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sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Gunung_berapi rootpage-Gunung_berapi skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Pergi ke kandungan</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Tapak"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Menu utama" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pandu arah </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Laman-Utama" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Laman_Utama"><span>Laman Utama</span></a></li><li id="n-Tinjau" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tinjau"><span>Tinjau</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hal_semasa" title="Cari maklumat latar belakang mengenai peristiwa semasa"><span>Hal semasa</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Rawak" title="Muat laman rawak [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Rencana rawak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Perhubungan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Tentang-Wikipedia" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Perihal"><span>Tentang Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-Gerbang-komuniti" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Gerbang_Komuniti"><span>Gerbang komuniti</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perubahan_terkini" title="Senarai perubahan terkini dalam wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Perubahan terkini</span></a></li><li id="n-Hubungi-kami" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hubungi_kami"><span>Hubungi kami</span></a></li><li id="n-Menderma" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ms.wikipedia.org&uselang=ms"><span>Menderma</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Contents" title="Tempat mencari jawapan"><span>Bantuan</span></a></li><li id="n-Kedai-Kopi" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kedai_Kopi"><span>Kedai Kopi</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Laman_Utama" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Ensiklopedia Bebas" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-ms.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Khas:Cari" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Cari di wiki ini [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Cari</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Cari Wikipedia" aria-label="Cari Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Cari di wiki ini [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Khas:Cari"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cari</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Alat peribadi"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Tukar penampilan saiz, lebar dan warna fon laman" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Penampilan" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Penampilan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ms.wikipedia.org&uselang=ms" class=""><span>Derma</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buka_akaun&returnto=Gunung+berapi" title="Anda digalakkan untuk membuka akaun dan melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ianya tidak wajib" class=""><span>Buka akaun</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Log_masuk&returnto=Gunung+berapi" title="Anda digalakkan untuk melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ia tidak wajib. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log masuk</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Lebih pilihan" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Alat peribadi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Alat peribadi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu pengguna" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ms.wikipedia.org&uselang=ms"><span>Derma</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buka_akaun&returnto=Gunung+berapi" title="Anda digalakkan untuk membuka akaun dan melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ianya tidak wajib"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Buka akaun</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Log_masuk&returnto=Gunung+berapi" title="Anda digalakkan untuk melog masuk; walau bagaimanapun, ia tidak wajib. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log masuk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Laman untuk penyunting log keluar <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengenalan" aria-label="Ketahui lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>Ketahui lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumbangan_saya" title="Senarai suntingan yang dibuat daripada alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Sumbangan</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perbincangan_saya" title="Perbincangan mengenai penyuntingan daripada alamat IP anda [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Tapak"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Kandungan" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Kandungan</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Permulaan</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Lokasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lokasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Lokasi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lokasi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Lokasi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Lokasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Capahan_sempadan_kepingan_Bumi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capahan_sempadan_kepingan_Bumi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Capahan sempadan kepingan Bumi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capahan_sempadan_kepingan_Bumi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pertembungan_sempadan_kepingan_Bumi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pertembungan_sempadan_kepingan_Bumi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Pertembungan sempadan kepingan Bumi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pertembungan_sempadan_kepingan_Bumi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Titik_panas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Titik_panas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Titik panas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Titik_panas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ciri-ciri_gunung_berapi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ciri-ciri_gunung_berapi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ciri-ciri gunung berapi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ciri-ciri_gunung_berapi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Ciri-ciri gunung berapi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ciri-ciri_gunung_berapi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gunung_berapi_perisai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gunung_berapi_perisai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Gunung berapi perisai</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gunung_berapi_perisai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kon_bara_(cinder)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kon_bara_(cinder)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Kon bara (<i>cinder</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kon_bara_(cinder)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gunung_berapi_strato_(stratovolcano)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gunung_berapi_strato_(stratovolcano)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Gunung berapi strato (<i>stratovolcano</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gunung_berapi_strato_(stratovolcano)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gunung_berapi_super/Adigunung_berapi_(supervolcano)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gunung_berapi_super/Adigunung_berapi_(supervolcano)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Gunung berapi super/Adigunung berapi (<i>supervolcano</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gunung_berapi_super/Adigunung_berapi_(supervolcano)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gunung_berapi_bawah_laut_(submarine)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gunung_berapi_bawah_laut_(submarine)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Gunung berapi bawah laut (<i>submarine</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gunung_berapi_bawah_laut_(submarine)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gunung_berapi_subglasial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gunung_berapi_subglasial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Gunung berapi subglasial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gunung_berapi_subglasial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bahan_luahan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bahan_luahan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Bahan luahan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bahan_luahan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Bahan luahan</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bahan_luahan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Komposisi_lava" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Komposisi_lava"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Komposisi lava</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Komposisi_lava-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tekstur_lava" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tekstur_lava"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Tekstur lava</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tekstur_lava-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kegiatan_gunung" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kegiatan_gunung"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Kegiatan gunung</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kegiatan_gunung-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jenis-jenis_gunung_berapi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jenis-jenis_gunung_berapi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Jenis-jenis gunung berapi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jenis-jenis_gunung_berapi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hubungan_dengan_manusia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hubungan_dengan_manusia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Hubungan dengan manusia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hubungan_dengan_manusia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Hubungan dengan manusia</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Hubungan_dengan_manusia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kepercayaan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kepercayaan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Kepercayaan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kepercayaan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_juga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_juga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Lihat juga</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lihat_juga-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Togol subbahagian Lihat juga</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Lihat_juga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Senarai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senarai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Senarai</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senarai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jenis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jenis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Jenis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jenis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kedudukan_khusus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kedudukan_khusus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Kedudukan khusus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kedudukan_khusus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fenomena_berkait_gunung_berapi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fenomena_berkait_gunung_berapi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Fenomena berkait gunung berapi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fenomena_berkait_gunung_berapi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perkara-perkara_umum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perkara-perkara_umum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Perkara-perkara umum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perkara-perkara_umum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tokoh-tokoh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tokoh-tokoh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Tokoh-tokoh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tokoh-tokoh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rujukan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rujukan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Rujukan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rujukan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pautan_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pautan_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Pautan luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pautan_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Kandungan" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Togol isi kandungan" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Togol isi kandungan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gunung berapi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke rencana dalam bahasa lain. Tersedia dalam 196 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-196" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">196 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%8D%D0%B1%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8D" title="Къэбэкъауэ – Kabardia" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Къэбэкъауэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkaan" title="Vulkaan – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vulkaan" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkan" title="Vulkan – Jerman Switzerland" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Vulkan" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Switzerland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A5%E1%88%B3%E1%89%B0_%E1%8C%88%E1%88%9E%E1%88%AB" title="እሳተ ገሞራ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="እሳተ ገሞራ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%80" title="ज्वालामुखी – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="ज्वालामुखी" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C8%B3rbeorg" title="Fȳrbeorg – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Fȳrbeorg" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بركان – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بركان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volc%C3%A1n" title="Volcán – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Volcán" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AD" title="Հրաբուխ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Հրաբուխ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcanu" title="Vulcanu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Vulcanu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF" title="আগ্নেয়গিৰি – Assam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="আগ্নেয়গিৰি" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volc%C3%A1n" title="Volcán – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Volcán" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%80" title="ज्वालामुखी – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="ज्वालामुखी" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvyrata" title="Yvyrata – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Yvyrata" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkan" title="Vulkan – Azerbaijan" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vulkan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%BA" title="یانارداغ – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یانارداغ" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_berapi" title="Gunung berapi – Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gunung berapi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF" title="আগ্নেয়গিরি – Benggali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আগ্নেয়গিরি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Benggali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho%C3%A9-soa%E2%81%BF" title="Hoé-soaⁿ – Cina Min Nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hoé-soaⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Cina Min Nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_berapi" title="Gunung berapi – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Gunung berapi" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Вулкан – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Вулкан" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Вулкан – Belarus" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вулкан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Вулькан – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вулькан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%80" title="ज्वालामुखी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="ज्वालामुखी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulkan" title="Bulkan – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Bulkan" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkeno" title="Volkeno – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Volkeno" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuikan" title="Vuikan – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Vuikan" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="མེ་རི། – Tibet" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མེ་རི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkan" title="Vulkan – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vulkan" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menez-tan" title="Menez-tan – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Menez-tan" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Вулкан – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вулкан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Галта уула – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Галта уула" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volc%C3%A0" title="Volcà – Catalonia" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Volcà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulkan" title="Bulkan – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Bulkan" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8)" title="Вулкан (геологи) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вулкан (геологи)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopka" title="Sopka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sopka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chikwatamabwe" title="Chikwatamabwe – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chikwatamabwe" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanu" title="Volcanu – Corsica" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Volcanu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llosgfynydd" title="Llosgfynydd – Wales" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llosgfynydd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wales" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkan" title="Vulkan – Denmark" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vulkan" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Denmark" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86_(%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7)" title="بركان (جيولوجيا) – Arab Maghribi" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="بركان (جيولوجيا)" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Arab Maghribi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dollav%C3%A1rri" title="Dollavárri – Sami Utara" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Dollavárri" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Sami Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkan" title="Vulkan – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vulkan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%80" title="ज्वालामुखी – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="ज्वालामुखी" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkaan" title="Vulkaan – Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vulkaan" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%AF%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Ηφαίστειο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ηφαίστειο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano – Inggeris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Volcano" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggeris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volc%C3%A1n" title="Volcán – Sepanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Volcán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sepanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkano" title="Vulkano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vulkano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumendi" title="Sumendi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sumendi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%81%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86" title="آتشفشان – Parsi" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آتشفشان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Parsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jwala_mukhi" title="Jwala mukhi – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Jwala mukhi" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gosfj%C3%B8ll" title="Gosfjøll – Faroe" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Gosfjøll" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcan" title="Volcan – Perancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Volcan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Perancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulkaan" title="Fulkaan – Frisian Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fulkaan" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisian Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcan" title="Vulcan – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Vulcan" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolc%C3%A1n" title="Bolcán – Ireland" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Bolcán" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Ireland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcaan" title="Volcaan – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Volcaan" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beinn-theine" title="Beinn-theine – Scots Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Beinn-theine" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scots Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volc%C3%A1n" title="Volcán – Galicia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Volcán" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1" title="火山 – Cina Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="火山" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Cina Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndumb%C4%A9r%C4%A9" title="Ndumbĩrĩ – Kikuya" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Ndumbĩrĩ" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B3%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%96%E0%AB%80" title="જ્વાળામુખી – Gujarat" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="જ્વાળામુખી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B3-s%C3%A2n" title="Fó-sân – Cina Hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Fó-sân" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Cina Hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%94%EC%82%B0" title="화산 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="화산" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutsen_Volcano" title="Dutsen Volcano – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Dutsen Volcano" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AD" title="Հրաբուխ – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հրաբուխ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%80" title="ज्वालामुखी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ज्वालामुखी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkan" title="Vulkan – Croatia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vulkan" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkano" title="Volkano – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Volkano" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulkan" title="Bulkan – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Bulkan" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcano" title="Vulcano – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Vulcano" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcan" title="Vulcan – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Vulcan" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C4%A1%C4%A1isuaq" title="Iġġisuaq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Iġġisuaq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intaba-mlilo" title="Intaba-mlilo – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Intaba-mlilo" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldst%C3%B6%C3%B0" title="Eldstöð – Iceland" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Eldstöð" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Iceland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcano" title="Vulcano – Itali" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vulcano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Itali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A8_%D7%92%D7%A2%D7%A9" title="הר געש – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הר געש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_geni" title="Gunung geni – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Gunung geni" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%9Bt%C9%9B%C9%9B_mi%C5%8B" title="Tɛtɛɛ miŋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Tɛtɛɛ miŋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaqqaq_innermik_anitsisartut" title="Qaqqaq innermik anitsisartut – Kalaallisut" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Qaqqaq innermik anitsisartut" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="Kalaallisut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kalaallisut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%96%E0%B2%BF" title="ಜ್ವಾಲಾಮುಖಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜ್ವಾಲಾಮುಖಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ვულკანი – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვულკანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%B9lkan" title="Wùlkan – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Wùlkan" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Жанартау – Kazakhstan" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жанартау" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakhstan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibirunga_byu_Rwanda" title="Ibirunga byu Rwanda – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ibirunga byu Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BE" title="Жанар тоо – Kirghiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жанар тоо" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirghiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkeno" title="Volkeno – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Volkeno" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B2lkan" title="Vòlkan – Kreol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Vòlkan" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Kreol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkan" title="Volkan – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Volkan" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkan" title="Volkan – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Volkan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcan" title="Vulcan – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Vulcan" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B9%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%82%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%9F" title="ພູເຂົາໄຟ – Laos" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພູເຂົາໄຟ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Laos" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mons_ignifer" title="Mons ignifer – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mons ignifer" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulk%C4%81ns" title="Vulkāns – Latvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vulkāns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkan" title="Vulkan – Luxembourg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Vulkan" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Вулкан (геология) – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Вулкан (геология)" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana baik"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugnikalnis" title="Ugnikalnis – Lithuania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ugnikalnis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulc%C3%A0n" title="Vulcàn – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Vulcàn" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkaan" title="Vulkaan – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Vulkaan" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%B3mb%C3%A1-m%C9%94%CC%8Ct%C9%94" title="Ngómbá-mɔ̌tɔ – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Ngómbá-mɔ̌tɔ" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulim%C3%A4gi" title="Tulimägi – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Tulimägi" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekipuluko" title="Ekipuluko – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Ekipuluko" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcan" title="Volcan – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Volcan" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%B1zh%C3%A1ny%C3%B3" title="Tűzhányó – Hungary" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tűzhányó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungary" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%80" title="ज्वालामुखी – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="ज्वालामुखी" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Вулкан – Macedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вулкан" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkano" title="Volkano – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Volkano" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="അഗ്നിപർവ്വതം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അഗ്നിപർവ്വതം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%80" title="ज्वालामुखी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ज्वालामुखी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ვულკანი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ვულკანი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بركان – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بركان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4_%D9%81%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%86" title="تش فشون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="تش فشون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunuang_api" title="Gunuang api – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Gunuang api" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulcon" title="Bulcon – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Bulcon" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Вулканць – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Вулканць" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82_%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Галт