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Garrett"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":0,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Materialism","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [33984]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":31927713,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Materialism”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/31927713/mini_magick20190425-22097-4zim7i.png?1556251542" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Materialism</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33984" href="https://univ-tlse2.academia.edu/CharlesWolfe"><img alt="Profile image of Charles Wolfe" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/33984/11108/116699544/s65_charles.wolfe.jpg" />Charles Wolfe</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">Routledge Companion to 18th Century Philosophy, ed. A.V. Garrett</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":31927713,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/4412758/Materialism"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":31927713,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/4412758/Materialism"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="31927713" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/4412758/Materialism" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="73398577" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/73398577/The_Routledge_Companion_to_Eighteenth_Century_Philosophy">The Routledge Companion to Eighteenth Century Philosophy</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="79083" href="https://edinburgh.academia.edu/AlixCohen">Alix Cohen</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Routledge Companion to Eighteenth Century Philosophy","attachmentId":81935314,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/73398577/The_Routledge_Companion_to_Eighteenth_Century_Philosophy","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/73398577/The_Routledge_Companion_to_Eighteenth_Century_Philosophy"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="193599" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/193599/Heretical_empiricism_and_materialism_in_early_modern_thought">Heretical empiricism and materialism in early modern thought</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33984" href="https://univ-tlse2.academia.edu/CharlesWolfe">Charles Wolfe</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">There is an enduring story about empiricism, popularized in the early twentieth century by philosophers like Ayer and Russell, and targeted by other philosophers such as Husserl. It runs as follows: from Locke onwards to Carnap, empiricism is the doctrine in which raw sense-data are received through the passive mechanism of perception; experience is the effect produced by external reality on the mind or ‘receptors’. In addition, empiricism on this view is the ‘handmaiden’ of experimental natural science, seeking to redefine philosophy and its methods in conformity with the results of modern science. Secondly, there is a story about materialism, popularized initially by Marx and Engels and later restated as standard, ‘textbook’ history of philosophy in the English-speaking world. It portrays materialism as explicitly mechanistic, seeking to reduce the world of qualities, sensations, and purposive behaviour to a quantitative, usually deterministic physical scheme. Building on some recent scholarship, I aim to articulate the contrarian view according to which neither of these stories is true. On the contrary, empiricism turns out to be less ‘science-friendly’ and more concerned with moral matters; materialism reveals itself to be, in at least a large number of cases, a ‘vital’, anti-mechanistic doctrine which focuses on the unique properties of organic beings. This revision of two key philosophical episodes should reveal that our history of early modern philosophy is dependent to a great extent on ‘special interests’, whether positivistic or Kantian, and by extension lead us to rethink the relation and distinction between ‘science’ and ‘philosophy’ in this period.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Heretical empiricism and materialism in early modern thought","attachmentId":436749,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/193599/Heretical_empiricism_and_materialism_in_early_modern_thought","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/193599/Heretical_empiricism_and_materialism_in_early_modern_thought"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="3258472" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3258472/Vital_materialism_and_the_problem_of_ethics_in_the_Radical_Enlightenment">Vital materialism and the problem of ethics in the Radical Enlightenment</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33984" href="https://univ-tlse2.academia.edu/CharlesWolfe">Charles Wolfe</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">From Hegel to Engels to Sartre and Raymond Ruyer (Ruyer, 1933), to name only a few, materialism is viewed as a necropolis, or the metaphysics befitting such an abode. Endless numbers of authors describe matter’s crudeness, bruteness, coldness or stupidity. ‘Dead matter’, ‘brutish’, ‘mechanical, lifeless matter’ is somehow cruelly used, so the vision goes, by second-rate scientists or their propagandists to strip the living