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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunds-Fl%C3%BCgelschnecke" title="Hunds-Flügelschnecke – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hunds-Flügelschnecke" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laevistrombus_canarium" title="Laevistrombus canarium – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Laevistrombus canarium" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AF%D9%81_%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="صدف حلزونی سگی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="صدف حلزونی سگی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laevistrombus_canarium" title="Laevistrombus canarium – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Laevistrombus canarium" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laevistrombus_canarium" title="Laevistrombus canarium – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Laevistrombus canarium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siput_gonggong" title="Siput gonggong – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Siput gonggong" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laevistrombus_canarium" title="Laevistrombus canarium – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Laevistrombus canarium" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laevistrombus_canarium" title="Laevistrombus canarium – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Laevistrombus canarium" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laevistrombus_canarium" title="Laevistrombus canarium – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Laevistrombus canarium" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99" title="หอยชักตีน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หอยชักตีน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laevistrombus_canarium" title="Laevistrombus canarium – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Laevistrombus canarium" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Species of sea snail</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><i>Laevistrombus canarium</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Laevistrombus_canarium_canarium_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Laevistrombus_canarium_canarium_01.JPG/220px-Laevistrombus_canarium_canarium_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Laevistrombus_canarium_canarium_01.JPG/330px-Laevistrombus_canarium_canarium_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Laevistrombus_canarium_canarium_01.JPG/440px-Laevistrombus_canarium_canarium_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="8000" data-file-height="5457" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Five different views of a <a href="/wiki/Gastropod_shell" title="Gastropod shell">shell</a> of an adult <i>L. canarium</i>: abapertural (upper left), right lateral (center), apertural (upper right), apical (lower left) and basal (lower right) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Laevistrombus" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">Mollusca</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gastropoda" title="Gastropoda">Gastropoda</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subclass: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caenogastropoda" title="Caenogastropoda">Caenogastropoda</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Littorinimorpha" title="Littorinimorpha">Littorinimorpha</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Strombidae" title="Strombidae">Strombidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Laevistrombus" title="Laevistrombus"><i>Laevistrombus</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>L. canarium</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Laevistrombus canarium</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">1758</a>)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Leavistrombus_canairum_distribution_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Leavistrombus_canairum_distribution_map.jpg/220px-Leavistrombus_canairum_distribution_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Leavistrombus_canairum_distribution_map.jpg/330px-Leavistrombus_canairum_distribution_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Leavistrombus_canairum_distribution_map.jpg/440px-Leavistrombus_canairum_distribution_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1172" data-file-height="778" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">The shaded area indicates the distribution of <i>Laevistrombus canarium</i> within the Western Central Pacific, according to Poutiers, 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-Poutiers_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poutiers-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a><sup id="cite_ref-Poutiers_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poutiers-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cob4_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cob4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GloriaMaris1998_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GloriaMaris1998-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-maxwell_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxwell-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><i>Strombus canarium</i> <small><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">1758</a></small> (<a href="/wiki/Basionym" title="Basionym">original combination</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-LinnaeusSN_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LinnaeusSN-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Strombus gibbus</i> <small><a href="/wiki/Arturo_Issel" title="Arturo Issel">Issel</a> & <a href="/wiki/Cesare_Maria_Tapparone-Canefri" title="Cesare Maria Tapparone-Canefri">Canefri</a>, 1876</small><sup id="cite_ref-Tapparone_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tapparone-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><i><b>Laevistrombus canarium</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Common_name" title="Common name">commonly known</a> as the <b>dog conch</b> or by its better-known <a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">synonym</a>, <i><b>Strombus canarium</b></i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> of edible <a href="/wiki/Sea_snail" title="Sea snail">sea snail</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Marine_(ocean)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine (ocean)">marine</a> <a href="/wiki/Gastropod" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastropod">gastropod</a> <a href="/wiki/Mollusc" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusc">mollusc</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> <a href="/wiki/Strombidae" title="Strombidae">Strombidae</a> (true <a href="/wiki/Conch" title="Conch">conches</a>). Known from illustrations in books dating from the late 17th century, <i>L. canarium</i> is an <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pacific" title="Indo-Pacific">Indo-Pacific</a> species occurring from India and Sri Lanka to <a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a>, Australia and southern Japan. The <a href="/wiki/Gastropod_shell" title="Gastropod shell">shell</a> of adult individuals is coloured from light yellowish-brown to golden to grey. It has a characteristic inflated <a href="/wiki/Body_whorl" title="Body whorl">body whorl</a>, a flared, thick <a href="/wiki/Lip_(gastropod)" title="Lip (gastropod)">outer lip</a>, and a shallow <a href="/wiki/Stromboid_notch" title="Stromboid notch">stromboid notch</a>. The shell is valued as an ornament, and because it is heavy and compact, it is also often used as a <a href="/wiki/Fishing_sinker" title="Fishing sinker">sinker</a> for <a href="/wiki/Fishing_net" title="Fishing net">fishing nets</a>. </p><p>The external anatomy of the soft parts of this species is similar to that of other strombid snails. The animal has an elongated <a href="/wiki/Snout" title="Snout">snout</a>, thin <a href="/wiki/Eyestalk" title="Eyestalk">eyestalks</a> with well-developed eyes and sensory tentacles, and a narrow, strong foot with a sickle-shaped <a href="/wiki/Operculum_(gastropod)" title="Operculum (gastropod)">operculum</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetics" title="Molecular phylogenetics">molecular</a> analysis conducted in 2006 based on <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> sequences of <a href="/wiki/Histone" title="Histone">histone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitochondrial">mitochondrial</a> genes demonstrated that <i>Laevistrombus canarium</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Doxander_vittatus" title="Doxander vittatus">Doxander vittatus</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Labiostrombus_epidromis" title="Labiostrombus epidromis">Labiostrombus epidromis</a></i> are <a href="/wiki/Common_ancestor" class="mw-redirect" title="Common ancestor">closely related</a> species. The dog conch exhibits behaviours common among the Strombidae, including burrowing and a characteristic leaping form of locomotion. The former behaviour, however, involves movement sequences unique to this species. </p><p><i>L. canarium</i> lives on muddy and sandy bottoms, grazing on <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Detritus" title="Detritus">detritus</a>. It is <a href="/wiki/Gonochoristic" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonochoristic">gonochoristic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexually_dimorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexually dimorphic">sexually dimorphic</a>, depending on <a href="/wiki/Internal_fertilization" title="Internal fertilization">internal fertilization</a> for <a href="/wiki/Spawning" title="Spawning">spawning</a>. <a href="/wiki/Veliger" title="Veliger">Larvae</a> of this species spend several days as <a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">plankton</a>, undergoing a series of transformations until they reach complete <a href="/wiki/Metamorphosis" title="Metamorphosis">metamorphosis</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Maximum_life_span" title="Maximum life span">maximum life span</a> is 2.0 to 2.5 years. <a href="/wiki/Predator" class="mw-redirect" title="Predator">Predators</a> of this snail include carnivorous gastropods such as <a