. Murnau">F. W. Murnau</a>; invention of the <i><a href="/wiki/Unchained_camera_technique" title="Unchained camera technique">Unchained camera technique</a></i>)</li> <li>1927: <i><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(1927_film)" title="Metropolis (1927 film)">Metropolis</a></i> (directed by Fritz Lang; first feature science fiction film)</li> <li>1929: <i><a href="/wiki/Woman_in_the_Moon" title="Woman in the Moon">Woman in the Moon</a></i> (directed by Fritz Lang; invention of the <a href="/wiki/Countdown" title="Countdown">countdown</a>)</li> <li>1930: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Angel" title="The Blue Angel">The Blue Angel</a></i> (directed by <a href="/wiki/Josef_von_Sternberg" title="Josef von Sternberg">Josef von Sternberg</a>)</li> <li>1930: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Three_from_the_Filling_Station_(1930_film)" title="The Three from the Filling Station (1930 film)">The Three from the Filling Station</a></i> (directed by <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Thiele" title="Wilhelm Thiele">Wilhelm Thiele</a>)</li> <li>1930: <i><a href="/wiki/Burglars_(film)" title="Burglars (film)">Burglars</a></i> (directed by <a href="/wiki/Hanns_Schwarz" title="Hanns Schwarz">Hanns Schwarz</a>)</li> <li>1931: <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Kongre%C3%9F_tanzt" title="Der Kongreß tanzt">Der Kongreß tanzt</a></i> (directed by <a href="/wiki/Erik_Charell" title="Erik Charell">Erik Charell</a>)</li> <li>1931: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_in_Search_of_His_Murderer" title="The Man in Search of His Murderer">The Man in Search of His Murderer</a></i> (directed by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Siodmak" title="Robert Siodmak">Robert Siodmak</a>)</li> <li>1931: <i><a href="/wiki/Bombs_on_Monte_Carlo_(1931_film)" title="Bombs on Monte Carlo (1931 film)">Bombs on Monte Carlo</a></i> (directed by Hanns Schwarz)</li> <li>1931: <i><a href="/wiki/My_Wife,_the_Impostor" title="My Wife, the Impostor">My Wife, the Impostor</a></i> (directed by <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Gerron" title="Kurt Gerron">Kurt Gerron</a>)</li> <li>1932: <i><a href="/wiki/Things_Are_Getting_Better_Already" title="Things Are Getting Better Already">Things Are Getting Better Already</a></i> (directed by Kurt Gerron)</li> <li>1933: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Empress_and_I" title="The Empress and I">The Empress and I</a></i> (directed by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hollaender" title="Friedrich Hollaender">Friedrich Hollaender</a>)</li> <li>1935: <i><a href="/wiki/Triumph_of_the_Will" title="Triumph of the Will">Triumph of the Will</a></i> (directed by <a href="/wiki/Leni_Riefenstahl" title="Leni Riefenstahl">Leni Riefenstahl</a>)</li> <li>1937: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Was_Sherlock_Holmes" title="The Man Who Was Sherlock Holmes">The Man Who Was Sherlock Holmes</a></i> (directed by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Hartl" title="Karl Hartl">Karl Hartl</a>)</li> <li>1938: <i><a href="/wiki/Faded_Melody" title="Faded Melody">Faded Melody</a></i> (directed by <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Tourjansky" class="mw-redirect" title="Viktor Tourjansky">Viktor Tourjansky</a>)</li> <li>1941: <i><a href="/wiki/Women_Are_Better_Diplomats" title="Women Are Better Diplomats">Women Are Better Diplomats</a></i> (directed by <a href="/wiki/Georg_Jacoby" title="Georg Jacoby">Georg Jacoby</a>; Germany's first feature film in color, <a href="/wiki/Agfacolor" title="Agfacolor">Agfacolor</a>)</li> <li>1943: <i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnchhausen_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Münchhausen (film)">Münchhausen</a></i> (directed by <a href="/wiki/Josef_von_B%C3%A1ky" title="Josef von Báky">Josef von Báky</a>; feature film in color celebrating UFA's 25th anniversary)</li> <li>1944: <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Feuerzangenbowle_(1944_film)" title="Die Feuerzangenbowle (1944 film)">Die Feuerzangenbowle</a></i> (directed by <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Weiss" title="Helmut Weiss">Helmut Weiss</a>)</li> <li>1945: <i><a href="/wiki/Kolberg_(film)" title="Kolberg (film)">Kolberg</a></i> (directed by <a href="/wiki/Veit_Harlan" title="Veit Harlan">Veit Harlan</a>; monumental propaganda film shortly before the fall of the Third Reich)</li> <li>1945: <i><a href="/wiki/Under_the_Bridges" title="Under the Bridges">Under the Bridges</a></i> (directed by <a href="/wiki/Helmut_K%C3%A4utner" title="Helmut Käutner">Helmut Käutner</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leading_UFA_directors">Leading UFA directors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UFA_GmbH&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Leading UFA directors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following are among the most successful UFA directors in the silent era and early talkie period: <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Berger_(director)" title="Ludwig Berger (director)">Ludwig Berger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Czinner" title="Paul Czinner">Paul Czinner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Dieterle" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm Dieterle">Wilhelm Dieterle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ewald_Andr%C3%A9_Dupont" class="mw-redirect" title="Ewald André Dupont">Ewald André Dupont</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Grune" title="Karl Grune">Karl Grune</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Lang" title="Fritz Lang">Fritz Lang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Lubitsch" title="Ernst Lubitsch">Ernst Lubitsch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joe_May" title="Joe May">Joe May</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Murnau" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau">Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Robison" title="Arthur Robison">Arthur Robison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanns_Schwarz" title="Hanns Schwarz">Hanns Schwarz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_L._Stein" title="Paul L. Stein">Paul L. Stein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Thiele" title="Wilhelm Thiele">Wilhelm Thiele</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Zeisler" title="Alfred Zeisler">Alfred Zeisler</a>. </p><p>Between 1933 and 1942, the following were house directors at UFA: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Boese" title="Carl Boese">Carl Boese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eduard_von_Borsody" title="Eduard von Borsody">Eduard von Borsody</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Brauer" title="Peter Paul Brauer">Peter Paul Brauer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Hartl" title="Karl Hartl">Karl Hartl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georg_Jacoby" title="Georg Jacoby">Georg Jacoby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Lamprecht" title="Gerhard Lamprecht">Gerhard Lamprecht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Maisch" title="Herbert Maisch">Herbert Maisch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Martin_(director)" title="Paul Martin (director)">Paul Martin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ritter_(director)" title="Karl Ritter (director)">Karl Ritter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Sch%C3%BCnzel" title="Reinhold Schünzel">Reinhold Schünzel</a> (until 1936), <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Sirk" title="Douglas Sirk">Douglas Sirk</a> (until 1937), <a href="/wiki/Hans_Steinhoff" title="Hans Steinhoff">Hans Steinhoff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Stemmle" title="Robert A. Stemmle">Robert A. Stemmle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Tourjansky" class="mw-redirect" title="Viktor