уул – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Галт уул" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="မီးတောင် – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မီးတောင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tletepetl" title="Tletepetl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tletepetl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkaan" title="Vulkaan – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vulkaan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkaan" title="Vulkaan – Saxon Rendah" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Vulkaan" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Saxon Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%80" title="ज्वालामुखी – Nepal" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ज्वालामुखी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="गुँजला – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="गुँजला" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1" title="火山 – Jepun" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="火山" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vurcano" title="Vurcano – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Vurcano" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="ТӀаплам – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ТӀаплам" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wulkaan" title="Wulkaan – Frisian Utara" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Wulkaan" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Frisian Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkan" title="Vulkan – Bokmal Norway" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vulkan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmal Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkan" title="Vulkan – Nynorsk Norway" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vulkan" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montangne_d%C3%A9_feu" title="Montangne dé feu – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Montangne dé feu" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcan" title="Volcan – Occitania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Volcan" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkaana" title="Burkaana – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Burkaana" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulqon" title="Vulqon – Uzbekistan" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vulqon" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbekistan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%96%E0%A9%80" title="ਜੁਆਲਾਮੁਖੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜੁਆਲਾਮੁਖੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AA%D8%B4_%D9%81%D8%B4%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="آتش فشاں – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آتش فشاں" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkan" title="Volkan – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Volkan" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="اورشيندی – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اورشيندی" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkieno" title="Volkieno – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Volkieno" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%97%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%BE%E1%9E%84" title="ភ្នំភ្លើង – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភ្នំភ្លើង" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcan" title="Volcan – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Volcan" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkan" title="Vulkan – Jerman Rendah" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Vulkan" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wulkan" title="Wulkan – Poland" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wulkan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulc%C3%A3o" title="Vulcão – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vulcão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkan" title="Vulkan – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Vulkan" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkahn" title="Vulkahn – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Vulkahn" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcan" title="Vulcan – Romania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vulcan" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcan" title="Vulcan – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Vulcan" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariq" title="Ariq – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ariq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Вулкан – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Вулкан" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Вулкан – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вулкан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Булкаан – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Булкаан" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%83" title="अग्निपर्वतः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="अग्निपर्वतः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AA%D8%B4_%D9%81%D8%B4%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="آتش فشاں – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="آتش فشاں" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcanu" title="Vulcanu – Sardinia" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Vulcanu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanae" title="Volcanae – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Volcanae" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vullkani" title="Vullkani – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vullkani" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vurcanu_(giolugg%C3%ACa)" title="Vurcanu (gioluggìa) – Sicili" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Vurcanu (gioluggìa)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%B3%E0%B7%94" title="ගිනි කඳු – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ගිනි කඳු" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Volcano" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AA%D8%B4_%D9%81%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86" title="آتش فشان – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="آتش فشان" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopka" title="Sopka – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sopka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ognjenik" title="Ognjenik – Slovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ognjenik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkaano" title="Folkaano – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Folkaano" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DA%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="گڕکان – Kurdi Tengah" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گڕکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Tengah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Вулкан – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вулкан" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkan" title="Vulkan – SerboCroatia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vulkan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="SerboCroatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulivuori" title="Tulivuori – Finland" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tulivuori" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkan" title="Vulkan – Sweden" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vulkan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweden" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulkan" title="Bulkan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bulkan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="எரிமலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எரிமலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Вулкан – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Вулкан" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%82" title="అగ్నిపర్వతం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అగ్నిపర్వతం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F" title="ภูเขาไฟ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภูเขาไฟ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BAi_l%E1%BB%ADa" title="Núi lửa – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Núi lửa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Оташфишон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Оташфишон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanarda%C4%9F" title="Yanardağ – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yanardağ" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wulkan" title="Wulkan – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Wulkan" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Оттуг даг – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Оттуг даг" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Вулкан – Ukraine" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вулкан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraine" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AA%D8%B4_%D9%81%D8%B4%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="آتش فشاں – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آتش فشاں" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%BA" title="يانار تاغ – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="يانار تاغ" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcan" title="Volcan – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Volcan" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4moim%C3%A4gi" title="Lämoimägi – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Lämoimägi" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkan" title="Volkan – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Volkan" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tul%C3%B5m%C3%A4gi" title="Tulõmägi – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Tulõmägi" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcan" title="Volcan – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Volcan" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1" title="火山 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="火山" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="rencana pilihan"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkoan" title="Vulkoan – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Vulkoan" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulkan" title="Bulkan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bulkan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1" title="火山 – Cina Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="火山" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Cina Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%9F" title="וואולקאן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="וואולקאן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1" title="火山 – Kantonis" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="火山" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koyo_volkanik" title="Koyo volkanik – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Koyo volkanik" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogn%C4%97kalnis" title="Ognėkalnis – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Ognėkalnis" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1" title="火山 – Cina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="火山" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Cina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BB%8Dlikano" title="Vọlikano – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Vọlikano" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8072#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pautan antara bahasa" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pautan</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Gunung_berapi" title="Lihat laman kandungan [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Rencana</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Perbincangan:Gunung_berapi" rel="discussion" title="Perbincangan mengenai laman kandungan [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tukar kelainan bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Melayu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Rupa"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Gunung_berapi"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunung_berapi&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunung_berapi&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunung_berapi&action=history" title="Semakan terdahulu bagi laman ini [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Peralatan" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Peralatan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Peralatan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Lagi pilihan" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Gunung_berapi"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunung_berapi&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunung_berapi&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunung_berapi&action=history"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Pautan_ke_sini/Gunung_berapi" title="Senarai semua laman wiki yang mengandungi pautan ke laman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pautan ke laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perubahan_berkaitan/Gunung_berapi" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terkini bagi laman yang dipaut dari laman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan berkaitan</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ms" title="Muat naik fail [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Muat naik fail</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Laman_khas" title="Senarai semua laman khas [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Laman khas</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunung_berapi&oldid=6173917" title="Pautan kekal ke semakan laman ini"><span>Pautan kekal</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunung_berapi&action=info" title="Maklumat lanjut mengenai laman ini"><span>Maklumat laman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Petik_laman_ini&page=Gunung_berapi&id=6173917&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Maklumat tentang cara memetik laman ini"><span>Petik laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGunung_berapi"><span>Dapatkan URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fms.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FGunung_berapi"><span>Muat turun kod QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/eksport </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Gunung+berapi"><span>Cipta buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khas:DownloadAsPdf&page=Gunung_berapi&action=show-download-screen"><span>Muat turun sebagai PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunung_berapi&printable=yes" title="Versi boleh cetak bagi laman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi boleh cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam projek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Volcano" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8072" title="Pautan ke item repositori data yang bersambung [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Alatan laman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Penampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Penampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Daripada Wikipedia, ensiklopedia bebas.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ms" dir="ltr"><div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:300px;"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Volcano_scheme.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Volcano_scheme.svg/300px-Volcano_scheme.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Volcano_scheme.svg/450px-Volcano_scheme.