href="/wiki/Cone_snail" title="Cone snail">cone snails</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voluta" title="Voluta">volutes</a>. It is also a prey species for <a href="/wiki/Vertebrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrates">vertebrates</a> including <a href="/wiki/Macaques" class="mw-redirect" title="Macaques">macaques</a>, and also humans, who consume the soft parts in a wide variety of dishes. </p><p>The dog conch is an economically important species in the <a href="/wiki/Indo-West_Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-West Pacific">Indo-West Pacific</a>, and several studies indicate that it may be suffering <a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">population</a> declines due to <a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">overfishing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">overexploitation</a>. <a href="/wiki/Malacologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Malacologist">Malacologists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecologist">ecologists</a> have recommended a reduction in its exploitation rate; initiatives in <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> are attempting to ensure the possibility of reproduction in young-adult individuals and manage the natural populations in general. <i>L. canarium</i> demonstrates the <a href="/wiki/Imposex" title="Imposex">imposex</a> phenomenon, but is resistant to <a href="/wiki/Sterility_(physiology)" title="Sterility (physiology)">sterility</a> caused by it; therefore, this species might be useful as a <a href="/wiki/Bioindicator" title="Bioindicator">bioindicator</a> for <a href="/wiki/Organotin" class="mw-redirect" title="Organotin">organotin</a> pollution monitoring near <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysian</a> <a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">ports</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laevistrombus_canarium&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The English <a href="/wiki/Common_name" title="Common name">common name</a> of <i>L. canarium</i>, "dog conch", is a calque of the <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a>, the species is known by the Malay name <i>siput gonggong</i>, where <i>siput</i> means "snail" and <i>gonggong</i> is an <a href="/wiki/Onomatopoeia" title="Onomatopoeia">onomatopoetic</a> word for a dog's bark.<sup id="cite_ref-Cob4_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cob4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tan2000_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tan2000-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jawa_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jawa-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laevistrombus_canarium&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Strombus-canarium-001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Drawings of two upright dog conch shells" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Strombus-canarium-001.jpg/220px-Strombus-canarium-001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Strombus-canarium-001.jpg/330px-Strombus-canarium-001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Strombus-canarium-001.jpg/440px-Strombus-canarium-001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1543" /></a><figcaption>A 1742 illustration from <i>Index Testarum Conchyliorum</i>, showing abapertural (left) and apertural (right) views of an adult dog conch shell</figcaption></figure> <p>The first published depictions of the shell of this species appeared in 1681 in the earliest book solely about <a href="/wiki/Sea_shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea shell">sea shells</a>, <i>Recreatio mentis et oculi in observatione animalium testaceorum</i> (<i>Refreshment of the mind and the eye in the observation of shell-bearing animals</i>) by Italian scholar <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Buonanni" class="mw-redirect" title="Filippo Buonanni">Filippo Buonanni</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ANSP_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANSP-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Buonanni1684_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buonanni1684-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The species was shown in the 1742 <i>Index Testarum Conchyliorum, quae adservantur in Museo Nicolai Gualtieri</i> (<i>List of the shells of shellfish which are preserved in the museum of Niccolò Gualtieri</i>) by Italian <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physician</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malacologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Malacologist">malacologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Gualtieri" title="Niccolò Gualtieri">Niccolò Gualtieri</a>. In both books, the <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphology</a> of an adult shell was shown from different perspectives.<sup id="cite_ref-Buonanni1684_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buonanni1684-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1758, the dog conch was formally <a href="/wiki/Species_description" title="Species description">described</a> and named <i>Strombus canarium</i> by Swedish <a href="/wiki/Naturalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalist">naturalist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taxonomist" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxonomist">taxonomist</a> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a>, who originated the system of <a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">binomial nomenclature</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Specific_name_(zoology)" title="Specific name (zoology)">specific name</a> of this <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxon</a>, <i>canarium</i>, is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Canis" title="Canis">canis</a></i> (dog).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original description given by Linnaeus in his book, <i><a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a></i>, is in Latin: "<i>S. testae labro rotundato brevi retuso, spiraque laevi</i>." This can be translated as "<i>Strombus</i> with a shell having a retuse, short, rounded <a href="/wiki/Lip_(gastropod)" title="Lip (gastropod)">lip</a>, and a smooth <a href="/wiki/Spire_(mollusc)" title="Spire (mollusc)">spire</a>". Linnaeus did not mention a <a href="/wiki/Type_locality_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Type locality (biology)">specific locality</a> in his original description, giving only <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Asia">Eastern Asia</a> as the area in which the species is found.<sup id="cite_ref-LinnaeusSN_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LinnaeusSN-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The taxon <i>Laevistrombus</i> was introduced in the literature as a <a href="/wiki/Subgenus" title="Subgenus">subgenus</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/Strombus" title="Strombus">Strombus</a></i> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetsuaki_Kira&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetsuaki Kira (page does not exist)">Tetsuaki Kira</a> (1955) in the third printing of the first edition of <i>Coloured Illustrations of the Shells of Japan</i>. It comprised two species, <i>Strombus (Laevistrombus) canarium</i> and <i>Strombus (L.) isabella</i> Lamarck, 1822. No <a href="/wiki/Type_specimen" class="mw-redirect" title="Type specimen">type specimen</a> was designated, and Kira gave no formal description or statement of differentiation, as required by the <a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature" title="International Code of Zoological Nomenclature">ICZN</a> code to <a href="/wiki/Valid_name_(zoology)" title="Valid name (zoology)">validate</a> the name. In a later version of the book, <i>Laevistrombus</i> was elevated to genus level, but a description was still lacking. Rüdiger Bieler and Richard Petit (1996) considered it a <i><a href="/wiki/Nomen_nudum" title="Nomen nudum">nomen nudum</a></i>, and the authorship was transferred to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Tucker_Abbott" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Tucker Abbott">Robert Tucker Abbott</a> (1960), who had provided a proper description and illustrations of <i>Laevistrombus</i> and specified a <a href="/wiki/Type_species" title="Type species">type species</a>, <i>Strombus canarium</i> L., in the first volume of his <a href="/wiki/Monograph" title="Monograph">monograph</a> <i>Indo-Pacific Mollusca</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kira_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kira-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bieler&Petit1996_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bieler&Petit1996-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Abbott1960_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott1960-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The currently accepted combination, <i>Laevistrombus canarium</i>, was proposed by <a href="/wiki/Jack_Sepkoski" title="Jack Sepkoski">Jack John Sepkoski Jr.</a> (2002), who elevated <i>Laevistrombus</i> to genus level based on <a href="/wiki/Palaeontological" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeontological">palaeontological</a> data.<sup id="cite_ref-Sepkoski_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sepkoski-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">synonyms</a> are other binomial names that were given over time to this taxon by authors who were unaware that the specimens they were describing belonged to a species already described by Linnaeus; in some cases, local variations in colour and form may have misled these authors into thinking they had a different species. <i>Strombus vanicorensis</i> is a subsequent, changed spelling of <i>Strombus vanikorensis</i> by one of the original authors.