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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>relies largely or entirely on a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_with_a_single_source" title="Wikipedia:Articles with a single source">single source</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Operation_Commando##" title="Talk:Operation Commando">talk page</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operation_Commando&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">introducing citations to additional sources</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Operation+Commando%22">"Operation Commando"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Operation+Commando%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Operation+Commando%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Operation+Commando%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Operation+Commando%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Operation+Commando%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Operation Commando</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>3–12 October 1951</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Jamestown_Line" title="Jamestown Line">Jamestown Line</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, 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height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><span data-sort-value="South Korea"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Korea" title="First Republic of Korea">South Korea</a></span></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">China</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/James_Van_Fleet" title="James Van Fleet">James Van Fleet</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/John_W._O%27Daniel" title="John W. O'Daniel">John W. O'Daniel</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Unknown</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Units involved</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/I_Corps_(United_States)" title="I Corps (United States)">I Corps</a> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/1st_Cavalry_Division_(United_States)" title="1st Cavalry Division (United States)">1st Cavalry Division</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/3rd_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="3rd Infantry Division (United States)">3rd Infantry Division</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><img alt="Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Volunteer_Corps_for_Korea" title="Belgian Volunteer Corps for Korea">Belgian Volunteer Corps for Korea</a> (attached to <a href="/wiki/3rd_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="3rd Infantry Division (United States)">US 3rd ID</a>)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Korea" title="First Republic of Korea"><img alt="First Republic of Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea_%281949%E2%80%931984%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/1st_Infantry_Division_(South_Korea)" title="1st Infantry Division (South Korea)">1st Infantry Division</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/1st_Commonwealth_Division" title="1st Commonwealth Division">1st Commonwealth Division</a></li></ul> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/IX_Corps_(United_States)" title="IX Corps (United States)">IX Corps</a> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/25th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="25th Infantry Division (United States)">25th Infantry Division</a></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/42nd_Army_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="42nd Army (People's Republic of China)">42nd Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/47th_Group_Army" title="47th Group Army">47th Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/64th_Army_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="64th Army (People's Republic of China)">64th Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/65th_Army_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="65th Army (People's Republic of China)">65th Army</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 4,000<sup id="cite_ref-Johnston_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnston-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <b>US Claim</b>: 21,000<sup id="cite_ref-Johnston_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnston-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Korean_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Korean War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Korean_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Korean War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Korean_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Korean War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Korean_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Korean_War#The_drive_south_and_Pusan_(July–September_1950)" title="Korean War">North Korean offensive</a><br /><small>(25 June – 15 September 1950)</small></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Pokpung" title="Operation Pokpung">Pokpung</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chuncheon" title="Battle of Chuncheon">Chuncheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gorangpo" title="Battle of Gorangpo">Gorangpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kaesong%E2%80%93Munsan" title="Battle of Kaesong–Munsan">Kaesong–Munsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ongjin_Peninsula" title="Battle of Ongjin Peninsula">Ongjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Uijeongbu_(1950)" title="Battle of Uijeongbu (1950)">Uijeongbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Seoul" title="First Battle of Seoul">1st Seoul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Suwon_Airfield" title="Battle of Suwon Airfield">Suwon Airfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Battle_of_South_Korea" title="Air Battle of South Korea">Air Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Andong" title="Battle of Andong">Andong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chumonchin_Chan" title="Battle of Chumonchin Chan">Chumonchin Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Osan" title="Battle of Osan">Osan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pyongtaek" title="Battle of Pyongtaek">Pyongtaek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chonan" title="Battle of Chonan">Chonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chochiwon" title="Battle of Chochiwon">Chochiwon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taejon" title="Battle of Taejon">Taejon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sangju_(1950)" title="Battle of Sangju (1950)">Sangju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yongdong" title="Battle of Yongdong">Yongdong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hwanggan" title="Battle of Hwanggan">Hwanggan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadong_Ambush" title="Hadong Ambush">Hadong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Notch" title="Battle of the Notch">Notch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pusan_Perimeter" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Pusan Perimeter"><b>Pusan Perimeter</b></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Masan" title="Battle of Masan">Masan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_P%27ohang-dong" title="Battle of P'ohang-dong">P'ohang-dong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taegu" title="Battle of Taegu">Taegu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Naktong_Bulge" title="First Battle of Naktong Bulge">1st Naktong Bulge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bowling_Alley" title="Battle of the Bowling Alley">Bowling Alley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Battle_Mountain" title="Battle of Battle Mountain">Battle Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kyongju" title="Battle of Kyongju">Kyongju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haman" title="Battle of Haman">Haman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nam_River" title="Battle of Nam River">Nam River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ka-san" title="Battle of Ka-san">Ka-san</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tabu-dong" title="Battle of Tabu-dong">Tabu-dong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yongsan" title="Battle of Yongsan">Yongsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Naktong_Bulge" title="Second Battle of Naktong Bulge">2nd Naktong Bulge</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Korean_War#Battle_of_Inchon_(September_1950)" title="Korean War">United Nations Command counteroffensive</a><br /><small>(15 September – 30 October 1950)</small></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Inchon" title="Battle of Inchon"><b>Inchon</b></a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pusan_Perimeter_offensive" title="Pusan Perimeter offensive">Pusan Perimeter offensive</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Seoul" title="Second Battle of Seoul">2nd Seoul</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/UN_September_1950_counteroffensive" class="mw-redirect" title="UN September 1950 counteroffensive">UN September 1950 counteroffensive</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hill_282" title="Battle of Hill 282">Hill 282</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/UN_offensive_into_North_Korea" title="UN offensive into North Korea">UN offensive into North Korea</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sariwon" title="Battle of Sariwon">Sariwon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pyongyang_(1950)" title="Battle of Pyongyang (1950)">Pyongyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yongyu" title="Battle of Yongyu">Yongyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kujin" title="Battle of Kujin">Kujin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chongju_(1950)" title="Battle of Chongju (1950)">Chongju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunchon_tunnel_massacre" title="Sunchon tunnel massacre">Sunchon tunnel</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Korean_War#China_intervenes_(October–December_1950)" title="Korean War">Chinese Intervention</a><br /><small>(25 October 1950 – January 1951)</small></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Onjong" title="Battle of Onjong">Onjong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Unsan" title="Battle of Unsan">Unsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pakchon" title="Battle of Pakchon">Pakchon</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Second_Phase_Offensive" title="Second Phase Offensive">Second Phase Offensive</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ch%27ongch%27on_River" title="Battle of the Ch'ongch'on River"><b>Ch'ongch'on River</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wawon" title="Battle of Wawon">Wawon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chosin_Reservoir" title="Battle of Chosin Reservoir"><b>Chosin Reservoir</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_Force_Faith" title="Task Force Faith">Task Force Faith</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_retreat_from_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="UN retreat from North Korea">UN retreat from North Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungnam_evacuation" title="Hungnam evacuation">Hungnam evacuation</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Seoul" title="Third Battle of Seoul">3rd Seoul</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Uijeongbu_(1951)" title="Battle of Uijeongbu (1951)">Uijeongbu</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/First_and_Second_Battles_of_Wonju" class="mw-redirect" title="First