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Volcano_scheme.svg/600px-Volcano_scheme.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1099" data-file-height="1149" /></a></span> </p> <table class="thumbcaption" style="background:transparent;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"><b>Gunung berapi</b>: </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1. Kamar magma besar<br />2. Batu dasar<br />3. Penyalur (<i>Conduit</i>)<br />4. Asas<br />5. Sill<br />6. Paip cabang<br />7. Lapisan abu dari gunung berapi<br />8. Sisi </td> <td>9. Lapisan lava dari gunung berapi<br />10. Tengkuk<br />11. Kon parasit<br />12. Aliran lava <br />13. Bukaan<br />14. Kawah<br />15. Kepulan abu </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Gunung" title="Gunung">Gunung</a> berapi</b> (<a href="/wiki/Tulisan_Jawi" title="Tulisan Jawi">Jawi</a>: <span dir="rtl" style="font-size:100%;">‏<span title="Melayu (bahasa makro)-language text"><span lang="ms"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5953951">.mw-parser-output .script-Adlm{font-family:"Noto Sans Adlam"}.mw-parser-output .script-Aghb{font-family:"Noto Sans Caucasian Albanian"}.mw-parser-output .script-Ahom{font-family:"Noto Serif Ahom"}.mw-parser-output .script-Arab{font-family:"Scheherazade New",Scheherazade,Lateef,LateefGR,Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh",Harmattan,"Arabic Typesetting","Traditional Arabic","Simplified Arabic","Times New Roman",Arial,"Sakkal Majalla","Microsoft Uighur",Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif}.mw-parser-output .script-Armi{font-family:"Aramaic VIIBCE","Aramaic Imperial Yeb","Noto Sans Imperial Aramaic","Everson 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Syriac Western"}.mw-parser-output .script-Syrn{font-family:"East Syriac Adiabene","East Syriac Ctesiphon","Noto Sans Syriac Eastern","Noto Sans Syriac",FreeSans,Code2000}.mw-parser-output .script-Cyrs{font-family:"Ponomar Unicode","Ponomar Unicode TT","Acathist","Triodion Unicode","Menaion Unicode","Menaion Unicode TT","Shafarik","Fedorovsk Unicode","Fedorovsk Unicode TT","Monomakh Unicode","Monomakh Unicode TT",BukyVede,"Kliment Std","RomanCyrillic Std","Monomachus","Old Standard","Old Standard TT",Dilyana,Menaion,"Menaion Medieval",Lazov,Code2000,"DejaVu Sans","DejaVu Serif",Code2001,"FreeSerif","TITUS Cyberbit Basic","Charis SIL","Doulos SIL","Chrysanthi Unicode","Bitstream Cyberbit","Bitstream CyberBase",Thryomanes,"Lucida Grande","FreeSans","Arial Unicode MS","Microsoft Sans Serif","Lucida Sans Unicode"}</style><span class="script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ݢونوڠ براڤي</span>‎</span></span><span class="lang-comment" style="font-style: normal; display: none; color: #33aa33; margin-left: 0.3em;">code: ms is deprecated </span>‎</span>) ialah bukaan atau rekahan pada permukaan atau <a href="/wiki/Kerak_bumi" title="Kerak bumi">kerak</a> <a href="/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi">Bumi</a> yang melepaskan <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gas</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu (laman tidak wujud)">abu</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Batu" title="Batu">batu</a> cair panas bebas jauh dari dalam bawah permukaan bumi. Kegiatan muka bumi jenis ini membabitkan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyemperitan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penyemperitan (laman tidak wujud)">penyemperitan</a> batu yang cenderung membentuk gunung atau ciri-ciri berbentuk gunung melalui tempoh masa. </p><p>Gunung-gunung berapi biasanya terdapat di mana terpisah atau bertembungnya <a href="/wiki/Plat_tektonik" class="mw-redirect" title="Plat tektonik">plat-plat tektonik</a>. Rabung tengah laut, seperti <a href="/wiki/Rabung_Tengah_Atlantik" title="Rabung Tengah Atlantik">Rabung Tengah Atlantik</a> (<i>Mid-Atlantic Ridge</i>) ialah contoh plak tetonik berpisah; <a href="/wiki/Lingkaran_Api_Pasifik" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingkaran Api Pasifik">Lingkaran Api Pasifik</a> pula mempunyai contoh gunung berapi yang terhasil akibat pertembungan plak tetonik. Sebaliknya, gunung berapi biasanya tidak terhasil di mana dua plak tetonik bergesel sesama sendiri. Gunung berapi juga boleh terbentuk di kawasan di mana terdapat renggangan pada kerak Bumi dan di mana kerak Bumi menjadi nipis (dikenali sebagai gunung berapi antaraplat bukan titik panas), seperti di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lembah_Rengkahan_Afrika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lembah Rengkahan Afrika (laman tidak wujud)">Lembah Rengkahan Afrika</a> (<i>African Rift Valley</i>), Rhine Graben Eropah dengan gunung berapi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eifel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eifel (laman tidak wujud)">Eifelnya</a>, lapangan gunung berapi Wells Gray-Clearwater dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rengkahan_Rio_Grande&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rengkahan Rio Grande (laman tidak wujud)">Rengkahan Rio Grande</a> di Amerika Utara. </p><p>Akhir sekali, gunung berapi boleh dihasilkan melalui pluma mantel (<i>mantle plumes</i>), yang dikenali sebagai titik panas; titik panas ini boleh berlaku jauh dari sempadan plak, seperti <a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Hawaii" title="Kepulauan Hawaii">kepulauan Hawaii</a>. Menariknya, gunung berapi titik panas juga didapati di tempat lain di <a href="/wiki/Sistem_suria" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistem suria">sistem suria</a>, terutamanya pada <a href="/wiki/Bulan" title="Bulan">bulan</a> dan planet berbatu. </p><p>Ilmu mempelajari gunung berapi dipanggil bidang <a href="/wiki/Volkanologi" title="Volkanologi">volkanologi</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lokasi">Lokasi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunung_berapi&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bahagian: Lokasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunung_berapi&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Lokasi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capahan_sempadan_kepingan_Bumi">Capahan sempadan kepingan Bumi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunung_berapi&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bahagian: Capahan sempadan kepingan Bumi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunung_berapi&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Capahan sempadan kepingan Bumi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Di <a href="/wiki/Permatang" class="mw-disambig" title="Permatang">permatang</a> tengah laut, dua <a href="/w/index.php?title=Keping_tektonik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keping tektonik (laman tidak wujud)">keping tektonik</a> mencapah sesama sendiri. Kerak lautan baru terbentuk dari batu cair yang perlahan-lahan menjadi sejuk dan mengeras. Di tempat ini, kerak Bumi agak nipis disebabkan tarikan kepingan tektonik. Pembebasan tekanan akibat kerak nipis mendorong kepada pengembangan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proses_Adiabatik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proses Adiabatik (laman tidak wujud)">Adiabatik</a>, dan kerak menjadi separa cair. Pencariran ini menghasilkan gunung berapi dan menghasilkan kerak laut yang baru. Bahagian utama rabung tengah lautan terdapat didasar laut, dan kebanyakan kegiatan gunung berapi adalah dibawah laut. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perasap_hitam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perasap hitam (laman tidak wujud)">Perasap hitam (<i>Black smoker</i>)</a> adalah contoh biasa kegiatan gunung berapi jenis ini. Di mana rabung tengah lautan muncul di atas permukaan laut, gunung berapi seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hekla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hekla (laman tidak wujud)">Hekla</a> di <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> terbentuk. Capahan sempadan kepingan bumi menghasilkan dasar laut baru dan kepulauan gunung berapi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pertembungan_sempadan_kepingan_Bumi">Pertembungan sempadan kepingan Bumi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunung_berapi&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bahagian: Pertembungan sempadan kepingan Bumi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunung_berapi&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pertembungan sempadan kepingan Bumi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zon subduksi, sebagaimana ia dikenali, adalah tempat di mana dua kepingan kerak Bumi, biasanya kepingan kerak lautan dan kepingan benua, bertembung. Dalam kes ini, kepingan lautan mendap, atau tenggelam di bawah kepingan benua membentuk jurang dalam lautan dipinggir pantai. Kerak ini kemudiannya dicairkan oleh haba dari kerak dan membentuk <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a>. Ini disebabkan kandungan air merendahkan tahap cair. Magma yang terhasil di sini cenderung menjadi amat likat disebabkan kandungan silikanya yang tinggi, dengan itu sering tidak sampai pada permukaan dan mengeras jauh di dalam Bumi. Apabila Sekiranya ia tiba pada permukaan, gunung berapi terhasil. Jenis biasa bagi gunung berapi jenis ini adalah gunung berapi di <a href="/wiki/Lingkaran_Api_Pasifik" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingkaran Api Pasifik">Lingkaran Api Pasifik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gunung_Etna" title="Gunung Etna">Gunung Etna</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Titik_panas">Titik panas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunung_berapi&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bahagian: Titik panas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunung_berapi&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Titik panas"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Titik panas tidak terletak pada rabung kepingan tektonik, tetapi pada <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pluma_mantel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pluma mantel (laman tidak wujud)">pluma mantel</a>, di mana <a href="/wiki/Perolakan" title="Perolakan">perolakan</a> <a href="/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi">Bumi</a> <a href="/wiki/Mantel" title="Mantel">mantel</a> menghasilkan turus bahan panas yang naik sehingga sampai pada kerak, yang cenderung lebih nipis berbanding kawasan lain di <a href="/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi">Bumi</a>. Suhu pluma menyebabkan kerak cair dan membentuk paip, yang membebaskan magma. Disebabkan kepingan tektonik bergerak, manakala turus mantel kekal pada tempat yang sama, setiap gunung berapi menjadi tidur selepas beberapa lama dan gunung berapi baru terbentuk setelah kepingan Bumi bergerak di atas titik panas. <a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Hawai" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepulauan Hawai">Kepulauan Hawai</a> dipercayai terbentuk dalam bentuk itu, dan juga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dataran_Sungai_Ular&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dataran Sungai Ular (laman tidak wujud)">Dataran Sungai Ular (<i>Snake River Plain</i>)</a>, dengan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawah_Yellowstone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kawah Yellowstone (laman tidak wujud)">Kawah Yellowstone</a> merupakan bahagian terkini kepingan Amerika Utara berada atas titik panas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ciri-ciri_gunung_berapi">Ciri-ciri gunung berapi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunung_berapi&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bahagian: Ciri-ciri gunung berapi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunung_berapi&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Ciri-ciri gunung berapi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gunung berapi sering digambarkan umum berupa suatu gunung berbentuk <a href="/wiki/Kon" title="Kon">kon</a> yang menghambur lava dan gas beracun dari suatu <a href="/wiki/Kawah_gunung_berapi" title="Kawah gunung berapi">kawah</a> di puncaknya. ia hanya satu gambaran dari pelbagai jenis gunung berapi yang wujud beraneka dan lebih rumut. Struktur dan perangai gunung berapi bergantung kepada beberapa faktor. Sesetengah gunung berapi mempunyai kemuncak bergerigih dibentuk oleh kubah lava dan bukannya kawah puncak, sementara yang lain menunjukkan ciri-ciri permukaan bumi seperti tanah tinggi rata yang besar. Lohong yang mengeluarkan bahan gunung berapi (lava, iaitu magma yang keluar kepermukaan, dan abu gunung berapi dan gas kebanyakannya wap dan gas magma boleh didapati dimana-mana sahaja di kawasan tersebut. Kebanyakan lohong ini menghasilkan kon lebih kecil seperti <i>Pu'u 'Ō'ō</i> di sisi gunung berapi <a href="/wiki/K%C4%ABlauea" title="Kīlauea">Kīlauea</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hawai (laman tidak wujud)">Hawai</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Rinjani_1994.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Rinjani_1994.jpg/220px-Rinjani_1994.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Rinjani_1994.jpg/330px-Rinjani_1994.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Rinjani_1994.jpg/440px-Rinjani_1994.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="519" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> - <a href="/wiki/Lombok" title="Lombok">Lombok</a>: Gunung <a href="/wiki/Rinjani" class="mw-redirect" title="Rinjani">Rinjani</a> - meletus 1995</figcaption></figure><p> Gunung berapi jenis lain termasuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunung_berapi_cryo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gunung berapi cryo (laman tidak wujud)">gunung berapi cryo</a> (atau gunung berapi air batu), terutama di bulan bagi <a href="/wiki/Musytari" title="Musytari">Musytari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zuhal" title="Zuhal">Zuhal</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Neptun" title="Neptun">Neptun</a>; dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunung_berapi_lumpur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gunung berapi lumpur (laman tidak wujud)">gunung berapi lumpur</a>, yang pembentukannya kebanyakannya tidak berkait dengan kegiatan magma yang diketahui. Kegiatan gunung berapi lumpur biasanya membabitkan suhu yang jauh lebih rendah berbanding gunung berapi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Igneous&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Igneous (laman tidak wujud)">igneous</a>, kecuali apabila gunung berapi lumpur sebenarnya merupakan lohong gunung berapi igneous. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gunung_berapi_perisai">Gunung berapi perisai</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunung_berapi&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bahagian: Gunung berapi perisai" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunung_berapi&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Gunung berapi perisai"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:PahoehoeLava.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/PahoehoeLava.jpg/220px-PahoehoeLava.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="352" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/PahoehoeLava.jpg/330px-PahoehoeLava.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/PahoehoeLava.jpg/440px-PahoehoeLava.