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<li id="toc-Later_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Later career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours_and_memberships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours_and_memberships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Honours and memberships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honours_and_memberships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Kershaw" title="Ian Kershaw – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ian Kershaw" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%88" title="إيان كيرشو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إيان كيرشو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%8A%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%83" title="Иън Кършоу – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Иън Кършоу" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Kershaw" title="Ian Kershaw – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ian Kershaw" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Kershaw" title="Ian Kershaw – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ian Kershaw" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Kershaw" title="Ian Kershaw – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ian Kershaw" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%8A%CE%B1%CE%BD_%CE%9A%CE%AD%CF%81%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Ίαν Κέρσοου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ίαν Κέρσοου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Kershaw" title="Ian Kershaw – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ian Kershaw" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%88" title="ایان کرشاو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایان کرشاو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Kershaw" title="Ian Kershaw – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ian Kershaw" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Kershaw" title="Ian Kershaw – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ian Kershaw" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%96%B8_%EC%BB%A4%EC%87%BC" title="이언 커쇼 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이언 커쇼" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Kershaw" title="Ian Kershaw – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ian Kershaw" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Kershaw" title="Ian Kershaw – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ian Kershaw" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9F_%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%95" title="איאן קרשו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איאן קרשו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Kershaw" title="Ian Kershaw – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ian Kershaw" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%88" title="ايان كيرشو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ايان كيرشو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Kershaw" title="Ian Kershaw – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ian Kershaw" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%BC" title="イアン・カーショー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イアン・カーショー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Kershaw" title="Ian Kershaw – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ian Kershaw" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Kershaw" title="Ian Kershaw – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ian Kershaw" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Kershaw" title="Ian Kershaw – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ian Kershaw" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Kershaw" title="Ian Kershaw – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ian Kershaw" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%BE%D1%83,_%D0%AF%D0%BD" title="Кершоу, Ян – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кершоу, Ян" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Kershaw" title="Ian Kershaw – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ian Kershaw" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Kershaw" title="Ian Kershaw – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ian Kershaw" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Kershaw" title="Ian Kershaw – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ian Kershaw" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Kershaw" title="Ian Kershaw – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ian Kershaw" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%81%A9%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E8%82%96" title="伊恩·克肖 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伊恩·克肖" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q312532#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Sir Ian Kershaw</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Historical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Historical Society">FRHistS</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_British_Academy" title="Fellow of the British Academy">FBA</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ian_Kershaw_2012_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Ian_Kershaw_2012_crop.jpg/220px-Ian_Kershaw_2012_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Ian_Kershaw_2012_crop.jpg/330px-Ian_Kershaw_2012_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Ian_Kershaw_2012_crop.jpg/440px-Ian_Kershaw_2012_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2159" data-file-height="2694" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Kershaw at the 2012 <a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Book_Fair" title="Leipzig Book Fair">Leipzig Book Fair</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1943-04-29</span>) </span>29 April 1943<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 81)</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Oldham" title="Oldham">Oldham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Betty_Kershaw" title="Betty Kershaw">Betty Kershaw</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Joseph Kershaw, Alice (Robinson) Kershaw</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic background</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Liverpool" title="University of Liverpool">University of Liverpool</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Merton_College,_Oxford" title="Merton College, Oxford">Merton College, Oxford</a> (<a href="/wiki/DPhil" class="mw-redirect" title="DPhil">DPhil</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://solo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/permalink/f/89vilt/oxfaleph015024219"><i>Bolton Priory, 1286–1325: An Economic Study</i></a> (1969)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Influences</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Broszat" title="Martin Broszat">Martin Broszat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Mason" title="Timothy Mason">Timothy Mason</a></li></ul> </div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic work</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discipline</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Social_history" title="Social history">Social history</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">School or tradition</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Alltagsgeschichte" title="Alltagsgeschichte">Alltagsgeschichte</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Main interests</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable ideas</th><td class="infobox-data">"Working Towards the Führer" theory</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sir Ian Kershaw</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Historical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Historical Society">FRHistS</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_British_Academy" title="Fellow of the British Academy">FBA</a></span></span> (born 29 April 1943) is an English historian whose work has chiefly focused on the <a href="/wiki/Social_history" title="Social history">social history</a> of <a href="/wiki/20th-century_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="20th-century Germany">20th-century Germany</a>. He is regarded by many as one of the world's foremost experts on <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, and is particularly noted for his biographies of Hitler.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was a follower of the German historian <a href="/wiki/Martin_Broszat" title="Martin Broszat">Martin Broszat</a>, and until his retirement, he was a professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sheffield" title="University of Sheffield">University of Sheffield</a>. Kershaw has called Broszat an "inspirational mentor" who did much to shape his understanding of Nazi Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-Kershaw_2004_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kershaw_2004-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kershaw served as historical adviser on numerous <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> documentaries, notably <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nazis:_A_Warning_from_History" title="The Nazis: A Warning from History">The Nazis: A Warning from History</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Century" title="War of the Century">War of the Century</a></i>. He taught a module titled "Germans against Hitler".<sup id="cite_ref-Arana2008_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arana2008-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ian_Kershaw&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ian Kershaw was born on 29 April 1943 in <a href="/wiki/Oldham" title="Oldham">Oldham</a>, Lancashire, England, to Joseph Kershaw, a musician, and Alice (Robinson) Kershaw.<sup id="cite_ref-burke_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burke-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was educated at <a href="/wiki/Counthill_School" title="Counthill School">Counthill Grammar School</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_Bede%27s_College,_Manchester" title="St Bede's College, Manchester">St Bede's College, Manchester</a>, where he was taught by Father <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Burke" title="Geoffrey Burke">Geoffrey Burke</a><sup id="cite_ref-guardian_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Liverpool" title="University of Liverpool">University of Liverpool</a> (BA), and <a href="/wiki/Merton_College,_Oxford" title="Merton College, Oxford">Merton College, Oxford</a> (<a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">DPhil</a>). He was originally trained as a <a href="/wiki/Medievalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Medievalist">medievalist</a> but turned to the study of modern German <a href="/wiki/Social_history" title="Social history">social history</a> in the 1970s. At first, he was mainly concerned with the economic history of <a href="/wiki/Bolton_Abbey" title="Bolton Abbey">Bolton Abbey</a>. As a lecturer in medieval history at Manchester, Kershaw learned German to study the German peasantry in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. In 1972, he visited <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> and was shocked to hear the views of an old man he met in a <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> café who told him: "You English were so foolish. If only you had sided with us. Together we could have defeated <a href="/wiki/Bolshevism" title="Bolshevism">Bolshevism</a> and ruled the earth!"—adding in for good measure that "The Jew is a louse!" As a result of this incident, Kershaw became keen to learn how and why ordinary people in Germany could support <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-reference_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reference-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His wife, <a href="/wiki/Betty_Kershaw" title="Betty Kershaw">Dame Betty Kershaw</a>, is a former professor of nursing and dean of the School of Nursing Studies at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sheffield" title="University of Sheffield">University of Sheffield</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bavaria_Project">Bavaria Project</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ian_Kershaw&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Bavaria Project"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1975, Kershaw joined <a href="/wiki/Martin_Broszat" title="Martin Broszat">Martin Broszat</a>'s "Bavaria Project". During his work, Broszat encouraged Kershaw to examine how ordinary people viewed Hitler.<sup id="cite_ref-reference_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reference-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of his work in the 1970s on Broszat's "Bavaria Project", Kershaw wrote his first book on <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_%22Hitler_Myth%22:_Image_and_Reality_in_the_Third_Reich" class="mw-redirect" title="The "Hitler Myth": Image and Reality in the Third Reich">The "Hitler Myth": Image and Reality in the Third Reich</a></i>, which was first published in German in 1980 as <i>Der Hitler-Mythos: Volksmeinung und Propaganda im Dritten Reich</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-reference_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reference-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This book examined the "Hitler cult" in Germany, how it was developed by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a>, what social groups the Hitler Myth appealed to and how it rose and fell.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p> Also arising from the "Bavaria Project" and Kershaw's work in the field of <i><a href="/wiki/Alltagsgeschichte" title="Alltagsgeschichte">Alltagsgeschichte</a></i> ('everyday history') was <i>Popular Opinion and Political Dissent in the Third Reich</i>. In this 1983 book, Kershaw examined the experience of the Nazi era at the grass-roots in Bavaria. Kershaw showed how ordinary people reacted to the Nazi dictatorship, looking at how people conformed to the regime and to the extent and limits of dissent. Kershaw described his subject as ordinary Bavarians: </p><blockquote><p>the muddled majority, neither full-hearted Nazis nor outright opponents, whose attitudes at one and the same time betray signs of Nazi ideological penetration and yet show the clear limits of propaganda manipulation.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> Kershaw went on to write in his preface:</p><blockquote><p>I should like to think that had I been around at the time I would have been a convinced anti-Nazi engaged in the underground resistance fight. However, I know really that I would have been as confused and felt as helpless as most of the people I am writing about.<sup id="cite_ref-Marrusp90_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marrusp90-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Kershaw argued that Goebbels failed to create the <i><a href="/wiki/Volksgemeinschaft" title="Volksgemeinschaft">Volksgemeinschaft</a></i> (people's community) of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_propaganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi propaganda">Nazi propaganda</a>, and that most <a href="/wiki/Bavarians" title="Bavarians">Bavarians</a> were far more interested in their day-to-day lives than in politics during the Third Reich.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kershaw concluded that the majority of Bavarians were either antisemitic or more commonly simply did not care about what was happening to the Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-Marus9091_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marus9091-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kershaw also concluded that there was a fundamental difference between the <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a> of the majority of ordinary people, who disliked Jews and were much coloured by traditional Catholic prejudices, and the ideological and far more radical <i><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">völkische</a></i> antisemitism of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a>, who hated Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-Marus9091_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marus9091-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kershaw found that the majority of Bavarians disapproved of the violence of the <i><a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogrom</a>, and that despite the efforts of the Nazis, continued to maintain social relations with members of the Bavarian Jewish community.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kershaw documented numerous campaigns on the part of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> to increase antisemitic hatred, and noted that the overwhelming majority of antisemitic activities in Bavaria were the work of a small number of committed Nazi Party members.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall, Kershaw noted that the popular mood towards Jews was indifference to their fate.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kershaw argued that during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, most Bavarians were vaguely aware of <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>, but were vastly more concerned about and interested in the war than about the "<a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a> to the Jewish Question",<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making the notable claim that "the road to Auschwitz was built by hate, but paved with indifference."