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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Process of adoption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Process_of_adoption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Usage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Usage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Usage subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-On_land" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_land"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>On land</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_land-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-At_sea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#At_sea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>At sea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-At_sea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protocol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protocol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Protocol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protocol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hanging_a_flag_vertically" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hanging_a_flag_vertically"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Hanging a flag vertically</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hanging_a_flag_vertically-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Design</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Design-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Design subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Colours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Colours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Similarities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Similarities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Similarities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Similarities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flag_families" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flag_families"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Flag families</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flag_families-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">National flag</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 61 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-61" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">61 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasionale_vlag" title="Nasionale vlag – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nasionale vlag" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="علم وطني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم وطني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="জাতীয় পতাকা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জাতীয় পতাকা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasyunal_na_bandera" title="Nasyunal na bandera – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Nasyunal na bandera" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Държавно знаме – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Държавно знаме" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandera_nacional" title="Bandera nacional – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bandera nacional" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalflag" title="Nationalflag – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nationalflag" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalflagge" title="Nationalflagge – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nationalflagge" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riigilipp" title="Riigilipp – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Riigilipp" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%B8%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%83%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Εθνική σημαία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εθνική σημαία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandera_nacional" title="Bandera nacional – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bandera nacional" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacia_flago" title="Nacia flago – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nacia flago" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%85_%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C" title="پرچم ملی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پرچم ملی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drapeau_national" title="Drapeau national – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Drapeau national" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brattagh_ashoonagh" title="Brattagh ashoonagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Brattagh ashoonagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratach_na_d%C3%B9thcha" title="Bratach na dùthcha – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Bratach na dùthcha" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EA%B8%B0" title="국기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="국기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%A6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B7" title="Ազգային դրոշ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ազգային դրոշ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C5%BEavna_zastava" title="Državna zastava – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Državna zastava" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bendera_nasional" title="Bendera nasional – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bendera nasional" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Ej%C3%B3%C3%B0f%C3%A1ni" title="Þjóðfáni – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þjóðfáni" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandiera_nazionale" title="Bandiera nazionale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bandiera nazionale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%92%D7%9C_%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99" title="דגל לאומי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דגל לאומי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%9C" title="ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರಧ್ವಜ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರಧ್ವಜ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90" title="სახელმწიფო დროშა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სახელმწიფო დროშა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibendera_ry%E2%80%99igihugu" title="Ibendera ry’igihugu – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ibendera ry’igihugu" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandera_nazionala" title="Bandera nazionala – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Bandera nazionala" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95" title="ദേശീയപതാക – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ദേശീയപതാക" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C" title="राष्ट्रीय ध्वज – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="राष्ट्रीय ध्वज" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bendera_kebangsaan" title="Bendera kebangsaan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bendera kebangsaan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B0" title="Төрийн далбаа – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Төрийн далбаа" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B6" title="နိုင်ငံတော်အလံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နိုင်ငံတော်အလံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationale_vlag" title="Nationale vlag – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nationale vlag" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE" title="राष्ट्रिय झन्डा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="राष्ट्रिय झन्डा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E6%97%97" title="国旗 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="国旗" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasjonalflagg" title="Nasjonalflagg – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nasjonalflagg" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasjonalflagg" title="Nasjonalflagg – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nasjonalflagg" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%9D%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%BE" title="ਰਾਸ਼ਟਰੀ ਝੰਡਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰਾਸ਼ਟਰੀ ਝੰਡਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B6%E1%82%8F" title="ခမ်းထီတန်အလံႏ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ခမ်းထီတန်အလံႏ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaga_pa%C5%84stwowa" title="Flaga państwowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Flaga państwowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandeira_nacional" title="Bandeira nacional – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bandeira nacional" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drapel_na%C8%9Bional" title="Drapel național – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Drapel național" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Государственный флаг – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Государственный флаг" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/hata_nu_kanatal" title="hata nu kanatal – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="hata nu kanatal" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%83" title="राष्ट्रियध्वजः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="राष्ट्रियध्वजः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamuri_komb%C3%ABtar" title="Flamuri kombëtar – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Flamuri kombëtar" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%92" title="ජාතික කොඩි – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජාතික කොඩි" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A_%D8%AC%D9%87%D9%86%DA%8A%D9%88" title="قومي جهنڊو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="قومي جهنڊو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Национална застава – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Национална застава" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr%C5%BEavna_zastava" title="Državna zastava – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Državna zastava" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansallislippu" title="Kansallislippu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kansallislippu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationsflagga" title="Nationsflagga – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nationsflagga" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF" title="தேசியக் கொடி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தேசியக் கொடி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%AF_%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BE" title="జాతీయ జెండా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జాతీయ జెండా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4" title="ธงชาติ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ธงชาติ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Національний прапор – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Національний прапор" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%85" title="قومی پرچم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قومی پرچم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%E1%BB%91c_k%E1%BB%B3" title="Quốc kỳ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quốc kỳ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%97" title="國旗 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="國旗" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%97" title="國旗 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="國旗" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Flag of a country or nation</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_%E2%80%A6trialsanderrors_-_Johnson%27s_new_chart_of_national_emblems,_1868.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flickr_-_%E2%80%A6trialsanderrors_-_Johnson%27s_new_chart_of_national_emblems%2C_1868.jpg/370px-Flickr_-_%E2%80%A6trialsanderrors_-_Johnson%27s_new_chart_of_national_emblems%2C_1868.jpg" decoding="async" width="370" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flickr_-_%E2%80%A6trialsanderrors_-_Johnson%27s_new_chart_of_national_emblems%2C_1868.jpg/555px-Flickr_-_%E2%80%A6trialsanderrors_-_Johnson%27s_new_chart_of_national_emblems%2C_1868.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flickr_-_%E2%80%A6trialsanderrors_-_Johnson%27s_new_chart_of_national_emblems%2C_1868.jpg/740px-Flickr_-_%E2%80%A6trialsanderrors_-_Johnson%27s_new_chart_of_national_emblems%2C_1868.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8187" data-file-height="5991" /></a><figcaption><i>Johnson's new chart of national emblems</i>, published <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1868</span>. The large flags shown in the corners are the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States#Historical_progression_of_designs" title="Flag of the United States">37-star flag of the United States</a> (flown 1867–1890), upper left; the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Standard_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Royal Standard of the United Kingdom">Royal Standard of the United Kingdom</a>, upper, right; the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Imperial_Standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Imperial Standard">Russian Imperial Standard</a>, lower left; and the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_France" title="Flag of France">French tricolore</a> with inset <a href="/wiki/French_Imperial_Eagle" title="French Imperial Eagle">Imperial Eagle</a>, lower right. Various other flags flown by ships are shown. The <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Cuba" title="Flag of Cuba">Flag of Cuba</a> is labelled "Cuban <a href="/wiki/Ten_Years%27_War" title="Ten Years' War">(so called)</a>". The <a href="/wiki/Chinese_dragon" title="Chinese dragon">Chinese dragon</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Qing_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of the Qing Dynasty">Flag of China</a> was drawn mistakenly as a <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Dragon" title="Welsh Dragon">western dragon</a>.