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Lava menjulur merentasi jalan di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalapana,_Hawai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalapana, Hawai (laman tidak wujud)">Kalapana</a> di sebelah timur kawasan rift gunung berapi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kilauea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kilauea (laman tidak wujud)">Kīlauea</a> di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hawai (laman tidak wujud)">Hawai</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Hawaii" title="Kepulauan Hawaii">Kepulauan Hawaii</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> merupakan contoh tempat di mana gunung berapi mengeluarkan sejumlah besar lava batu basaltik yang beransur-ansur membina gunung lebar berbentuk perisai. Aliran lavanya biasanya amat panas dan cair, menyumbang kepada aliran jauh. Lava perisai terbesar di dunia, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauna_Loa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mauna Loa (laman tidak wujud)">Mauna Loa</a>, tersergam lebih 9,000 m dari aras laut, adalah 120 km diameter dan membentuk sebahagian Pulau Besar Hawai, bersama gunung berapi perisai lain seperti <a href="/wiki/Mauna_Kea" title="Mauna Kea">Mauna Kea</a> dan <a href="/wiki/K%C4%ABlauea" title="Kīlauea">Kīlauea</a>. <a href="/wiki/Olympus_Mons" title="Olympus Mons">Olympus Mons</a> adalah gunung berapi perisai terbesar di <a href="/wiki/Marikh" title="Marikh">Marikh</a>, dan gunung tertinggi yang diketahui dalam <a href="/wiki/Sistem_suria" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistem suria">sistem suria</a>. Versi lebih kecil gunung berapi perisai termasuk <i>kon lava</i>, dan <i>timbunan lava</i>. </p><p>Letupan senyap menyebarkan lava basaltik dalam lapisan rata. Mendakan lapisan ini membentuk gunung berapi lebar dangan sisi landai yang dikenali sebagai gunung berapi perisai. Contoh gunung berapi perisai adalah Kepulauan Hawai. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kon_bara_(cinder)"><span id="Kon_bara_.28cinder.29"></span>Kon bara (<i>cinder</i>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunung_berapi&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bahagian: Kon bara (cinder)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunung_berapi&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Kon bara (cinder)"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunung_berapi_kon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gunung berapi kon (laman tidak wujud)">Gunung berapi kon</a> atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kon_bara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kon bara (laman tidak wujud)">kon bara</a> terhasil dari letupan yang melontar keluar kebanyakannya kepingan kecil <a href="/wiki/Scoria" title="Scoria">scoria</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Piroklastik" title="Piroklastik">piroklastik</a> (keduanya menyerupai bara, dengan itu nama gunung berapi jenis ini) yang bertimbun disekeliling lohong. Ia boleh membentuk letupan singkat yang membentuk bukit berbentuk kon setinggi 30 hingga 400 m. Kebanyakan kon bara meletus hanya sekali. Kon bara mungkin membentuk lohong sisi pada gunung berapi lebih besar, atau bersendirian. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Par%C3%ADcutin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parícutin (laman tidak wujud)">Parícutin</a> di <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawah_Sunset&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kawah Sunset (laman tidak wujud)">Kawah Sunset</a> di <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> adalah contoh kon bara. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gunung_berapi_strato_(stratovolcano)"><span id="Gunung_berapi_strato_.28stratovolcano.29"></span>Gunung berapi strato (<i>stratovolcano</i>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunung_berapi&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bahagian: Gunung berapi strato (stratovolcano)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunung_berapi&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Gunung berapi strato (stratovolcano)"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5614044">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Rencana utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunung_berapi_strato&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gunung berapi strato (laman tidak wujud)">gunung berapi strato</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Aa_large.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Aa_large.jpg/220px-Aa_large.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Aa_large.jpg/330px-Aa_large.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Aa_large.jpg/440px-Aa_large.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Berlainan dengan pāhoehoe, Aa ialah istilah yang berasal dari Polinesia, disebut Ah-ah, bagi aliran lahar yang berceranggah dan kasar</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunung_berapi_strato&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gunung berapi strato (laman tidak wujud)">Gunung berapi strato</a> adalah gunung kon tinggi terdiri daripada aliran lava dan luahan lain dalam lapisan berselang, lapisan yang memberikan namanya. Gunung berapi Strato juga dikenali sebagai gunung berapi sebatian. Contoh klasik termasuk <a href="/wiki/Gunung_Fuji" title="Gunung Fuji">Gunung Fuji</a> di <a href="/wiki/Jepun" title="Jepun">Jepun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gunung_Mayon" title="Gunung Mayon">Gunung Mayon</a> di <a href="/w/index.php?title=FIlipina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FIlipina (laman tidak wujud)">FIlipina</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Gunung_Vesuvius" title="Gunung Vesuvius">Gunung Vesuvius</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stromboli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stromboli (laman tidak wujud)">Stromboli</a> di <a href="/wiki/Itali" title="Itali">Itali</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gunung_berapi_super/Adigunung_berapi_(supervolcano)"><span id="Gunung_berapi_super.2FAdigunung_berapi_.28supervolcano.29"></span>Gunung berapi super/Adigunung berapi (<i>supervolcano</i>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunung_berapi&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bahagian: Gunung berapi super/Adigunung berapi (supervolcano)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunung_berapi&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Gunung berapi super/Adigunung berapi (supervolcano)"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gunung berapi super atau adigunung berapi dalah istilah popular bagi gunung berapi besar yang biasanya mempunyai kawah yang besar dan mampu menghasilkan kemusnahan besar kadang-kala pada skala benua. Letupan sebegitu mampu menyebabkan penurunan suhu dunia bagi beberapa tahun berikutnya disebabkan jumlah besar belerang dan abu yang dikeluarkan. Ia mungkin gunung berapi jenis paling merbahaya. Contoh termasuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawah_Yellowstone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kawah Yellowstone (laman tidak wujud)">Kawah Yellowstone</a> di <a href="/wiki/Taman_Negara_Yellowstone" title="Taman Negara Yellowstone">Taman Negara Yellowstone</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tasik_Taupo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tasik Taupo (laman tidak wujud)">Tasik Taupo</a> di <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Tasik_Toba" title="Tasik Toba">Tasik Toba</a> di <a href="/wiki/Sumatera" title="Sumatera">Sumatera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. Gunung berapi super sukar dikenal pasti berabad berikutnya, disebabkan kawasan yang luas yang diselitupinya. Daerah batu igneous besar juga dianggap gunung berapi super disebabkan jumlah besar lava <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a> yang terhasil. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gunung_berapi_bawah_laut_(submarine)"><span id="Gunung_berapi_bawah_laut_.28submarine.29"></span>Gunung berapi bawah laut (<i>submarine</i>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunung_berapi&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bahagian: Gunung berapi bawah laut (submarine)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunung_berapi&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Gunung berapi bawah laut (submarine)"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Nur05018-Pillow_lavas_off_Hawaii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Nur05018-Pillow_lavas_off_Hawaii.jpg/220px-Nur05018-Pillow_lavas_off_Hawaii.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Nur05018-Pillow_lavas_off_Hawaii.jpg/330px-Nur05018-Pillow_lavas_off_Hawaii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Nur05018-Pillow_lavas_off_Hawaii.jpg/440px-Nur05018-Pillow_lavas_off_Hawaii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1852" data-file-height="1118" /></a><figcaption>Lava bantal (<i>Pillow lava</i>) (<a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Gunung_berapi_bawah_laut" title="Gunung berapi bawah laut">Gunung berapi bawah laut</a> di dasar laut. Sesetengah adalah aktif dan pada laut cetek, menunjukkan kehadirannya dengan melontar wap dan serpihan batu tinggi dari permukaan laut. Kebanyakan yang lain terletak amat dalam sehinggakan tekanan air yang amat berat di atas mereka menghalang letupan pembebasan wap dan gas, sungguhpun ia boleh dikesan melalui <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hidrofon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hidrofon (laman tidak wujud)">hidrofon</a> dan petukaran warna air kerana gas gunung berapi. Letupan bawah laut yang besar sekalipun mungkin tidak mengocak permukaan laut. Disebabkan kesan menyejuk air yang pantas berbanding udara, dan peningkatan daya timbul, gunung berapi bawah laut seringkali membentuk tiang menegak pada lohong gunung berapinya berbanding gunung berapa di daratan. Setelah beberapa lama, ia mungkin timbul pada permukaan laut sebagai pulau yang baru. <a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">Lava bantal</a> adalah hasil letupan biasa bagi gunung berapi bawah laut. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gunung_berapi_subglasial">Gunung berapi subglasial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunung_berapi&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Sunting bahagian: Gunung berapi subglasial" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunung_berapi&action=edit&section=11" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Gunung berapi subglasial"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Her%C3%B0ubrei%C3%B0-Iceland-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Her%C3%B0ubrei%C3%B0-Iceland-2.jpg/220px-Her%C3%B0ubrei%C3%B0-Iceland-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Her%C3%B0ubrei%C3%B0-Iceland-2.jpg/330px-Her%C3%B0ubrei%C3%B0-Iceland-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Her%C3%B0ubrei%C3%B0-Iceland-2.jpg/440px-Her%C3%B0ubrei%C3%B0-Iceland-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Her%C3%B0ubrei%C3%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herðubreið (laman tidak wujud)">Herðubreið</a>, salah satu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tuya (laman tidak wujud)">tuya</a> di <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> </figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunung_berapi_subglasial&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gunung berapi subglasial (laman tidak wujud)">Gunung berapi subglasial</a> terbentuk di bawah litupan air batu tebal. Ia terdiri dari lava rata mengalir atas lava bantal dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palagonit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palagonit (laman tidak wujud)">palagonit</a> yang tebal. Apabila tutup air batu cair, lava bahagian atas roboh meninggalkan gunung rata dibahagian atas. Kemudian lava bantal turut roboh, memberikan sudut 37.5 darjah. Gunung berapi ini turut dikenali sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunung_meja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gunung meja (laman tidak wujud)">gunung meja</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tuya (laman tidak wujud)">tuya</a> atau (kurang biasa) mobergs. Contoh baik bagi gunung berapi jenis ini boleh dilihat di Iceland, bagaimanapun tuya turut terdapat di <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>. Asal istilah ini datang dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuya_Butte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tuya Butte (laman tidak wujud)">Tuya Butte</a>, yang merupakan salah satu dari beberapa tuya di kawasan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sungai_Tuya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sungai Tuya (laman tidak wujud)">Sungai Tuya</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Banjaran_Tuya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banjaran Tuya (laman tidak wujud)">Banjaran Tuya</a> di utara British Columbia. Tuya Butte merupakan salah satu bentuk mukabumi yang dianalisa dan dengan itu namanya digunakan dalam penulisan geologi bagi pembentukan gunung berapi jenis ini. (<i>Tuya Mountains Provincial Park</i>) baru-baru ini ditubuhkan bagi melindungi muka bumi yang luar biasa ini, yang terletak di utara <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tasik_Tuya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tasik Tuya (laman tidak wujud)">Tasik Tuya</a> dan selatan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sungai_Jennings&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sungai Jennings (laman tidak wujud)">Sungai Jennings</a> berhampiran sempadan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jajahan_Yukon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jajahan Yukon (laman tidak wujud)">Jajahan Yukon</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bahan_luahan">Bahan luahan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunung_berapi&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Sunting bahagian: Bahan luahan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunung_berapi&action=edit&section=12" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Bahan luahan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Komposisi_lava">Komposisi lava</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunung_berapi&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Sunting bahagian: Komposisi lava" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunung_berapi&action=edit&section=13" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Komposisi lava"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Satu cara lain mengelaskan gunung berapi adalah melalui <i>komposisi bahan luahan</i> (<a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">lava</a>), kerana ia memberi kesan kepada bentuk gunung berapi. Lava boleh dikelaskan kepada 4 komposisi berlainan (Cas & Wright, 1987): </p> <ul><li>Sekiranya <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a> letupan mengandungi peratusan besar (>63%) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Silica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silica (laman tidak wujud)">silica</a>, lava ini dikenali sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Felsik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Felsik (laman tidak wujud)">felsik</a>. <ul><li>Lava Felsik (atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhyolite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhyolite (laman tidak wujud)">rhyolite</a>) cenderung menjadi amat <a href="/w/index.php?title=Likat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Likat (laman tidak wujud)">likat</a> (tidak begitu cair) dan meletup sebagai kubah atau aliran putung pendek. Lava likat cenderung membentuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunung_berapi_strato&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gunung berapi strato (laman tidak wujud)">gunung berapi strato</a> atau kubah lava. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Puncak_Lassen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Puncak Lassen (laman tidak wujud)">Puncak Lassen</a> di <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> merupakan contoh gunung berapi terbentuk oleh lava felsic dan merupakan kubah lava yang besar.