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kershaw's assessment that most Bavarians, and by implication Germans, were "indifferent" to the <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust"><i>Shoah</i></a> faced criticism from the Israeli historian <a href="/wiki/Otto_Dov_Kulka" title="Otto Dov Kulka">Otto Dov Kulka</a> and the Canadian historian <a href="/wiki/Michael_Hans_Kater" title="Michael Hans Kater">Michael Kater</a>. Kater contended that Kershaw downplayed the extent of popular antisemitism, and that though admitting that most of the "spontaneous" antisemitic actions of Nazi Germany were staged, argued that because these actions involved substantial numbers of Germans, it is wrong to see the extreme antisemitism of the Nazis as coming solely from above.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kulka argued that most Germans were more antisemitic than Kershaw portrayed them in <i>Popular Opinion and Political Dissent in the Third Reich</i>, and that rather than "indifference" "passive complicity" would be a better term to describe the reaction of the German people to the <i>Shoah</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Nazi_Dictatorship"><i>The Nazi Dictatorship</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ian_Kershaw&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Nazi Dictatorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1985, Kershaw published a book on the <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a> of Nazi Germany, <i>The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation</i>, in which he reflected on the problems in historiography of the Nazi era.<sup id="cite_ref-Snowman_pages_18-20_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snowman_pages_18-20-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kershaw noted the huge disparity of often incompatible views about the Nazi era such as the debate between: </p> <ul><li>those who see the Nazi period as the culmination of <i>Deutschtum</i> (Germanism) and Marxists who see Nazism as the culmination of capitalism</li> <li>those who argue for a <i><a href="/wiki/Sonderweg" title="Sonderweg">Sonderweg</a></i> (distinct path of German post-medieval development), and those who argue against the <i>Sonderweg</i> concept</li> <li>those who see Nazism as a type of totalitarianism, and those who see it as a type of fascism</li> <li>those historians who favour a "functionalist" interpretation with the emphasis on the German bureaucracy and the Holocaust as an <i>ad hoc</i> process, and those who favour an "intentionalist" interpretation with the focus on Hitler and the argument that the Holocaust had been something planned from early on in Hitler's political career.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated18_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated18-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>As Kershaw noted, these divergent interpretations such as the differences between the functionalist view of the Holocaust as caused by a process and the intentionalist view of the Holocaust as caused by a plan are not easily reconciled, and that there was in his opinion the need for a guide to explain the complex historiography surrounding these issues.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated18_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated18-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If one accepts the Marxist view of Nazism as the culmination of capitalism, then the Nazi phenomenon is universal, and fascism can come to power in any society where capitalism is the dominant economic system, whereas the view of Nazism as the culmination of <i>Deutschtum</i> means that the Nazi phenomenon is local and particular only to Germany. For Kershaw, any historian writing about the period had to take account of the "historical-philosophical", "political-ideological" and moral problems associated with the period, which thus poses special challenges for the historian. In <i>The Nazi Dictatorship</i>, Kershaw surveyed the historical literature and offered his own assessment of the pros and cons of the various approaches.<sup id="cite_ref-Snowman_pages_18-20_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snowman_pages_18-20-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 2015 edition of <i>The Nazi Dictatorship</i>, Kershaw, although he acknowledged plausible objections to the application of a common "totalitarianism" paradigm to both Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, agreed with those who have generally made these criticisms "that it is in itself a wholly legitimate exercise, whatever essential differences existed in ideology and socio-economic structures, to compare the forms and techniques of rule in Germany under Hitler and the Soviet Union under Stalin".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 2008 interview, Kershaw lists as his major intellectual influences <a href="/wiki/Martin_Broszat" title="Martin Broszat">Martin Broszat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Mommsen" title="Hans Mommsen">Hans Mommsen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_Milward" title="Alan Milward">Alan Milward</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Mason" title="Timothy Mason">Timothy Mason</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans-Ulrich_Wehler" title="Hans-Ulrich Wehler">Hans-Ulrich Wehler</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Carr_(historian)" title="William Carr (historian)">William Carr</a>, and Jeremy Noakes.<sup id="cite_ref-Interview_with_Ian_Kershaw_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Interview_with_Ian_Kershaw-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same interview, Kershaw expressed strong approval of Mason's "Primacy of Politics" concept, in which it was German Big Business that served the Nazi regime rather than the other way around, against the orthodox Marxist "Primacy of Economics" concept.<sup id="cite_ref-Interview_with_Ian_Kershaw_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Interview_with_Ian_Kershaw-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite his praise and admiration for Mason, in the 2000 edition of <i>The Nazi Dictatorship</i>, Kershaw was highly skeptical of Mason's "Flight into War" theory of an economic crisis in 1939 forcing the Nazi regime into war.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <i><a href="/wiki/Historikerstreit" title="Historikerstreit">Historikerstreit</a></i> (Historians' Dispute) of 1986–1989, Kershaw followed Broszat in criticising the work and views of <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Nolte" title="Ernst Nolte">Ernst Nolte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Hillgruber" title="Andreas Hillgruber">Andreas Hillgruber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_St%C3%BCrmer" title="Michael Stürmer">Michael Stürmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Fest" title="Joachim Fest">Joachim Fest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Hildebrand" title="Klaus Hildebrand">Klaus Hildebrand</a>, all of whom Kershaw saw as attempting to white-wash the German past in various ways. In the 1989 edition of <i>The Nazi Dictatorship</i>, Kershaw devoted a chapter towards rebutting the views of Nolte, Hillgruber, Fest, Hildebrand, and Stürmer. In regard to the debate between those who regard Nazism as a type of <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarianism</a> (and thus having more in common with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>) versus those who regard Nazism as a type of fascism (and thus having more in common with <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Fascist Italy</a>), Kershaw, though feeling that the totalitarianism approach is not without value, has argued that in essence, Nazism should be viewed as a type of fascism, albeit fascism of a very radical type.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writing of the <i><a href="/wiki/Sonderweg" title="Sonderweg">Sonderweg</a></i> debate, Kershaw finds the moderate <i>Sonderweg</i> approach of <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Kocka" title="Jürgen Kocka">Jürgen Kocka</a> the most satisfactory historical explanation for why the Nazi era occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-Kershaw_pages_231-252_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kershaw_pages_231-252-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 2000 edition of <i>The Nazi Dictatorship</i>, Kershaw wrote a scathing criticism of <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Ritter" title="Gerhard Ritter">Gerhard Ritter</a>'s claim that one "madman" (i.e. Hitler) "single-handedly" caused the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> in Europe, and added that he found the historical approach of Ritter's arch-enemy <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Fischer_(historian)" title="Fritz Fischer (historian)">Fritz Fischer</a> to be a far better way of understanding and recoiling German history.<sup id="cite_ref-Kershaw,_Ian_pages_7-8_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kershaw,_Ian_pages_7-8-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along the same lines, Kershaw criticised the 1946 statement by the German historian <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Meinecke" title="Friedrich Meinecke">Friedrich Meinecke</a> that Nazism was just a particularly unfortunate <i>Betriebsunfall</i> (industrial accident) of history.<sup id="cite_ref-Kershaw,_Ian_pages_7-8_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kershaw,_Ian_pages_7-8-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kershaw was later in a 2003 essay to criticise Ritter and Meinecke, stating that by their promotion of the <i>Betriebsunfall</i> theory or by blaming everything upon Hitler, they were seeking to white-wash the German past.<sup id="cite_ref-Kershaw_2004_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kershaw_2004-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writing of the work of the German historian <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Zitelmann" title="Rainer Zitelmann">Rainer Zitelmann</a>, Kershaw has argued that Zitelmann has elevated what were merely secondary considerations in Hitler's remarks to the primary level, and that Zitelmann has not offered a clear definition of what he means by "modernization".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With regard to the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_foreign_policy_debate" title="Nazi foreign policy debate">Nazi foreign policy debate</a> between "globalists" such as <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Hildebrand" title="Klaus Hildebrand">Klaus Hildebrand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Hillgruber" title="Andreas Hillgruber">Andreas Hillgruber</a>, Jochen Thies, Gunter Moltman and <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Weinberg" title="Gerhard Weinberg">Gerhard Weinberg</a>, who argue that Germany aimed at world conquest, and the "continentalists" such as <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Trevor-Roper" title="Hugh Trevor-Roper">Hugh Trevor-Roper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eberhard_J%C3%A4ckel" title="Eberhard Jäckel">Eberhard Jäckel</a> and Axel Kuhn, who argue that Germany aimed only at the conquest of Europe, Kershaw tends towards the "continental" position.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kershaw agrees with the thesis that Hitler did formulate a programme for foreign policy based on an alliance with Britain to achieve the destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, but has argued that a British lack of interest doomed the project, thus leading to the situation in 1939, where Hitler went to war with Britain, the country he wanted as an ally, not as an enemy, and the country he wanted as an enemy, the Soviet Union, as his ally.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, Kershaw sees considerable merit in the work of such historians as <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Mason" title="Timothy Mason">Timothy Mason</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Mommsen" title="Hans Mommsen">Hans Mommsen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Broszat" title="Martin Broszat">Martin Broszat</a> and Wolfgang Schieder, who argue that Hitler had no "programme" in foreign policy, and instead contend that his foreign policy was simply a kneejerk reaction to domestic pressures in the economy and his need to maintain his popularity.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regarding the historical debates about <a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism"><i>Widerstand</i></a> (resistance) in German society, Kershaw has argued that there are two approaches to the question, one of which he calls the <i>fundamentalist</i> (dealing with those committed to overthrowing the Nazi regime) and the other the <i>societal</i> (dealing with forms of dissent in "everyday life").<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Kershaw's view, Broszat's <i>Resistenz</i> (immunity) concept works well in an <i><a href="/wiki/Alltagsgeschichte" title="Alltagsgeschichte">Alltagsgeschichte</a></i> approach, but works less well in the field of high politics, and by focusing only on the "effect" of one's actions, fails to consider the crucial element of the "intention" behind one's actions.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kershaw has argued that the term <i>Widerstand</i> should be used only for those working for the total overthrow of the Nazi system, and those engaging in behaviour that was counter to the regime's wishes without seeking to overthrow the regime should be included under the terms opposition and dissent, depending upon their motives and actions.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Kershaw's opinion, there were three bands ranging from dissent to opposition to resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kershaw has used the <a href="/wiki/Edelweiss_Pirates" title="Edelweiss Pirates">Edelweiss Pirates</a> as an example of a group whose behavior initially fell under dissent, and who advanced from there to opposition and finally to resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Kershaw's view, there was much dissent and opposition within German society, but outside of the working class, very little resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Kershaw has argued that the <i>Resistenz</i> (immunity [against indoctrination]) concept has much merit, he concluded that the Nazi regime had a broad basis of support and it is correct to speak of "resistance without the people".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The debate in the late 1980s between <a href="/wiki/Martin_Broszat" title="Martin Broszat">Martin Broszat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saul_Friedl%C3%A4nder" title="Saul Friedländer">Saul Friedländer</a> over Broszat's call for the "historicization" of Nazism, Kershaw wrote that he agreed with Friedländer that the Nazi period could not be treated as a "normal" period of history, but he felt that historians should approach the Nazi period as they would any other period of history.<sup id="cite_ref-Kershaw,_Ian_page_235_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kershaw,_Ian_page_235-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In support of Broszat, Kershaw wrote that an <i>Alltagsgeschichte</i> approach to German history, provided that it did not lose sight of Nazi crimes, had much to offer as a way of understanding how those crimes occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-Kershaw,_Ian_page_235_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kershaw,_Ian_page_235-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the "Goldhagen Controversy" of 1996, Kershaw took the view that his friend, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Mommsen" title="Hans Mommsen">Hans Mommsen</a>, had "destroyed" <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Goldhagen" title="Daniel Goldhagen">Daniel Goldhagen</a>'s arguments about a culture of "eliminationist antisemitism" in Germany during their frequent debates on German TV.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kershaw wrote that he agreed with <a href="/wiki/Eberhard_J%C3%A4ckel" title="Eberhard Jäckel">Eberhard Jäckel</a>'s assessment that <i><a href="/wiki/Hitler%27s_Willing_Executioners" title="Hitler's Willing Executioners">Hitler's Willing Executioners</a></i> was "simply a bad book".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Kershaw had little positive to say about Goldhagen, he wrote that he felt that Norman Finkelstein's attack on Goldhagen had been over-the-top and did little to help historical understanding.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kershaw later went on to recommend <a href="/wiki/Norman_Finkelstein" title="Norman Finkelstein">Norman Finkelstein</a> and Ruth Bettina Birn's extremely critical assessment of Goldhagen's book, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Nation_on_Trial:_The_Goldhagen_Thesis_and_Historical_Truth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A Nation on Trial: The Goldhagen Thesis and Historical Truth (page does not exist)">A Nation on Trial: The Goldhagen Thesis and Historical Truth</a></i>; stating that "Finkelstein and Birn provide a devastating critique of Daniel Goldhagen's simplistic and misleading interpretation of the Holocaust. Their contribution to the debate is, in my view, indispensable".