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Nationalism" title="Category:Nationalism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;padding-bottom:0.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a> forming</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Nationalism in the Middle Ages">Nationalism in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_anthem" title="National anthem">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_church" title="National church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_colours" title="National colours">Colours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_emblem" title="National emblem">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_of_the_Nation" title="Father of the Nation">Father</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_epic" title="National epic">Epic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_god" title="National god">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_identity" title="National identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_myth" title="National myth">Myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_sport" title="National sport">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbol" title="National symbol">Symbol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_treasure" title="National treasure">Treasure</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Core values</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegiance" title="Allegiance">Allegiance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_nationalism" title="Types of nationalism">Types</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_nationalism" title="African nationalism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National-anarchism" title="National-anarchism">Anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_nationalism" title="Blind nationalism">Blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_nationalism" title="Bourgeois nationalism">Bourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_nationalism" title="Business nationalism">Business</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_chauvinism" title="Welfare chauvinism">Welfare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_nationalism" title="Civic nationalism">Civic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_nationalism" title="French nationalism">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_communism" title="National communism">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_patriotism" title="Constitutional patriotism">Constitutional patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate nationalism">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyber-nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyber-nationalism">Cyber-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-nationalism" title="Eco-nationalism">Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_nationalism" title="Economic nationalism">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopluralism" title="Ethnopluralism">Ethnopluralism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_nationalism" title="Pan-European nationalism">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansionist_nationalism" title="Expansionist nationalism">Expansionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homonationalism" title="Homonationalism">Homosexual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenism" title="Indigenism">Indigenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Left-wing</a> (<a href="/wiki/Left-wing_populism" title="Left-wing populism">populism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_nationalism" title="Musical nationalism">Musical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_mysticism" title="National mysticism">Mystic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-nationalism" title="Neo-nationalism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-nationalism" title="Pan-nationalism">Pan-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_nationalism" title="Racial nationalism">Racial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_nationalism" title="Japanese nationalism">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Shōwa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_ethnic_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean ethnic nationalism">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_nationalism" title="Religious nationalism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism" title="Christian nationalism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerico-nationalism" title="Clerico-nationalism">Clerical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim nationalism">Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalistan_movement" title="Khalistan movement">Sikh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_nationalism" title="Resource nationalism">Resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_nationalism" title="Revolutionary nationalism">Revolutionary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_syndicalism" title="National syndicalism">National syndicalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevism" title="National Bolshevism">National Bolshevik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legionarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Legionarism">Legionarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rexism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rexism">Rexism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocacerism" title="Ethnocacerism">Ethnocacerism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-nationalism" title="Techno-nationalism">Technological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_nationalism" title="Territorial nationalism">Territorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnationalism" title="Transnationalism">Trans-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultra-</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism_(Japan)" title="Ultranationalism (Japan)">Japan</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/List_of_nationalist_organizations" title="List of nationalist organizations">List of nationalist organizations</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anationalism">Anationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-nationalism">Anti-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">Anti-globalization movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banal_nationalism" title="Banal nationalism">Banal nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_religion" title="Civil religion">Civil religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">Cosmopolitanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_nationalism" title="Cultural nationalism">Cultural nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_politics" title="Diaspora politics">Diaspora politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocentrism" title="Ethnocentrism">Ethnocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociological_Francoism" title="Sociological Francoism">Francoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastronationalism" title="Gastronationalism">Gastronationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism_and_gender" title="Nationalism and gender">Gender and nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalism" title="Globalism">Globalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_historiography" title="Nationalist historiography">Historiography and nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagined_community" title="Imagined community">Imagined community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irredentism" title="Irredentism">Irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingoism" title="Jingoism">Jingoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_indifference" title="National indifference">National indifference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism_studies" title="Nationalism studies">Nationalism studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">Nativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plurinationalism" title="Plurinationalism">Plurinationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postnationalism" title="Postnationalism">Post-</a></li> <li><a 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.plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">Politics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="display:block; margin-bottom:0.5em; background:transparent;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science" title="Outline of political science">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_politics_articles" title="Index of politics articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Primary topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science" title="Outline of political science">Outline of political science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_politics_articles" title="Index of politics articles">Index of politics articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics by country">Politics by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_country_subdivisions" title="Politics of country subdivisions">Politics by subdivision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">Political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history" title="Political history">Political history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_world" title="Political history of the world">Political history of the world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Political_system" title="Political system">Political systems</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">Collective leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessional_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Confessional system">Confessional system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorial_system" title="Directorial system">Directorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federacy" title="Federacy">Federacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_regime" title="Hybrid regime">Hybrid regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">Parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-parliamentary_system" title="Semi-parliamentary system">Semi-parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">Semi-presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Academic disciplines</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">Political science</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/List_of_political_scientists" title="List of political scientists">political scientists</a>)</span></div></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em; line-height:1.15em;"><a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">International relations</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/International_relations_theory" title="International relations theory">theory</a>)</span></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_politics" title="Comparative politics">Comparative politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_science" title="Election science">Election science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psephology" title="Psephology">Political analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_studies" title="Policy studies">Policy studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_psychology" title="Political psychology">Political psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_sociology" title="Political sociology">Political sociology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">Public administration</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Street-level_bureaucracy" title="Street-level bureaucracy">street-level</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adhocracy" title="Adhocracy">Adhocracy</a></li> <li>Service <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Public_service" title="Public service">Public</a> / <a href="/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service">Civil</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Policy" title="Policy">Policy</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">Public policy</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Public_policy_doctrine" title="Public policy doctrine">doctrine</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_policy" title="Domestic policy">Domestic policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">Foreign policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">Civil society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_interest" title="Public interest">Public interest</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Government branches</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_commission" title="Election commission">Election commission</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">Polity</a> / <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a> / <a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_of_political_behavior" title="Theories of political behavior">Theories of political behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology_and_political_orientation" title="Biology and political orientation">Biology and political orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_organisation" title="Political organisation">Political organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Subseries</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">Electoral systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election" title="Election">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voting" title="Voting">voting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_unitarism" title="Political unitarism">Unitarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_forms_of_government" title="List of forms of government">forms</a> / <a href="/wiki/Governance" title="Governance">Governance</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_culture" title="Political culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_campaign" title="Political campaign">Political campaigning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">Political parties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_sidebar" title="Template:Politics sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_sidebar" title="Template talk:Politics sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>national flag</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Flag" title="Flag">flag</a> that represents and <a href="/wiki/National_symbol" title="National symbol">symbolizes</a> a given <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nation</a>. It is <a href="/wiki/Fly_(flag)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fly (flag)">flown</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a> of that nation, but can also be flown by its <a href="/wiki/Citizen" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizen">citizens</a>. A national flag is typically designed with specific meanings for its colours and symbols, which may also be used separately from the flag as a symbol of the nation. The design of a national flag is sometimes altered after the occurrence of important historical events. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_flag&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_national_flags" title="Timeline of national flags">Timeline of national flags</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_flags" title="History of flags">History of flags</a></div> <p>Historically, flags originated as <a href="/wiki/Military_standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Military standard">military standards</a>, used as <a href="/wiki/Field_sign" title="Field sign">field signs</a>. Throughout history, various examples of such proto-flags exist: the white cloth banners of the <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou dynasty</a>'s armies in the 11th century BC, the <i><a href="/wiki/Vexillum" title="Vexillum">vexillum</a></i> standards flown by the armies of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Black_Standard" title="Black Standard">Black Standard</a> famously carried by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> which later became the flag of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a>, and the various "<a href="/wiki/Raven_banner" title="Raven banner">Raven banners</a>" flown by <a href="/wiki/Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">Viking</a> chieftains. <a href="/wiki/Angelino_Dulcert" title="Angelino Dulcert">Angelino Dulcert</a> published a series of comprehensive <a href="/wiki/Portolan_chart" title="Portolan chart">Portolan charts</a> in the 14th century AD, which famously showcased the flags of several polities depicted – although these are not uniformly "national flags", as some were likely the personal standards of the respective nation's rulers. </p><p>The practice of flying flags indicating the country of origin <i>outside</i> of the context of warfare became common with the <a href="/wiki/Maritime_flag" title="Maritime flag">maritime flag</a>. During the 13th century, the republics of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a> both used maritime flags; <a href="/wiki/William_Gordon_Perrin" title="William Gordon Perrin">William Gordon Perrin</a> wrote that the republic of Genoa was "one of the earliest states to adopt a national flag".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The current design of the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Netherlands" title="Flag of the Netherlands">flag of the Netherlands</a> originates as a variant of the late 16th century orange-white-blue <i><a href="/wiki/Prinsenvlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Prinsenvlag">Prinsenvlag</a></i> ("Prince's Flag"), that was used in the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_War_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch War of Independence">Dutch War of Independence</a> (1568–1648), evolving in the early 17th century as the red-white-blue <i><a href="/wiki/Statenvlag" title="Statenvlag">Statenvlag</a></i> ("States Flag"), the naval flag of the <a href="/wiki/States_General_of_the_Netherlands#Dutch_Republic" title="States General of the Netherlands">States-General</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a>, making the Dutch flag perhaps the oldest <a href="/wiki/Tricolour_(flag)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tricolour (flag)">tricolour flag</a> in continuous use, although standardisation of the exact colours is of a much later date.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Sail" title="Age of Sail">Age of Sail</a> in the early 17th century, the <a href="/wiki/Union_Jack" title="Union Jack">Union Jack</a> finds its origins, when <a href="/wiki/James_VI_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="James VI of Scotland">James VI of Scotland</a> inherited the English and Irish thrones (as James I). On 12 April 1606, the new flag representing this regal union between England and Scotland was specified in a royal decree, according to which the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_England" title="Flag of England">flag of England</a> (a red cross on a white background, known as <a href="/wiki/St_George%27s_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="St George's Cross">St George's Cross</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Scotland" title="Flag of Scotland">flag of Scotland</a> (a white <a href="/wiki/Saltire" title="Saltire">saltire</a> on a blue background, known as the Saltire or St Andrew's Cross), would be joined, forming the flag of Great Britain and first Union Flag<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - but then without the red <a href="/wiki/Cross_of_St._Patrick" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross of St. Patrick">Cross of St. Patrick</a>. It continued in use until 1 January 1801, the effective date of the legislative union of Great Britain and Ireland, when the Cross of St. Patrick (a red diagonal cross on white) was incorporated into the flag,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> giving the Union Jack its current design. </p><p>With the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalist</a> sentiment from the late 18th century national flags began to be displayed in civilian contexts as well.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable early examples include the <a href="/wiki/US_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="US flag">US flag</a>, which was first adopted as a naval ensign in 1777 but began to be displayed as a generic symbol of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> after the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/French_Tricolore" class="mw-redirect" title="French Tricolore">French Tricolor</a>, which became a symbol of the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="First French Republic">Republic</a> in the 1790s.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most <a href="/wiki/Countries_of_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Countries of Europe">countries of Europe</a> standardised and codified the designs of their maritime flags as national flags, in the course of the 19th and early 20th centuries. The specifications of the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Denmark" title="Flag of Denmark">flag of Denmark</a>, based on a flag that was in continuous use since the 14th-century, were codified in 1748, as a rectangular flag with certain proportions, replacing the variant with a split.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Switzerland" title="Flag of Switzerland">flag of Switzerland</a> was introduced in 1889, also based on medieval war flags. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_prima_bandiera_italiana_portata_in_Firenze_-_Francesco_Saverio_Altamura.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/La_prima_bandiera_italiana_portata_in_Firenze_-_Francesco_Saverio_Altamura.jpg/220px-La_prima_bandiera_italiana_portata_in_Firenze_-_Francesco_Saverio_Altamura.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/La_prima_bandiera_italiana_portata_in_Firenze_-_Francesco_Saverio_Altamura.jpg/330px-La_prima_bandiera_italiana_portata_in_Firenze_-_Francesco_Saverio_Altamura.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/La_prima_bandiera_italiana_portata_in_Firenze_-_Francesco_Saverio_Altamura.jpg/440px-La_prima_bandiera_italiana_portata_in_Firenze_-_Francesco_Saverio_Altamura.jpg 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption><i>The first <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">Italian flag</a> brought to <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a></i> by Francesco Saverio Altamura (1859)</figcaption></figure> <p>In Europe, the red-white-blue tricolour design of the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of the Kingdom of the Netherlands">flag of the Kingdom of the Netherlands</a> became popular, since it was associated with a republican form of government through that country's long war of independence against the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Crown" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Crown">Spanish Crown</a>. That association was greatly reinforced after the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> (1789), when France used the same colours, but with vertical instead of horizontal stripes. Other countries in Europe (like <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Ireland" title="Flag of Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Romania" title="Flag of Romania">Romania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Estonia" title="Flag of Estonia">Estonia</a>) and in South and Central America selected tricolours of their own to express their adherence to the principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity as embodied in the French flag.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pedro_Bruno_-_A_P%C3%A1tria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Pedro_Bruno_-_A_P%C3%A1tria.jpg/220px-Pedro_Bruno_-_A_P%C3%A1tria.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Pedro_Bruno_-_A_P%C3%A1tria.jpg/330px-Pedro_Bruno_-_A_P%C3%A1tria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Pedro_Bruno_-_A_P%C3%A1tria.jpg/440px-Pedro_Bruno_-_A_P%C3%A1tria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3508" data-file-height="2480" /></a><figcaption>A 1919 painting depicting the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian flag">Brazilian flag</a> being embroidered by a family.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Flags of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman flag</a> (now the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Turkey" title="Flag of Turkey">flag of Turkey</a>) was adopted in 1844. Other non-European powers followed the trend in the late 19th century, the flag of <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Great Qing</a> being introduced in 1862, that of <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Japan" title="Flag of Japan">Japan</a> being introduced in 1870. Also in the 19th century, most <a href="/wiki/Countries_of_South_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Countries of South America">countries of South America</a> introduced a flag as they became independent (<a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Peru" title="Flag of Peru">Peru</a> in 1820, <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Bolivia" title="Flag of Bolivia">Bolivia</a> in 1851, <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Colombia" title="Flag of Colombia">Colombia</a> in 1860, <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Brazil" title="Flag of Brazil">Brazil</a> in 1822, etc.) </p><p>Currently, there are 193 national flags in the world flown by <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovereign states">sovereign states</a> that are <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations" title="Member states of the United Nations">members of the United Nations</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Process_of_adoption">Process of adoption</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_flag&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Process of adoption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The national flag is often mentioned or described in a country's <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</a>, but its detailed description may be delegated to a flag law passed by the legislature, or even <a href="/wiki/Delegated_legislation" class="mw-redirect" title="Delegated legislation">secondary legislation</a> or in monarchies a <a href="/wiki/Order_in_Council" title="Order in Council">decree</a>. </p><p>Thus, the national flag is mentioned briefly in the <a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany">Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany</a> of 1949 "the federal flag is black-red-gold" (art. 22.2 <i>Die Bundesflagge ist schwarz-rot-gold</i>), but its proportions were regulated in a document passed by the government in the following year. The <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">Flag of the United States</a> is not defined in the constitution but rather in a separate Flag Resolution passed in 1777. </p><p>Minor design changes of national flags are often passed on a legislative or executive level, while substantial changes have constitutional character. The design of the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Serbia" title="Flag of Serbia">flag of Serbia</a> omitting the communist star of the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Yugoslavia" title="Flag of Yugoslavia">flag of Yugoslavia</a> was a decision made in the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_constitutional_referendum,_1992" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian constitutional referendum, 1992">1992 Serbian constitutional referendum</a>, but the adoption of a coat of arms within the flag was based on a government "recommendation" in 2003, adopted legislatively in 2009 and again subject to a minor design change in 2010. The flag of the United States underwent numerous changes because the number of stars represents the number of states, proactively defined in a <a href="/wiki/Flag_Acts_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag Acts (United States)">Flag Act</a> of 1818 to the effect that "on the admission of every new state into the Union, one star be added to the union of the flag"; it was changed most recently in 1960 with the accession of <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>. </p><p>A change in national flag is often due to a change of regime, especially following a <a href="/wiki/Civil_war" title="Civil war">civil war</a> or <a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">revolution</a>. In such cases, the military origins of the national flag and its connection to political ideology (<a href="/wiki/Form_of_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Form of government">form of government</a>, monarchy vs. republic vs. theocracy, etc.) remains visible. In such cases national flags acquire the status of a <a href="/wiki/Political_symbolism" title="Political symbolism">political symbol</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Germany" title="Flag of Germany">flag of Germany</a>, for instance, was a tricolour of black-white-red under the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>, inherited from the <a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a> (1866). The <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> that followed adopted a black-red-gold tricolour. <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> went back to black-white-red in 1933, and black-red-gold was reinstituted by the two successor states, <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>, with East Germany's flag being <a href="/wiki/Defacement_(flag)" title="Defacement (flag)">defaced</a> with Communist symbols, following <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Similarly the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Libya" title="Flag of Libya">flag of Libya</a> introduced with the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Libya" title="Kingdom of Libya">Kingdom of Libya</a> in 1951 was abandoned in 1969 with the <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a>. It was used again by <a href="/wiki/National_Transitional_Council" title="National Transitional Council">National Transitional Council</a> and by <a href="/wiki/Anti-Gaddafi_forces" title="Anti-Gaddafi forces">anti-Gaddafi forces</a> during the <a href="/wiki/2011_Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Libyan Civil War">Libyan Civil War</a> in 2011 and officially adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Libyan_interim_Constitutional_Declaration" title="Libyan interim Constitutional Declaration">Libyan interim Constitutional Declaration</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_flag&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are three distinct types of national flag for use on land, and three for use at sea, though many countries use identical designs for several (and sometimes all) of these types of flag. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_land">On land</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_flag&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: On land"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On land, there is a distinction between <a href="/wiki/Civil_flag" title="Civil flag">civil flags</a> (<a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Vexillological_Associations" title="International Federation of Vexillological Associations">FIAV</a> symbol <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_100000.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/FIAV_100000.svg/23px-FIAV_100000.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/FIAV_100000.svg/35px-FIAV_100000.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/FIAV_100000.svg/46px-FIAV_100000.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="210" /></a></span>), <a href="/wiki/State_flag" title="State flag">state flags</a> (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_010000.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/FIAV_010000.svg/23px-FIAV_010000.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/FIAV_010000.svg/35px-FIAV_010000.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/FIAV_010000.svg/46px-FIAV_010000.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="210" /></a></span>), and <a href="/wiki/War_flag" title="War flag">war or military flags</a> (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_001000.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/FIAV_001000.svg/23px-FIAV_001000.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/FIAV_001000.svg/35px-FIAV_001000.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/FIAV_001000.svg/46px-FIAV_001000.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="210" /></a></span>). <b>Civil flags</b> may be flown by anyone regardless of whether they are linked to government, whereas <b>state flags</b> are those used officially by government agencies. <b>War flags</b> (also called <b>military flags</b>) are used by military organizations such as Armies, Marine Corps, or Air Forces. </p><p>In practice, many countries (such as the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>) have identical flags for these three purposes; <b>national flag</b> is sometimes used as a vexillological term to refer to such a three-purpose flag (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_111000.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/FIAV_111000.svg/23px-FIAV_111000.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/FIAV_111000.svg/35px-FIAV_111000.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/FIAV_111000.svg/46px-FIAV_111000.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="210" /></a></span>). In a number of countries, however, and notably those in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>, there is a distinct difference between civil and state flags. In most cases, the civil flag is a simplified version of the state flag, with the difference often being the presence of a coat of arms on the state flag that is absent from the civil flag. </p><p>Very few countries use a war flag that differs from the state flag. <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Flag of the Republic of China">Taiwan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Japan" title="Flag of Japan">Japan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of the People's Republic of China">China</a> are notable examples of this. <a href="/wiki/Swallowtail_(flag)" title="Swallowtail (flag)">Swallow-tailed flags</a> are used as war flags and naval ensigns in <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a> and charged versions as presidential or royal standards. The <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> does not have a distinctive war flag in this usual sense, but the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Philippines" title="Flag of the Philippines">flag of the Philippines</a> is legally unique in that it is flown with the red stripe on top when the country is in a state of war, rather than the conventional blue. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Austria.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Civil flag of Austria"><img alt="Civil flag of Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/120px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/180px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/240px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Civil_flag" title="Civil flag">Civil flag</a> of <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Austria_(state).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="State flag of Austria"><img alt="State flag of Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Austria_%28state%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_Austria_%28state%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Austria_%28state%29.svg/180px-Flag_of_Austria_%28state%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Austria_%28state%29.svg/240px-Flag_of_Austria_%28state%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/State_flag" title="State flag">State flag</a> of <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Taiwan"><img alt="Flag of Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/180px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/240px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of Taiwan">Flag of Taiwan</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="At_sea">At sea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_flag&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: At sea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The flag that indicates nationality on a ship is called an <a href="/wiki/Ensign_(flag)" title="Ensign (flag)">ensign</a>. As with the national flags, there are three varieties: the <b><a href="/wiki/Civil_ensign" title="Civil ensign">civil ensign</a></b> (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_000100.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/FIAV_000100.svg/23px-FIAV_000100.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/FIAV_000100.svg/35px-FIAV_000100.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/FIAV_000100.svg/46px-FIAV_000100.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="210" /></a></span>), flown by private vessels; <b>state ensigns</b> (also called <b>government ensigns</b>; <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_000010.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/FIAV_000010.svg/23px-FIAV_000010.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/FIAV_000010.svg/35px-FIAV_000010.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/FIAV_000010.svg/46px-FIAV_000010.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="210" /></a></span>), flown by government ships; and <b><a href="/wiki/War_ensign" class="mw-redirect" title="War ensign">war ensigns</a></b> (also called <b>naval ensigns</b>; <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FIAV_000001.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/FIAV_000001.svg/23px-FIAV_000001.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/FIAV_000001.svg/35px-FIAV_000001.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/FIAV_000001.svg/46px-FIAV_000001.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="210" /></a></span>), flown by naval vessels. The ensign is flown from an <a href="/wiki/Ensign_(flag)" title="Ensign (flag)">ensign</a>-staff at the <a href="/wiki/Stern" title="Stern">stern</a> of the ship, or from a gaff when underway. Both these positions are superior to any other on the ship, even though the <a href="/wiki/Mast_(sailing)" title="Mast (sailing)">masthead</a> is higher. In the absence of a gaff the ensign may be flown from the <a href="/wiki/Yardarm" class="mw-redirect" title="Yardarm">yardarm</a>. (See <a href="/wiki/Maritime_flags" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime flags">Maritime flags</a>.) National flags may also be flown by aircraft and the land vehicles of important officials. In the case of aircraft, those flags are usually painted on, and those are usually to be painted on in the position as if they were blowing in the wind. </p><p>In some countries, such as the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> (except for the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Naval_Ensign" title="Canadian Naval Ensign">Royal Canadian Navy's Ensign</a>), the national ensign is identical to the national flag, while in others, such as the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, there are specific ensigns for maritime use. Most countries do not have a separate state ensign, although the United Kingdom is a rare exception, in having a <a href="/wiki/Red_ensign" class="mw-redirect" title="Red ensign">red ensign</a> for civil use, a <a href="/wiki/White_ensign" class="mw-redirect" title="White ensign">white ensign</a> as its naval ensign, and a <a href="/wiki/Blue_ensign" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue ensign">blue ensign</a> for government non-military vessels. Italian naval ensign bears the arms of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Navy" title="Italian Navy">Italian Navy</a>: a <a href="/wiki/Escutcheon_(heraldry)" title="Escutcheon (heraldry)">shield</a>, surmounted by a <a href="/wiki/Mural_crown" title="Mural crown">turreted</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naval_crown" title="Naval crown">rostrum crown</a>, which brings together in four parts the arms of four ancient <a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">maritime republics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Republic of Pisa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Republic of Amalfi</a>). </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The naval ensign of the United Kingdom"><img alt="The naval ensign of the United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/120px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/180px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/240px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/White_Ensign" title="White Ensign">naval ensign of the United Kingdom</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Naval_Ensign_of_India.