</li> <li>Disebabkan magma bersilikon amat likat, ia cenderung memerangkap gas mudah meletup yang ada, yang menyebabkan magma meletup dengan dasyat, akhirnya membentuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunung_berapi_strato&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gunung berapi strato (laman tidak wujud)">gunung berapi strato</a>. Aliran piroklastik (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ignimbrite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ignimbrite (laman tidak wujud)">ignimbrite</a>) merupakan hasil amat merbahaya dari gunung berapi sebegitu, disebabkan a terdiri dari abu gunung berapi cair yang terlalu berat untuk pergi tinggi keatmosfera, dengan itu ia mengikuti lereng gunung berapi dan bergerak jauh dari lohong asal semasa letupan besar. Suhu setinggi 1,200 °C diketahui berlaku dalam aliran piroklastik, yang akan menghanguskan semua benda yang boleh terbakar dalam laluannya dan lapisan tebal mendakan aliran piroklastik boleh terbentuk, sering kali sehingga ketebalan beberapa meter.</li> <li>Disebabkan magma bersilikon amat likat, ia cenderung memerangkap gas mudah meletup yang ada, yang menyebabkan magma meletup dengan dasyat, akhirnya membentuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunung_berapi_strato&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gunung berapi strato (laman tidak wujud)">gunung berapi strato</a>. Aliran piroklastik (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ignimbrite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ignimbrite (laman tidak wujud)">ignimbrite</a>) merupakan hasil amat merbahaya dari gunung berapi sebegitu, disebabkan a terdiri dari abu gunung berapi cair yang terlalu berat untuk pergi tinggi keatmosfera, dengan itu ia mengikuti lereng gunung berapi dan bergerak jauh dari lohong asal semasa letupan besar. Suhu setinggi 1,200 °C diketahui berlaku dalam aliran piroklastik, yang akan menghanguskan semua benda yang boleh terbakar dalam laluannya dan lapisan tebal mendakan aliran piroklastik boleh terbentuk, sering kali sehingga ketebalan beberapa meter. <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lembah_Sepuluh_Ribu_Asap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lembah Sepuluh Ribu Asap (laman tidak wujud)">Lembah Sepuluh Ribu Asap (<i>Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes</i>)</a> di <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, terbentuk hasil letupan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Novarupta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Novarupta (laman tidak wujud)">Novarupta</a> berhampiran <a href="/w/index.php?title=Katmai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Katmai (laman tidak wujud)">Katmai</a> pada 1912, adalah satu contoh aliran piroklastik tebal atau mendakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ignimbrite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ignimbrite (laman tidak wujud)">ignimbrite</a>. Debu gunung berapi yang cukup ringan untuk dihambur tinggi pada atmosfera Bumi mampu bergerak berkilometer sebelum jatuh ke bumi sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tuff (laman tidak wujud)">tuff</a>.</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Sekiranya letupan magma mengandungi 52-63% silika, lava ini dikelaskan sebagai sebatian "serdahana". <ul><li>Gunung berapi "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Andesite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andesite (laman tidak wujud)">Andesite</a>" biasanya hanya wujud di atas zon subduktion (contoh. <a href="/wiki/Gunung_Merapi,_Jawa_Tengah" class="mw-redirect" title="Gunung Merapi, Jawa Tengah">Gunung Merapi, Jawa Tengah</a> di <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>).</li></ul></li> <li>Sekiranya letupan magma mengandungi <52% dan >45% silika, lava ini dikenali sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mafik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mafik (laman tidak wujud)">mafik</a> (disebabkan kandungan <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a> (Mg) dan <a href="/wiki/Besi" title="Besi">besi</a> (Fe)) atau <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a> yang berperatus lebih tinggi. Lava ini biasanya kurang likat berbanding lava rhyolitik, bergantung kepada suhu letupannya; ia juga cenderung lebih panas berbanding lava felsik. Lava Mafic wujud dalam keadaan yang luas: <ul><li>Pada <a href="/wiki/Rabung_tengah_lautan" title="Rabung tengah lautan">rabung tengah lautan</a>, di mana dua kepingan Tektonik lautan mencapah, lava basaltik keluar sebagai lawa bantal untuk menutup regangan;</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunung_berapi_perisai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gunung berapi perisai (laman tidak wujud)">Gunung berapi perisai</a> (Contoh. <a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Hawaii" title="Kepulauan Hawaii">kepulauan Hawaii</a>, termasuk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauna_Loa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mauna Loa (laman tidak wujud)">Mauna Loa</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kilauea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kilauea (laman tidak wujud)">Kilauea</a>), pada <a href="/wiki/Kerak_lautan" title="Kerak lautan">kerak lautan</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerak_benua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerak benua (laman tidak wujud)">kerak benua</a>;</li> <li>Sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Basalt_banjir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basalt banjir (laman tidak wujud)">basalt banjir benua</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>Sesetengah letupan magma mengandungi <=45% silika dan menghasilkan lava yang dikenali sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultramafik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ultramafik (laman tidak wujud)">ultramafik</a>. Aliran ultramafik, juga dikenali sebagai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Komatite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Komatite (laman tidak wujud)">komatite</a>, amat jarang; malah, hanya beberapa letusan pada permukaan Bumi semenjak <a href="/wiki/Proterozoik" title="Proterozoik">Proterozoik</a>, apabila suhu aliran planet adalah lebih tinggi. Ia adalah lava terpanas, dan kemungkinannya lebih cair berbanding lava mafik biasa.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tekstur_lava">Tekstur lava</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunung_berapi&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Sunting bahagian: Tekstur lava" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunung_berapi&action=edit&section=14" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Tekstur lava"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dua jenis lava dinamakan menurut tekstur permukaan: <span class="okina" style="font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode, sans-serif;">ʻ</span>A<span class="okina" style="font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode, sans-serif;">ʻ</span> (sebutan <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> <span class="IPA">[ʔaʔa]</span>) dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C4%81hoehoe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pāhoehoe (laman tidak wujud)">pāhoehoe</a> (sebutan <span class="IPA">[paːho͡eːho͡eː]</span>), kedua perkataan berasal dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahasa_Hawai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahasa Hawai (laman tidak wujud)">bahasa Hawai</a>. <span class="okina" style="font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode, sans-serif;">ʻ</span>A<span class="okina" style="font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode, sans-serif;">ʻ</span> bercirikan permukaan kasar, berkedut (<i>clinkery</i>) dan merupakan bentuk kebanyakan lava paling likat dan panas. Bagaimanapun, aliran basaltik atau mafik boleh meletus sebagai aliran <span class="okina" style="font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode, sans-serif;">ʻ</span>a<span class="okina" style="font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode, sans-serif;">ʻ</span>, terutamanya sekiranya kadar letupan adalah tinggi dan lerengnya adalah tajam. Pāhoehoe bercirikan permukaan licin dan bertali atau berkedut dan biasanya terbentuk hasil aliran lava cair. Biasanya hanya aliran mafik akan meletus sebagai pāhoehoe, disebabkan ia sering meletus pada suhu lebih tinggi atau mempunyai kandungan kimia yang membenarkan ia mengalir dengan lebih cair. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kegiatan_gunung">Kegiatan gunung</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunung_berapi&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Sunting bahagian: Kegiatan gunung" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunung_berapi&action=edit&section=15" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Kegiatan gunung"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Volcano_q.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Volcano_q.jpg/220px-Volcano_q.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Volcano_q.jpg/330px-Volcano_q.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Volcano_q.jpg/440px-Volcano_q.jpg 2x" data-file-width="678" data-file-height="449" /></a><figcaption>Rekahan gunung berapi dan saluran lava.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Volcano.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Volcano.jpeg/220px-Volcano.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Volcano.jpeg/330px-Volcano.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Volcano.jpeg/440px-Volcano.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption>Gunung berapi St. Helens pada Mei 1980, sejurus selepas letupan gunung berapi St. Helens 18 Mei 1980</figcaption></figure> <p><br /> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Mahameru-volcano.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Mahameru-volcano.jpeg/300px-Mahameru-volcano.jpeg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Mahameru-volcano.jpeg/450px-Mahameru-volcano.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Mahameru-volcano.jpeg/600px-Mahameru-volcano.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Gunung berapi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahameru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahameru (laman tidak wujud)">Mahameru</a> berasap di <a href="/wiki/Pulau_Jawa" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulau Jawa">Pulau Jawa</a> di <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Gunung berapi</b> adalah suatu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Proses_geologi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proses geologi (laman tidak wujud)">proses geologi</a> yang melibatkan pembentukan daratan yang dijana daripada letusan menerusi permukaan planet dipanggil <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a>, batuan cair yang meleleh keluar dari bahagian dalam (interior) planet. Bentuk-bentuk gunung berapi yang lain termasuklah gunung berapi ais (seperti yang wujud pada bulan-bulan Musytari, Zuhal dan Neptun) dan bentuk gunung berapi lumpur. Di bumi,gunung berapi cenderung untuk wujud di permukaan plat-plat kerak bumi. Pengecualian penting yang wujud dalam tompok-tompok panas gunung berapi, yang wujud pada lokasi-lokasi yang jauh daripada sempadan-sempadan plat; tompok-tompok panas gunung berapi ini juga dijumpai dalam sistem solar, terutamanya pada planet-planet dan bulan-bulan yang berbatu-batu. </p><p>Gunung berapi terdapat di seluruh <a href="/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi">dunia</a>, tetapi lokasi gunung berapi paling dikenali ialah gunung berapi yang berada di sepanjang <a href="/wiki/Lingkaran_Api_Pasifik" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingkaran Api Pasifik">Lingkaran Api Pasifik</a>. Lingkaran Api Pasifik merupakan sempadan pertembungan antara dua <a href="/wiki/Plat_tektonik" class="mw-redirect" title="Plat tektonik">plat tektonik</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jenis-jenis_gunung_berapi">Jenis-jenis gunung berapi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunung_berapi&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Sunting bahagian: Jenis-jenis gunung berapi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunung_berapi&action=edit&section=16" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Jenis-jenis gunung berapi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gunung berapi terdapat dalam beberapa bentuk sepanjang kitaran hayatnya. Gunung berapi yang aktif mungkin bertukar menjadi separuh aktif, menjadi pendam, sebelum akhirnya menjadi tidak aktif atau mati. Bagaimanapun gunung berapi mampu menjadi pendam selama tempoh 610 tahun sebelum bertukar menjadi aktif semula. Oleh itu, sukar untuk menentukan keadaan sebenar sesuatu gunung berapi itu, samada sesebuah gunung berapi itu berada dalam tempoh pendam atau telah mati. </p><p>Apabila gunung berapi meletus, <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a> yang terkandung di dalam kamar magma di bawah gunung berapi meletus keluar sebagai lahar atau lava. Selain daripada aliran lava, kemusnahan oleh gunung berapi disebabkan melalui pelbagai cara seperti berikut :- </p> <ol><li>Aliran lava.</li> <li>Letusan gunung berapi.</li> <li>Aliran lumpur.</li> <li>Abu.</li> <li>Kebakaran hutan.</li> <li>Gas beracun.</li> <li>Gelombang <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunami</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gempa_bumi" title="Gempa bumi">Gempa bumi</a>.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hubungan_dengan_manusia">Hubungan dengan manusia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunung_berapi&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Sunting bahagian: Hubungan dengan manusia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunung_berapi&action=edit&section=17" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Hubungan dengan manusia"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kepercayaan">Kepercayaan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunung_berapi&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Sunting bahagian: Kepercayaan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunung_berapi&action=edit&section=18" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Kepercayaan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Kasada_Umat_Hindu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Kasada_Umat_Hindu.jpg/220px-Kasada_Umat_Hindu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Kasada_Umat_Hindu.jpg/330px-Kasada_Umat_Hindu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Kasada_Umat_Hindu.jpg/440px-Kasada_Umat_Hindu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption>Para peziarah memikul junjung <a href="/wiki/Semah" title="Semah">sesajen</a> tinggi menuju ke puncak Gunung Bromo</figcaption></figure> <p>Masyarakat Hindu <a href="/wiki/Jawa" title="Jawa">Jawa</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Pulau_Bali" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulau Bali">Bali</a> anggap <a href="/wiki/Gunung_Bromo" title="Gunung Bromo">Gunung Bromo</a> sebagai jelmaan dewa <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a>, ziarah mendaki puncaknya dilakukan semasa perayaan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kasada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kasada (laman tidak wujud)">Kasada</a> setiap tanggal 14 haribulan 12 dalam <a href="/wiki/Takwim_Jawa" title="Takwim Jawa">penanggalan Jawa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fail:Pele_gifts3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Pele_gifts3.jpg/220px-Pele_gifts3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Pele_gifts3.jpg/330px-Pele_gifts3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Pele_gifts3.jpg/440px-Pele_gifts3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Bungkusan barangan semahan yang dipersembahkan untuk dewi Pele di pinggir kawah Halemaʻumaʻu, puncak gunung <a href="/wiki/K%C4%ABlauea" title="Kīlauea">Kīlauea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_(pulau)" title="Hawaii (pulau)">Hawaii</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Masyarakat-masyarakat serumpun <a href="/wiki/Polinesia" title="Polinesia">Polinesia</a> yang menduduki <a href="/wiki/Lingkaran_api_Pasifik" title="Lingkaran api Pasifik">Lingkaran Api Pasifik</a> banyak menggeruni gunung berapi yang dikatakan bersemangat tersendiri. <a href="/wiki/Orang_M%C4%81ori" class="mw-redirect" title="Orang Māori">Orang Māori</a> percaya gunung-gunung berapi panas kerana dewa Rūaumoko yang disusukan <a href="/wiki/Rangi_dan_Papa" title="Rangi dan Papa">Papatūānuku</a> dibenamkan sekali ke dalam tanah tetapi diberikan api untuk memanaskan diri.