Tourjansky">Viktor Tourjansky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Ucicky" title="Gustav Ucicky">Gustav Ucicky</a> und <a href="/wiki/Erich_Waschneck" title="Erich Waschneck">Erich Waschneck</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Filmography">Filmography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UFA_GmbH&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Filmography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_UFA_films" title="List of UFA films">List of UFA films</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UFA_GmbH&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Studio_Babelsberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Studio Babelsberg">Studio Babelsberg</a>, studio history and notable productions</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="List of films featuring Berlin">List of films featuring Berlin</a></li> <li>Film studios in Berlin-Tempelhof: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oberlandstra%C3%9Fe_(Berlin)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oberlandstraße (Berlin) (page does not exist)">Oberlandstraße (Berlin)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberlandstra%C3%9Fe" class="extiw" title="de:Oberlandstraße">de</a>]</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UFA_GmbH&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Notes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">UFA had acquired the German rights for an early sound film system, Tri-Ergon, in 1924. The Tonbild Syndicate AG (Tobis) - with German, Swiss and Dutch backing - acquired the Tri-Ergon rights in 1928, and merged with Klangfilm (a partnership between <a href="/wiki/Siemens_%26_Halske" title="Siemens & Halske">Siemens & Halske</a>, <a href="/wiki/AEG_(German_company)" title="AEG (German company)">AEG</a>, and a Dutch recording company) to form Tobis-Klangfilm in March 1929. Source: <a href="#CITEREFGomery1976">Gomery 1976</a>, pp. 53, 54.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Citations</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/movies-of-a-turbulent-century-german-film-company-ufa-turns-100/a-41498327">"German film company Ufa turns 100 – DW – 12/18/2017"</a>. <i>dw.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dw.com&rft.atitle=German+film+company+Ufa+turns+100+%E2%80%93+DW+%E2%80%93+12%2F18%2F2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fmovies-of-a-turbulent-century-german-film-company-ufa-turns-100%2Fa-41498327&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFA+GmbH" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKreimeier199922–25-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKreimeier199922–25_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKreimeier199922–25_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKreimeier1999">Kreimeier 1999</a>, pp. 22–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Klappe zu, Der Spiegel 3/1964 article from January 15, 1964 (German)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bertelsmann - Zwei an der Kurbel Der Spiegel 31/1965 article from July 28, 1965 (German)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKracauer194735–36-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKracauer194735–36_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKracauer1947">Kracauer 1947</a>, pp. 35–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKracauer194735–39-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKracauer194735–39_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKracauer1947">Kracauer 1947</a>, pp. 35–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKreimeier199968-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKreimeier199968_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKreimeier199968_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKreimeier199968_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKreimeier199968_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKreimeier1999">Kreimeier 1999</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKreimeier199930,_68-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKreimeier199930,_68_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKreimeier1999">Kreimeier 1999</a>, pp. 30, 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHampicke199676–77-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHampicke199676–77_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHampicke1996">Hampicke 1996</a>, pp. 76–77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKreimeier199969-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKreimeier199969_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKreimeier1999">Kreimeier 1999</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHampicke2015-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHampicke2015_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHampicke2015_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHampicke2015">Hampicke 2015</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKreimeier199972-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKreimeier199972_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKreimeier1999">Kreimeier 1999</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1998130–31-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1998130–31_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTaylor1998">Taylor 1998</a>, pp. 130–31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrawer20054-5,_11-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrawer20054-5,_11_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrawer2005">Prawer 2005</a>, p. 4-5, 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlycinema.uni-koeln.de/companies/view/523">Cserepy-Film</a>. German Early Cinema Database. Retrieved 23 October 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandert1993869-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGandert1993869_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGandert1993">Gandert 1993</a>, p. 869.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKreimeier199969–70-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKreimeier199969–70_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKreimeier1999">Kreimeier 1999</a>, pp. 69–70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/100-years-of-ufa/a-42460981">"100 Years of UFA – DW – 02/05/2018"</a>. <i>dw.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dw.com&rft.atitle=100+Years+of+UFA+%E2%80%93+DW+%E2%80%93+02%2F05%2F2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2F100-years-of-ufa%2Fa-42460981&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFA+GmbH" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/19/books/review/Hammer-t.html">"Berlin Noir"</a>. <i>nytimes.com</i>. April 16, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=nytimes.com&rft.atitle=Berlin+Noir&rft.date=2009-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F04%2F19%2Fbooks%2Freview%2FHammer-t.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFA+GmbH" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeza2017" class="citation web cs1">Meza, Ed (2017-11-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2017/film/global/ufa-history-production-powerhouse-1202615699/">"UFA: The Fall and Rise of the 100-Year-Old Production Powerhouse"</a>. <i>Variety</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=UFA%3A+The+Fall+and+Rise+of+the+100-Year-Old+Production+Powerhouse&rft.date=2017-11-17&rft.aulast=Meza&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2017%2Ffilm%2Fglobal%2Fufa-history-production-powerhouse-1202615699%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFA+GmbH" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUFA_(Firm)" class="citation book cs1">UFA (Firm). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.library.wisc.edu/catalog/9913636290102121"><i>UFA Films Incorporated, plaintiff, against UFA Eastern Division Distribution Inc., National Surety Company and David Brill, defendants : memorandum in support of plaintiff's motion for a temporary injunction</i></a>. New York : Pandick Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=UFA+Films+Incorporated%2C+plaintiff%2C+against+UFA+Eastern+Division+Distribution+Inc.%2C+National+Surety+Company+and+David+Brill%2C+defendants+%3A+memorandum+in+support+of+plaintiff%27s+motion+for+a+temporary+injunction&rft.pub=New+York+%3A+Pandick+Press&rft.au=UFA+%28Firm%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.library.wisc.edu%2Fcatalog%2F9913636290102121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFA+GmbH" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UFA_GmbH&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorgelt1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Borgelt, Hans (1993). <i>Die UFA, ein Traum - 100 Jahre deutscher Film</i> (in German). edition q Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-86124-178-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-86124-178-1"><bdi>3-86124-178-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+UFA%2C+ein+Traum+-+100+Jahre+deutscher+Film.&rft.pub=edition+q+Verlag&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=3-86124-178-1&rft.aulast=Borgelt&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFA+GmbH" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBock1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bock, Hans-Michael (1992). <i>Das UFA-Buch</i> (in German). zweitausendeins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-86150-065-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-86150-065-5"><bdi>3-86150-065-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+UFA-Buch&rft.pub=zweitausendeins&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=3-86150-065-5&rft.aulast=Bock&rft.aufirst=Hans-Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFA+GmbH" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGandert1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gandert, Gero (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1ck3_Oa85IYC&q=hanns+lippmann&pg=PA869"><i>Der Film der Weimarer Republik / 1929</i></a> (in German). (with Stiftung Deutsche Kinemathek). Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110852615" title="Special:BookSources/9783110852615"><bdi>9783110852615</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+Film+der+Weimarer+Republik+%2F+1929&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9783110852615&rft.aulast=Gandert&rft.aufirst=Gero&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1ck3_Oa85IYC%26q%3Dhanns%2Blippmann%26pg%3DPA869&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFA+GmbH" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGomery1976" class="citation journal cs1">Gomery, Douglas (1976). "Tri-Ergon, Tobis-Klangfilm, and the Coming of Sound". <i>Cinema Journal</i>. <b>16</b> (1). University of Texas Press, on behalf of the Society for Cinema & Media Studies. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1225449">1225449</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cinema+Journal&rft.atitle=Tri-Ergon%2C+Tobis-Klangfilm%2C+and+the+Coming+of+Sound&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1976&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1225449%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Gomery&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFA+GmbH" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHampicke1996" class="citation book cs1">Hampicke, Evelyn (1996). "The Danish influence: David Oliver and Nordisk in Germany". In Elsaesser, Thomas; Wedel, Michael (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zAPIWY41TvYC&pg=PA79"><i>A second life: German cinema’s first decades</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_University_Press" title="Amsterdam University Press">Amsterdam University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9053561838" title="Special:BookSources/9053561838"><bdi>9053561838</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Danish+influence%3A+David+Oliver+and+Nordisk+in+Germany&rft.btitle=A+second+life%3A+German+cinema%E2%80%99s+first+decades&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9053561838&rft.aulast=Hampicke&rft.aufirst=Evelyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzAPIWY41TvYC%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFA+GmbH" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHampicke2015" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hampicke, Evelyn (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cinegraph.de/lexikon/Greenbaum_Jules/biografie.html">"Jules Greenbaum"</a>. <i>CineGraph – Lexikon zum deutschsprachigen Film</i> (in German). Cinegraph.de<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CineGraph+%E2%80%93+Lexikon+zum+deutschsprachigen+Film&rft.atitle=Jules+Greenbaum&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Hampicke&rft.aufirst=Evelyn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cinegraph.de%2Flexikon%2FGreenbaum_Jules%2Fbiografie.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFA+GmbH" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKracauer1947" class="citation book cs1">Kracauer, Siegfried (1947). <i>From Caligari to Hitler: a psychological history of the German film</i>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Caligari+to+Hitler%3A+a+psychological+history+of+the+German+film&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1947&rft.aulast=Kracauer&rft.aufirst=Siegfried&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFA+GmbH" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKreimeier1999" class="citation book cs1">Kreimeier, Klaus (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I1u5qMPO0RkC"><i>The UFA Story: A History of Germany's Greatest Film Company, 1918-1945</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520220690" title="Special:BookSources/9780520220690"><bdi>9780520220690</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+UFA+Story%3A+A+History+of+Germany%27s+Greatest+Film+Company%2C+1918-1945&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780520220690&rft.aulast=Kreimeier&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI1u5qMPO0RkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFA+GmbH" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrawer2005" class="citation book cs1">Prawer, Siegbert Salomon (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0RmSMWQE4LAC&q=Deulig"><i>Between two worlds: The Jewish presence in German and Austrian film, 1910–1933</i></a>. Berghahn Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845453039" title="Special:BookSources/9781845453039"><bdi>9781845453039</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+two+worlds%3A+The+Jewish+presence+in+German+and+Austrian+film%2C+1910%E2%80%931933&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781845453039&rft.aulast=Prawer&rft.aufirst=Siegbert+Salomon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0RmSMWQE4LAC%26q%3DDeulig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFA+GmbH" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1998" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Richard (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SQ2ihtMCI5QC&pg=PA131"><i>Film Propaganda: Soviet Russia and Nazi Germany</i></a>. I.B.Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781860641671" title="Special:BookSources/9781860641671"><bdi>9781860641671</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Film+Propaganda%3A+Soviet+Russia+and+Nazi+Germany&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9781860641671&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSQ2ihtMCI5QC%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFA+GmbH" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UFA_GmbH&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Hans Traub: <i>Die UFA. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des deutschen Filmschaffens</i>. UFA-Buchverlag, Berlin 1943.