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structuralist_views">Structuralist views</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ian_Kershaw&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Structuralist views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like Broszat, Kershaw sees the structures of the Nazi state as far more important than the personality of Hitler (or any one else) as an explanation for the way <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> developed. Kershaw subscribes to the view argued by Broszat and the German historian <a href="/wiki/Hans_Mommsen" title="Hans Mommsen">Hans Mommsen</a> that Nazi Germany was a chaotic collection of rival bureaucracies in perpetual power struggles with each other. In Kershaw's view, the Nazi dictatorship was not a totalitarian monolith, but rather an unstable coalition of several blocs in a "power cartel" comprising the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">NSDAP</a>, big business, the German state bureaucracy, the Army and <a href="/wiki/SS" class="mw-redirect" title="SS">SS</a>/police agencies (and each of the "power blocs" was divided into factions).<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Kershaw's opinion, the more "radical" blocs such as the SS/police and the Nazi Party gained increasing ascendancy over the other blocs after the 1936 economic crisis, and then increased their power at the expense of the other blocs.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S33882,_Adolf_Hitler_retouched.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S33882%2C_Adolf_Hitler_retouched.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S33882%2C_Adolf_Hitler_retouched.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S33882%2C_Adolf_Hitler_retouched.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S33882%2C_Adolf_Hitler_retouched.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S33882%2C_Adolf_Hitler_retouched.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-S33882%2C_Adolf_Hitler_retouched.jpg 2x" data-file-width="505" data-file-height="799" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>, the subject of several of <a href="/wiki/Hitler_(Kershaw_books)" title="Hitler (Kershaw books)">Kershaw's books</a></figcaption></figure> <p>For Kershaw, the real significance of Hitler lies not in him, but rather in the German people's perception of him.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his biography of Hitler, Kershaw presented him as the ultimate "unperson"; a boring, pedestrian man devoid of even the "negative greatness" attributed to him by <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Fest" title="Joachim Fest">Joachim Fest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kershaw rejects the <a href="/wiki/Great_man_theory" title="Great man theory">great man theory of history</a> and has criticised those who seek to explain everything that happened in Nazi Germany as the result of Hitler's will and intentions.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kershaw has argued that it is absurd to seek to explain German history in the Nazi era solely through Hitler, as Germany had sixty-eight million people and to seek to explain the fate of sixty-eight million people solely through the prism of one man is in Kershaw's opinion a flawed position.<sup id="cite_ref-Lukacs,_John_1997,_page_32_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lukacs,_John_1997,_page_32-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kershaw wrote about the problems of an excessive focus on Hitler that "even the best biographies have seemed at times in danger of elevating Hitler's personal power to a level where the history of Germany between 1933 and 1945 becomes reduced to little more than an expression of the dictator's will".<sup id="cite_ref-Lukacs,_John_1997,_page_32_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lukacs,_John_1997,_page_32-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kershaw has a low opinion of those who seek to provide "personalized" theories about the Holocaust and/or World War II as due to some defect, medical or otherwise, in Hitler.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his 2000 edition of <i>The Nazi Dictatorship</i>, Kershaw quoted with approval the dismissive remarks made by the German historian <a href="/wiki/Hans-Ulrich_Wehler" title="Hans-Ulrich Wehler">Hans-Ulrich Wehler</a> in 1980 about such theories. Wehler wrote </p> <blockquote><p>Does our understanding of National Socialist policies really depend on whether Hitler had only one testicle? ... Perhaps the Führer had three, which made things difficult for him, who knows? ... Even if Hitler could be regarded irrefutably as a sadomasochist, which scientific interest does that further? ... Does the "Final Solution of the Jewish Question" thus become more easily understandable or the "twisted road to Auschwitz" become the one-way street of a psychopath in power?<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Kershaw shares Wehler's opinion, that, besides the problem that such theories about Hitler's medical condition were extremely difficult to prove, they had the effect of personalising the phenomena of Nazi Germany by more or less attributing everything that happened in Nazi Germany to one flawed individual.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kershaw's biography of Hitler is an examination of Hitler's power; how he obtained it and how he maintained it.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following up on ideas that he had first introduced in a 1991 book about Hitler, Kershaw has argued that Hitler's leadership is a model example of <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a>'s theory of <a href="/wiki/Charismatic_leadership" class="mw-redirect" title="Charismatic leadership">charismatic leadership</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Snowman_pages_18-20_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snowman_pages_18-20-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kershaw's 1991 book <i>Hitler: A Profile in Power</i> marked a change for him from writing about how people viewed Hitler to writing about Hitler.<sup id="cite_ref-Snowman_pages_18-20_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snowman_pages_18-20-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his two-volume biography of Hitler published in 1998 and 2000, Kershaw stated, "What I tried to do was to embed Hitler into the social and political context that I had already studied."<sup id="cite_ref-Snowman_pages_18-20_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snowman_pages_18-20-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kershaw finds the picture of Hitler as a "mountebank" (opportunistic adventurer) in <a href="/wiki/Alan_Bullock" title="Alan Bullock">Alan Bullock</a>'s biography unsatisfactory, and <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Fest" title="Joachim Fest">Joachim Fest</a>'s quest to determine how "great" Hitler was senseless.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a wider sense, Kershaw sees the Nazi regime as part of a broader crisis that afflicted European society from 1914 to 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-Europe_pages_10-17_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Europe_pages_10-17-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though in disagreement with many of their claims (especially Nolte's), Kershaw's concept of a "<a href="/wiki/Second_Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Second Thirty Years' War">Second Thirty Years' War</a>" reflects many similarities with <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Nolte" title="Ernst Nolte">Ernst Nolte</a>, <a href="/wiki/A._J._P._Taylor" title="A. J. P. Taylor">A. J. P. Taylor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arno_J._Mayer" title="Arno J. Mayer">Arno J. Mayer</a> who have also advanced the concept of a "Thirty Years' Crisis" to explain European history between 1914 and 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-Europe_pages_10-17_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Europe_pages_10-17-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Functionalism–intentionalism_debate"><span id="Functionalism.E2.80.93intentionalism_debate"></span>Functionalism–intentionalism debate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ian_Kershaw&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Functionalism–intentionalism debate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Functionalism_versus_intentionalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Functionalism versus intentionalism">functionalism versus intentionalism</a> debate, Kershaw has argued for a synthesis of the two schools, though leaning towards the functionalist school. Despite some disagreements, Kershaw has called Mommsen a "good personal friend" and an "important further vital stimulus to my own work on Nazism".<sup id="cite_ref-Kershaw_2004_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kershaw_2004-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kershaw has argued in his two-volume biography of Hitler that Hitler did play a decisive role in the development of policies of genocide, but also argued that many of the measures that led to the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a> were undertaken by many lower-ranking officials without direct orders from Hitler in the expectation that such steps would win them favour.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Kershaw does not deny the radical antisemitism of the Nazis, he favours Mommsen's view of the Holocaust being caused by the "<a href="/wiki/Cumulative_radicalization" title="Cumulative radicalization">cumulative radicalization</a>" of Nazi Germany caused by the endless bureaucratic power struggles and a turn towards increasingly radical antisemitism within the Nazi elite. </p><p>Despite his background in the functionalist historiography, Kershaw admits that his account of Hitler in World War II owes much to intentionalist historians like <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Weinberg" title="Gerhard Weinberg">Gerhard Weinberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Trevor-Roper" title="Hugh Trevor-Roper">Hugh Trevor-Roper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Dawidowicz" title="Lucy Dawidowicz">Lucy Dawidowicz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eberhard_J%C3%A4ckel" title="Eberhard Jäckel">Eberhard Jäckel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Snowman_pages_18-20_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snowman_pages_18-20-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kershaw accepts the picture of Hitler drawn by intentionalist historians as a fanatical ideologue who was obsessed with <a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">social Darwinism</a>, <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement"><i>völkisch</i></a> <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a> (in which the Jewish people were viewed as a "race" biologically different from the rest of humanity rather than a religion), militarism and the perceived need for <i><a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">Lebensraum</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Snowman_pages_18-20_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snowman_pages_18-20-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 1992 essay, "Improvised genocide?", in which Kershaw traces how the ethnic cleansing campaign of <i>Gauleiter</i> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Greiser" title="Arthur Greiser">Arthur Greiser</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Wartheland" title="Reichsgau Wartheland">Warthegau</a><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> region annexed to Germany from Poland in 1939 led to a campaign of genocide by 1941, Kershaw argued that the process was indeed "improvised genocide" rather than the fulfilment of a master plan.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kershaw views the Holocaust not as a plan, as argued by the intentionalists, but rather a process caused by the "cumulative radicalization" of the Nazi state as articulated by the functionalists. Citing the work of the American historian <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Browning" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Browning">Christopher Browning</a> in his biography of Hitler, Kershaw argues that in the period 1939–1941 the phrase "Final Solution to the Jewish Question" was a "territorial solution", that such plans as the <a href="/wiki/Nisko_Plan" title="Nisko Plan">Nisko Plan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madagascar_Plan" title="Madagascar Plan">Madagascar Plan</a> were serious and only in the latter half of 1941 did the phrase "Final Solution" come to refer to genocide.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This view of the Holocaust as a process rather than a plan is the antithesis of the extreme intentionalist approach as advocated by <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Dawidowicz" title="Lucy Dawidowicz">Lucy Dawidowicz</a>, who argues that Hitler had decided upon genocide as early as November 1918, and that everything he did was directed towards that goal.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id=""Working_Towards_the_Führer"_concept"><span id=".22Working_Towards_the_F.C3.BChrer.22_concept"></span>"Working Towards the Führer" concept</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ian_Kershaw&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: "Working Towards the Führer" concept"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kershaw disagrees with Mommsen's "Weak Dictator" thesis: the idea that Hitler was a relatively unimportant player in Nazi Germany. He has agreed with his idea that Hitler did not play much of a role in the day-to-day administration of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Government of Nazi Germany">government of Nazi Germany</a>. Kershaw's way of explaining this paradox is his theory of "Working Towards the Führer", the phrase being taken from a 1934 speech by the <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussian</a> civil servant <a href="/wiki/Werner_Willikens" title="Werner Willikens">Werner Willikens</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>Everyone who has the opportunity to observe it knows that the Fuhrer can hardly dictate from above everything which he intends to realize sooner or later. On the contrary, up till now, everyone with a post in the new Germany has worked best when he has, so to speak, worked towards the Fuhrer. Very often and in many spheres, it has been the case—in previous years as well—that individuals have simply waited for orders and instructions. Unfortunately, the same will be true in the future; but in fact, it is the duty of everybody to try to work towards the Fuhrer along the lines he would wish. Anyone who makes mistakes will notice it soon enough. But anyone who really works towards the Fuhrer along his lines and towards his goal will certainly both now and in the future, one day have the finest reward in the form of the sudden legal confirmation of his work.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Kershaw has argued that in Nazi Germany officials of the German state and Party bureaucracy usually took the initiative in initiating policy to meet Hitler's perceived wishes, or alternatively attempted to turn into policy Hitler's often loosely and indistinctly phrased wishes.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Kershaw does agree that Hitler possessed the powers that the "Master of the Third Reich" thesis championed by Norman Rich and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Dietrich_Bracher" title="Karl Dietrich Bracher">Karl Dietrich Bracher</a> would suggest, he has argued that Hitler was a "lazy dictator", an indifferent dictator who was really not interested in involving himself much in the daily running of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated4_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only exceptions were the areas of <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">foreign policy</a> and military decisions, both areas that Hitler increasingly involved himself in from the late 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated4_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 1993 essay "Working Towards the Führer", Kershaw argued that the German and Soviet dictatorships had more differences than similarities.<sup id="cite_ref-Kershaw_pages_231-252_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kershaw_pages_231-252-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kershaw argued that Hitler was a very unbureaucratic leader who was highly averse to paperwork, in marked contrast to <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kershaw_pages_231-252_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kershaw_pages_231-252-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kershaw argued that Stalin was highly involved in the running of the Soviet Union, in contrast to Hitler whose involvement in day-to-day decision making was limited, infrequent and capricious.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kershaw argued that the Soviet regime, despite its extreme brutality and ruthlessness, was basically rational in its goal of seeking to modernise a backward country and had no equivalent of the "cumulative radicalization" towards increasingly irrational goals that Kershaw sees as characteristic of Nazi Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Kershaw's opinion, Stalin's power corresponded to <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a>'s category of bureaucratic authority, whereas Hitler's power corresponded to Weber's category of charismatic authority.