<sup id="cite_ref-EQC_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EQC-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TeAraHistoricEarthquakes_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TeAraHistoricEarthquakes-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Orang_Hawaii" title="Orang Hawaii">Orang Hawaii</a> pula <a href="/wiki/Agama_Hawaii" title="Agama Hawaii">percaya</a> bahawa lahar gunung berapi dikawal dewi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pele_(dewi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pele (dewi) (laman tidak wujud)">Pele</a> yang duduk di <a href="/wiki/K%C4%ABlauea" title="Kīlauea">Kīlauea</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> malah ada banyak persembahan tarian <a href="/wiki/Hula" class="mw-redirect" title="Hula">hula</a> yang dilakukan untuk memuja dewi ini.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gunung_Etna" title="Gunung Etna">Gunung Etna</a> di pulau <a href="/wiki/Sicilia" title="Sicilia">Sicilia</a> dipercayai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rom_Purba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rom Purba (laman tidak wujud)">masyarakat Rom Purba</a> sebagai tempat <a href="/wiki/Vulcanus" title="Vulcanus">Vulcanus</a> si dewa api bertukang senjata dan barangan untuk dewa-dewi dan manusia pahlawan terpilih.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_juga">Lihat juga</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunung_berapi&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Sunting bahagian: Lihat juga" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunung_berapi&action=edit&section=19" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Lihat juga"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Senarai">Senarai</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunung_berapi&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Sunting bahagian: Senarai" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunung_berapi&action=edit&section=20" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Senarai"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senarai_gunung_berapi" title="Senarai gunung berapi">Senarai gunung berapi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senarai_kematian_terkenal_akibat_letusan_gunung_berapi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senarai kematian terkenal akibat letusan gunung berapi (laman tidak wujud)">Senarai kematian terkenal akibat letusan gunung berapi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indeks_letupan_gunung_berapi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indeks letupan gunung berapi (laman tidak wujud)">Indeks letupan gunung berapi</a> (termasuk senarai letusan besar)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senarai_bencana_semulajadi_pembawa_maut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senarai bencana semulajadi pembawa maut (laman tidak wujud)">Senarai bencana semulajadi pembawa maut</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jenis">Jenis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunung_berapi&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Sunting bahagian: Jenis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunung_berapi&action=edit&section=21" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Jenis"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supervolkano" title="Supervolkano">Supervolkano</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volkano_prasejarah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Volkano prasejarah (laman tidak wujud)">Volkano prasejarah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asap_hitam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asap hitam (laman tidak wujud)">Asap hitam</a> (lubang lautan dalam)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kedudukan_khusus">Kedudukan khusus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunung_berapi&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Sunting bahagian: Kedudukan khusus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunung_berapi&action=edit&section=22" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Kedudukan khusus"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tompok-tompok_panas_Iceland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tompok-tompok panas Iceland (laman tidak wujud)">Tompok-tompok panas Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingkaran_Api_Pasifik" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingkaran Api Pasifik">Lingkaran Api Pasifik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Io_(bulan)" title="Io (bulan)">Io</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triton_(bulan)" title="Triton (bulan)">Triton (bulan)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fenomena_berkait_gunung_berapi">Fenomena berkait gunung berapi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunung_berapi&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Sunting bahagian: Fenomena berkait gunung berapi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunung_berapi&action=edit&section=23" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Fenomena berkait gunung berapi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gas_gunung_berapi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gas gunung berapi (laman tidak wujud)">Gas gunung berapi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">Magma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">Lava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">Tsunami</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perkara-perkara_umum">Perkara-perkara umum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunung_berapi&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Sunting bahagian: Perkara-perkara umum" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunung_berapi&action=edit&section=24" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Perkara-perkara umum"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geomorfologi" title="Geomorfologi">Geomorfologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geologi" title="Geologi">Geologi</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tokoh-tokoh">Tokoh-tokoh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunung_berapi&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Sunting bahagian: Tokoh-tokoh" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunung_berapi&action=edit&section=25" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Tokoh-tokoh"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haroun_Tazieff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haroun Tazieff (laman tidak wujud)">Haroun Tazieff</a> (ahli <a href="/wiki/Volkanologi" title="Volkanologi">kaji gunung berapi</a> terkenal)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rujukan">Rujukan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunung_berapi&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Sunting bahagian: Rujukan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunung_berapi&action=edit&section=26" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Rujukan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6173370">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2" style=""> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5110723">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://travel.kompas.com/read/2014/08/14/073600727/Kasada.Dirayakan.secara.Meriah">"Kasada Dirayakan secara Meriah"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Kompas_(akhbar)" title="Kompas (akhbar)">KOMPAS</a></i>. 14 Ogo 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">9 Jul</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=KOMPAS&rft.atitle=Kasada+Dirayakan+secara+Meriah&rft.date=2014-08-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftravel.kompas.com%2Fread%2F2014%2F08%2F14%2F073600727%2FKasada.Dirayakan.secara.Meriah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AGunung+berapi" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|dead-url=</code> ignored (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EQC-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EQC_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFTe_Papa" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_New_Zealand_Te_Papa_Tongarewa" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa">Te Papa</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120509182933/http://www.eq-iq.co.nz/eq-intro/eq-stories/eq-stories-ruaumoko.aspx">"Ruaumoko - God of Earthquakes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wellington" class="mw-disambig" title="Wellington">Wellington</a>, New Zealand: Earthquake Commission. Diarkibkan daripada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eq-iq.co.nz/eq-intro/eq-stories/eq-stories-ruaumoko.aspx">yang asal</a> pada 9 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ruaumoko+-+God+of+Earthquakes&rft.place=Wellington%2C+New+Zealand&rft.pub=Earthquake+Commission&rft.au=Te+Papa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eq-iq.co.nz%2Feq-intro%2Feq-stories%2Feq-stories-ruaumoko.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AGunung+berapi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TeAraHistoricEarthquakes-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TeAraHistoricEarthquakes_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFMcSaveney2009" class="citation web cs1">McSaveney, Eileen (2 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/historic-earthquakes/1">"Historic earthquakes - Earthquakes in Māori tradition"</a>. <i>Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand</i>. <a href="/wiki/Wellington" class="mw-disambig" title="Wellington">Wellington</a>, New Zealand: Manatū Taonga | Ministry for Culture and Heritage<span class="reference-accessdate">. Dicapai pada <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Te+Ara%3A+The+Encyclopedia+of+New+Zealand&rft.atitle=Historic+earthquakes+-+Earthquakes+in+M%C4%81ori+tradition&rft.date=2009-03-02&rft.aulast=McSaveney&rft.aufirst=Eileen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.TeAra.govt.nz%2Fen%2Fhistoric-earthquakes%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AGunung+berapi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martha Warren Beckwith, <i>Hawaiian Mythology</i> (Honolulu: University of Hawai<span class="okina" style="font-family: Lucida Sans Unicode, sans-serif;">ʻ</span>i Press, 1970).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Ancient Hula Types Database," Hula Preservation Society. Retrieved on 6 April 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.hulapreservation.org/hulatype.asp?ID=18">http://www.hulapreservation.org/hulatype.asp?ID=18</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210411032100/http://www.hulapreservation.org/Hulatype.asp?ID=18">Diarkibkan</a> 2021-04-11 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5110723"><cite id="CITEREFThomaidisTrollDeeganFreda2021" class="citation journal cs1">Thomaidis, Konstantinos; Troll, Valentin R.; Deegan, Frances M.; Freda, Carmela; Corsaro, Rosa A.; Behncke, Boris; Rafailidis, Savvas (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/gto.12362">"A message from the 'underground forge of the gods': history and current eruptions at Mt Etna"</a>. <i>Geology Today</i> (dalam bahasa Inggeris). <b>37</b> (4): 141–149. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fgto.12362">10.1111/gto.12362</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nombor_Siri_Piawai_Antarabangsa" title="Nombor Siri Piawai Antarabangsa">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1365-2451">1365-2451</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:238802288">238802288</a> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Check <code class="cs1-code">|s2cid=</code> value (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#bad_s2cid" class="extiw" title="en:Help:CS1 errors">bantuan</a>)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geology+Today&rft.atitle=A+message+from+the+%27underground+forge+of+the+gods%27%3A+history+and+current+eruptions+at+Mt+Etna&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=141-149&rft.date=2021&rft.issn=1365-2451&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fgto.12362&rft.aulast=Thomaidis&rft.aufirst=Konstantinos&rft.au=Troll%2C+Valentin+R.&rft.au=Deegan%2C+Frances+M.&rft.au=Freda%2C+Carmela&rft.au=Corsaro%2C+Rosa+A.&rft.au=Behncke%2C+Boris&rft.au=Rafailidis%2C+Savvas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1111%2Fgto.12362&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fms.wikipedia.org%3AGunung+berapi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pautan_luar">Pautan luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunung_berapi&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Sunting bahagian: Pautan luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunung_berapi&action=edit&section=27" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Pautan luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.85em; font-weight:bold; color:#555" title="Bahasa (ms)">(Melayu)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yosri.cwahi.net/FaktaGunungBerapi.htm">Lebih lanjut mengenai gunung berapi.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513150306/http://yosri.cwahi.net/FaktaGunungBerapi.htm">Diarkibkan</a> 2013-05-13 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Laman_Utama" class="extiw" title="commons:Laman Utama">Wikimedia Commons</a> mempunyai media berkaitan: <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Volcano" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Volcano">Gunung berapi</a></b></i>.</td></tr> </tbody></table> <ul><li><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.85em; font-weight:bold; color:#555" title="Bahasa (en)">(Inggeris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.volcano.si.edu/">Smithsonian Institution - Program Gunung berapi Sedunia</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.85em; font-weight:bold; color:#555" title="Bahasa (en)">(Inggeris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://volcano.und.nodak.edu/vwdocs/glossary.html">Istilah Geologi dan Gunung berapi dari Volcano World</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.85em; font-weight:bold; color:#555" title="Bahasa (en)">(Inggeris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whoi.edu/page.do?pid=12461">Maklumat Gunung berapi dari Deep Ocean Exploration Institute</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Woods_Hole_Oceanographic_Institution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (laman tidak wujud)">Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.85em; font-weight:bold; color:#555" title="Bahasa (en)">(Inggeris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/Products/Pglossary/pglossary.html">Glossary mengenai IStilah Gunung berapi dari USGS</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.85em; font-weight:bold; color:#555" title="Bahasa (en)">(Inggeris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://science.howstuffworks.com/volcano.htm/printable"><i>How Volcanoes Work</i> oleh Tom Harris</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.85em; font-weight:bold; color:#555" title="Bahasa (en)">(Inggeris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geology.sdsu.edu/how_volcanoes_work/">How Volcanoes Work</a> - Educational resource on the science and processes behind volcanoes, intended for university students of geology, volcanology and teachers of earth science.