</li> <li>Otto Kriegk: <i>Der deutsche Film im Spiegel der UFA. 25 Jahre Kampf und Vollendung</i>. UFA-Buchverlag, Berlin 1943.</li> <li>Hanspeter Manz: <i>Die UFA und der frühe deutsche Film</i>. Sanssouci, Zürich 1963.</li> <li><i>Die UFA – auf den Spuren einer großen Filmfabrik</i>. Hrsg. Bezirksamt Tempelhof, Abteilung Volksbildung. Berlin 1987.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Michael_Bock" title="Hans-Michael Bock">Hans-Michael Bock</a>, Michael Töteberg (Hrsg.): <i>Das UFA-Buch. Kunst und Krisen, Stars und Regisseure, Wirtschaft und Politik</i>. Zweitausendeins, Frankfurt am Main 1992.</li> <li>Rainer Rother (Hrsg.): <i>Die UFA 1917–1945. Das deutsche Bildimperium</i>. Deutsches Historisches Museum, Berlin 1992.</li> <li>Klaus Kreimeier: <i>Die UFA-Story. Geschichte eines Filmkonzerns</i>. Hanser, München, Wien 2002. Also in English as <i>The UFA Story: A Story of Germany's Greatest Film Company 1918-1945</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>, 1999.</li> <li>Hans-Jürgen Tast (Hrsg.) <i>Anton Weber (1904–1979) – Filmarchitekt bei der UFA</i>. Schellerten 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-88842-030-X" title="Special:BookSources/3-88842-030-X">3-88842-030-X</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=UFA_GmbH&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Universum_Film_AG" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Universum Film AG">Universum Film AG</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ufa.de/">Official website</a></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.filmportal.de/thema/traumfabrik-und-staatskonzern-die-geschichte-der-ufa">o.V.: <i>Traumfabrik und Staatskonzern. Die Geschichte der UFA.</i></a> – at www.filmportal.de, linked on August 1, 2013</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140904040034/http://www.cinegraph.de/etc/ateliers/babelsberg.html">Ateliers in Potsdam-Babelsberg|Ateliers in Potsdam-Babelsberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19970602104828/http://www.cinegraph.de/etc/ateliers/tempelhof.html">Ateliers in Berlin-Tempelhof|Ateliers in Berlin-Tempelhof</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140904035213/http://www.cinegraph.de/etc/ateliers/froelich.html">Carl Froelich-Ateliers|Carl Froelich-Ateliers</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.murnau-stiftung.de/">Murnau-Stiftung</a> Murnau-Stiftung, a legal successor of the old UFA</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ufaplakate.de/">Exhibition and Museum for UFA Film Posters and Film Notices in the Pre-War Years</a> (German only)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.universumfilm.de/">Website of Universum Film GmbH, independent video provider</a> (independent of the studio)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041204162221/http://www.germanhollywood.com/ufachron.html">UFA and German film chronology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120204074438/http://www.filmportal.de/df/6f/Artikel,,,,,,,,EF9B14F43C3C8F99E03053D50B37260C,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.html">"Dream Factory and State Enterprise: the history of UFA"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050829092850/http://www.filmmuseum-potsdam.de/en_ausstellungen.html">Filmmuseum Potsdam</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.studiobabelsberg.com">Studio Babelsberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defafilmlibrary.com">DEFA Film Library and Online Shop</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060117153037/http://www.hff-potsdam.de/_english/public/academy/location.php">Konrad Wolf College of Film and Television</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in English)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0061952/">Wolf Bauer (film producer)</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Movie_Database" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Movie Database">Internet Movie Database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.filmportal.de/person/wolf-bauer_13d1db9e54e849c18f3a9326ae46c97e">Wolf Bauer (film producer)</a> at <a href="/wiki/Filmportal" class="mw-redirect" title="Filmportal">filmportal.de</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ufa.de/company/ufa_film__tv_produktion/who_is_who/wolf_bauer/index_html?qs=1">Wolf Bauer at UFA.de</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in German)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ufa.de/presse/downloads/">Interviews with Wolf Bauer in Die Zeit, Wirtschaftswoche and W&V</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kress.de/kresskoepfe/kopf/profil/641-wolf-bauer.html">kress.de portrait of Wolf Bauer</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/co/045451">Documents and clippings about UFA GmbH</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Arcadia Entertainment</li> <li>Aris Ekdotiki</li> <li>ClipArt Films</li> <li>Feelgood Entertainment</li> <li>Fiction Pictures</li> <li>JP Video Productions</li> <li>Libero Video</li> <li>Lucifier Video Enterprises</li> <li>Mascot Video</li> <li>Media Vista Film & Audio Distributors</li> <li>Panorama Audio Visual Systems S.A.</li> <li>Pissanos International</li> <li>Star Video</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media assets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="RTL_Group299" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" 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style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="TV2" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">TV</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/RTL_(German_TV_channel)" title="RTL (German TV channel)">RTL</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/VOX_(German_TV_channel)" title="VOX (German TV channel)">VOX</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/RTL_Zwei" title="RTL Zwei">RTL Zwei</a><sup id="cite_ref-ref1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/VOXup" class="mw-redirect" title="VOXup">VOXup</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nitro_(German_TV_channel)" title="Nitro (German TV channel)">Nitro</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/RTL_Up" class="mw-redirect" title="RTL Up">RTL Up</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Super_RTL" title="Super RTL">Super RTL</a> <dl><dd>Toggolino</dd> <dd>Toggo</dd> <dd>RTL Super</dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Toggo_Plus" class="mw-redirect" title="Toggo Plus">Toggo Plus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/N-tv" title="N-tv">n-tv</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/RTL_Crime_(German_TV_channel)" title="RTL Crime (German TV channel)">RTL Crime</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/RTL_Living" title="RTL Living">RTL Living</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/RTL_Passion" title="RTL Passion">RTL Passion</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Geo_Television_(Germany)" title="Geo Television (Germany)">GEO Television</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Radio5" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Radio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/RTL_Radio" title="RTL Radio">RTL Radio</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/104.6_RTL" title="104.6 RTL">104.6 RTL</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antenne_Bayern&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antenne Bayern (page does not exist)">Antenne Bayern</a><sup id="cite_ref-ref3_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref3-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antenne_Niedersachsen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antenne Niedersachsen (page does not exist)">Antenne Niedersachsen</a><sup id="cite_ref-ref13_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref13-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Radio_Hamburg" title="Radio Hamburg">Radio