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Kershaw's view, what happened in Germany after 1933 was the imposition of Hitler's charismatic authority on top of the "<a href="/wiki/Legal-rational_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal-rational authority">legal-rational</a>" authority system that had existed prior to 1933, leading to a gradual breakdown of any system of ordered authority in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kershaw argues that by 1938 the German state had been reduced to a hopeless, polycratic shambles of rival agencies all competing with each other for Hitler's favour, which by that time had become the only source of political legitimacy.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kershaw sees this rivalry as causing the "cumulative radicalization" of Germany, and argues that though Hitler always favoured the most radical solution to any problem, it was German officials who, for the most part, in attempting to win the Führer's approval, carried out on their initiative, increasingly "radical" solutions to perceived problems like the "Jewish Question", as opposed to being ordered to do so by Hitler.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this, Kershaw largely agrees with Mommsen's portrait of Hitler as a distant and remote leader standing in many ways above his system, whose charisma and ideas served to set the general tone of politics.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As an example of how Hitler's power functioned, Kershaw used Hitler's directive to the <i>Gauleiters</i> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Forster" title="Albert Forster">Albert Forster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Greiser" title="Arthur Greiser">Arthur Greiser</a> to "<a href="/wiki/Germanisation" title="Germanisation">Germanize</a>" the part of north-western Poland annexed to Germany in 1939 within the next 10 years with his promise that "no questions would be asked" about how this would be done.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rees,_Laurence_The_Nazis_pages_141-142_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rees,_Laurence_The_Nazis_pages_141-142-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Kershaw notes, the different ways Forster and Greiser sought to "Germanize" their <i>Gaue</i> – with Forster simply having the local Polish population in his <i>Gau</i> signing forms saying they had "German blood", and Greiser carrying out a program of brutal <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a> of Poles in his <i>Gau</i> – showed both how Hitler set events in motion, and how his <i>Gauleiters</i> could use different methods in pursuit of what they believed to be Hitler's wishes.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rees,_Laurence_The_Nazis_pages_141-142_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rees,_Laurence_The_Nazis_pages_141-142-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Kershaw's opinion, Hitler's vision of a racially cleansed <i>Volksgemeinschaft</i> provided the impetus for German officials to carry out increasingly extreme measures to win his approval, which ended with the Holocaust.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Israeli historian <a href="/wiki/Otto_Dov_Kulka" title="Otto Dov Kulka">Otto Dov Kulka</a> has praised the concept of "working towards the Führer" as the best way of understanding how the Holocaust occurred, combining the best features and avoiding the weaknesses of both the "functionalist" and "intentionalist" theories.<sup id="cite_ref-Kulka_2000_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kulka_2000-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For Kershaw, Hitler held absolute power in Nazi Germany due to the "erosion of collective government in Germany", but his power over domestic politics became more challenging to exercise due to his preoccupation with military affairs, and the rival fiefdoms of the Nazi state fought each other and attempted to carry out Hitler's vaguely worded wishes and dimly defined orders by "Working Towards the Führer".<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_career">Later career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ian_Kershaw&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Later career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kershaw retired from full-time teaching in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 2010s, he wrote two books on the wider history of Europe for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Penguin_History_of_Europe" title="The Penguin History of Europe">The Penguin History of Europe</a></i> series: <i><a href="/wiki/To_Hell_and_Back_(Kershaw_book)" title="To Hell and Back (Kershaw book)">To Hell and Back: Europe, 1914–1949</a></i> and <i>The Global Age: Europe, 1950–2017</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours_and_memberships">Honours and memberships</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ian_Kershaw&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Honours and memberships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/British_Academy" title="British Academy">British Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany">Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany</a>, 1994<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Winner of the <a href="/wiki/Wolfson_History_Prize" title="Wolfson History Prize">Wolfson History Prize</a>, 2000, for <i>Hitler, 1936–1945: Nemesis (Allen Lane)</i></li> <li>Co-winner of the <a href="/wiki/British_Academy_Book_Prize" title="British Academy Book Prize">British Academy Book Prize</a>, 2001<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Historical_Society" title="Royal Historical Society">Royal Historical Society</a></li> <li>Member of the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Association" title="Historical Association">Historical Association</a></li> <li>Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Wissenschaftskolleg_zu_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin">Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin</a><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2002, appointed <a href="/wiki/Knight_Bachelor" title="Knight Bachelor">Knight Bachelor</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2002_Birthday_Honours" title="2002 Birthday Honours">2002 Birthday Honours</a> for services to History<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2004, a collection of <a href="/wiki/Festschrift" title="Festschrift">scholarly essays</a> in Honour of Sir Ian Kershaw was published.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2005, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Longford_Prize_for_Historical_Biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth Longford Prize for Historical Biography">Elizabeth Longford Prize for Historical Biography</a> for <i>Making Friends with Hitler: Lord Londonderry, the Nazis and the Road to War</i></li> <li>2012, Leipzig Book Award for European Understanding (together with <a href="/wiki/Timothy_D._Snyder" class="mw-redirect" title="Timothy D. Snyder">Timothy D. Snyder</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2018, Charlemagne Medal<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ian_Kershaw&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Bolton Priory Rentals and Ministers; Accounts, 1473–1539</i> (ed.) (Leeds, 1969)</li> <li><i>Bolton Priory. The Economy of a Northern Monastery</i> (Oxford, 1973)</li> <li>'The Great Famine and agrarian crisis in England 1315-22' in <i>Past & Present</i>, 59 (1973)</li> <li>"The Persecution of the Jews and German Popular Opinion in the Third Reich" pp. 261–289 from <i>Yearbook of the <a href="/wiki/Leo_Baeck_Institute" title="Leo Baeck Institute">Leo Baeck Institute</a></i>, Volume 26, 1981</li> <li><i>Popular Opinion and Political Dissent in the Third Reich. Bavaria, 1933–45</i> (Oxford, 1983, rev. 2002), <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-821922-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-821922-9">0-19-821922-9</a></li> <li><i>The Nazi Dictatorship. Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation</i> (London, 1985, 4th ed., 2000), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-340-76028-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-340-76028-1">0-340-76028-1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nazidictatorship0000kers">online free to borrow</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_%22Hitler_Myth%22:_Image_and_Reality_in_the_Third_Reich" class="mw-redirect" title="The "Hitler Myth": Image and Reality in the Third Reich">The "Hitler Myth": Image and Reality in the Third Reich</a></i> (Oxford, 1987, rev. 2001), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-280206-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-280206-2">0-19-280206-2</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hitlermythimager0000kers_z6j3">online</a></li> <li><i>Weimar. Why did German Democracy Fail?</i> (ed.) (London, 1990), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-04470-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-04470-4">0-312-04470-4</a></li> <li><i>Hitler: A Profile in Power</i> (London, 1991, rev. 2001)</li> <li>"'Improvised genocide?' The Emergence of the 'Final Solution' in the 'Wargenthau" pp. 51–78 from <i><a href="/wiki/Transactions_of_the_Royal_Historical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Transactions of the Royal Historical Society">Transactions of the Royal Historical Society</a></i>, Volume 2, December 1992</li> <li>"Working Towards the Führer: Reflections on the Nature of the Hitler Dictatorship", pp. 103–118 from <i><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_European_History" title="Contemporary European History">Contemporary European History</a></i>, Volume 2, Issue No. 2, 1993; reprinted on pp. 231–252 from <i>The Third Reich</i> edited by Christian Leitz, London: Blackwell, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-20700-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-20700-7">0-631-20700-7</a></li> <li><i>Stalinism and Nazism: Dictatorships in Comparison</i> (ed. with <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Lewin" title="Moshe Lewin">Moshe Lewin</a>) (Cambridge, 1997), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-56521-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-56521-9">0-521-56521-9</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hitler_(Kershaw_books)" title="Hitler (Kershaw books)">Hitler 1889–1936: Hubris</a></i> (London, 1998), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-32035-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-32035-9">0-393-32035-9</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hitler18891936hu0000kers">online free to borrow</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hitler_(Kershaw_books)" title="Hitler (Kershaw books)">Hitler 1936–1945: Nemesis</a></i> (London, 2000), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-32252-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-32252-1">0-393-32252-1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hitler193645neme00kers">online free to borrow</a></li> <li><i>The Bolton Priory Compotus 1286–1325</i> (ed. with David M. Smith) (London, 2001)</li> <li><i>Making Friends with Hitler: Lord Londonderry and the British Road to War</i> (London, 2004), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7139-9717-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7139-9717-6">0-7139-9717-6</a></li> <li>"Europe's Second Thirty Years War" pp. 10–17 from <i><a href="/wiki/History_Today" title="History Today">History Today</a></i>, Volume 55, Issue # 9, September 2005</li> <li><i>Death in the Bunker</i> (Penguin Books, 2005), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0141022314" title="Special:BookSources/978-0141022314">978-0141022314</a></li> <li><i>Fateful Choices: Ten Decisions That Changed the World, 1940–1941</i> (London, 2007), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59420-123-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-59420-123-4">1-59420-123-4</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fatefulchoiceste00kers">online free to borrow</a></li> <li><i>Hitler, the Germans and the Final Solution</i> (Yale, 2008), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-12427-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-12427-9">0-300-12427-9</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hitler_(Kershaw_books)" title="Hitler (Kershaw books)">Hitler</a></i> (one-volume abridgment of <i>Hitler 1889–1936</i> and <i>Hitler 1936–1945</i>; London, 2008), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84614-069-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-84614-069-2">1-84614-069-2</a></li> <li><i>Luck of the Devil The Story of Operation Valkyrie</i> (London: Penguin Books, 2009. Published for the first time as a separate book, Luck of the Devil is taken from Ian Kershaw's bestselling Hitler 1936-1945: Nemesis), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-104006-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-104006-8">0-14-104006-8</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_End:_Hitler%27s_Germany_1944%E2%80%9345" class="mw-redirect" title="The End: Hitler's Germany 1944–45">The End: Hitler's Germany 1944–45</a></i> (Allen Lane, 2011), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7139-9716-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7139-9716-8">0-7139-9716-8</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/To_Hell_and_Back_(Ian_Kershaw_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="To Hell and Back (Ian Kershaw book)">To Hell and Back: Europe, 1914–1949</a></i> (Allen Lane, 2015), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0713990898" title="Special:BookSources/978-0713990898">978-0713990898</a></li> <li><i>Roller-Coaster: Europe, 1950–2017</i> (Allen Lane, 2018), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0241187166" title="Special:BookSources/978-0241187166">978-0241187166</a>; The American edition is titled <i>The Global Age: Europe, 1950–2017</i>, eBook <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780735223998" title="Special:BookSources/9780735223998">9780735223998</a> <a href="//archive.org/details/globalageeurope10000kers/mode/2up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:globalageeurope10000kers/mode/2up">online free to borrow</a></li> <li><i>Personality and Power: Builders and Destroyers of Modern Europe</i> (Penguin Press, 2022)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ian_Kershaw&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Apparently, Kershaw misspelled this as <i>Morgenthau</i>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ian_Kershaw&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/2045979.stm">Sir Ian Kershaw: Dissecting Hitler</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170730002434/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/2045979.stm">Archived</a> 30 July 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; BBC News; 14 June 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kershaw_2004-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kershaw_2004_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kershaw_2004_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kershaw_2004_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKershaw2004" class="citation web cs1">Kershaw, Ian (February 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hsozkult.geschichte.hu-berlin.de/forum/type=diskussionen&id=418">"Beware the Moral High Ground"</a>. H-Soz-u-Kult. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040529164409/http://hsozkult.geschichte.hu-berlin.de/forum/type%3Ddiskussionen%26id%3D418">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beware+the+Moral+High+Ground&rft.pub=H-Soz-u-Kult&rft.date=2004-02&rft.aulast=Kershaw&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhsozkult.geschichte.hu-berlin.de%2Fforum%2Ftype%3Ddiskussionen%26id%3D418&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Kershaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arana2008-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Arana2008_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArana2008" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marie_Arana" title="Marie Arana">Arana, Marie</a> (19 October 2008). "Ian Kershaw: Casting light on the shadows". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> Book World</i>. p. 