world of its uniqueness, its singularity, and of course its freedom (Crocker, 1959, Hill, 1968). It is often and wrongly presented as ‘mechanistic materialism’ – with echoes of de-humanization and the hostility to the Scientific Revolution (which knew nothing of materialism!), e.g. of Merchant’s ‘Death of Nature’ sort, never very far off. This is a powerful Christian theme (in the Cambridge Platonist Ralph Cudworth, in the Newtonian theologian Samuel Clarke and beyond: Overhoff, 2000). Here I aim to challenge this view, building on some aspects of Israel’s concept of the Radical Enlightenment (Israel, 2001), which has been controversial but which for my purposes is a useful claim about the dissemination of a kind of home-grown Spinozism which is sometimes turned into an ontology of the life sciences, an aspect Israel does not address (for further methodological discussion see Secrétan et al., eds., 2007 and Citton, 2006). First, I try and retrieve some ‘moments’ of radical Enlightenment materialism (including La Mettrie and Diderot, but also texts from the anonymous, clandestine tradition such as L’Âme Matérielle) and show how they are in fact defined by their recognition of the existence of organic beings, something also apparent in Diderot’s entry “Spinosiste” in the Encyclopédie. Second, I show how this ‘vital materialism’ in the Enlightenment is different from both earlier and later episodes, not least due to its ‘embodied’ character. Is this non-mechanistic materialism more accessible to ethics, or more of an ethics, than is usually thought? Here, the figure of the materialist as ‘laughing philosopher’ is relevant. Third, I reflect on what this implies for our image of the Enlightenment – as the implications are quite different from a Frankfurt School and/or Foucaldian vision of Enlightenment as ‘discipline’, regimentation and order (as still promoted for instance in Mayr, 1986). Notably, the presence at the heart of the Radical Enlightenment of a ‘vital materialism’ makes a difference – without this having to be taken, conversely, in the direction of a kind of holist vitalism “markedly at odds with the universalizing discourse of Encyclopedist materialism, with its insistence on the uniformity of nature and the universality of physical laws” (Williams, 2003, p. 177); vital materialism is still materialism. Its ethics tends towards the form of hedonism, but its most radical proponents (Diderot, La Mettrie and later Sade) disagree as to what this means.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Vital materialism and the problem of ethics in the Radical Enlightenment","attachmentId":31110016,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/3258472/Vital_materialism_and_the_problem_of_ethics_in_the_Radical_Enlightenment","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/3258472/Vital_materialism_and_the_problem_of_ethics_in_the_Radical_Enlightenment"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="16622656" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/16622656/Introduction_to_Materialism_A_Historico_Philosophical_Introduction">Introduction to 'Materialism: A Historico-Philosophical Introduction'</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33984" href="https://univ-tlse2.academia.edu/CharlesWolfe">Charles Wolfe</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">MATERIALISM: A HISTORICO-PHILOSOPHICAL INTRODUCTION</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Materialism – the philosophical doctrine that ‘Everything that exists, is material’, including human beings, who cannot then have an immortal soul – has been a heretical or clandestine teaching since the beginnings of philosophy. Its main crime is “explaining the higher level in terms of the lower level,” as Auguste Comte put it; this in turn is supposed to lead straight to immoralism: even Darwin denied that he was a materialist! At the same time, materialism is said to be the position which somehow facilitated and prepared the advent of modern science, particularly physical and biological science. What then is materialism? Is there only one, or are there many variants? I will mainly examine the first sustained materialist school in modern philosophy, in eighteenth-century French thought, chiefly represented by La Mettrie and Diderot, but also other figures notably in England. In addition, I will draw some contrasts between ‘French materialism’ and contemporary philosophy of mind, in which the dominant question is the relation between mind and brain.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Introduction to 'Materialism: A Historico-Philosophical Introduction'","attachmentId":39086349,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/16622656/Introduction_to_Materialism_A_Historico_Philosophical_Introduction","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/16622656/Introduction_to_Materialism_A_Historico_Philosophical_Introduction"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="40961430" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/40961430/Points_of_Forced_Freedom_Eleven_More_Theses_on_Materialism">Points of Forced Freedom: Eleven (More) Theses on Materialism</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5971837" href="https://unm.academia.edu/AdrianJohnston">Adrian Johnston</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Speculations: A Journal of Speculative Realism, 2013</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Points