Hamburg</a><sup id="cite_ref-ref4_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref4-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_NRW&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radio NRW (page does not exist)">Radio NRW</a><sup id="cite_ref-ref9_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref9-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=105%275_Spreeradio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="105'5 Spreeradio (page does not exist)">105'5 Spreeradio</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_21_(Germany)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radio 21 (Germany) (page does not exist)">Radio 21</a><sup id="cite_ref-ref10_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref10-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_Regenbogen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radio Regenbogen (page does not exist)">Radio Regenbogen</a><sup id="cite_ref-ref11_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref11-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/BigFM" title="BigFM">BigFM</a><sup id="cite_ref-ref12a_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref12a-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hitradio_RTL_Sachsen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hitradio RTL Sachsen (page does not exist)">Hitradio RTL Sachsen</a><sup id="cite_ref-ref12b_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref12b-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_Brocken&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radio Brocken (page does not exist)">Radio Brocken</a> (50%)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/89.0_RTL" title="89.0 RTL">89.0 RTL</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antenne_Th%C3%BCringen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antenne Thüringen (page does not exist)">Antenne Thüringen</a> (15%)</dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_Ton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radio Ton (page does not exist)">Radio Ton</a> (2%)</dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rock_Antenne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rock Antenne (page does not exist)">Rock Antenne</a><sup id="cite_ref-ref3_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref3-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sachsen_Funkpaket&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sachsen Funkpaket (page does not exist)">Sachsen Funkpaket</a> (31.9%) <dl><dd>Radio Dresden</dd> <dd>Radio Leipzig</dd> <dd>Radio Chemnitz</dd> <dd>Radio Lausitz</dd> <dd>Radio Zwickau</dd> <dd>Radio Erzgebirge</dd> <dd>Vogtland Radio</dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oldie_95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oldie 95 (page does not exist)">Oldie 95</a> (4.78%)</dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio_Top_40&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radio Top 40 (page does not exist)">Radio Top 40</a> (15%)</dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="RTL_Publishing32" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gruner_%2B_Jahr" title="Gruner + Jahr">RTL Publishing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_(magazine)" title="Brigitte (magazine)">Brigitte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_(German_magazine)" title="Capital (German magazine)">Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GEO_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="GEO (magazine)">GEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stern_(magazine)" title="Stern (magazine)">Stern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/RTL_Nederland" title="RTL Nederland">RTL Nederland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="TV2" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">TV</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/RTL_4" title="RTL 4">RTL 4</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/RTL_5" title="RTL 5">RTL 5</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/RTL_7" title="RTL 7">RTL 7</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/RTL_8" title="RTL 8">RTL 8</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/RTL_Z" title="RTL Z">RTL Z</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/RTL_Crime_(Dutch_TV_channel)" title="RTL Crime (Dutch TV channel)">RTL Crime</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/RTL_Lounge" title="RTL Lounge">RTL Lounge</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/RTL_Telekids" title="RTL Telekids">RTL Telekids</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <dl><dt>Video on Demand</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Videoland_(Netherlands)" title="Videoland (Netherlands)">Videoland</a></dd></dl></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Groupe_M6" title="Groupe M6">Groupe M6</a> <small>(48.6%)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="TV2" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">TV</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dd><a href="/wiki/M6_(TV_channel)" title="M6 (TV channel)">M6</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/W9_(TV_channel)" title="W9 (TV channel)">W9</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/6ter" title="6ter">6ter</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Paris_Premi%C3%A8re" title="Paris Première">Paris Première</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9va" title="Téva">Téva</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9rie_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Série Club">Série Club</a><sup id="cite_ref-ref5_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref5-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/M6_Music" title="M6 Music">M6 Music</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gulli" title="Gulli">Gulli</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tiji" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiji">Tiji</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Canal_J" title="Canal J">Canal J</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/MCM_(TV_channel)" title="MCM (TV channel)">MCM</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/MCM_Top" title="MCM Top">MCM Top</a></dd> <dd>RFM TV</dd> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Radio5" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Radio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/RTL_(French_radio)" title="RTL (French radio)">RTL</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/RTL2_(France)" title="RTL2 (France)">RTL2</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fun_Radio_(France)" title="Fun Radio (France)">Fun Radio</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <dl><dt>Catchup and Video on Demand</dt> <dd><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M6%2B" class="extiw" title="fr:M6+">M6+</a></dd></dl> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="International13" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd>Gulli Girl</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tiji" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiji">Tiji</a> (Russia)</dd> <dd>Gulli Africa</dd> <dd>Gulli Bil Arabi</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/MCM_Pop" title="MCM Pop">MCM Pop</a></dd> <dd>M6 International</dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">RTL Luxembourg</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="TV2" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">TV</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/RTL_(Luxembourgian_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="RTL (Luxembourgian TV channel)">RTL Télé Lëtzebuerg</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/RTL_Zwee" title="RTL Zwee">RTL Zwee</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Radio5" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Radio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd>RTL