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post+Book+World&rft.atitle=Ian+Kershaw%3A+Casting+light+on+the+shadows&rft.pages=11&rft.date=2008-10-19&rft.aulast=Arana&rft.aufirst=Marie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Kershaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-burke-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-burke_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="Burke" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Mosley_(genealogist)" title="Charles Mosley (genealogist)">Mosley, Charles</a>, ed. (2003). <i><a href="/wiki/Burke%27s_Peerage" title="Burke's Peerage">Burke's Peerage, Baronetage & Knighthood</a></i> (107 ed.). Burke's Peerage & Gentry. p. 2146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9711966-2-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-9711966-2-1"><bdi>0-9711966-2-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burke%27s+Peerage%2C+Baronetage+%26+Knighthood&rft.pages=2146&rft.edition=107&rft.pub=Burke%27s+Peerage+%26+Gentry&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-9711966-2-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Kershaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Contemporary Authors, Vol. 137, p. 246f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guardian_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/education/2000/dec/12/schools.booksforchildrenandteenagers">"Ian Kershaw: 'My inspiration'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170519023642/https://www.theguardian.com/education/2000/dec/12/schools.booksforchildrenandteenagers">Archived</a> 19 May 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, theguardian.com; retrieved 21 January 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reference-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-reference_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-reference_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-reference_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Snowman, Daniel "Ian Kershaw" pp. 18–20 from <i>History Today</i> Volume 51, Issue 7, July 2001 p. 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thebailliegiffordprize.co.uk/books-and-authors/hitler-1889-1936-by-ian-kershaw">"Hitler 1889-1936 by Ian Kershaw"</a>. <i>Baillie Gifford Prize</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Baillie+Gifford+Prize&rft.atitle=Hitler+1889-1936+by+Ian+Kershaw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thebailliegiffordprize.co.uk%2Fbooks-and-authors%2Fhitler-1889-1936-by-ian-kershaw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Kershaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marrus, Michael <i>The Holocaust in History</i>, Toronto: KeyPorter, 2000, p. 89. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0874514258" title="Special:BookSources/0874514258">0874514258</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marrusp90-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marrusp90_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marrus, Michael. <i>The Holocaust in History</i>, Toronto: KeyPorter, 2000, p. 90. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0874514258" title="Special:BookSources/0874514258">0874514258</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marrus, Michael <i>The Holocaust in History</i>, Toronto: KeyPorter, 2000 pp. 89–90. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0874514258" title="Special:BookSources/0874514258">0874514258</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marus9091-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marus9091_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marus9091_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Marrus, Michael <i>The Holocaust in History</i>, Toronto: KeyPorter, 2000, pp. 90–91. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0874514258" title="Special:BookSources/0874514258">0874514258</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Marrus, Michael. <i>The Holocaust in History</i>, Toronto: KeyPorter, 2000, p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Evans, Richard <i>In Hitler's Shadow</i>, New York: Pantheon, 1989 p. 71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marrus, Michael <i>The Holocaust in History</i>, Toronto: KeyPorter, 2000, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marrus, Michael. <i>The Holocaust in History</i>, Toronto: KeyPorter, 2000, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marrus, Michael <i>The Holocaust in History</i>, Toronto: KeyPorter, 2000 p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Snowman_pages_18-20-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Snowman_pages_18-20_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Snowman_pages_18-20_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Snowman_pages_18-20_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Snowman_pages_18-20_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Snowman_pages_18-20_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Snowman_pages_18-20_18-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Snowman_pages_18-20_18-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Snowman, Daniel. "Ian Kershaw", pp. 18–20, from <i>History Today</i> Volume 51, Issue 7, July 2001, p. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated18-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated18_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated18_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Snowman, Daniel "Ian Kershaw", pp. 18–20, from <i>History Today</i> Volume 51, Issue 7, July 2001, pp. 18–19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKershaw2015" class="citation book cs1">Kershaw, Ian (2015). <i>The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation</i> (5th ed.). London and New York: Bloomsbury Academic (Bloomsbury Publishing Plc). pp. 43, <span class="nowrap">42–</span>43.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nazi+Dictatorship%3A+Problems+and+Perspectives+of+Interpretation&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=43%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E42-%3C%2Fspan%3E43&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic+%28Bloomsbury+Publishing+Plc%29&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Kershaw&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Kershaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Interview_with_Ian_Kershaw-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Interview_with_Ian_Kershaw_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Interview_with_Ian_Kershaw_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.ac.uk/makinghistory/resources/interviews/Kershaw_Ian.html">"Interview with Ian Kershaw"</a>. <i>The Institute of Historical Research</i>. 14 May 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170602103106/http://www.history.ac.uk/makinghistory/resources/interviews/Kershaw_Ian.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Institute+of+Historical+Research&rft.atitle=Interview+with+Ian+Kershaw&rft.date=2008-05-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.ac.uk%2Fmakinghistory%2Fresources%2Finterviews%2FKershaw_Ian.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Kershaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kershaw, Ian, <i>The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems & Perspectives of Interpretation</i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000, pp. 88–89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kerhsaw, Ian <i>The Nazi Dictatorship Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation</i>, London: Arnold Press, 2000, pp. 45–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kershaw_pages_231-252-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kershaw_pages_231-252_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kershaw_pages_231-252_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kershaw_pages_231-252_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kershaw, Ian "'Working Towards the Führer' Reflections on the Nature of the Hitler Dictatorship" pp. 231–252 from <i>The Third Reich</i> edited by Christian Leitz, London: Blackwill, 1999, p. 234</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kershaw,_Ian_pages_7-8-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kershaw,_Ian_pages_7-8_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kershaw,_Ian_pages_7-8_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kershaw, Ian <i>The Nazi Dictatorship Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation</i>, London: Arnold Press, 2000 pp. 7–8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kershaw, Ian <i>The Nazi Dictatorship Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation</i>, London: Arnold Press, 2000, pp. 246–247</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kershaw, Ian <i>The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems & Perspectives of Interpretation</i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000 pp. 134–137</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kershaw, Ian <i>The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems & Perspectives of Interpretation</i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000, pp. 154–159</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoman2002" class="citation web cs1">Roman, Thomas (24 October 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120222050848/http://www.eurozine.com/articles/2002-10-24-roman-en.html">"Interview with Ian Kershaw"</a>. Eurozine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurozine.com/articles/2002-10-24-roman-en.html">the original</a> on 22 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interview+with+Ian+Kershaw&rft.pub=Eurozine&rft.date=2002-10-24&rft.aulast=Roman&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurozine.com%2Farticles%2F2002-10-24-roman-en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Kershaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kershaw, Ian <i>The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems & Perspectives of Interpretation</i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000, pp. 137–139</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kershaw, Ian <i>The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation</i>, London: Arnold Press, 2000, p. 198</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kershaw, Ian <i>The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation</i>, London: Arnold Press, 2000 pp. 198–199</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kershaw, Ian <i>The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation</i>, London: Arnold Press, 2000, pp. 206–207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kershaw, Ian <i>The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation</i>, London: Arnold Press, 2000 p. 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kershaw, Ian <i>The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation</i>, London: Arnold Press, 2000, p. 204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kershaw, Ian <i>The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation</i>, London: Arnold Press, 2000, pp. 207–216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kershaw, Ian <i>The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation</i>, London: Arnold Press, 2000, pp. 215–217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kershaw,_Ian_page_235-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kershaw,_Ian_page_235_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kershaw,_Ian_page_235_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kershaw, Ian, <i>The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation</i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000, p. 235</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kershaw, Ian, <i>The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation</i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000 p. 254</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kershaw, Ian, <i>The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation</i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000, p. 255</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kershaw, Ian, <i>The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation</i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000, p. 258</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kershaw, Ian <i>The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation</i>, London: Arnold Press, 2000 p. 58</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kerhsaw, Ian <i>The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation</i>, London: Arnold Press, 2000, p. 61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kershaw, Ian <i>Hitler 1889–1936: Hubris</i>, W. W. Norton, New York, 1998 pp. xii–xiii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kershaw, Ian <i>Hitler 1889–1936: Hubris</i>, W. W. Norton, New York, 1998, pp. xxiii–xxv</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kershaw, Ian <i>Hitler 1889–1936: Hubris</i>, W. W. Norton, New York, 1998, p. xx</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lukacs,_John_1997,_page_32-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lukacs,_John_1997,_page_32_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lukacs,_John_1997,_page_32_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lukacs, John <i>The Hitler of History</i>, New York: Vintage Books, 1997, 1998 p. 32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kershaw, Ian <i>The Nazi Dictatorship: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation</i>, London: Arnold 2000 p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kershaw, Ian <i>Hitler 1889–1936: Hubris</i>, W. W. Norton, New York, 1998 p. xxvi</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kershaw, Ian <i>Hitler 1889–1936: Hubris</i>, W. W. Norton, New York, 1998 p. xiii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Snowman, Daniel "Ian Kershaw" pp. 18–20 from <i>History Today</i> Volume 51, Issue 7, July 2001 pp. 19–20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Europe_pages_10-17-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Europe_pages_10-17_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Europe_pages_10-17_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Europe's Second Thirty Years War" pp. 10–17 from <i>History Today</i>, Volume 55, Issue # 9, September 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kershaw, Ian <i>Hitler 1889–1936: Hubris</i>, W. W. Norton, New York, 1998 pp. 530–531</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"'Improvised genocide?' The Emergence of the 'Final Solution' in the 'Morgenthau" pp. 51–78 from <i>Transactions of the Royal Historical Society</i>, Volume 2, December 1992</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kershaw, Ian <i>Hitler 1936-1945: Nemesis</i>, New York: W. W. Norton, 2001 p. 927</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kershaw, Ian <i>The Nazi Dictatorship</i> London: Edward Arnold 2000 p. 97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated3-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kershaw, Ian <i>Hitler 1889–1936: Hubris</i>, W. W. Norton, New York, 1998 pp. 529–531</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Werner Willikens quoted in Kershaw, Ian "'Working Towards the Führer.' Reflections on the Nature of the Hitler Dictatorship."—<i>Contemporary European History</i> (1993): 103–118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated4-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated4_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated4_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kershaw, Ian <i>Hitler 1889–1936: Hubris</i>, W. W. Norton, New York, 1998 pp. 531–533</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kershaw, Ian "'Working Towards the Führer' Reflections on the Nature of the Hitler Dictatorship" pp. 231–252 from <i>The Third Reich</i> edited by Christian Leitz, London: Blackwill, 1999 pp. 235–236</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kershaw, Ian "'Working Towards the Führer' Reflections on the Nature of the Hitler Dictatorship" pp. 231–252 from <i>The Third Reich</i> edited by Christian Leitz, London: Blackwill, 1999 p. 240</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kershaw, Ian "'Working Towards the Führer' Reflections on the Nature of the Hitler Dictatorship" pp. 231–252 from <i>The Third Reich</i> edited by Christian Leitz, London: Blackwill, 1999 p. 243</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kershaw, Ian "'Working Towards the Führer' Reflections on the Nature of the Hitler Dictatorship" pp. 231–252 from <i>The Third Reich</i> edited by Christian Leitz, London: Blackwill, 1999 p. 244</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kershaw, Ian "'Working Towards the Führer' Reflections on the Nature of the Hitler Dictatorship" pp. 231–252 from <i>The Third Reich</i> edited by Christian Leitz, London: Blackwill, 1999 p. 245</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kershaw, Ian "'Working Towards the Führer' Reflections on the Nature of the Hitler Dictatorship" pp. 231–252 from <i>The Third Reich</i> edited by Christian Leitz, London: Blackwill, 1999 p. 246</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kershaw, Ian "'Working Towards the Führer' Reflections on the Nature of the Hitler Dictatorship" pp. 231–252 from <i>The Third Reich</i> edited by Christian Leitz, London: Blackwill, 1999 p. 248</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rees,_Laurence_The_Nazis_pages_141-142-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rees,_Laurence_The_Nazis_pages_141-142_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rees,_Laurence_The_Nazis_pages_141-142_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rees, Laurence The Nazis: A Warning From History, New York: New Press, 1997 pp. 141–142</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kershaw, Ian "'Working Towards the Führer' Reflections on the Nature of the Hitler Dictatorship" pp. 231–252 from <i>The Third Reich</i> edited by Christian Leitz, London: Blackwill, 1999 pp. 246–247</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kulka_2000-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kulka_2000_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKulka2000" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Otto_Dov_Kulka" title="Otto Dov Kulka">Kulka, Otto Dov</a> (February 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.yadvashem.org/about_HOLocaust/studies/vol33/abs_Otto_Dov_Kulka.html">"The Role of Hitler in the 'Final Solution'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Yad Vashem. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605141506/http://www1.yadvashem.org/about_HOLocaust/studies/vol33/abs_Otto_Dov_Kulka.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Role+of+Hitler+in+the+%27Final+Solution%27&rft.pub=Yad+Vashem&rft.date=2000-02&rft.aulast=Kulka&rft.aufirst=Otto+Dov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.yadvashem.org%2Fabout_HOLocaust%2Fstudies%2Fvol33%2Fabs_Otto_Dov_Kulka.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Kershaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKershaw2001" class="citation book cs1">Kershaw, Ian (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B5fJYMxufVcC&dq=Hitler%20Nemesis&pg=PA311"><i>Hitler, 1936-45: Nemesis</i></a>. W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32252-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32252-1"><bdi>978-0-393-32252-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%2C+1936-45%3A+Nemesis&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-393-32252-1&rft.aulast=Kershaw&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB5fJYMxufVcC%26dq%3DHitler%2520Nemesis%26pg%3DPA311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Kershaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2011/aug/17/ian-kershaw-life-writing-interview">"A life in writing: Ian Kershaw"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. 11 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=A+life+in+writing%3A+Ian+Kershaw&rft.date=2011-08-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fculture%2F2011%2Faug%2F17%2Fian-kershaw-life-writing-interview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Kershaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLivingstone2013" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Livingstone, Helen (29 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stern.de/panorama/gesellschaft/70--geburtstag-des-historikers-ian-kershaw-bleibt-bei-europas-zukunft-skeptisch-3207226.html">"70. Geburtstag des Historikers – Ian Kershaw bleibt bei Europas Zukunft skeptisch"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Stern_(magazine)" title="Stern (magazine)">Stern</a></i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170309071701/http://www.stern.de/panorama/gesellschaft/70--geburtstag-des-historikers-ian-kershaw-bleibt-bei-europas-zukunft-skeptisch-3207226.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stern&rft.atitle=70.+Geburtstag+des+Historikers+%E2%80%93+Ian+Kershaw+bleibt+bei+Europas+Zukunft+skeptisch&rft.date=2013-04-29&rft.aulast=Livingstone&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stern.de%2Fpanorama%2Fgesellschaft%2F70--geburtstag-des-historikers-ian-kershaw-bleibt-bei-europas-zukunft-skeptisch-3207226.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Kershaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070620020354/http://www.britac.ac.uk/bookprize/result01.html">"British Academy: The British Academy Book Prize – Result of the 2001 Competition"</a>. Britac.ac.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britac.ac.uk/bookprize/result01.html">the original</a> on 20 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+Academy%3A+The+British+Academy+Book+Prize+%E2%80%93+Result+of+the+2001+Competition&rft.pub=Britac.ac.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britac.ac.uk%2Fbookprize%2Fresult01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Kershaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071224065239/http://www.shef.ac.uk/history/staff/ian_kershaw.html">"Professor Sir Ian Kershaw, B.A. (Liv.), D.Phil. (Oxon.), F.B.A."</a> Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shef.ac.uk/history/staff/ian_kershaw.html">the original</a> on 24 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Professor+Sir+Ian+Kershaw%2C+B.A.+%28Liv.%29%2C+D.Phil.+%28Oxon.%29%2C+F.B.A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shef.ac.uk%2Fhistory%2Fstaff%2Fian_kershaw.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Kershaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGazette56595" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/56595/supplement/1">"No. 56595"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i> (Supplement). 15 June 2002. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+56595&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2002-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F56595%2Fsupplement%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Kershaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Working Towards the Fuhrer: Essays in Honour of Sir Ian Kershaw", edited <a href="/wiki/Anthony_McElligott" title="Anthony McElligott">Anthony McElligott</a>, Tim Kirk, Manchester University Press, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-6732-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-6732-4">0-7190-6732-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.leipzig.de/leisure-culture-and-tourism/literature-prizes/leipzig-book-award-for-european-understanding/#c35055">"Leipzig Book Award for European Understanding"</a>. City of <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191228000732/https://english.leipzig.de/leisure-culture-and-tourism/literature-prizes/leipzig-book-award-for-european-understanding/#c35055">Archived</a> from the original on 28 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leipzig+Book+Award+for+European+Understanding&rft.pub=City+of+Leipzig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.leipzig.de%2Fleisure-culture-and-tourism%2Fliterature-prizes%2Fleipzig-book-award-for-european-understanding%2F%23c35055&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Kershaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medaille-charlemagne.eu/en/akteure/sir-ian-kershaw-2018/">"Sir Ian Kershaw (2018)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sir+Ian+Kershaw+%282018%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedaille-charlemagne.eu%2Fen%2Fakteure%2Fsir-ian-kershaw-2018%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Kershaw" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ian_Kershaw&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Kershaw, Ian <i>Working Towards the Führer: Essays in Honour of Sir Ian Kershaw</i>, edited by <a href="/wiki/Anthony_McElligott" title="Anthony McElligott">Anthony McElligott</a> and Tim Kirk, Manchester University Press, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-6732-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-6732-4">0-7190-6732-4</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKershaw2008" class="citation news cs1">Kershaw, Ian (19 October 2008). "The writing life: sometimes history just depends on that next cup of coffee". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> Book World</i>. p. 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post+Book+World&rft.atitle=The+writing+life%3A+sometimes+history+just+depends+on+that+next+cup+of+coffee&rft.pages=11&rft.date=2008-10-19&rft.aulast=Kershaw&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Kershaw" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lukacs" title="John Lukacs">Lukacs, John</a> <i>The Hitler of History</i>, New York : Vintage Books, 1998, 1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-70113-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-70113-3">0-375-70113-3</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Marrus" title="Michael Marrus">Marrus, Michael</a> <i>The Holocaust in History</i>, Toronto: Lester & Orpen Dennys, 1987, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88619-155-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-88619-155-6">0-88619-155-6</a>.</li> <li>Pozzi, Enrico. "Può suicidarsi una nazione? Ian Kershaw sugli ultimi 10 mesi della Germania nazista" (extended review of <i>The End</i>), <i>Il Corpo</i>, January 2012, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilcorpo.com/ilcorpo/rivista-in-progress/puo-suicidarsi-una-nazione-ian-kershaw-sugli-ultimi-10-mesi-della-germania-nazista/">Suicidio finale della Germania di Hitler: luglio '44 - maggio '45 | IL CORPO | Rivista in Progress</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170528161329/http://www.ilcorpo.com/ilcorpo/rivista-in-progress/puo-suicidarsi-una-nazione-ian-kershaw-sugli-ultimi-10-mesi-della-germania-nazista/">Archived</a> 28 May 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Snowman, Daniel "Ian Kershaw" pp. 18–20 from <i>History Today</i> Volume 51, Issue 7, July 2001.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ian_Kershaw&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ian_Kershaw" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ian Kershaw">Ian Kershaw</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Ian_Kershaw" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Ian Kershaw">Ian Kershaw</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?58811">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li></ul> <p><b>On Kershaw</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070211064417/http://www.shef.ac.uk/history/staff/ian_kershaw.html">"Ian Kershaw's website at the University of Sheffield"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shef.ac.uk/history/staff/ian_kershaw.html">the original</a> on 11 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ian+Kershaw%27s+website+at+the+University+of+Sheffield&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shef.ac.uk%2Fhistory%2Fstaff%2Fian_kershaw.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Kershaw" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newstatesman.com/200010020044">The Road to Destruction, Richard Gott on <i>Hitler: Nemesis</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2045979.stm">Sir Ian Kershaw: Dissecting Hitler</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fcit.usf.edu/Holocaust/resource/REVIEWS/Kershaw.HTM">Review of Hitler, 1889–1936: Hubris</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,2102-1295442,00.html">Review of Making Friends With Hitler Lord Londonderry and Britain's Road to War</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2025">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAvner_Shapira2009" class="citation news cs1">Avner Shapira (27 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/life/arts-leisure/the-germans-are-coming-1.268958">"The Germans Are Coming"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=The+Germans+Are+Coming&rft.date=2009-01-27&rft.au=Avner+Shapira&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Flife%2Farts-leisure%2Fthe-germans-are-coming-1.268958&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIan+Kershaw" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.org/~diplo/essays/PDF/Weinberg-Kershaw.pdf">Review of Fateful Choices</a> by <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Weinberg" title="Gerhard Weinberg">Gerhard Weinberg</a></li></ul> <p><b>Kershaw interviewed</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120213021228/http://www.penguin.co.uk/nf/Author/AuthorPage/0,,0_1000045443,00.html?sym=QUE">Interview with Ian Kershaw on the Penguin website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/education/2007/jun/05/highereducationprofile.academicexperts">Interview with Ian Kershaw</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.ac.uk/makinghistory/resources/interviews/Kershaw_Ian.html">Interview with Kershaw</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120222050848/http://www.eurozine.com/articles/2002-10-24-roman-en.html">Interview with Ian Kershaw</a></li></ul> <p><b>By Kershaw</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hsozkult.geschichte.hu-berlin.de/forum/type=diskussionen&id=418">Beware the Moral High Ground</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nysun.com/arts/timothy-rybacks-hitlers-private-library/86436/">Review of Hitler's Library</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081229215346/http://www.nysun.com/arts/timothy-rybacks-hitlers-private-library/86436/">Archived</a> 29 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF179;">Awards </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Joanna_Bourke" title="Joanna Bourke">Joanna Bourke</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2"><b> <a href="/wiki/Wolfson_History_Prize" title="Wolfson History Prize">Wolfson History Prize</a> </b><br />2001 <br />With: <b> <a href="/wiki/Mark_Mazower" title="Mark Mazower">Mark Mazower</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roy_Porter" title="Roy Porter">Roy Porter</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Barry_Cunliffe" title="Barry Cunliffe">Barry Cunliffe</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Roberts_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Roberts (historian)">Andrew Roberts</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jerry_White_(historian)" title="Jerry White (historian)">Jerry White</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Keith_Thomas_(historian)" title="Keith Thomas (historian)">Sir Keith Thomas</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Medlicott_Medal" title="Medlicott Medal">Medlicott Medal</a> </b><br />2004 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gilbert" title="Martin Gilbert">Sir Martin Gilbert</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Pollack" title="Martin Pollack">Martin Pollack</a><br /></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Book_Award_for_European_Understanding" title="Leipzig Book Award for European Understanding">Leipzig Book Award for<br />European Understanding</a> </b><br />2012 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_D._Snyder" class="mw-redirect" title="Timothy D. Snyder">Timothy D. Snyder</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Michael_Howard_(historian)" title="Michael Howard (historian)">Michael Howard</a> / <a href="/wiki/Keith_Thomas_(historian)" title="Keith Thomas (historian)">Keith Thomas</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._L._Warren" title="W. L. Warren">W. L. Warren</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frances_Yates" title="Frances Yates">Frances Yates</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Finley" title="Moses Finley">Moses Finley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Zeldin" title="Theodore Zeldin">Theodore Zeldin</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Donaldson" title="Frances Donaldson">Frances Donaldson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Olwen_Hufton" title="Olwen Hufton">Olwen Hufton</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Pevsner" title="Nikolaus Pevsner">Nikolaus Pevsner</a> / <a href="/wiki/Norman_Stone" title="Norman Stone">Norman Stone</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Mack_Smith" title="Denis Mack Smith">Denis Mack Smith</a> / <a href="/wiki/Simon_Schama" title="Simon Schama">Simon Schama</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alistair_Horne" title="Alistair Horne">Alistair Horne</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cobb" title="Richard Cobb">Richard Cobb</a> / <a href="/wiki/Quentin_Skinner" title="Quentin Skinner">Quentin Skinner</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mary_Soames" title="Mary Soames">Mary Soames</a> (1979)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R._J._W._Evans" title="R. J. W. Evans">R. J. W. Evans</a> / <a href="/wiki/F._S._L._Lyons" title="F. S. L. Lyons">F. S. L. Lyons</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._W._Burrow" title="J. W. Burrow">J. W. Burrow</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McManners" title="John McManners">John McManners</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gilbert" title="Martin Gilbert">Martin Gilbert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Rose" title="Kenneth Rose">Kenneth Rose</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonia_Fraser" title="Antonia Fraser">Antonia Fraser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Keen" title="Maurice Keen">Maurice Keen</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Davenport-Hines" title="Richard Davenport-Hines">Richard Davenport-Hines</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Grigg" title="John Grigg">John Grigg</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._H._Elliott" title="J. H. Elliott">J. H. Elliott</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Israel" title="Jonathan Israel">Jonathan Israel</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rees_Davies" title="Rees Davies">Rees Davies</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Pemble&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Pemble (page does not exist)">John Pemble</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfson_History_Prize#Notes" title="Wolfson History Prize"><i>no award</i></a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Evans" title="Richard J. Evans">Richard Evans</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kennedy" title="Paul Kennedy">Paul Kennedy</a> (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Fletcher" title="Richard A. Fletcher">Richard A. Fletcher</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donald_Cameron_Watt" title="Donald Cameron Watt">Donald Cameron Watt</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Platt" title="Colin Platt">Colin Platt</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bossy" title="John Bossy">John Bossy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alan_Bullock" title="Alan Bullock">Alan Bullock</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Colley" title="Linda Colley">Linda