<sup id="cite_ref-Poutiers_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poutiers-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cob4_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cob4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some disagreement is seen in the literature as to whether or not this taxon and the similar-looking <i><a href="/wiki/Laevistrombus_turturella" title="Laevistrombus turturella">Laevistrombus turturella</a></i> are actually separate species. Leo Man In 'T Veld and Koenraad de Turck (1998) considered that <i>L. canarium</i> and <i>L. turturella</i> are distinct (yet <a href="/wiki/Sympatric" class="mw-redirect" title="Sympatric">sympatric</a>) species, based mainly on the shell morphology and a <a href="/wiki/Radula" title="Radula">radula</a> comparison.<sup id="cite_ref-GloriaMaris1998_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GloriaMaris1998-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, when Zaidi Che Cob reviewed a number of <i>Strombus</i> species in 2009, examining both shell characters and anatomical data including details of the <a href="/wiki/Genitalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitalia">genitalia</a>, operculum, and radula, he concluded that <i>L. turturella</i> was simply a <a href="/wiki/Morphotype" class="mw-redirect" title="Morphotype">morphotype</a>, and therefore a synonym of <i>L. canarium</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cob4_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cob4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, Maxwell et al. examined the early teleoconch (upper post-larval shell spiral) morphology of specimens of <i>Laevistrombus</i> species; they treated <i>L. turturella</i> as a valid species, and elevated <i>L. guidoi</i>, <i>L. taeniata</i>, and <i>L. vanikorensis</i> to full species status.<sup id="cite_ref-maxwell_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxwell-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anatomy">Anatomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laevistrombus_canarium&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Anatomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shell_description">Shell description</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laevistrombus_canarium&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Shell description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Strombus_canarium_Anatomy_Tryon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Side view of dog conch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Strombus_canarium_Anatomy_Tryon.jpg/170px-Strombus_canarium_Anatomy_Tryon.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Strombus_canarium_Anatomy_Tryon.jpg/255px-Strombus_canarium_Anatomy_Tryon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Strombus_canarium_Anatomy_Tryon.jpg/340px-Strombus_canarium_Anatomy_Tryon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1196" data-file-height="1076" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of the external morphology of <i>L. canarium</i>, from <i><a href="/wiki/Manual_of_Conchology" class="mw-redirect" title="Manual of Conchology">Manual of Conchology</a></i> (1885)<sup id="cite_ref-TryonGW_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TryonGW-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><i>Laevistrombus canarium</i> has a heavy shell with a rounded outline. The shell length of adult specimens is from 29 mm (1.1 in) to 71 mm (2.8 in).<sup id="cite_ref-GloriaMaris1998_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GloriaMaris1998-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The outer surface of the shell is almost completely smooth, except for barely visible <a href="/wiki/Sculpture_(mollusc)" title="Sculpture (mollusc)">spiral lines</a> and occasional <a href="/wiki/Varix_(mollusc)" title="Varix (mollusc)">varices</a> on the spire. Unlike species in the genus <i>Strombus</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Stromboid_notch" title="Stromboid notch">stromboid notch</a> on the outer lip is inconspicuous. When a normal adult <a href="/wiki/Dextral_coiling" class="mw-redirect" title="Dextral coiling">dextral</a> shell of this species is viewed ventrally (with the anterior end pointing downwards), the stromboid notch can be observed to the right of the siphonal canal as a shallow, secondary anterior indentation in the lip. The siphonal canal itself is straight, short, and ample; the columella is smooth, without any <a href="/wiki/Plait_(gastropod)" title="Plait (gastropod)">folds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Poutiers_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poutiers-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adult specimens have a moderately flared, posteriorly protruding outer lip,<sup id="cite_ref-GloriaMaris1998_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GloriaMaris1998-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tan2000_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tan2000-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is considerably thickened and completely devoid of marginal spikes or <a href="/wiki/Aperture_(mollusc)#Terminology" title="Aperture (mollusc)">plicae</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Body_whorl" title="Body whorl">body whorl</a> is roundly swollen at the shoulder, with a few anterior spiral grooves. The shell has a medium-to-high <a href="/wiki/Cone" title="Cone">cone</a>-shaped spire, with at least five delicately furrowed <a href="/wiki/Whorl_(mollusc)" title="Whorl (mollusc)">whorls</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cob4_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cob4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shell colour is variable, from golden yellow to light yellowish-brown to grey. The underside of the shell is rarely dark; more frequently it is paler than the top, or totally white. In all cases, the shell <a href="/wiki/Aperture_(mollusc)" title="Aperture (mollusc)">aperture</a> is white. Mature specimens sometimes have a metallic-grey or golden-brown gloss on the margin of the outer lip and the <a href="/wiki/Parietal_callus" title="Parietal callus">callus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Poutiers_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poutiers-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A zigzag network of darker lines is sometimes present on the outside of the shell.<sup id="cite_ref-GloriaMaris1998_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GloriaMaris1998-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Periostracum" title="Periostracum">periostracum</a>, a layer of protein (<a href="/wiki/Conchiolin" title="Conchiolin">conchiolin</a>) that is the outermost part of the shell surface, is yellowish-brown. It is usually thick, reticulated (net-like), and fimbriated (fringed) over the <a href="/wiki/Suture_(gastropod)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suture (gastropod)">suture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cob4_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cob4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Corneous" title="Corneous">corneous</a> <a href="/wiki/Operculum_(gastropod)" title="Operculum (gastropod)">operculum</a> is dark brown, and its shape is fairly typical of the family Strombidae: a slightly bent <a href="/wiki/Sickle" title="Sickle">sickle</a>, with seven or eight weak lateral serrations.<sup id="cite_ref-Cob4_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cob4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soft_parts">Soft parts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laevistrombus_canarium&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Soft parts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Females of <i>L. canarium</i> are generally larger (both shell and soft parts) than males, which is also the case in other <a href="/wiki/Strombidae" title="Strombidae">strombid</a> gastropods such as the spider conch (<i><a href="/wiki/Harpago_chiragra" title="Harpago chiragra">Harpago chiragra</a></i>) and queen conch (<i><a href="/wiki/Lobatus_gigas" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobatus gigas">Lobatus gigas</a></i>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="removed citation to predatory publisher content (December 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The external anatomy of the soft parts of this species is similar to that of the other members of the family; the animal has a long, extensible snout and thin <a href="/wiki/Eyestalk" title="Eyestalk">eyestalks</a> (also known as <a href="/wiki/Ommatophore" class="mw-redirect" title="Ommatophore">ommatophores</a>), with well-developed <a href="/wiki/Sensory_organs_of_gastropods#Lens_eyes" title="Sensory organs of gastropods">lens eyes</a> at the tips. Each eyestalk has a small sensory tentacle branching off near the end. The large foot of the animal is narrow and strong, able to perform the leaping form of <a href="/wiki/Animal_locomotion" title="Animal locomotion">locomotion</a> that is also found in other species of the Strombidae (such as the queen conch).<sup id="cite_ref-Cob3_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cob3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phylogeny">Phylogeny</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laevistrombus_canarium&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Phylogeny"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div> <table style="border: 1px solid #ccc; vertical-align: middle; width: 230px; margin:0.2em 0 0.2em 1em; float:right; clear:right;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 5px"> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261294616">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto;display:table}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf p{padding-right:5px;padding-left:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:70%;line-height:50%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Strombus_maculatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Strombus maculatus">Strombus maculatus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Strombus_mutabilis" class="mw-redirect" title="Strombus mutabilis">Strombus mutabilis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Strombus_microurceus" class="mw-redirect" title="Strombus microurceus">Strombus microurceus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Strombus_labiatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Strombus labiatus">Strombus labiatus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strombus_fragilis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strombus fragilis (page does not exist)">Strombus fragilis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Strombus_urceus" class="mw-redirect" title="Strombus