Radio</dd> <dd>RTL Today Radio</dd> <dd>RTL LX</dd> <dd>RTL Gold</dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <dl><dt>Catchup</dt> <dd>RTL Play</dd></dl></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">RTL Magyarország</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="TV2" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">TV</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dd><a href="/wiki/RTL_(Hungarian_TV_channel)" title="RTL (Hungarian TV channel)">RTL</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/RTL_II_(Hungary)" class="mw-redirect" title="RTL II (Hungary)">RTL II</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cool_TV" title="Cool TV">Cool</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Film%2B" title="Film+">Film+</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=RTL_Gold&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RTL Gold (page does not exist)">RTL Gold</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=RTL_H%C3%A1rom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RTL Három (page does not exist)">RTL Három</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sorozat%2B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sorozat+ (page does not exist)">Sorozat+</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muzsika_TV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muzsika TV (page does not exist)">Muzsika TV</a></dd> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <dl><dt>Catchup and Video on Demand</dt> <dd>RTL+</dd></dl></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atresmedia" title="Atresmedia">Atresmedia</a> <small>(18.65%)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="TV2" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">TV</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dd><a href="/wiki/Antena_3_(Spain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antena 3 (Spain)">Antena 3</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/LaSexta" title="LaSexta">laSexta</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Neox_(TV_channel)" title="Neox (TV channel)">Neox</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nova_(Spain_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nova (Spain TV channel)">Nova</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mega_(Spanish_television_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mega (Spanish television channel)">Mega</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Atreseries" title="Atreseries">Atreseries</a></dd> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Radio5" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Radio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Onda_Cero" title="Onda Cero">Onda Cero</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Europa_FM_(Spain)" title="Europa FM (Spain)">Europa FM</a></dd> <dd><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melodia_FM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Melodia FM (page does not exist)">Melodia FM</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <dl><dt>Catchup</dt> <dd>Atresplayer</dd></dl></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fremantle_(company)" title="Fremantle (company)">Fremantle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dt>United Kingdom</dt> <dd>Dancing Ledge</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Euston_Films" title="Euston Films">Euston Films</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Euston_Films#Euston_North/Castlefield" title="Euston Films">Castlefield</a></dd> <dd>Hare and Tortoise</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Thames_(production_company)" title="Thames (production company)">Thames</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Talkback_(production_company)" title="Talkback (production company)">Talkback</a></dd> <dd>Naked</dd> <dd>Full Fat TV</dd> <dd>Label 1</dd> <dd>Man Alive</dd> <dd>Wild Blue Media</dd> <dl><dt>Ireland</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Element_Pictures" title="Element Pictures">Element Pictures</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>France</dt> <dd>Kwai</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Germany</dt> <dd>Grundy UFA</dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">UFA GmbH</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Universum_Film_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="Universum Film AG">UFA Fiction</a></dd> <dd>UFA Show & Factual</dd> <dd>Teamworx</dd> <dd>Phoenix Film</dd> <dd>We Are Era</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Finland</dt> <dd>Grillifilms</dd> <dd>Moskito Television</dd> <dd>Production House Finland</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Sweden</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Strix_(TV_production_company)" title="Strix (TV production company)">Strix</a></dd> <dd>Baluba</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Italy</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lux_Vide" title="Lux Vide">Lux Vide</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Apartment_(production_company)" title="The Apartment (production company)">The Apartment</a></dd> <dd>Wildside</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Denmark</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Miso_Film" title="Miso Film">Miso Film</a></dd> <dd>Blu Productions</dd> <dd>Strong Productions</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Norway</dt> <dd>One Big Happy Family</dd> <dd>Rakett TV</dd> <dd>Monster</dd> <dd>Playroom</dd> <dd>Novemberfilm</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Strix_(TV_production_company)" title="Strix (TV production company)">Strix</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Australia</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fremantle_Australia" title="Fremantle Australia">Fremantle Australia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eureka_Productions" title="Eureka Productions">Eureka Productions</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>United States</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Original_Productions" title="Original Productions">Original Productions</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Random_House_Studio" title="Random House Studio">Random House Studio</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eureka_Productions" title="Eureka Productions">Eureka USA</a></dd> <dd>The Immigrant</dd> <dd>Fabel</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Netherlands</dt> <dd>Blue Circle</dd> <dd>Fiction Valley</dd> <dd>No Pictures Please</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Israel</dt> <dd>Abot Hameiri</dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-size: 95%; background:#ABCDEF;text-align:left;"><div><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ref1-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref1_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">joint venture with <a href="/wiki/Leonine_Holding" title="Leonine Holding">Leonine Holding</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company" title="The Walt Disney Company">The Walt Disney Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bauer_Media_Group" title="Bauer Media Group">Bauer Media Group</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Burda_Media" title="Hubert Burda Media">Hubert Burda Media</a>.<br /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref3-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ref3_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ref3_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">joint venture with Amperwelle Studio München Programmanbietergesellschaft, <a href="/wiki/Axel_Springer_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="Axel Springer AG">Axel Springer AG</a>, Burda, Studio Gong, m.b.t. Mediengesellschaft der bayerischen Tageszeitungen für Kabelkommunikation, Medienpool and Radio Bavaria Rundfunkprogrammgesellschaft.