of Forced Freedom: Eleven (More) Theses on Materialism","attachmentId":61245782,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/40961430/Points_of_Forced_Freedom_Eleven_More_Theses_on_Materialism","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/40961430/Points_of_Forced_Freedom_Eleven_More_Theses_on_Materialism"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="99191364" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/99191364/Two_Dogmas_of_Enlightenment_Scholarship">Two Dogmas of Enlightenment Scholarship</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="71099" href="https://emich.academia.edu/KristopherPhillips">Kristopher G . Phillips</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Pluralizing Philosophy's Past, 2023</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">A central theme in the scholarly literature on Enlightenment Europe concerns the increased focus on the role of reason in the development of European thought, especially in the development of the new science by the natural philosophers. As a consequence, there is a tendency in both philosophical scholarship and teaching to bind philosophy and science tightly together. While there is certainly much that is correct in this approach, one motivation for pluralizing philosophy’s past is that this story leaves out a great deal that is important in Enlightenment views of reason. We argue, using as an example the work of figures like Margaret Cavendish, that reason was significantly broader in scope—and that developments in science were paralleled by equally important advances in music, art, literature, medicine, philosophy, and other areas. In recognizing the lack of a sharp boundary between these areas, an inclusive canon of Enlightenment philosophy gives us this richer notion of reason. Integrating figures such as Cavendish into the canon helps us to see that the narrow focus on the scientific version of reason within Enlightenment scholarship creates a false distinction between science and the humanities and misses out on the humanistic ends for which we engage in philosophy.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Two Dogmas of Enlightenment Scholarship","attachmentId":100344458,"attachmentType":"docx","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/99191364/Two_Dogmas_of_Enlightenment_Scholarship","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/99191364/Two_Dogmas_of_Enlightenment_Scholarship"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="112440310" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/112440310/Early_modern_philosophy_mind_matter_and_metaphysics">Early modern philosophy : mind, matter, and metaphysics</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="15719581" href="https://columbia.academia.edu/christiamercer">Christia Mercer</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Oxford University Press eBooks, 2005</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Early modern philosophy : mind, matter, and metaphysics","attachmentId":109670343,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/112440310/Early_modern_philosophy_mind_matter_and_metaphysics","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/112440310/Early_modern_philosophy_mind_matter_and_metaphysics"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="58708657" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/58708657/The_limits_of_the_enlightenment">The limits of the enlightenment</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="107140708" href="https://independent.academia.edu/McDonoughRichard">Richard McDonough</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Language & Communication, 1990</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The limits of the enlightenment","attachmentId":72988604,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/58708657/The_limits_of_the_enlightenment","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/58708657/The_limits_of_the_enlightenment"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="5823735" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/5823735/Summary_Lecture_on_19th_Century_Philosophy">Summary Lecture on 19th Century Philosophy</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="58849" href="https://morgan.academia.edu/SVannatta">Seth Vannatta</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Summary Lecture on 19th Century Philosophy","attachmentId":32832564,"attachmentType":"doc","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/5823735/Summary_Lecture_on_19th_Century_Philosophy","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/5823735/Summary_Lecture_on_19th_Century_Philosophy"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="40490408" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/40490408/Materialism_Instrumental_Reason_and_Hostile_Enlightenment">Materialism, Instrumental Reason, and Hostile Enlightenment</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="61417400" href="https://uky.academia.edu/MykytaStorozhenko">Mykyta Storozhenko</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Athene Noctua , 2018</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The aim of this paper is to tie together the Enlightenment ideas regarding Materialism and Instrumental Reason with Pierre Saint-Amand’s thought in his “Hostile Enlightenment” article. 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