urceus">Strombus urceus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Strombus_dentatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Strombus dentatus">Strombus dentatus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><b>Strombus canarium</b></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Strombus_vittatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Strombus vittatus">Strombus vittatus</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Strombus_epidromis" class="mw-redirect" title="Strombus epidromis">Strombus epidromis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Strombus_fusiformis" class="mw-redirect" title="Strombus fusiformis">Strombus fusiformis</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Strombus_haemastoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Strombus haemastoma">Strombus haemastoma</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Strombus_wilsoni" class="mw-redirect" title="Strombus wilsoni">Strombus wilsoni</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; font-size: 88%; border: 0; padding: 0;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Phylogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogeny">phylogeny</a> and relationships of <i>Strombus</i> species, according to Latiolais and colleagues (2006)<sup id="cite_ref-Latiolais_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Latiolais-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>In 2006, Latiolais and colleagues proposed a <a href="/wiki/Cladogram" title="Cladogram">cladogram</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tree_of_life_(science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree of life (science)">tree of descent</a>) that attempts to show the <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogenetic">phylogenetic</a> relationships of 34 species within the family Strombidae. The authors analysed 31 species in the genus <i>Strombus</i> (including <i>S. canarium</i>) and three species in the allied genus <i><a href="/wiki/Lambis" title="Lambis">Lambis</a></i>. The cladogram was based on <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> sequences of both nuclear <a href="/wiki/Histone_H3" title="Histone H3">histone H3</a> and mitochondrial <a href="/wiki/Main_subunit_of_cytochrome_c_oxidase" class="mw-redirect" title="Main subunit of cytochrome c oxidase">cytochrome-c oxidase I</a> protein-coding <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</a> regions. In this proposed phylogeny <i>S. (L.) canarium</i>, <i>Strombus vittatus</i> (a synonym for <i><a href="/wiki/Doxander_vittatus" title="Doxander vittatus">Doxander vittatus</a></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-BouchetP2012_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BouchetP2012-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Strombus epidromis</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Labiostrombus_epidromis" title="Labiostrombus epidromis">Labiostrombus epidromis</a></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-Bouchet&Rosenberg2012_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bouchet&Rosenberg2012-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are closely related, and appear to share a <a href="/wiki/Common_ancestor" class="mw-redirect" title="Common ancestor">common ancestor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Latiolais_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Latiolais-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laevistrombus_canarium&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>L. canarium</i> is native to the coastal waters of the Indo-Pacific region.<sup id="cite_ref-Cob_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cob-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its westernmost distribution is India, including <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mannar" title="Gulf of Mannar">Gulf of Mannar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuticorin" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuticorin">Tuticorin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rameswaram" title="Rameswaram">Rameswaram</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Andamans" class="mw-redirect" title="Andamans">Andamans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SubbaRao2003_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SubbaRao2003-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It occurs in Sri Lanka (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Province,_Sri_Lanka" title="Eastern Province, Sri Lanka">Eastern province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trincomalee" title="Trincomalee">Trincomalee</a>), Thailand, Borneo (<a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a>), Indonesia (<a href="/wiki/Moluccas" class="mw-redirect" title="Moluccas">Moluccas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saparua" title="Saparua">Saparua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanjungpinang" title="Tanjungpinang">Tanjungpinang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batam" title="Batam">Batam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bintan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bintan">Bintan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riau_Islands" title="Riau Islands">Riau Islands</a>) and the Philippines (<a href="/wiki/Cebu_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Cebu Island">Cebu Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polillo_Islands" title="Polillo Islands">Polillo Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palawan" title="Palawan">Palawan</a>). It is also found further east in <a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Yos_Sudarso_Bay" title="Yos Sudarso Bay">Yos Sudarso Bay</a> in New Guinea, <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaita" title="Malaita">Malaita</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal" title="Guadalcanal">Guadalcanal</a> in the Solomon Islands, <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kioa" title="Kioa">Kioa Island</a> in Fiji, and <a href="/wiki/New_Hebrides" title="New Hebrides">New Hebrides</a>. The species is known to occur in <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>, Australia, and north to Vietnam, Taiwan, and southern Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-Poutiers_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poutiers-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GloriaMaris1998_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GloriaMaris1998-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Detailed information is available about its distribution in the <a href="/wiki/Straits_of_Johor" title="Straits of Johor">Straits of Johor</a> area and some other parts of Malaysia, where it has been reported from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanjung_Adang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tanjung Adang (page does not exist)">Tanjung Adang</a> Shoal, <a href="/wiki/Pulau_Merambong" title="Pulau Merambong">Merambong</a> Shoal, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tanjung_Bin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tanjung Bin (page does not exist)">Tanjung Bin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanjung_Surat" title="Tanjung Surat">Tanjung Surat</a>, Tanjung Buai and <a href="/wiki/Pasir_Gogok" title="Pasir Gogok">Pasir Gogok</a> in the Johor Straits, <a href="/wiki/Pulau_Tinggi" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulau Tinggi">Pulau Tinggi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulau_Besar_(Johor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulau Besar (Johor)">Pulau Besar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pulau_Sibu" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulau Sibu">Pulau Sibu</a>, in eastern Johor, <a href="/wiki/Port_Dickson" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Dickson">Port Dickson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Teluk_Kemang" title="Teluk Kemang">Teluk Kemang</a> in <a href="/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan" title="Negeri Sembilan">Negeri Sembilan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulau_Pangkor" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulau Pangkor">Pulau Pangkor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Langkawi" title="Langkawi">Pulau Langkawi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Rachado" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Rachado">Cape Rachado</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Behaviour">Behaviour</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laevistrombus_canarium&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Behaviour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Compared to most other gastropods, <i>L. canarium</i> has an unusual means of locomotion that is common only among the Strombidae. This curious series of maneuvers was originally described by American zoologist <a href="/wiki/George_Howard_Parker" title="George Howard Parker">George Howard Parker</a> in 1922. The animal initially fixes the posterior end of the foot by thrusting the point of its sickle-shaped operculum into the <a href="/wiki/Substrate_(biology)" title="Substrate (biology)">substrate</a>. Then, it extends its foot forward, lifting the shell and throws it ahead in a motion that has been described as "leaping".<sup id="cite_ref-Cob3_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cob3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-parker_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-parker-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Burrowing behaviour, in which an individual sinks itself entirely (or partially) into the substrate, is frequent among strombid gastropods.<sup id="cite_ref-Savazzi89_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Savazzi89-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The burrowing behaviour of <i>L. canarium</i> consists of a series of movements characteristic of the species. There are three consecutive movements: first is probing, where the animal pushes the anterior portion of the foot into the substrate to gain a hold; next is shovelling, where it pushes the substrate with its long, extensible proboscis. Retraction is the final movement, where it moves the shell along an anterior-posterior axis to settle the substrate around it. Once burrowed, part of the dorsal shell is usually still visible (although the ventral surface and the animal's soft parts are buried).