<br /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref13-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref13_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">joint venture with Verlagsgesellschaft Madsack, Studio Gong Niedersachsen and Brune-Rieck-Beteiligungs.<br /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref4-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref4_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">joint venture with Axel Springer, Heinrich Bauer Verlag, Lühmanndruck Harburger Zeitungsgesellschaft and Morgenpost Verlag.<br /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref9-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref9_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">joint venture with Pressefunk Nordrhein-Westfalen and <a href="/wiki/Westdeutscher_Rundfunk" title="Westdeutscher Rundfunk">Westdeutscher Rundfunk</a>.<br /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref10-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref10_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">joint venture with <a href="/wiki/Ffn_(radio_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ffn (radio channel)">Funk & Fernsehen Nordwestdeutschland</a>, Antenne Niedersachen and Niedersachsen Radio.<br /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref11-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref11_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">joint venture with Mediengruppe Dr. Haas.<br /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref12a-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref12a_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">joint venture with Rheinland-Pfälzische Rundfunk.<br /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref12b-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref12b_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">joint venture with Broadcast Sachsen.<br /></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref5-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ref5_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">joint venture with <a href="/wiki/TF1_Group" title="TF1 Group">TF1 Group</a>.<br /></span> </li> </ol></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Penguin_Random_House" title="Penguin Random House">Penguin<br />Random House</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">USA</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Knopf Doubleday</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf" title="Alfred A. Knopf">Knopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)" title="Doubleday (publisher)">Doubleday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everyman%27s_Library" title="Everyman's Library">Everyman's Library</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheon_Books" title="Pantheon Books">Pantheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schocken_Books" title="Schocken Books">Schocken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vintage_Books" title="Vintage Books">Vintage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballantine_Books" title="Ballantine Books">Ballantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantam_Books" title="Bantam Books">Bantam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boom!_Studios" title="Boom! Studios">Boom! Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dell_Publishing" title="Dell Publishing">Dell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Del_Rey_Books" title="Del Rey Books">Del Rey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dial_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Dial Press">Dial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Library" title="Modern Library">Modern Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantam_Spectra" title="Bantam Spectra">Spectra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villard_(imprint)" title="Villard (imprint)">Villard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Publishing_Group" title="Crown Publishing Group">Crown</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadway_Books" title="Broadway Books">Broadway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmony_Books" title="Harmony Books">Harmony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hogarth_Press" title="Hogarth Press">Hogarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodale,_Inc." title="Rodale, Inc.">Rodale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Rivers_Press" title="Three Rivers Press">Three Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Speed_Press" title="Ten Speed Press">Ten Speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watson-Guptill" title="Watson-Guptill">Watson-Guptill</a></li></ul></li> <li>Children's <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beginner_Books" title="Beginner Books">Beginner Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Publishing" title="Western Publishing">Golden</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Penguin_Group" title="Penguin Group">Penguin</a> Adult</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avery_Publishing" title="Avery Publishing">Avery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutton_Penguin" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutton Penguin">Dutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._P._Putnam%27s_Sons" title="G. P. Putnam's Sons">Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverhead_Books" title="Riverhead Books">Riverhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel_(publisher)" title="Sentinel (publisher)">Sentinel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TarcherPerigee" title="TarcherPerigee">TarcherPerigee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Press" title="Viking Press">Viking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Berkley Publishing Group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ace_Books" title="Ace Books">Ace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkley_Books" title="Berkley Books">Berkley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_American_Library" title="New American Library">New American Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jove_Books" title="Jove Books">Jove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plume_(publisher)" title="Plume (publisher)">Plume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roc_Books" title="Roc Books">Roc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Penguin_Group" title="Penguin Group">Penguin</a> Young Readers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dial_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Dial Press">Dial Young Readers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutton_Children%27s_Books" title="Dutton Children's Books">Dutton Children's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firebird_Books" title="Firebird Books">Firebird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._P._Putnam%27s_Sons" title="G. P. Putnam's Sons">Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grosset_%26_Dunlap" title="Grosset & Dunlap">Grosset & Dunlap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philomel_Books" title="Philomel Books">Philomel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price_Stern_Sloan" title="Price Stern Sloan">Price Stern Sloan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puffin_Books" title="Puffin Books">Puffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Warne_%26_Co" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Warne & Co">Warne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Information</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Books_on_Tape_(company)" title="Books on Tape (company)">Books on Tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_Language" title="Living Language">Living Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playaway" title="Playaway">Playaway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Princeton_Review" title="The