</li> <li><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.85em; font-weight:bold; color:#555" title="Bahasa (en)">(Inggeris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.volcanolive.com/">Volcano Live - John Seach</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.85em; font-weight:bold; color:#555" title="Bahasa (en)">(Inggeris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://facweb.bhc.edu/academics/science/harwoodr/GEOL101/Labs/VolcanicMaterials/">Volcanic Materials Identification</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051216120850/http://facweb.bhc.edu/academics/science/harwoodr/GEOL101/Labs/VolcanicMaterials/">Diarkibkan</a> 2005-12-16 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.85em; font-weight:bold; color:#555" title="Bahasa (en)">(Inggeris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maniacworld.com/erupting-volcano.htm">Erupting Volcano - Pyroclastic Flow</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120323141226/http://www.maniacworld.com/erupting-volcano.htm">Diarkibkan</a> 2012-03-23 di <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> - Video</li> <li><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.85em; font-weight:bold; color:#555" title="Bahasa (en)">(Inggeris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.projectshum.org/NaturalDisasters/volcano.html">Natural Disasters - Volcano</a> Great research site for kids.</li> <li><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.85em; font-weight:bold; color:#555" title="Bahasa (en)">(Inggeris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=7454889662266170860&q">Google Video: Erupting Volcano</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.85em; font-weight:bold; color:#555" title="Bahasa (en)">(Inggeris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldvolcanoes.info/map.html">Google Maps Plot of World Volcanoes</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.85em; font-weight:bold; color:#555" title="Bahasa (en)">(Inggeris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.lib.washington.edu/">University of Washington Libraries: Digital Collections</a>: <ul><li><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.85em; font-weight:bold; color:#555" title="Bahasa (en)">(Inggeris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.lib.washington.edu/mshchemweb/index.html">Mount St. Helens Post-Eruption Chemistry Database</a> This collection contains photographs of Mount St. Helens, post-eruption, taken over the span of three years to provide a look at both the human and the scientific sides of studying the eruption of a volcano.</li> <li><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.85em; font-weight:bold; color:#555" title="Bahasa (en)">(Inggeris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.lib.washington.edu/mtsthelensweb/index.html">Mount St. Helens Succession Collection</a> This collection consists of 235 photographs in a study of plant habitats following the May 18, 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens.</li></ul></li> <li><span class="languageicon" style="font-size:0.85em; font-weight:bold; color:#555" title="Bahasa (en)">(Inggeris)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lpi.usra.edu/publications/slidesets/hawaiivolcanoes/index.shtml">Volcanic Features of Hawaii and Other Worlds</a></li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bentuk_muka_bumi" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5375175">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Bentuk_muka_bumi" title="Templat:Bentuk muka bumi"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bincang"><a href="/wiki/Perbincangan_templat:Bentuk_muka_bumi" title="Perbincangan templat:Bentuk muka bumi"><abbr title="Bincang templat ini" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Bentuk_muka_bumi&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bentuk_muka_bumi" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Bentuk muka <a href="/wiki/Bumi" title="Bumi">bumi</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Senarai_bentuk_muka_bumi"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Senarai_bentuk_muka_bumi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Senarai bentuk muka bumi (laman tidak wujud)">Senarai bentuk muka bumi</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pergunungan</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meja_(bentuk_muka_bumi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meja (bentuk muka bumi) (laman tidak wujud)">Meja</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Butte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Butte (laman tidak wujud)">Butte</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Landai_(bentuk_muka_bumi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landai (bentuk muka bumi) (laman tidak wujud)">Landai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukit" title="Bukit">Bukit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunung" title="Gunung">Gunung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjaran" title="Banjaran">Banjaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penara" title="Penara">Penara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabung" title="Rabung">Rabung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lembah" title="Lembah">Lembah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dataran benua</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lembar_ais" title="Lembar ais">Lembar ais</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dataran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dataran (laman tidak wujud)">Dataran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">Steppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">Tundra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluvium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fluvium (laman tidak wujud)">Fluvium</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kipas_aluvium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kipas aluvium (laman tidak wujud)">Kipas aluvium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantai" title="Pantai">Pantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngarai" title="Ngarai">Ngarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gua" title="Gua">Gua</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saluran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saluran (laman tidak wujud)">Saluran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tebing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tebing (laman tidak wujud)">Tebing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dataran_banjir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dataran banjir (laman tidak wujud)">Dataran banjir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasik" title="Tasik">Tasik/danau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benteng" title="Benteng">Benteng</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meander&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meander (laman tidak wujud)">Meander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasik_ladam" title="Tasik ladam">Tasik ladam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahah" title="Wahah">Wahah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolam" title="Kolam">Kolam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tendab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tendab (laman tidak wujud)">Tendab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sungai" title="Sungai">Sungai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta" title="Delta">Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muara" title="Muara">Muara sungai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lembah_sungai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lembah sungai (laman tidak wujud)">Lembah sungai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selat" title="Selat">Selat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paya" title="Paya">Paya/rawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_terjun" title="Air terjun">Air terjun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arroyo_(caruk)" title="Arroyo (caruk)">Arroyo (caruk)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gosong" title="Gosong">Gosong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lembangan_saliran" title="Lembangan saliran">Lembangan saliran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bentuk_muka_bumi_glasier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bentuk muka bumi glasier (laman tidak wujud)">Glasier</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ar%C3%AAte&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arête (laman tidak wujud)">Arête</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cirque&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cirque (laman tidak wujud)">Cirque</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Esker (laman tidak wujud)">Esker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiord" title="Fiord">Fiord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasier" title="Glasier">Glasier</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saluran_lembah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saluran lembah (laman tidak wujud)">Saluran lembah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bentuk_muka_pantai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bentuk muka pantai (laman tidak wujud)">Bentuk muka bumi<br /> di tepi pantai dan laut</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atol" title="Atol">Atol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teluk" title="Teluk">Teluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanjung" title="Tanjung">Tanjung</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saluran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saluran (laman tidak wujud)">Saluran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pesisiran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pesisiran (laman tidak wujud)">Pesisiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentas_benua" title="Pentas benua">Pentas benua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terumbu_karang" title="Terumbu karang">Terumbu karang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muara" title="Muara">Muara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulau_tinggi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pulau tinggi (laman tidak wujud)">Pulau tinggi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulau" title="Pulau">Pulau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanah_genting" title="Tanah genting">Tanah genting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagun" title="Lagun">Lagun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabung_tengah_lautan" title="Rabung tengah lautan">Rabung tengah lautan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurang_lautan" title="Jurang lautan">Jurang lautan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semenanjung" title="Semenanjung">Semenanjung</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunung_lautan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gunung lautan (laman tidak wujud)">Gunung lautan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gunung berapi</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaldera" title="Kaldera">Kaldera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasik_kawah" title="Tasik kawah">Tasik kawah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geiser" title="Geiser">Geiser</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pulau_tinggi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pulau tinggi (laman tidak wujud)">Pulau tinggi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabung_tengah_lautan" title="Rabung tengah lautan">Rabung tengah lautan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kubah_lava&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kubah lava (laman tidak wujud)">Kubah lava</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Padang_lava&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Padang lava (laman tidak wujud)">Padang lava</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penara_lava&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penara lava (laman tidak wujud)">Penara lava</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gunung_berapi_dalam_laut&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gunung berapi dalam laut (laman tidak wujud)">Gunung berapi dalam laut</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guyot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guyot (laman tidak wujud)">Guyot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawah_gunung_berapi" title="Kawah gunung berapi">Kawah gunung berapi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palam_gunung_berapi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palam gunung berapi (laman tidak wujud)">Palam gunung berapi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gunung berapi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dinding_batu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dinding batu (laman tidak wujud)">Dinding batu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Proses_Aeolian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Proses Aeolian (laman tidak wujud)">Aeolian</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Padang_pasir" class="mw-redirect" title="Padang pasir">Padang pasir</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tasik_kering&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tasik kering (laman tidak wujud)">Tasik kering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gumuk" title="Gumuk">Gumuk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bukit_pasir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bukit pasir (laman tidak wujud)">Bukit pasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">Tundra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buatan manusia</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulau_buatan" title="Pulau buatan">Pulau buatan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terumbu_karang_buatan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terumbu karang buatan (laman tidak wujud)">Terumbu karang buatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jambatan" title="Jambatan">Jambatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangunan" title="Bangunan">Bangunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terusan" title="Terusan">Terusan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empangan" title="Empangan">Empangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parit" title="Parit">Parit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tebus_guna_tanah" title="Tebus guna tanah">Tebus guna tanah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benteng" title="Benteng">Benteng</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polder (laman tidak wujud)">Polder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawah" title="Sawah">Sawah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batas" title="Batas">Batas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuari" title="Kuari">Kuari</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kawasan_tadahan_air&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kawasan tadahan air (laman tidak wujud)">Kawasan tadahan air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalan_raya" title="Jalan raya">Jalan raya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terowong" title="Terowong">Terowong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5614044"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Lihat juga: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciri_geografi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ciri geografi (laman tidak wujud)">Ciri geografi</a></div></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Diambil daripada "<a dir="ltr" href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gunung_berapi&oldid=6173917">https://ms.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gunung_berapi&oldid=6173917</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Kategori" title="Khas:Kategori">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:CS1_errors:_S2CID&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:CS1 errors: S2CID (laman tidak wujud)">CS1 errors: S2CID</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Gunung_berapi" title="Kategori:Gunung berapi">Gunung berapi</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks 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