<sup id="cite_ref-Savazzi89_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Savazzi89-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Escape_response" title="Escape response">escape response</a> in gastropods—the perception of stimuli (for example, the presence of a <a href="/wiki/Predator" class="mw-redirect" title="Predator">predator</a> nearby) and a subsequent escape motion—is a frequent target of behavioural studies.<sup id="cite_ref-AB1966_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AB1966-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In gastropods, the perception of environmental chemical stimuli originating, for example, from food or other organisms is possibly mediated by sensory organs such as the <a href="/wiki/Osphradium" title="Osphradium">osphradium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brusca&Brusca_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brusca&Brusca-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the case of <i>L. canarium</i>, the perception of a predator can occur through <a href="/wiki/Chemoreception" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemoreception">chemoreception</a> or vision (a well-developed sense in strombid gastropods).<sup id="cite_ref-AB1966_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AB1966-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MTSPB_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MTSPB-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The presence of a predator can significantly alter the movement pattern of <i>L. canarium</i>, inducing an increase in the frequency of leaps.<sup id="cite_ref-AB1966_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AB1966-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laevistrombus_canarium&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The dog conch lives on muddy sand bottoms among <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seagrass" title="Seagrass">seagrass</a> beds on <a href="/wiki/Island" title="Island">insular</a> and continental shores. It usually prefers major islands and continental coasts rather than the shores of small islands, although this is not an absolute rule.<sup id="cite_ref-Poutiers_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poutiers-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-xenophora92_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xenophora92-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>L. canarium</i> prefers areas of mixed seagrasses (with a predominance of <i><a href="/wiki/Halophila" title="Halophila">Halophila</a></i>), and also prefers <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediment</a> with high levels of <a href="/wiki/Organic_matter" title="Organic matter">organic matter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CobItalianJournal_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CobItalianJournal-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This conch avoids environments with a high density of <i><a href="/wiki/Enhalus" title="Enhalus">Enhalus acoroides</a></i>, a large seagrass native to coastal waters of the Indo-Pacific.<sup id="cite_ref-CobItalianJournal_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CobItalianJournal-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Larkum_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larkum-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dog conch can be found in <a href="/wiki/Littoral" class="mw-redirect" title="Littoral">littoral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sublittoral" class="mw-redirect" title="Sublittoral">sublittoral</a> zones, from shallow water to a depth of 55 m (180 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-Poutiers_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poutiers-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is normally found in large <a href="/wiki/Colony_(biology)" title="Colony (biology)">colonies</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Cob3_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cob3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is usually abundant wherever it occurs.<sup id="cite_ref-Cob2_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cob2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Textile_cone.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Red-and-white snail resting on substrate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Textile_cone.JPG/220px-Textile_cone.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Textile_cone.JPG/330px-Textile_cone.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Textile_cone.JPG/440px-Textile_cone.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>One known predator of the dog conch is the cloth-of-gold <a href="/wiki/Cone_snail" title="Cone snail">cone snail</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Conus_textile" title="Conus textile">Conus textile</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the 19th century, strombid gastropods were believed to be <a href="/wiki/Carnivore" title="Carnivore">carnivores</a>. This erroneous conception was based on the writings of French naturalist <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Lamarck" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Baptiste Lamarck">Jean Baptiste Lamarck</a>, whose classification scheme grouped strombids with carnivorous sea snails.<sup id="cite_ref-Robertson1961_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robertson1961-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequent studies have refuted the concept, proving beyond doubt that strombid gastropods are <a href="/wiki/Herbivorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbivorous">herbivorous</a> animals.<sup id="cite_ref-Robertson1961_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robertson1961-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In common with other Strombidae, <i>Laevistrombus canarium</i> is known to be a herbivore,<sup id="cite_ref-Cob2_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cob2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> feeding on algae and occasionally <a href="/wiki/Detritus" title="Detritus">detritus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Poutiers_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poutiers-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many <a href="/wiki/Carnivorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnivorous">carnivorous</a> marine gastropods are known predators of <i>L. canarium</i>, including the <a href="/wiki/Volutidae" title="Volutidae">volutes</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Cymbiola_nobilis" title="Cymbiola nobilis">Cymbiola nobilis</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Melo_melo" title="Melo melo">Melo melo</a></i><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="removed citation to predatory publisher content (December 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and the cone snail (<i><a href="/wiki/Conus_textile" title="Conus textile">Conus textile</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-AB1966_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AB1966-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dog conch is also preyed upon by <a href="/wiki/Vertebrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertebrates">vertebrates</a>. These include the crab-eating macaque, <i><a href="/wiki/Macaca_fascicularis" class="mw-redirect" title="Macaca fascicularis">Macaca fascicularis</a></i>, an opportunistic predator that scours <a href="/wiki/Intertidal" class="mw-redirect" title="Intertidal">intertidal</a> environments.<sup id="cite_ref-Gumert2012_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gumert2012-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Humans are one of the dog conch's main predators, subjecting the species to intensive fishing and exploitation.<sup id="cite_ref-Poutiers_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poutiers-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cob_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cob-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Empty shells of <i>L. canarium</i> are often occupied by the land <a href="/wiki/Hermit_crab" title="Hermit crab">hermit crab</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Coenobita_violascens" title="Coenobita violascens">Coenobita violascens</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-NaupliusCaenobita_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NaupliusCaenobita-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>L. canarium</i> is often <a href="/wiki/Parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasite">parasitized</a> by <a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">protists</a> of the phylum <a href="/wiki/Apicomplexa" title="Apicomplexa">Apicomplexa</a>, which are common mollusk parasites.<sup id="cite_ref-Azmietal2018_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Azmietal2018-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cárdenas_JSR_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cárdenas_JSR-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Coccidium" class="mw-redirect" title="Coccidium">coccidian</a> parasites that infect <i>L. canarium</i> belong to the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Pseudoklossia" title="Pseudoklossia">Pseudoklossia</a></i>. These <a href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">spore</a>-forming, single-celled <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganisms</a><sup id="cite_ref-DesserBower2014_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DesserBower2014-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> infest the hosts' <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidney</a> cells, and the digestive ducts and tubules of its <a href="/wiki/Digestive_gland" class="mw-redirect" title="Digestive gland">digestive gland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Azmietal2018_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Azmietal2018-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life_cycle">Life cycle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laevistrombus_canarium&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Life cycle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>L. canarium</i> is <a href="/wiki/Gonochorism" title="Gonochorism">gonochoristic</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Cob2_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cob2-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which means that each individual animal is distinctly male or female. The breeding season starts in late November and continues until early March.