Princeton Review">The Princeton Review</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sasquatch_Books" title="Sasquatch Books">Sasquatch Books</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">UK</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ebury_Publishing" title="Ebury Publishing">Ebury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Books" title="BBC Books">BBC Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebury_Publishing" title="Ebury Publishing">Ebury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Del_Rey_Books" title="Del Rey Books">Del Rey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rider_(imprint)" title="Rider (imprint)">Rider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Books" title="Virgin Books">Virgin Books</a> (90%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._H._Allen_%26_Co." title="W. H. Allen & Co.">W. H. Allen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Penguin General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamish_Hamilton" title="Hamish Hamilton">Hamish Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Press" title="Viking Press">Viking</a></li> <li>Penguin Press <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelican_Books" title="Pelican Books">Pelican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penguin_Classics" title="Penguin Classics">Penguin Classics</a></li></ul></li> <li>PRH Children <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ladybird_Books" title="Ladybird Books">Ladybird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puffin_Books" title="Puffin Books">Puffin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Cornerstone <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hutchinson_Heinemann" title="Hutchinson Heinemann">Hutchinson Heinemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transworld_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Transworld Publishers">Transworld</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bantam_Press" title="Bantam Press">Bantam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)" title="Doubleday (publisher)">Doubleday</a></li></ul></li> <li>Associated publishers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andersen_Press" title="Andersen Press">Andersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everyman%27s_Library" title="Everyman's Library">Everyman's Library</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vintage Publishing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Bodley_Head" title="The Bodley Head">The Bodley Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatto_%26_Windus" title="Chatto & Windus">Chatto & Windus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvill_Secker" title="Harvill Secker">Harvill Secker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Cape" title="Jonathan Cape">Jonathan Cape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vintage_Books" title="Vintage Books">Vintage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canada</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doubleday_Canada" title="Doubleday Canada">Doubleday Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McClelland_%26_Stewart" title="McClelland & Stewart">McClelland & Stewart</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Gibson" title="Douglas Gibson">Douglas Gibson Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundra_Books" title="Tundra Books">Tundra Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Canadian_Library" title="New Canadian Library">New Canadian Library</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blanvalet" title="Blanvalet">Blanvalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cbj_(publisher)" title="Cbj (publisher)">cbj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldmann_(publisher)" title="Goldmann (publisher)">Goldmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heyne_Verlag" title="Heyne Verlag">Heyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luchterhand_Literaturverlag" title="Luchterhand Literaturverlag">Luchterhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manesse_Verlag" title="Manesse Verlag">Manesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prestel_Publishing" title="Prestel Publishing">Prestel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfaguara" title="Alfaguara">Alfaguara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Editorial_Bruguera" class="mw-redirect" title="Editorial Bruguera">Bruguera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ediciones_B" title="Ediciones B">Ediciones B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grupo_Santillana" title="Grupo Santillana">Santillana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Companhia_das_Letras" title="Companhia das Letras">Companhia das Letras</a> (70%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorling_Kindersley" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorling Kindersley">Dorling Kindersley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_Books" title="Alpha Books">Alpha</a></li></ul></li> <li>PRH Publisher Services</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other assets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliant_International_University" title="Alliant International University">Alliant International University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvato" title="Arvato">Arvato</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F._A._Brockhaus_AG" title="F. A. Brockhaus AG">Brockhaus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvato_Entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="Arvato Entertainment">Arvato Entertainment</a> (Sonopress)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMG_Rights_Management" title="BMG Rights Management">BMG Rights Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a> (25%)</li> <li>Relias Learning</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manager_Magazin" title="Manager Magazin">Manager Magazin</a> (24.9%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A4chsische_Zeitung" title="Sächsische Zeitung">Sächsische Zeitung</a> (60%)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Bertelsmann" title="Category:Bertelsmann">Category</a></li></ul> <div class="reflist"> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41468#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1855" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41468#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1855" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41468#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121585923">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/145518837">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Ufa Film & TV-Produktion"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/10185986-7">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88020678">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12434959v">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12434959v">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="UFA (firma)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=kn20050505070&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Decla-Bioscop (firma)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2005276152&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007554915105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/033488177">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/label/02f49281-7203-4a2e-a1e0-ce7902117115">MusicBrainz label</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UFA_GmbH&oldid=1265329836">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UFA_GmbH&oldid=1265329836</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:RTL_Group" title="Category:RTL Group">RTL Group</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:UFA_GmbH" title="Category:UFA GmbH">UFA GmbH</a></li><li><a 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