and Second Battles of Wonju">1st and 2nd Wonju</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pohang_Operation" title="Pohang Operation">Pohang</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Korean_War#Fighting_around_the_38th_parallel_(January–June_1951)" title="Korean War">Fighting around the 38th parallel</a><br /><small>(January – June 1951)</small></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chaegunghyon" title="Battle of Chaegunghyon">Happy Valley</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Thunderbolt_(1951)" title="Operation Thunderbolt (1951)">Thunderbolt</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Twin_Tunnels" title="Battle of the Twin Tunnels">Twin Tunnels</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Roundup_(1951)" title="Operation Roundup (1951)">Roundup</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hoengsong" title="Battle of Hoengsong">Hoengsong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chipyong-ni" title="Battle of Chipyong-ni">Chipyong-ni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Wonju" title="Third Battle of Wonju">3rd Wonju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chuam-ni" title="Battle of Chuam-ni">Chuam-ni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Wonsan" title="Blockade of Wonsan">Wonsan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Killer" title="Operation Killer">Killer</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ripper" title="Operation Ripper">4th Seoul (Operation Ripper)</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maehwa-san" title="Battle of Maehwa-san">Maehwa-san</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Courageous" title="Operation Courageous">Courageous</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tomahawk" title="Operation Tomahawk">Tomahawk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Rugged" title="Operation Rugged">Rugged</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dauntless" title="Operation Dauntless">Dauntless</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_spring_offensive" title="Chinese spring offensive"><b>Spring offensive</b></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Imjin_River" title="Battle of the Imjin River">Imjin River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yultong" title="Battle of Yultong">Yultong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hwacheon" title="Battle of Hwacheon">Hwacheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kapyong" title="Battle of Kapyong">Kapyong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Soyang_River" title="Battle of the Soyang River">Soyang River</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/UN_May%E2%80%93June_1951_counteroffensive" title="UN May–June 1951 counteroffensive">UN May–June 1951 counteroffensive</a></b></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Korean_War#Stalemate_(July_1951_–_July_1953)" title="Korean War">Stalemate</a><br /><small>(July 1951 – 27 July 1953)</small></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bloody_Ridge" title="Battle of Bloody Ridge">Bloody Ridge</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Minden" title="Operation Minden">Minden</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Punchbowl" title="Battle of the Punchbowl">Punchbowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Heartbreak_Ridge" title="Battle of Heartbreak Ridge">Heartbreak Ridge</a></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Commando</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Maryang-san" title="First Battle of Maryang-san">1st Maryang-san</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haktang-ni" title="Battle of Haktang-ni">Haktang-ni</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Polecharge" title="Operation Polecharge">Polecharge</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Maryang-san" title="Second Battle of Maryang-san">2nd Maryang-san</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Rat_Killer" title="Operation Rat Killer">Rat Killer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hill_Eerie" title="Battle of Hill Eerie">Hill Eerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Old_Baldy" title="Battle of Old Baldy">Old Baldy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blaze" title="Operation Blaze">Blaze</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bunker_Hill_(1952)" title="Battle of Bunker Hill (1952)">Bunker Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Outpost_Kelly" title="Battle of Outpost Kelly">Outpost Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_White_Horse_Hill" title="Battle of White Horse Hill">White Horse Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arrowhead_Hill" title="Battle of Arrowhead Hill">Arrowhead Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Triangle_Hill" title="Battle of Triangle Hill">Triangle Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jackson_Heights" title="Battle of Jackson Heights">Jackson Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Noris" title="Battle of the Noris">Noris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_the_Hook" title="First Battle of the Hook">1st Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Hook" title="Second Battle of the Hook">2nd Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chatkol" title="Battle of Chatkol">Chatkol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Outpost_Vegas" title="Battle for Outpost Vegas">Outpost Vegas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pork_Chop_Hill" title="Battle of Pork Chop Hill">Pork Chop Hill</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Little_Switch" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Little Switch">Little Switch</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nevada_Complex" title="Battle of the Nevada