Colley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Skidelsky" title="Robert Skidelsky">Robert Skidelsky</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bartlett_(historian)" title="Robert Bartlett (historian)">Robert Bartlett</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Harvey" title="Barbara Harvey">Barbara Harvey</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiona_MacCarthy" title="Fiona MacCarthy">Fiona MacCarthy</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_C._G._R%C3%B6hl" title="John C. G. Röhl">John C. G. Röhl</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Matthew" title="Colin Matthew">H. C. G. Matthew</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando_Figes" title="Orlando Figes">Orlando Figes</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Brewer_(historian)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Brewer (historian) (page does not exist)">John Brewer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Hollis,_Baroness_Hollis_of_Heigham" title="Patricia Hollis, Baroness Hollis of Heigham">Patricia Hollis</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Beevor" title="Antony Beevor">Antony Beevor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Amanda_Vickery" title="Amanda Vickery">Amanda Vickery</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_Bourke" title="Joanna Bourke">Joanna Bourke</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Roberts,_Baron_Roberts_of_Belgravia" title="Andrew Roberts, Baron Roberts of Belgravia">Andrew Roberts</a> (2000)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ian Kershaw</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mark_Mazower" title="Mark Mazower">Mark Mazower</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roy_Porter" title="Roy Porter">Roy Porter</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Cunliffe" title="Barry Cunliffe">Barry Cunliffe</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jerry_White_(historian)" title="Jerry White (historian)">Jerry White</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dalrymple" title="William Dalrymple">William Dalrymple</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gildea" title="Robert Gildea">Robert Gildea</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Harris" title="Frances Harris">Frances Harris</a> / <a href="/wiki/Julian_Jackson_(historian)" title="Julian Jackson (historian)">Julian Jackson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Diarmaid_MacCulloch" title="Diarmaid MacCulloch">Diarmaid MacCulloch</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Overy" title="Richard Overy">Richard Overy</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_Reynolds_(historian)" title="David Reynolds (historian)">David Reynolds</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Welch" title="Evelyn Welch">Evelyn Welch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Chris_Wickham" title="Chris Wickham">Chris Wickham</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Clark" title="Christopher Clark">Christopher Clark</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vic_Gatrell" title="Vic Gatrell">Vic Gatrell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Adam_Tooze" title="Adam Tooze">Adam Tooze</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Darwin_(historian)" title="John Darwin (historian)">John Darwin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Hill" title="Rosemary Hill">Rosemary Hill</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Beard_(classicist)" title="Mary Beard (classicist)">Mary Beard</a> / <a href="/wiki/Margaret_M._McGowan" title="Margaret M. McGowan">Margaret M. McGowan</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Lieven" title="Dominic Lieven">Dominic Lieven</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Sumption,_Lord_Sumption" title="Jonathan Sumption, Lord Sumption">Jonathan Sumption</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Harris_(historian)" title="Ruth Harris (historian)">Ruth Harris</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Thomas_(anthropologist)" title="Nicholas Thomas (anthropologist)">Nicholas Thomas</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susie_Harries" title="Susie Harries">Susie Harries</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Walsham" title="Alexandra Walsham">Alexandra Walsham</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Brigden" title="Susan Brigden">Susan Brigden</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Duggan" title="Christopher Duggan">Christopher Duggan</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian_Broodbank" title="Cyprian Broodbank">Cyprian Broodbank</a> / <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Merridale" title="Catherine Merridale">Catherine Merridale</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Vinen" title="Richard Vinen">Richard Vinen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Watson_(historian)" title="Alexander Watson (historian)">Alexander Watson</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Lane_Fox" title="Robin Lane Fox">Robin Lane Fox</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Wachsmann" title="Nikolaus Wachsmann">Nikolaus Wachsmann</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_de_Hamel" title="Christopher de Hamel">Christopher de Hamel</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Marshall_(historian)" title="Peter Marshall (historian)">Peter Marshall</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Fulbrook" title="Mary Fulbrook">Mary Fulbrook</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Abulafia" title="David Abulafia">David Abulafia</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudhir_Hazareesingh" title="Sudhir Hazareesingh">Sudhir Hazareesingh</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Jackson" title="Clare Jackson">Clare Jackson</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halik_Kochanski" title="Halik Kochanski">Halik Kochanski</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historians_of_Europe725" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historians_of_Europe" title="Template:Historians of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historians_of_Europe" title="Template talk:Historians of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historians_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historians of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historians_of_Europe725" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Historians_of_Europe" title="Category:Historians of Europe">Historians of Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Dalberg-Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton" title="John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton">Acton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._C._W._Blanning" title="T. C. W. Blanning">Blanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernand_Braudel" title="Fernand Braudel">Braudel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Burckhardt" title="Jacob Burckhardt">Burckhardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Dawson" title="Christopher Dawson">Dawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Eisenstein" title="Elizabeth Eisenstein">Eisenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Evans" title="Richard J. Evans">Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Hobsbawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Jacoby" title="Russell Jacoby">Jacoby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Judt" title="Tony Judt">Judt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Kagan" title="Donald Kagan">Kagan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kershaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">von Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lukacs" title="John Lukacs">Lukacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri-Jean_Martin" title="Henri-Jean Martin">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Mazower" title="Mark Mazower">Mazower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Ozment" title="Steven Ozment">Ozment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Pirenne" title="Henri Pirenne">Pirenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke" title="Leopold von Ranke">von Ranke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Roberts_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Roberts (historian)">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._M._Roberts" title="J. M. Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Stone" title="Norman Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._D._Unwin" title="J. D. Unwin">Unwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Zamoyski" title="Adam Zamoyski">Zamoyski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belgium" title="History of Belgium">Belgium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Pirenne" title="Henri Pirenne">Pirenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie_de_Schaepdrijver" title="Sophie de Schaepdrijver">de Schaepdrijver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="History of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and<br />Herzegovina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0brahim_Pe%C3%A7evi" title="İbrahim Peçevi">Peçevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antun_Kne%C5%BEevi%C4%87" title="Antun Knežević">Knežević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamdija_Kre%C5%A1evljakovi%C4%87" title="Hamdija Kreševljaković">Kreševljaković</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enver_Red%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Enver Redžić">Redžić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marko_Vego" title="Marko Vego">Vego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmedin_Mesihovi%C4%87" title="Salmedin Mesihović">Mesihović</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the United Kingdom">United<br />Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Adamson" title="Donald Adamson">Adamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Allen" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert C. Allen">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_Anderson" title="Perry Anderson">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Armstrong" title="Karen Armstrong">Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Bailyn" title="Bernard Bailyn">Bailyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asa_Briggs" title="Asa Briggs">Briggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Butterfield" title="Herbert Butterfield">Butterfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Davies_(historian)" title="John Davies (historian)">Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eamon_Duffy" title="Eamon Duffy">Duffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Rudolph_Elton" class="mw-redirect" title="Geoffrey Rudolph Elton">Elton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niall_Ferguson" title="Niall Ferguson">Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Harding_Firth" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Harding Firth">Firth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonia_Fraser" title="Antonia Fraser">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Rawson_Gardiner" title="Samuel Rawson Gardiner">Gardiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_of_Monmouth" title="Geoffrey of Monmouth">Geoffrey of Monmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Hastings" title="Max Hastings">Hastings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Edward_Christopher_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="John Edward Christopher Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Himmelfarb" title="Gertrude Himmelfarb">Himmelfarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Hobsbawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hyde,_1st_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon">Hyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Johnson_(writer)" title="Paul Johnson (writer)">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Edward_Lloyd" title="John Edward Lloyd">Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wm._Roger_Louis" title="Wm. Roger Louis">Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Babington_Macaulay" title="Thomas Babington Macaulay">Macaulay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._J._Marshall" title="P. J. Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Bernstein_Namier" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis Bernstein Namier">Namier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_O._Morgan" title="Kenneth O. Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Roberts_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Roberts (historian)">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Seeley" title="John Robert Seeley">Seeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Starkey" title="David Starkey">Starkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Stone" title="Lawrence Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._H._Tawney" title="R. H. Tawney">Tawney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Thomas_(historian)" title="Keith Thomas (historian)">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._P._Thompson" title="E. P. Thompson">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Macaulay_Trevelyan" class="mw-redirect" title="George Macaulay Trevelyan">Trevelyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Trevor-Roper,_Baron_Dacre_of_Glanton" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh Trevor-Roper, Baron Dacre of Glanton">Trevor-Roper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._V._Wedgwood" title="C. V. Wedgwood">Wedgwood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Croatia" title="History of Croatia">Croatia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivo_Banac" title="Ivo Banac">Banac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirjana_Gross" title="Mirjana Gross">Gross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radoslav_Kati%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Radoslav Katičić">Katičić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nada_Klai%C4%87" title="Nada Klaić">Klaić (Nada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vjekoslav_Klai%C4%87" title="Vjekoslav Klaić">Klaić (Vjekoslav)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Lucius" title="Johannes Lucius">Lucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trpimir_Macan" title="Trpimir Macan">Macan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franjo_Ra%C4%8Dki" title="Franjo Rački">Rački</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdo_%C5%A0i%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Ferdo Šišić">Šišić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadija_Smi%C4%8Diklas" title="Tadija Smičiklas">Smičiklas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavao_Ritter_Vitezovi%C4%87" title="Pavao Ritter Vitezović">Vitezović</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finland" title="History of Finland">Finland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Borodkin" title="Mikhail Borodkin">Borodkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kesar_Ordin" title="Kesar Ordin">Ordin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Gabriel_Porthan" title="Henrik Gabriel Porthan">Porthan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_France" title="History of France">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bainville" title="Jacques Bainville">Bainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Bloch" title="Marc Bloch">Bloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Becker" title="Jean-Jacques Becker">Becker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalie_Zemon_Davis" title="Natalie Zemon Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Duby" title="Georges Duby">Duby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Febvre" title="Lucien Febvre">Febvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alistair_Horne" title="Alistair Horne">Horne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Johnson_(historian)" title="Douglas Johnson (historian)">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Le_Roy_Ladurie" title="Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie">Ladurie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Marrus" title="Michael Marrus">Marrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Michelet" title="Jules Michelet">Michelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Mousnier" title="Roland Mousnier">Mousnier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Roswell_Palmer" title="Robert Roswell Palmer">Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Paxton" title="Robert Paxton">Paxton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Renouvin" title="Pierre Renouvin">Renouvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Roberts_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Roberts (historian)">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeev_Sternhell" title="Zeev Sternhell">Sternhell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">de Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Weber" title="Eugen Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">Germany</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria" title="History of Austria">Austria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gisela_Bock" title="Gisela Bock">Bock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Dietrich_Bracher" title="Karl Dietrich Bracher">Bracher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Broszat" title="Martin