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Indian Naval Ensign, also referred to as the Indian White Ensign, or Nishaan, is the naval ensign of the Indian Navy"><img alt="The Indian Naval Ensign, also referred to as the Indian White Ensign, or Nishaan, is the naval ensign of the Indian Navy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Naval_Ensign_of_India.svg/120px-Naval_Ensign_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Naval_Ensign_of_India.svg/180px-Naval_Ensign_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Naval_Ensign_of_India.svg/240px-Naval_Ensign_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Indian_Naval_Ensign" title="Indian Naval Ensign">Indian Naval Ensign</a>, also referred to as the Indian White Ensign, or <i>Nishaan</i>, is the <a href="/wiki/Naval_ensign" title="Naval ensign">naval ensign</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Navy" title="Indian Navy">Indian Navy</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Naval_Ensign_of_Italy.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The naval ensign of Italy"><img alt="The naval ensign of Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Naval_Ensign_of_Italy.svg/120px-Naval_Ensign_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Naval_Ensign_of_Italy.svg/180px-Naval_Ensign_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Naval_Ensign_of_Italy.svg/240px-Naval_Ensign_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Naval_ensign" title="Naval ensign">naval ensign</a> of <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Naval_Ensign_of_Japan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Naval ensign of the Imperial Japanese Navy and the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force"><img alt="Naval ensign of the Imperial Japanese Navy and the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Naval_Ensign_of_Japan.svg/120px-Naval_Ensign_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Naval_Ensign_of_Japan.svg/180px-Naval_Ensign_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Naval_Ensign_of_Japan.svg/240px-Naval_Ensign_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Naval ensign of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Maritime_Self-Defense_Force" title="Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force">Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force</a></div> </li> </ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protocol">Protocol</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_flag&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Protocol"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Flag_protocol" title="Flag protocol">Flag protocol</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gijeong-ri_Flag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Gijeong-ri_Flag.jpg/220px-Gijeong-ri_Flag.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Gijeong-ri_Flag.jpg/330px-Gijeong-ri_Flag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Gijeong-ri_Flag.jpg/440px-Gijeong-ri_Flag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>The world's sixth tallest <a href="/wiki/Flagpole" title="Flagpole">flagpole</a> flying a 270 kg (595 lb) <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_North_Korea" title="Flag of North Korea">Flag of North Korea</a>. It is 160 m (525 ft) in height, over <a href="/wiki/Kij%C5%8Fng-dong" class="mw-redirect" title="Kijŏng-dong">Kijŏng-dong</a> ("Peace village") near <a href="/wiki/Panmunjom" title="Panmunjom">Panmunjom</a>, the border of <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>There is a great deal of protocol involved in the proper display of national flags. A general rule is that the national flag should be flown in the position of honour, and not in an inferior position to any other flag (although some countries make an exception for royal standards). The following rules are typical of the conventions when flags are flown on land: </p> <ul><li>When a national flag is displayed together with any other flags, it must be hoisted first and lowered last.</li> <li>When a national flag is displayed together with the national flags of other countries, all the flags should be of approximately equal size<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and must be flown at an equal height, although the national flag of the host country should be flown in the position of honour (in the centre of an odd number of flagpoles or at the far right — left from an observer's point of view — of an even number of flagpoles).</li> <li>The flags of <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> are wrapped (from left to right - from right to left from the side an observer's point of view), as some of these flags carry <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> texts.</li> <li>When a national flag is displayed together with flags other than national flags, it should be flown on a separate flagpole, either higher or in the position of honour.</li> <li>When a national flag is displayed together with any other flags on the same flagpole, it must be at the top, though separate flagpoles are preferable.</li> <li>When a national flag is displayed together with any other flag on crossed flagpoles, the national flag must be on the observer's left and its flagpole must be in front of the flagpole of the other flag.</li> <li>When a national flag is displayed together with another flag or flags in procession, the national flag must be on the marching right. If there is a row of flags, it should be in the position of honour.</li> <li>When a national flag, with some exceptions, is flown upside down it indicates distress. This however is merely tradition. It is not a recognised distress signal according to the <a href="/wiki/International_regulations_for_preventing_collisions_at_sea" class="mw-redirect" title="International regulations for preventing collisions at sea">International regulations for preventing collisions at sea</a>. Further, a nation's flag is commonly flown inverted as a sign of protest or contempt against the country concerned. As of now, only the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Philippines" title="Flag of the Philippines">flag of the Philippines</a> recognises the distress symbolism of the reverse flag.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hanging_a_flag_vertically">Hanging a flag vertically</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_flag&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hanging a flag vertically"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most flags are hung vertically by rotating the flag pole. However, some countries have specific protocols for this purpose or even have special flags for vertical hanging; usually rotating some elements of the flag — such as the coat of arms — so that they are seen in an upright position.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Examples of countries that have special protocol for vertical hanging are: <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Canada" title="Flag of Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Flag of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Greece" title="Flag of Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Israel" title="Flag of Israel">Israel</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Philippines" title="Flag of the Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_South_Africa" title="Flag of South Africa">South Africa</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">United States</a> (reverse always showing); and the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Flag of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (obverse always showing). </p><p>Examples of countries that have special designs for vertical hanging are: <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Austria" title="Flag of Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Cambodia" title="Flag of Cambodia">Cambodia</a> (coat of arms must be rotated 90° and blue strips are narrowed), <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Dominica" title="Flag of Dominica">Dominica</a> (coat of arms must be rotated and reverse always showing), <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Germany" title="Flag of Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Hungary" title="Flag of Hungary">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Liechtenstein" title="Flag of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> (crown must be rotated 90°), <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Mexico" title="Flag of Mexico">Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Montenegro" title="Flag of Montenegro">Montenegro</a> (coat of arms must be rotated 90° to normal position), <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Nepal" title="Flag of Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Slovakia" title="Flag of Slovakia">Slovakia</a> (coat of arms must be rotated 90° to normal position), and <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Flag of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">shahada</a> must be rotated 90°). A vertical banner is used instead of the horizontal flag for <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Malaysia" title="Flag of Malaysia">Malaysia</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Cambodia_vertical.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vertical variation of the flag of Cambodia."><img alt="Vertical variation of the flag of Cambodia." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Flag_of_Cambodia_vertical.svg/60px-Flag_of_Cambodia_vertical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Flag_of_Cambodia_vertical.svg/90px-Flag_of_Cambodia_vertical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Flag_of_Cambodia_vertical.svg/120px-Flag_of_Cambodia_vertical.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vertical variation of the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Cambodia" title="Flag of Cambodia">flag of Cambodia</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vertical_Flag_of_Dominica.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vertical variation of the flag of Dominica."><img alt="Vertical variation of the flag of Dominica." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Vertical_Flag_of_Dominica.svg/60px-Vertical_Flag_of_Dominica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Vertical_Flag_of_Dominica.svg/90px-Vertical_Flag_of_Dominica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Vertical_Flag_of_Dominica.svg/120px-Vertical_Flag_of_Dominica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vertical variation of the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Dominica" title="Flag of Dominica">flag of Dominica</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany_(Hanging).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vertical variation of the flag of Germany."><img alt="Vertical variation of the flag of Germany." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Germany_%28Hanging%29.svg/72px-Flag_of_Germany_%28Hanging%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="72" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Germany_%28Hanging%29.svg/108px-Flag_of_Germany_%28Hanging%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Flag_of_Germany_%28Hanging%29.svg/144px-Flag_of_Germany_%28Hanging%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vertical variation of the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Germany" title="Flag of Germany">flag of Germany</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Hungary_vertical.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vertical variation of the flag of Hungary."><img alt="Vertical variation of the flag of Hungary." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Hungary_vertical.svg/60px-Flag_of_Hungary_vertical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Hungary_vertical.svg/90px-Flag_of_Hungary_vertical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Hungary_vertical.svg/120px-Flag_of_Hungary_vertical.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vertical variation of the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Hungary" title="Flag of Hungary">flag of Hungary</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Italy_(vertical_display).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vertical variation of the flag of Italy."><img alt="Vertical variation of the flag of Italy." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_Italy_%28vertical_display%29.svg/80px-Flag_of_Italy_%28vertical_display%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_Italy_%28vertical_display%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_Italy_%28vertical_display%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_Italy_%28vertical_display%29.svg/160px-Flag_of_Italy_%28vertical_display%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vertical variation of the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">flag of Italy</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Liechtenstein_vertical.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vertical variation of the flag of Liechtenstein."><img alt="Vertical variation of the flag of Liechtenstein." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_Liechtenstein_vertical.svg/36px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein_vertical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_Liechtenstein_vertical.svg/54px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein_vertical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_Liechtenstein_vertical.svg/72px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein_vertical.