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="removed citation to predatory publisher content (December 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> After <a href="/wiki/Internal_fertilization" title="Internal fertilization">internal fertilization</a> the female produces and <a href="/wiki/Spawn_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spawn (biology)">spawns</a> a long, gelatinous tubular structure containing multiple <a href="/wiki/Egg_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egg (biology)">eggs</a>. This structure then coils itself and compacts, forming a creamy-white egg mass. Each egg mass may contain 50,000–70,000 eggs;<sup id="cite_ref-Cob3_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cob3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the females usually lay them on seagrass, where they remain attached.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="removed citation to predatory publisher content (December 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In about 110–130 hours the <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryo</a> of <i>L. canarium</i> grows from a single <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cell</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Veliger" title="Veliger">veliger</a> (a larval form common to marine and fresh-water gastropod and <a href="/wiki/Bivalve" class="mw-redirect" title="Bivalve">bivalve</a> mollusks)<sup id="cite_ref-Brusca&Brusca2_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brusca&Brusca2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then hatches. The hatching process takes 12–15 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-Cob3_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cob3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After hatching, the <a href="/wiki/Larvae" class="mw-redirect" title="Larvae">larvae</a> can be assigned to four distinct developmental stages throughout their short <a href="/wiki/Planktonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Planktonic">planktonic</a> lives (based on morphological features and other characteristics). Usually, larvae up to 3 days old are stage I veligers; 4– to 8-day-old larvae are sstage II; 9– to 16-day-old larvae are stage III, and larvae from 17 days to <a href="/wiki/Metamorphosis" title="Metamorphosis">metamorphosis</a> are stage IV.<sup id="cite_ref-Cob3_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cob3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>L. canarium</i> larvae develop faster compared to other species in the same family, including the West Indian fighting conch (<i><a href="/wiki/Strombus_pugilis" title="Strombus pugilis">Strombus pugilis</a></i>) and the milk conch (<i><a href="/wiki/Lobatus_costatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobatus costatus">Lobatus costatus</a></i>). Larval development may be highly influenced by environmental conditions, such as temperature and the quality and availability of food.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="removed citation to predatory publisher content (December 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Metamorphosis in <i>L. canarium</i> can be recognised by loss of the larval <a href="/wiki/Veliger#Veliger_of_gastropods" title="Veliger">velar lobes</a> and the development of the typical leaping motion of <a href="/wiki/Juvenile_(organism)" title="Juvenile (organism)">juvenile</a> <a href="/wiki/True_conch" class="mw-redirect" title="True conch">true conches</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cob3_17-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cob3-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study from 2008 indicates that <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">sexual dimorphism</a> occurs early during this species' <a href="/wiki/Ontogeny" title="Ontogeny">ontogeny</a>. <i>L. canarium</i> males reach <a href="/wiki/Sexual_maturity" title="Sexual maturity">sexual maturity</a> at a shorter shell length when compared to females.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="removed citation to predatory publisher content (December 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Individuals are considered to be <a href="/wiki/Adult" title="Adult">adults</a> by the time the outer lip of their shells is noticeably thickened and flared; growth to adult size takes about a year.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="removed citation to predatory publisher content (December 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Maximum_lifespan" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximum lifespan">maximum lifespan</a> of the dog conch differs between sexes; it is estimated at 2.0 and 2.5 years for females and males, respectively.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="removed citation to predatory publisher content (December 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_uses_and_conservation_measures">Human uses and conservation measures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laevistrombus_canarium&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Human uses and conservation measures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tributyltin_oxide.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Chemical diagram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Tributyltin_oxide.png/220px-Tributyltin_oxide.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Tributyltin_oxide.png/330px-Tributyltin_oxide.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Tributyltin_oxide.png/440px-Tributyltin_oxide.png 2x" data-file-width="446" data-file-height="101" /></a><figcaption>Structural diagram of a <a href="/wiki/Tributyltin_oxide" title="Tributyltin oxide">tributyltin</a> (TBT) compound. Organic tin compounds such as TBT can cause <a href="/wiki/Imposex" title="Imposex">imposex</a> in gastropods.</figcaption></figure> <p>The flesh of the dog conch is edible. It is a <a href="/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">staple food</a> for locals living along the seashore, and is fished in many parts of <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cob_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cob-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite their ornamental value,<sup id="cite_ref-Poutiers_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poutiers-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>L. canarium</i> shells are traditionally used by local fishermen as sinkers for <a href="/wiki/Fishing_net" title="Fishing net">fishing nets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Poutiers_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poutiers-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies from 2008 to 2009 indicate that <i>L. canarium</i> has been <a href="/wiki/Overexploited" class="mw-redirect" title="Overexploited">overexploited</a> and <a href="/wiki/Overfished" class="mw-redirect" title="Overfished">overfished</a> in many areas; malacologists and ecologists have recommended reducing exploitation rates to maintain its availability as a natural resource.<sup id="cite_ref-Cob_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cob-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finding large dog-conch individuals has become an increasingly difficult task in several regions where this species occurs.<sup id="cite_ref-Phuket_Gazette_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phuket_Gazette-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initiatives in the southern Thailand province of <a href="/wiki/Phuket_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Phuket Province">Phuket</a> intend to increase depleted natural stocks of <i>L. canarium</i> by reintroducing <a href="/wiki/Heliciculture" title="Heliciculture">cultured</a> animals in local seagrass beds. Fishermen are encouraged not to collect younger, smaller individuals that have not yet reproduced.<sup id="cite_ref-Phuket_Gazette_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phuket_Gazette-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Imposex" title="Imposex">Imposex</a> has recently been detected in <i>L. canarium</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-CobImposex_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CobImposex-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Imposex is the development of male sex organs in female animals exposed to man-made organic tin compounds, such as <a href="/wiki/Tributyltin" title="Tributyltin">tributyltin</a> (TBT). It has negative consequences for several species of sea snails, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Sterility_(physiology)" title="Sterility (physiology)">sterility</a> in some individuals to the <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinction</a> of entire populations.<sup id="cite_ref-Castro_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Castro-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tin compounds are <a href="/wiki/Biocide" title="Biocide">biocidal</a> anti<a href="/wiki/Fouling" title="Fouling">fouling</a> agents mixed into paints to prevent marine encrustations on boats and ships. High concentrations of these compounds are commonly present in seawater near <a href="/wiki/Shipyards" class="mw-redirect" title="Shipyards">shipyards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dock_(maritime)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dock (maritime)">docking</a> areas, exposing nearby marine life to harmful effects.