Broszat">Broszat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Bullock" title="Alan Bullock">Bullock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Citino" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Citino">Citino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_A._Craig" title="Gordon A. Craig">Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Evans" title="Richard J. Evans">Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Fest" title="Joachim Fest">Fest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Fischer_(historian)" title="Fritz Fischer (historian)">Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_G%C3%B6rres" title="Joseph Görres">Görres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Hildebrand" title="Klaus Hildebrand">Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Hillgruber" title="Andreas Hillgruber">Hillgruber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_House" title="Jonathan House">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Hirschfeld" title="Gerhard Hirschfeld">Hirschfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eberhard_J%C3%A4ckel" title="Eberhard Jäckel">Jäckel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kershaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Komlos" title="John Komlos">Komlos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Koonz" title="Claudia Koonz">Koonz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieter_Langewiesche" title="Dieter Langewiesche">Langewiesche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Lower" title="Wendy Lower">Lower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Mason" title="Timothy Mason">Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Meinecke" title="Friedrich Meinecke">Meinecke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Moeller_van_den_Bruck" title="Arthur Moeller van den Bruck">Moeller van den Bruck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Mommsen" title="Hans Mommsen">Mommsen (Hans)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Mommsen" title="Wolfgang Mommsen">Mommsen (Wolfgang)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Mosse" title="George Mosse">Mosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Nolte" title="Ernst Nolte">Nolte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detlev_Peukert" title="Detlev Peukert">Peukert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Ritter" title="Gerhard Ritter">Ritter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Rothfels" title="Hans Rothfels">Rothfels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Stern" title="Fritz Stern">Stern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Stahel" title="David Stahel">Stahel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_St%C3%BCrmer" title="Michael Stürmer">Stürmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Treitschke" title="Heinrich von Treitschke">von Treitschke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._J._P._Taylor" title="A. J. P. Taylor">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Trevor-Roper" title="Hugh Trevor-Roper">Trevor-Roper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Ulrich_Wehler" title="Hans-Ulrich Wehler">Wehler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfram_Wette" title="Wolfram Wette">Wette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Wolffsohn" title="Michael Wolffsohn">Wolffsohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred-Maurice_de_Zayas" title="Alfred-Maurice de Zayas">de Zayas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Zitelmann" title="Rainer Zitelmann">Zitelmann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland" title="History of Ireland">Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Bonaventure_Browne" title="Mary Bonaventure Browne">Browne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_John_Byrne" title="Francis John Byrne">Byrne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADche%C3%A1l_%C3%93_Cl%C3%A9irigh" title="Mícheál Ó Cléirigh">Cléirigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Hughes_(historian)" title="Kathleen Hughes (historian)">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Keating" title="Geoffrey Keating">Keating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F.S.L._Lyons" class="mw-redirect" title="F.S.L. Lyons">Lyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muirchu_moccu_Machtheni" class="mw-redirect" title="Muirchu moccu Machtheni">Machtheni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Curry" title="Eugene O'Curry">O'Curry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_O%27Donovan_(scholar)" title="John O'Donovan (scholar)">O'Donovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%ADrech%C3%A1n" title="Tírechán">Tírechán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_James_Ware" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir James Ware">Ware</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Arnone_Sipari" title="Lorenzo Arnone Sipari">Arnone Sipari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R.J.B._Bosworth" class="mw-redirect" title="R.J.B. Bosworth">Bosworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Croce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Cronin" title="Vincent Cronin">Cronin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renzo_De_Felice" title="Renzo De Felice">De Felice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Gentile" title="Emilio Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ginsborg" title="Paul Ginsborg">Ginsborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Ginzburg" title="Carlo Ginzburg">Ginzburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrigo_Petacco" title="Arrigo Petacco">Petacco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Salvemini" title="Gaetano Salvemini">Salvemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Mack_Smith" title="Denis Mack Smith">Smith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Moldova" title="History of Moldova">Moldova</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petre_Cazacu" class="mw-redirect" title="Petre Cazacu">Cazacu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Iorga" title="Nicolae Iorga">Iorga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Nistor" title="Ion Nistor">Nistor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_King_(professor_of_international_affairs)" title="Charles King (professor of international affairs)">King</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pieter_Geyl" title="Pieter Geyl">Geyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lothrop_Motley" title="John Lothrop Motley">Motley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Israel" title="Jonathan Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Schama" title="Simon Schama">Schama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland" title="History of Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawel_Jasienica" class="mw-redirect" title="Pawel Jasienica">Jasienica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wickham_Steed" title="Wickham Steed">Steed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal" title="History of Portugal">Portugal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Hermano_Saraiva" title="José Hermano Saraiva">Hermano Saraiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mattoso" title="José Mattoso">Mattoso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._H._de_Oliveira_Marques" title="A. H. de Oliveira Marques">Oliveira Marques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Rosas" title="Fernando Rosas">Rosas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Romania" title="History of Romania">Romania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucian_Boia" title="Lucian Boia">Boia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogdan_Petriceicu_Hasdeu" title="Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu">Hasdeu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Iorga" title="Nicolae Iorga">Iorga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihail_Kogalniceanu" class="mw-redirect" title="Mihail Kogalniceanu">Kogalniceanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Mitrany" title="David Mitrany">Mitrany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tismaneanu" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladimir Tismaneanu">Tismaneanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_D._Xenopol" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandru D. Xenopol">Xenopol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Applebaum" title="Anne Applebaum">Applebaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Bethell" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Bethell">Bethell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Cronin" title="Vincent Cronin">Cronin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Danilov" title="Viktor Danilov">Danilov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando_Figes" title="Orlando Figes">Figes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Fitzpatrick" title="Sheila Fitzpatrick">Fitzpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Kennedy_Grimsted" title="Patricia Kennedy Grimsted">Grimsted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Hj%C3%A4rne" title="Harald Hjärne">Hjärne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hosking" title="Geoffrey Hosking">Hosking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindsey_Hughes" title="Lindsey Hughes">Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin" title="Nikolay Karamzin">Karamzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kenez" title="Peter Kenez">Kenez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleg_Khlevniuk" title="Oleg Khlevniuk">Khlevniuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Lewin" title="Moshe Lewin">Lewin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Medvedev" title="Roy Medvedev">Medvedev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Petrov" title="Nikita Petrov">Petrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Pipes" title="Richard Pipes">Pipes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Service_(historian)" title="Robert Service (historian)">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Shearer" title="David Shearer">Shearer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Solzhenitsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Taubman" title="William Taubman">Taubman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Ulam" title="Adam Ulam">Ulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Werth" title="Nicolas Werth">Werth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbia" title="History of Serbia">Serbia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_%C4%86orovi%C4%87" title="Vladimir Ćorović">Ćorović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sima_%C4%86irkovi%C4%87" title="Sima Ćirković">Ćirković</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovan_I._Dereti%C4%87" title="Jovan I. Deretić">Deretić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rade_Mihalj%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Rade Mihaljčić">Mihaljčić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stojan_Novakovi%C4%87" title="Stojan Novaković">Novaković</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanoje_Stanojevi%C4%87" title="Stanoje Stanojević">Stanojević</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scotland" title="History of Scotland">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G._W._S._Barrow" title="G. W. S. Barrow">Barrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Boece" title="Hector Boece">Boece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Buchanan" title="George Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Burnet" title="Gilbert Burnet">Burnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Fordun" title="John of Fordun">John of Fordun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Harvie" title="Christopher Harvie">Harvie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Kidd" title="Colin Kidd">Kidd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lynch_(historian)" title="Michael Lynch (historian)">Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Oram" title="Richard Oram">Oram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Tranter" title="Nigel Tranter">Tranter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovakia" title="History of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ladislav_De%C3%A1k" title="Ladislav Deák">Deák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Kamenec" title="Ivan Kamenec">Kamenec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Franti%C5%A1ek_Koll%C3%A1r" title="Adam František Kollár">Kollár</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juraj_Marusiak" class="mw-redirect" title="Juraj Marusiak">Marusiak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zora_Mintalov%C3%A1-Zubercov%C3%A1" title="Zora Mintalová-Zubercová">Mintalová-Zubercová</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Jozef_%C5%A0af%C3%A1rik" title="Pavel Jozef Šafárik">Šafárik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovenia" title="History of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bogo_Grafenauer" title="Bogo Grafenauer">Grafenauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasilij_Melik" title="Vasilij Melik">Melik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marta_Verginella" title="Marta Verginella">Verginella</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain" title="History of Spain">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Altamira_y_Crevea" title="Rafael Altamira y Crevea">Altamira y Crevea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Ari%C3%A9" title="Rachel Arié">Arié</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Beevor" title="Antony Beevor">Beevor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_Bennassar" title="Bartolomé Bennassar">Bennassar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Biclaro" title="John of Biclaro">John of Biclaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Carr" title="Raymond Carr">Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Collins" title="Roger Collins">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Elliott_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Elliott (historian)">Elliott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Florencio" title="Rafael Núñez Florencio">Florencio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Gibson_(author)" title="Ian Gibson (author)">Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreu_Ivars" title="Andreu Ivars">Ivars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kamen" title="Henry Kamen">Kamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Parker_(historian)" title="Geoffrey Parker (historian)">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne">Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P%C3%A9rez" title="Joseph Pérez">Pérez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Preston" title="Paul Preston">Preston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Rada" title="Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada">de Rada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Ribera_y_Tarrag%C3%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian Ribera y Tarragó">Ribera y Tarragó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Thomas,_Baron_Thomas_of_Swynnerton" title="Hugh Thomas, Baron Thomas of Swynnerton">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden" title="History of Sweden">Sweden</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Englund" title="Peter Englund">Englund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anders_Fryxell" title="Anders Fryxell">Fryxell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Gustaf_Geijer" title="Erik Gustaf Geijer">Geijer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Grimberg" title="Carl Grimberg">Grimberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Harrison" title="Dick Harrison">Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnhild_Hatton" title="Ragnhild Hatton">Hatton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harald_Hj%C3%A4rne" title="Harald Hjärne">Hjärne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_L%C3%B6nnroth" title="Erik Lönnroth">Lönnroth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaus_Magnus" title="Olaus Magnus">Magnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">von Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Ringmar" title="Erik Ringmar">Ringmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Roberts_(historian)" title="Michael Roberts (historian)">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Robinson_(1650%E2%80%931723)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Robinson (1650–1723)">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sven_Stolpe" title="Sven Stolpe">Stolpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curt_Weibull" title="Curt Weibull">Weibull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauritz_Weibull" title="Lauritz Weibull">Weibull</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivo_Banac" title="Ivo Banac">Banac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misha_Glenny" title="Misha Glenny">Glenny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jelavich" title="Barbara Jelavich">Jelavich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Schwartz_(journalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Schwartz (journalist)">Schwartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jozo_Tomasevich" title="Jozo Tomasevich">Tomasevich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link 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