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vertical variation of the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Liechtenstein" title="Flag of Liechtenstein">flag of Liechtenstein</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Montenegro_(vertical).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vertical variation of the flag of Montenegro."><img alt="Vertical variation of the flag of Montenegro." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Montenegro_%28vertical%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%28vertical%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Montenegro_%28vertical%29.svg/90px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%28vertical%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Montenegro_%28vertical%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%28vertical%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vertical variation of the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Montenegro" title="Flag of Montenegro">flag of Montenegro</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vertical_flag_of_Nepal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vertical variation of the flag of Nepal."><img alt="Vertical variation of the flag of Nepal." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Vertical_flag_of_Nepal.svg/120px-Vertical_flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Vertical_flag_of_Nepal.svg/180px-Vertical_flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Vertical_flag_of_Nepal.svg/240px-Vertical_flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="885" data-file-height="726" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vertical variation of the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Nepal" title="Flag of Nepal">flag of Nepal</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Slovakia_vertical.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vertical variation of the flag of Slovakia."><img alt="Vertical variation of the flag of Slovakia." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_Slovakia_vertical.svg/80px-Flag_of_Slovakia_vertical.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_Slovakia_vertical.svg/120px-Flag_of_Slovakia_vertical.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_Slovakia_vertical.svg/160px-Flag_of_Slovakia_vertical.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vertical variation of the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Slovakia" title="Flag of Slovakia">flag of Slovakia</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia_(Hanging).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vertical variation of the flag of Saudi Arabia."><img alt="Vertical variation of the flag of Saudi Arabia." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia_%28Hanging%29.svg/52px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia_%28Hanging%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="52" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia_%28Hanging%29.svg/78px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia_%28Hanging%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia_%28Hanging%29.svg/105px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia_%28Hanging%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vertical variation of the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Flag of Saudi Arabia">flag of Saudi Arabia</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Malaysia_(vertical).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vertical banner variation of the flag of Malaysia."><img alt="Vertical banner variation of the flag of Malaysia." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Flag_of_Malaysia_%28vertical%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Malaysia_%28vertical%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Flag_of_Malaysia_%28vertical%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malaysia_%28vertical%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Flag_of_Malaysia_%28vertical%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_Malaysia_%28vertical%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="1680" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vertical banner variation of the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Malaysia" title="Flag of Malaysia">flag of Malaysia</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_flag&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width: fit-content;width:-moz-fit-content;width:-webkit-fit-content;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Nepal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/86px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="86" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/130px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/172px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div class="thumbcaption center">The <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Nepal" title="Flag of Nepal">flag of Nepal</a> is the only national flag which is not a quadrilateral.</div></div></div> <p>The art and practice of designing flags is known as <a href="/wiki/Vexillography" title="Vexillography">vexillography</a>. The design of national flags has seen a number of customs become apparent. </p><p>Most national flags are rectangular, or have a rectangular common variant, with the most notable exception being the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Nepal" title="Flag of Nepal">flag of Nepal</a>. The <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_proportions_of_national_flags" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by proportions of national flags">ratios of height to width</a> vary among national flags, but none is taller than it is wide, again except for the flag of Nepal. The flags of <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Switzerland" title="Flag of Switzerland">Switzerland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Vatican_City" title="Flag of Vatican City">Vatican City</a> are the only national flags which are exact squares. </p><p>The obverse and reverse of all national flags are either identical or mirrored, except for the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Paraguay" title="Flag of Paraguay">flag of Paraguay</a> and the partially recognized <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a>. See <a href="/wiki/Flags_whose_reverse_differs_from_the_obverse" class="mw-redirect" title="Flags whose reverse differs from the obverse">Flags whose reverse differs from the obverse</a> for a list of exceptions including non-national flags. </p><p>As of 2011 all national flags consist of at least two different colours. In many cases, the different colours are presented in either horizontal or vertical bands. It is particularly common for colours to be presented in <a href="/wiki/Triband_(flag)" title="Triband (flag)">bands of three</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Cambodia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/220px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/330px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/440px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Cambodia" title="Flag of Cambodia">Cambodian flag</a> features a depiction of <a href="/wiki/Angkor_Wat" title="Angkor Wat">Angkor Wat</a> in the center, a temple historically associated with both Hinduism and Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>It is common for many flags to feature national symbols, such as <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coats of arms</a>. National patterns are present in some flags. Variations in design within a national flag can be common in the flag's upper left quarter, or canton. A third of the world's 196 countries currently have national flags that include religious symbols.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has led to controversy in some <a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">secular states</a> in regard to the <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">separation of church and state</a>, when the national symbol is officially sanctioned by a <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colours">Colours</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_flag&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Colours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_by_color" title="List of flags by color">List of flags by color</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_by_color_combination" title="List of flags by color combination">List of flags by color combination</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Distribution_colours_in_national_flags.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Distribution_colours_in_national_flags.jpg/220px-Distribution_colours_in_national_flags.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Distribution_colours_in_national_flags.jpg/330px-Distribution_colours_in_national_flags.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Distribution_colours_in_national_flags.jpg/440px-Distribution_colours_in_national_flags.jpg 2x" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="486" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of colours in national flags</figcaption></figure> <p>The most common colours in national flags are red, white, green, dark blue, yellow, light blue, and black.<sup id="cite_ref-bartneckClark2014_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bartneckClark2014-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only national flag not to include the colors red, white, or blue is <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Jamaica" title="Flag of Jamaica">Jamaica's</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The occurrence of each colour in all the flags is listed in detail in the table below.<sup id="cite_ref-bartneckClark2014_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bartneckClark2014-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The table shows that the colours light brown, dark brown and grey are only present in very small quantities. To be more precise these colours are currently only present in some of the symbols found within a few flags, such as in the case of the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Spain" title="Flag of Spain">Spanish flag</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Colour</th> <th>Percentage of Flags</th> <th>Count of flags </th></tr> <tr> <td>red</td> <td>76.14%</td> <td>150 </td></tr> <tr> <td>white</td> <td>71.57%</td> <td>141 </td></tr> <tr> <td>blue</td> <td>51.78%</td> <td>102 </td></tr> <tr> <td>yellow/gold</td> <td>45.18%</td> <td>89 </td></tr> <tr> <td>green</td> <td>44.67%</td> <td>88 </td></tr> <tr> <td>black</td> <td>30.46%</td> <td>60 </td></tr> <tr> <td>orange</td> <td>4.57%</td> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>brown</td> <td>4.06%</td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>gray</td> <td>3.05%</td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>purple</td> <td>1.52%</td> <td>3 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Similarities">Similarities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_flag&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Similarities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Blue, yellow and red striped flags</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:104px;max-width:104px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:68px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Chad.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/102px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="102" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/153px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/204px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:104px;max-width:104px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:68px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Romania.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/102px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="102" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/153px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/204px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:87px;max-width:87px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:59px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Andorra.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/85px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/128px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/170px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:121px;max-width:121px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:59px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Moldova.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/119px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="119" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/179px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/238px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Flags from top left to bottom right:<br /><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Chad" title="Flag of Chad">Chad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Romania" title="Flag of Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Andorra" title="Flag of Andorra">Andorra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Moldova" title="Flag of Moldova">Moldova</a></div></div></div></div> <p>Although the national flag is meant to be a unique symbol representing a nation, many countries have highly similar flags. Examples include the flags of <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Monaco" title="Flag of Monaco">Monaco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Indonesia" title="Flag of Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, which differ only slightly in proportion and the tint of red; the flags of the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Netherlands" title="Flag of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Luxembourg" title="Flag of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, which differ in proportion as well as in the tint of blue used; the flags of <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Romania" title="Flag of Romania">Romania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Chad" title="Flag of Chad">Chad</a>, which differ only in the tint of blue, and the flags of <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Cuba" title="Flag of Cuba">Cuba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Flag of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, which differ only in proportion, placement and tint of colors. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:258px;max-width:258px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:127px;max-width:127px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Cuba.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/125px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/188px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Flag_of_Cuba.svg/250px-Flag_of_Cuba.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Flag of <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> with 1:2 proportion</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:127px;max-width:127px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/125px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/188px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg/250px-Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Flag of <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> with 2:3 proportion</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The flags of <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Ireland" title="Flag of Ireland">Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Ivory_Coast" title="Flag of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a> and the flags of <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Mali" title="Flag of Mali">Mali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Guinea" title="Flag of Guinea">Guinea</a> are (aside from shade or ratio differences) vertically mirrored versions from each other. This means that the reverse of one flag matches the obverse of the other. Unlike horizontally mirrored flags (like <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Poland" title="Flag of Poland">Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Indonesia" title="Flag of Indonesia">Indonesia</a>) the direction in which these flags fly is crucial to identify them. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Similar_Flags.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Similar_Flags.jpg/220px-Similar_Flags.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Similar_Flags.jpg/330px-Similar_Flags.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Similar_Flags.jpg/440px-Similar_Flags.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2160" data-file-height="1104" /></a><figcaption>Image showing many similar flags</figcaption></figure> <p>There are three colour combinations that are used on several flags in certain regions. Blue, white, and red is a <a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavic_colours" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-Slavic colours">common combination</a> in <a href="/wiki/Slavic_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic Europe">Slavic countries</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic" title="Flag of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Slovakia" title="Flag of Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Russia" title="Flag of Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Serbia" title="Flag of Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Slovenia" title="Flag of Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Croatia" title="Flag of Croatia">Croatia</a> as well as among Western nations including <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Australia" title="Flag of Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_France" title="Flag of France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Iceland" title="Flag of Iceland">Iceland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Netherlands" title="Flag of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_New_Zealand" title="Flag of New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Norway" title="Flag of Norway">Norway</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Flag of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">United States</a>. Many African nations use the <a href="/wiki/Pan-African_colours" title="Pan-African colours">Pan-African colours</a> of red, yellow, and green, including <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Cameroon" title="Flag of Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Ethiopia" title="Flag of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Ghana" title="Flag of Ghana">Ghana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Guinea" title="Flag of Guinea">Guinea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Mali" title="Flag of Mali">Mali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Senegal" title="Flag of Senegal">Senegal</a>. Flags containing red, white, and black (a subset of the <a href="/wiki/Pan-Arab_colours" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-Arab colours">Pan-Arab colours</a>) can be found particularly among the Arab nations such as <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Egypt" title="Flag of Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Iraq" title="Flag of Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Syria" title="Flag of Syria">Syria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Yemen" title="Flag of Yemen">Yemen</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mexico_Italy_flag_differences.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Mexico_Italy_flag_differences.gif/220px-Mexico_Italy_flag_differences.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Mexico_Italy_flag_differences.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="205" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of similarities of the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">Italian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Mexico" title="Flag of Mexico">Mexican flags</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Due to the common arrangement of the same colours, at first sight, it seems that the only difference between the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">Italian</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Mexico" title="Flag of Mexico">Mexican flag</a> is only the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Mexico" title="Coat of arms of Mexico">coat of arms of Mexico</a> present in the latter; in reality the Italian tricolour uses lighter shades of green and red, and has different proportions than the Mexican flag—those of the Italian flag are equal to 2:3, while the proportions of the Mexican flag are 4:7.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The similarity between the two flags posed a serious problem in maritime transport, given that originally the Mexican mercantile flag was devoid of arms and therefore was consequently identical to the Italian Republican tricolour of 1946; to obviate the inconvenience, at the request of the <a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Organization" title="International Maritime Organization">International Maritime Organization</a>, both Italy and Mexico adopted naval flags with different crests.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many other similarities may be found among current national flags, particularly if inversions of colour schemes are considered, e.g., compare the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Senegal" title="Flag of Senegal">flag of Senegal</a> to that of <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Cameroon" title="Flag of Cameroon">Cameroon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Indonesia" title="Flag of Indonesia">Indonesia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Poland" title="Flag of Poland">Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Monaco" title="Flag of Monaco">Monaco</a>. Also the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">flag of Italy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Hungary" title="Flag of Hungary">flag of Hungary</a> use the same colours, although the order and direction differ (the Italian flag is vertical green-white-red and the Hungarian flag is horizontal red-white-green). The same goes for the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_France" title="Flag of France">flag of France</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Netherlands" title="Flag of the Netherlands">flag of the Netherlands</a> (the French flag is vertical blue-white-red and the Dutch flag is horizontal red-white-blue). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Flag_families">Flag families</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_flag&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Flag families"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Flag_families" title="Flag families">Flag families</a></div> <p>While some similarities are coincidental, others are part of a flag family, flags rooted in shared histories. For example, the flags of <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Colombia" title="Flag of Colombia">Colombia</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Ecuador" title="Flag of Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, and of <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Venezuela" title="Flag of Venezuela">Venezuela</a> all use variants of the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Gran_Colombia" title="Flag of Gran Colombia">flag of Gran Colombia</a>, the country they composed upon their independence from <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, created by the Venezuelan independence hero <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Miranda" title="Francisco de Miranda">Francisco de Miranda</a>; and the flags of <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Kuwait" title="Flag of Kuwait">Kuwait</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Jordan" title="Flag of Jordan">Jordan</a>, and of <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Palestine" title="Flag of Palestine">Palestine</a> are all highly similar variants of the <a href="/wiki/Pan-Arab_colors" title="Pan-Arab colors">flag of the Arab revolt</a> of 1916–1918. The flags of <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Romania" title="Flag of Romania">Romania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Moldova" title="Flag of Moldova">Moldova</a> are virtually the same, because of the common history and heritage. Moldova adopted the Romanian flag during the declaration of independence from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">USSR</a> in 1991 (and was used in various demonstrations and revolts by the population) and later the <a href="/wiki/Moldovan_coat_of_arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Moldovan coat of arms">Moldovan coat of arms</a> (which is part of the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Romania" title="Coat of arms of Romania">Romanian coat of arms</a>) was placed in the centre of the flag. All <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a>, with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Greenland" title="Flag of Greenland">Greenland</a>, use the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Cross_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordic Cross flag">Nordic Cross design</a> (<a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Iceland" title="Flag of Iceland">Iceland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Denmark" title="Flag of Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Norway" title="Flag of Norway">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Sweden" title="Flag of Sweden">Sweden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Finland" title="Flag of Finland">Finland</a>, in addition to the autonomous regions of the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Flag of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_%C3%85land" title="Flag of Åland">Åland</a>), a horizontal cross shifted to the left on a single-coloured background. The <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> both have red, white, and blue. This similarity is due to the fact that the first 13 states of the U.S. were formerly colonies of the United Kingdom. Some similarities to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> flag with the red and white stripes are noted as well such as the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Malaysia" title="Flag of Malaysia">flag of Malaysia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Liberia" title="Flag of Liberia">flag of Liberia</a>, the latter of which was an American resettlement colony. Also, several former colonies of the United Kingdom, such as <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Australia" title="Flag of Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Fiji" title="Flag of Fiji">Fiji</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_New_Zealand" title="Flag of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> include the <a href="/wiki/Union_Jack" title="Union Jack">Union Jack</a> in the top left corner. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Similar_Slavic_Flags.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Slavic countries flag family."><img alt="Slavic countries flag family." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Similar_Slavic_Flags.png/120px-Similar_Slavic_Flags.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Similar_Slavic_Flags.png/180px-Similar_Slavic_Flags.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Similar_Slavic_Flags.png/240px-Similar_Slavic_Flags.png 2x" data-file-width="523" data-file-height="407" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a> countries flag family.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Former_Federal_Republic_of_Central_America_flags_family.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Former Federal Republic of Central America countries flags family."><img alt="Former Federal Republic of Central America countries flags family." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Former_Federal_Republic_of_Central_America_flags_family.png/120px-Former_Federal_Republic_of_Central_America_flags_family.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Former_Federal_Republic_of_Central_America_flags_family.png/180px-Former_Federal_Republic_of_Central_America_flags_family.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Former_Federal_Republic_of_Central_America_flags_family.png/240px-Former_Federal_Republic_of_Central_America_flags_family.png 2x" data-file-width="1527" data-file-height="1011" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Former <a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Central_America" title="Federal Republic of Central America">Federal Republic of Central America</a> countries flags family.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NordicFlagFamily.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Nordic countries flag family. (Åland and Faroe Islands are autonomous regions)"><img alt="Nordic countries flag family. (Åland and Faroe Islands are autonomous regions)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/NordicFlagFamily.png/120px-NordicFlagFamily.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/NordicFlagFamily.png/180px-NordicFlagFamily.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/NordicFlagFamily.png/240px-NordicFlagFamily.png 2x" data-file-width="1862" data-file-height="1439" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic</a> countries flag family. (Åland and Faroe Islands are autonomous regions)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_flag&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Lists of flags</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_flags" title="Lists of flags">Lists of flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_flags_of_sovereign_states" title="List of national flags of sovereign states">List of national flags of sovereign states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallery_of_sovereign_state_flags" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallery of sovereign state flags">Gallery of sovereign state flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallery_of_flags_of_dependent_territories" title="Gallery of flags of dependent territories">Gallery of flags of dependent territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_national_flags" title="Timeline of national flags">Timeline of national flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_by_colour_combination" class="mw-redirect" title="List of flags by colour combination">List of flags by colour combination</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_Day" title="Flag Day">Flag Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_desecration" title="Flag desecration">Flag desecration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_World_(website)" title="Flags of the World (website)">Flags of the World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_protocol" title="Flag protocol">Flag protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_vexillology" title="Glossary of vexillology">Glossary of vexillology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_coat_of_arms" title="National coat of arms">National coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_emblem" title="National emblem">National emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_flag" title="State flag">State flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="City flag">City flag</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_flag&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPerrin1922" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Gordon_Perrin" title="William Gordon Perrin">Perrin, William Gordon</a> (1922). <i>British flags, their early history, and their development at sea; with an account of the origin of the flag as a national device</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+flags%2C+their+early+history%2C+and+their+development+at+sea%3B+with+an+account+of+the+origin+of+the+flag+as+a+national+device&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Perrin&rft.aufirst=William+Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+flag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/netherlands/">"Europe: Netherlands — The World Factbook"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Europe%3A+Netherlands+%E2%80%94+The+World+Factbook&rft.pub=CIA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fnetherlands%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+flag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorthington2016" class="citation web cs1">Worthington, Daryl (17 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newhistorian.com/many-flags-red-white-blue-part-one/7406/">"Why Are So Many Flags Red, White and Blue?"</a>. <i>New Historian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190129122755/https://www.newhistorian.com/many-flags-red-white-blue-part-one/7406/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Historian&rft.atitle=Why+Are+So+Many+Flags+Red%2C+White+and+Blue%3F&rft.date=2016-10-17&rft.aulast=Worthington&rft.aufirst=Daryl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newhistorian.com%2Fmany-flags-red-white-blue-part-one%2F7406%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+flag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/flag-of-the-United-Kingdom">"flag of the United Kingdom"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211108201326/https://www.britannica.com/topic/flag-of-the-United-Kingdom">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-11-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-11-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=flag+of+the+United+Kingdom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fflag-of-the-United-Kingdom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+flag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/flag-of-the-United-Kingdom">"flag of the United Kingdom"</a>. <i>Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211220163900/https://www.britannica.com/topic/flag-of-the-United-Kingdom">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=flag+of+the+United+Kingdom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fflag-of-the-United-Kingdom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+flag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>"Flags"</i> in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/d/D12810.php"><span title="">German</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/f/F12810.php"><span title="">French</span></a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/i/I12810.php"><span title="">Italian</span></a> in the online <i><a href="/wiki/Historical_Dictionary_of_Switzerland" title="Historical Dictionary of Switzerland">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080421053559/http://users.skynet.be/lotus/flag/fra0-en.htm">"The French flag"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.skynet.be/lotus/flag/fra0-en.htm">the original</a> on 2008-04-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+French+flag&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusers.skynet.be%2Flotus%2Fflag%2Ffra0-en.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+flag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Samfund,_jura_og_politik/Flag,_emblemer_og_heraldik/Flag_i_verden/Danmark_(Nationalflag)"><i>Dannebrog</i></a> (in Danish). Den Store Danske. 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714171641/http://www.denstoredanske.dk/Samfund,_jura_og_politik/Flag,_emblemer_og_heraldik/Flag_i_verden/Danmark_(Nationalflag)">Archived</a> from the original on 2014-07-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-06-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dannebrog&rft.pub=Den+Store+Danske&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.denstoredanske.dk%2FSamfund%2C_jura_og_politik%2FFlag%2C_emblemer_og_heraldik%2FFlag_i_verden%2FDanmark_%28Nationalflag%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+flag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/flag-heraldry/National-flags">"flag - National flags"</a>. <i>Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220101130920/https://www.britannica.com/topic/flag-heraldry/National-flags">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=flag+-+National+flags&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fflag-heraldry%2FNational-flags&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+flag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2005" class="citation cs2">Nelson, Phil (2005-12-31), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fotw.info/flags/xf-vert.html"><i>Hanging Flags Vertically</i></a>, Flags of the World, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101217224828/https://www.fotw.info/flags/xf-vert.html">archived</a> from the original on 2010-12-17<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-02-20</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hanging+Flags+Vertically&rft.pub=Flags+of+the+World&rft.date=2005-12-31&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fotw.info%2Fflags%2Fxf-vert.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+flag" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheodorou2014" class="citation web cs1">Theodorou, Angelina E. (25 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2014/11/25/64-countries-have-religious-symbols-on-their-national-flags/">"64 countries have religious symbols on their national flags"</a>. <i>Pew Research Center</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=64+countries+have+religious+symbols+on+their+national+flags&rft.date=2014-11-25&rft.aulast=Theodorou&rft.aufirst=Angelina+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Fshort-reads%2F2014%2F11%2F25%2F64-countries-have-religious-symbols-on-their-national-flags%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+flag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/11/25/64-countries-have-religious-symbols-on-their-national-flags/">"64 countries have religious symbols on their national flags"</a>. 25 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=64+countries+have+religious+symbols+on+their+national+flags&rft.date=2014-11-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Ffact-tank%2F2014%2F11%2F25%2F64-countries-have-religious-symbols-on-their-national-flags%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+flag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bartneckClark2014-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bartneckClark2014_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bartneckClark2014_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartneckAdrian_Clark2014" class="citation journal cs1">Bartneck, Christoph; Adrian Clark (2014). "Semi-Automatic Color Analysis For Brand Logos". <i>Color Research and Application</i>. <b>40</b>: 72–84. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fcol.21853">10.1002/col.21853</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Color+Research+and+Application&rft.atitle=Semi-Automatic+Color+Analysis+For+Brand+Logos&rft.volume=40&rft.pages=72-84&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fcol.21853&rft.aulast=Bartneck&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft.au=Adrian+Clark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+flag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-do-the-colors-and-symbols-of-the-flag-of-jamaica-mean.html">"What Do the Colors and Symbols of the Flag of Jamaica Mean?"</a>. <i>World Atlas</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200717190503/https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-do-the-colors-and-symbols-of-the-flag-of-jamaica-mean.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Atlas&rft.atitle=What+Do+the+Colors+and+Symbols+of+the+Flag+of+Jamaica+Mean%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldatlas.com%2Farticles%2Fwhat-do-the-colors-and-symbols-of-the-flag-of-jamaica-mean.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+flag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160118014921/http://bandiere-nazionali.it/bandiera-messico.html">"Bandiera Messico"</a> (in Italian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bandiere-nazionali.it/bandiera-messico.html">the original</a> on 18 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bandiera+Messico&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbandiere-nazionali.it%2Fbandiera-messico.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+flag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radiomarconi.com/marconi/storiabandiera/">"La bandiera Italiana"</a> (in Italian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303042627/http://www.radiomarconi.com/marconi/storiabandiera/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+bandiera+Italiana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiomarconi.com%2Fmarconi%2Fstoriabandiera%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+flag" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_flag&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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