<sup id="cite_ref-CobImposex_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CobImposex-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Castro_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Castro-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2011 paper, Cob and colleagues found that imposex rates are high in dog conch populations near <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysian</a> ports; however, the researchers could not detect any cases of sterility in affected females. The authors concluded that females of <i>L. canarium</i> often develop a penis when seawater contains <a href="/wiki/Organotin" class="mw-redirect" title="Organotin">organotin</a> compounds, but the phenomenon does not cause sterility in this species. The ability of the dog conch to survive despite imposex makes this species a suitable local <a href="/wiki/Bioindicator" title="Bioindicator">bioindicator</a> for organotin pollution.<sup id="cite_ref-CobImposex_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CobImposex-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Siput_Gonggong_cooked_with_lemongrass.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="L. canarium is a local delicacy in the Malay Peninsula. Dog conchs are boiled with lemongrass and can be eaten with white rice."><img alt="L. canarium is a local delicacy in the Malay Peninsula. Dog conchs are boiled with lemongrass and can be eaten with white rice." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Siput_Gonggong_cooked_with_lemongrass.jpg/120px-Siput_Gonggong_cooked_with_lemongrass.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Siput_Gonggong_cooked_with_lemongrass.jpg/180px-Siput_Gonggong_cooked_with_lemongrass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Siput_Gonggong_cooked_with_lemongrass.jpg/240px-Siput_Gonggong_cooked_with_lemongrass.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>L. canarium</i> is a local delicacy in the Malay Peninsula. Dog conchs are boiled with lemongrass and can be eaten with white rice.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Siput_Gonggong_Rebus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dog conchs served in a seafood restaurant near Johor Bahru, Malaysia"><img alt="Dog conchs served in a seafood restaurant near Johor Bahru, Malaysia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Siput_Gonggong_Rebus.jpg/120px-Siput_Gonggong_Rebus.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Siput_Gonggong_Rebus.jpg/180px-Siput_Gonggong_Rebus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Siput_Gonggong_Rebus.jpg/240px-Siput_Gonggong_Rebus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dog conchs served in a seafood restaurant near Johor Bahru, Malaysia</div> </li> </ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laevistrombus_canarium&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Poutiers-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Poutiers_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poutiers_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poutiers_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poutiers_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poutiers_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poutiers_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poutiers_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poutiers_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poutiers_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poutiers_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poutiers_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Poutiers_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPoutiers1998" class="citation book cs1">Poutiers, J. 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B.; Meirelles, C. A. O.; Matthews-Cascon, H.; Rocha-Barreira, C. A.; Penchaszadeh, P.; Bigatti, G. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scielo.br/pdf/babt/v51n5/a24v51n5.pdf">"Imposex in endemic volutid from Northeast Brazil (Mollusca: Gastropoda)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology</i>. <b>51</b> (5): 1065–1069. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1590%2Fs1516-89132008000500024">10.1590/s1516-89132008000500024</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1516-8913">1516-8913</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brazilian+Archives+of+Biology+and+Technology&rft.atitle=Imposex+in+endemic+volutid+from+Northeast+Brazil+%28Mollusca%3A+Gastropoda%29&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1065-1069&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1590%2Fs1516-89132008000500024&rft.issn=1516-8913&rft.aulast=Castro&rft.aufirst=%C3%8D.+B.&rft.au=Meirelles%2C+C.+A.+O.&rft.au=Matthews-Cascon%2C+H.&rft.au=Rocha-Barreira%2C+C.+A.&rft.au=Penchaszadeh%2C+P.&rft.au=Bigatti%2C+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scielo.br%2Fpdf%2Fbabt%2Fv51n5%2Fa24v51n5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaevistrombus+canarium" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laevistrombus_canarium&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Laevistrombus_canarium" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Laevistrombus canarium">Laevistrombus canarium</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gastropods.com/1/Shell_211.shtml">"<i>Laevistrombus canarium</i>"</a>. <i>Gastropods.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Edible_molluscs" title="Template:Edible molluscs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Edible_molluscs" title="Template talk:Edible molluscs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Edible_molluscs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Edible molluscs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Edible_mollusks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Edible mollusks</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bivalvia" title="Bivalvia">Bivalves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clam" title="Clam">Clams</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_jackknife_clam" title="Atlantic jackknife clam">Atlantic jackknife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_surf_clam" title="Atlantic surf clam">Atlantic surf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoduck" title="Geoduck">Geoduck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grooved_carpet_shell" title="Grooved carpet shell">Grooved carpet shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_clam" title="Hard clam">Hard clam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_clam" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse clam">Horse</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mactra_stultorum" title="Mactra stultorum">Mactra stultorum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mya_truncata" title="Mya truncata">Blunt gaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctica_islandica" title="Arctica islandica">Ocean quahog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_razor_clam" title="Pacific razor clam">Pacific razor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruditapes_largillierti" title="Ruditapes largillierti">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxidomus_nuttalli" title="Saxidomus nuttalli">California butterclam</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Senilia_senilis" class="mw-redirect" title="Senilia senilis">Senilia senilis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smooth_clam" class="mw-redirect" title="Smooth clam">Smooth clam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft-shell_clam" title="Soft-shell clam">Soft-shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crassula_aequilatera" title="Crassula aequilatera">Triangle shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuatua" title="Tuatua">Tuatua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venerupis_philippinarum" class="mw-redirect" title="Venerupis philippinarum">Japanese littleneck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razor_shell" title="Razor shell">Razor clam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pod_razor" title="Pod razor">Pod razor</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ensis" title="Ensis">Ensis</a></i> (razor genus)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paphies" title="Paphies">Paphies</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cockle_(bivalve)" title="Cockle (bivalve)">Cockles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_cockle" title="Common cockle">Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tegillarca_granosa" title="Tegillarca granosa">Blood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plebidonax_deltoides" title="Plebidonax deltoides">Goolwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrovenus_stutchburyi" title="Austrovenus stutchburyi">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_cockle" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney cockle">Sydney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinocardium" title="Dinocardium">Giant Atlantic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">Mussels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_mussel" title="Blue mussel">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_mussel" title="Mediterranean mussel">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perna_canaliculus" title="Perna canaliculus">New Zealand green-lipped</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_mussel" title="California mussel">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perna_perna" title="Perna perna">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perna_viridis" title="Perna viridis">Asian/Philippine green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithophaga_lithophaga" title="Lithophaga lithophaga"> Date</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mytilidae" title="Mytilidae">Mytilidae</a> (mussel family)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">Oysters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_oyster" title="Eastern oyster">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrea_lurida" title="Ostrea lurida">Olympia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrea_angasi" title="Ostrea angasi">Southern mud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrea_edulis" title="Ostrea edulis">Colchester native</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_oyster" title="Pacific oyster">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_oyster" title="Portuguese oyster">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windowpane_oyster" title="Windowpane oyster">Windowpane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_oyster" title="Rock oyster">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_rock_oyster" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney rock oyster">Sydney rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiostrea_chilensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiostrea chilensis"><i>Ostra chilena</i>/Bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillardeau_oysters" title="Gillardeau oysters">Gillardeau oysters</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crassostrea" title="Crassostrea">Crassostrea</a></i> ("true oyster" genus)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scallop" title="Scallop">Scallops</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argopecten_irradians" title="Argopecten irradians">Atlantic bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecten_maximus" title="Pecten maximus">Great/king</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecten_novaezelandiae" title="Pecten novaezelandiae">New Zealand</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pecten_jacobaeus" title="Pecten jacobaeus">Pecten jacobaeus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argopecten_purpuratus" title="Argopecten purpuratus">Peruvian calico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizuhopecten_yessoensis" title="Mizuhopecten yessoensis">Yesso</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Placopecten_magellanicus" title="Placopecten magellanicus">Placopecten magellanicus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gastropoda" title="Gastropoda">Gastropods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">Abalone</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haliotis_sorenseni" title="Haliotis sorenseni">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haliotis_rufescens" title="Haliotis rufescens">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haliotis_cracherodii" title="Haliotis cracherodii">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haliotis_fulgens" title="Haliotis fulgens">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haliotis_corrugata" title="Haliotis corrugata">Pink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haliotis_rubra" title="Haliotis rubra">Blacklip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haliotis_laevigata" title="Haliotis laevigata">Greenlip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_ormer" title="Green ormer">Green ormer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ua" title="Pāua">Pāua</a> (group of four species)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haliotis_midae" title="Haliotis midae">South African abalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concholepas_concholepas" title="Concholepas concholepas">Chilean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conch" title="Conch">Conches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lobatus_gigas" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobatus gigas">Queen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentigo_pipus" title="Lentigo pipus">Elegant</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Limpet" title="Limpet">Limpets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellana_exarata" title="Cellana exarata">Black-foot opihi/Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellana_talcosa" title="Cellana talcosa">Turtle/talc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellana_sandwicensis" title="Cellana sandwicensis">Yellow-foot opihi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patella_ulyssiponensis" title="Patella ulyssiponensis">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patella_vulgata" title="Patella vulgata">Common European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patella_caerulea" title="Patella caerulea">Rayed Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patella_ferruginea" title="Patella ferruginea">Ribbed Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patella_rustica" title="Patella rustica">Rustic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Littorinidae" title="Littorinidae">Periwinkles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_periwinkle" title="Common periwinkle">Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrolittorina_antipodum" title="Austrolittorina antipodum">Banded</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Littorina_sitkana" title="Littorina sitkana">Littorina sitkana</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Whelk" title="Whelk">Whelks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Busycotypus_canaliculatus" title="Busycotypus canaliculatus">Channeled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buccinum_undatum" title="Buccinum undatum">Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelletia_kelletii" title="Kelletia kelletii">Kellet's</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kelletia_lischkei" title="Kelletia lischkei">Kelletia lischkei</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knobbed_whelk" title="Knobbed whelk">Knobbed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulguropsis_spirata" title="Fulguropsis spirata">Pear whelk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinistrofulgur_perversum" title="Sinistrofulgur perversum">Lightning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Snail" title="Snail">Other snails</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sea_snail" title="Sea snail">Sea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amphibola_crenata" title="Amphibola crenata">Mud-flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullacta_exarata" title="Bullacta exarata">Korean mud</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chorus_giganteus" title="Chorus giganteus">Chorus giganteus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melo_melo" title="Melo melo">Bailer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Land_snail" title="Land snail">Land</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cornu_aspersum" title="Cornu aspersum">Cornu aspersum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Helix_lucorum" title="Helix lucorum">Helix lucorum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Helix_pomatia" title="Helix pomatia">Helix pomatia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_snail" title="Freshwater snail">Freshwater</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_snail" title="Apple snail">Apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neritidae" title="Neritidae">Nerites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inkfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Inkfish">Inkfish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cuttlefish" title="Cuttlefish">Cuttlefish</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sepiella_inermis" title="Sepiella inermis">Spineless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepiadarium_kochi" title="Sepiadarium kochi">Bottletail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Octopus" title="Octopus">Octopus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_octopus" title="Common octopus">Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callistoctopus_macropus" title="Callistoctopus macropus">Atlantic white-spotted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopus_cyanea" title="Octopus cyanea">Big blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enteroctopus_dofleini" class="mw-redirect" title="Enteroctopus dofleini">Pacific giant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enteroctopus_megalocyathus" class="mw-redirect" title="Enteroctopus megalocyathus">Southern red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimic_octopus" title="Mimic octopus">Mimic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amphioctopus_fangsiao" title="Amphioctopus fangsiao">Amphioctopus fangsiao</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Squid" title="Squid">Squid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nototodarus_sloanii" title="Nototodarus sloanii">New Zealand arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_flying_squid" title="Japanese flying squid">Japanese flying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_squid" title="Humboldt squid">Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neon_flying_squid" title="Neon flying squid">Neon flying</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chiton" title="Chiton">Chitons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chiton_magnificus" title="Chiton magnificus">Chiton magnificus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Acanthopleura_echinata" class="mw-redirect" title="Acanthopleura echinata">Acanthopleura echinata</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Acanthopleura_granulata" title="Acanthopleura granulata">Acanthopleura granulata</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oyster_farming" title="Oyster farming">Oyster farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliciculture" title="Heliciculture">Land snail farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastropoda#Anatomy" title="Gastropoda">Gastropod anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bivalvia#Anatomy" title="Bivalvia">Bivalve anatomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Category:Edible_molluscs" title="Category:Edible molluscs">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Laevistrombus canarium</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1314101" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q1314101">Q1314101</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Laevistrombus_canarium" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Laevistrombus canarium">Laevistrombus canarium</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=701895">701895</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6NT7G">6NT7G</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/2865239">2865239</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/6489830">6489830</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/888987">888987</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11738133">11738133</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=387451">387451</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Biodiversity_Information_System" title="Ocean Biodiversity Information System">OBIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obis.org/taxon/564722">564722</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=171957">171957</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/SeaLifeBase" title="SeaLifeBase">SeaLifeBase</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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