Complex">Nevada Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_the_Hook" title="Third Battle of the Hook">3rd Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outpost_Harry" title="Outpost Harry">Outpost Harry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kumsong" title="Battle of Kumsong">Kumsong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Berlin_Outposts_and_Boulder_City" title="Battle of the Berlin Outposts and Boulder City">Berlin Outposts and Boulder City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Samichon_River" title="Battle of the Samichon River">Samichon River</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Korean_Armistice_Agreement" title="Korean Armistice Agreement">Korean Armistice Agreement</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Big_Switch" title="Operation Big Switch">Big Switch</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panmunjom_Declaration" title="Panmunjom Declaration">Panmunjom Declaration</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Korean_War#Aerial_warfare" title="Korean War">Air operations</a><br /><small>(1950 – 1953)</small></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Battle_of_South_Korea" title="Air Battle of South Korea">Air Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiG_Alley" title="MiG Alley">MiG Alley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sunchon_(air)" title="Battle of Sunchon (air)">Sunchon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Strangle_(Korean_War)" title="Operation Strangle (Korean War)">Strangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_the_Sui-ho_Dam" title="Attack on the Sui-ho Dam">Sui-ho Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_North_Korea" title="Bombing of North Korea">Bombing of North Korea 1950–1953</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Korean_War#Naval_warfare" title="Korean War">Naval operations</a><br /><small>(1950 – 1953)</small></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Naval_engagements_of_the_Korean_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Naval engagements of the Korean War"><span class="wrap">Naval engagements of the Korean War</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><i>For further information, see also:</i><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Korean_War" title="Template:Korean War"><span class="wrap">Korean War (template)</span></a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p><b>Operation Commando</b> was an offensive undertaken by <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Command" title="United Nations Command">United Nations Command</a> (UN) forces during the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> between 3–12 October 1951. The US <a href="/wiki/I_Corps_(United_States)" title="I Corps (United States)">I Corps</a> (including four U.S. Divisions, the <a href="/wiki/1st_Commonwealth_Division" title="1st Commonwealth Division">1st Commonwealth Division</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_Army" title="Republic of Korea Army">Republic of Korea Army</a> (ROK) <a href="/wiki/1st_Infantry_Division_(South_Korea)" title="1st Infantry Division (South Korea)">1st Infantry Division</a>) seized the <a href="/wiki/Jamestown_Line" title="Jamestown Line">Jamestown Line</a>, destroying elements of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Volunteer_Army" title="People's Volunteer Army">People's Volunteer Army</a> (PVA) <a href="/wiki/42nd_Army_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="42nd Army (People's Republic of China)">42nd</a>, <a href="/wiki/47th_Group_Army" title="47th Group Army">47th</a>, <a href="/wiki/64th_Army_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="64th Army (People's Republic of China)">64th</a> and <a href="/wiki/65th_Army_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="65th Army (People's Republic of China)">65th Armies</a>. This prevented the PVA from interdicting the UN supply lines near <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>. </p><p>The attack began on 3 October 1951 from the <i>Wyoming Line</i>, which had been extended during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Minden" title="Operation Minden">Operation Minden</a> and ended on 12 October, with a few hills south of the line still in PVA hands. Seizing these hills required a follow-up operation—<a href="/wiki/Operation_Polecharge" title="Operation Polecharge">Operation Polecharge</a>. As a result of this 6 miles (9.7 km) advance, the badly mauled US <a href="/wiki/1st_Cavalry_Division_(United_States)" title="1st Cavalry Division (United States)">1st Cavalry Division</a> was withdrawn to Japan for refitting.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Commando and Polecharge were the last actions in the war of manoeuvre, which had lasted 16 months. It was replaced by a static war, characterised by fixed defences, trench lines, bunkers, patrols, wiring parties and minefields reminiscent of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a> in 1915–17. Australian involvement in this operation is known by historians as the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Maryang-san" title="First Battle of Maryang-san">First Battle of Maryang-san</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Horner_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horner-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Commando&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Heartbreak_Ridge" title="Battle of Heartbreak Ridge">Battle of Heartbreak Ridge</a> got under way in September 1951, US <a href="/wiki/Eighth_United_States_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighth United States Army">Eighth Army</a> commander General <a href="/wiki/James_Van_Fleet" title="James Van Fleet">James Van Fleet</a> and his staff drew up plans for an ambitious advance in the US I and <a href="/wiki/IX_Corps_(United_States)" title="IX Corps (United States)">IX Corps</a> sectors. Since the important <a href="/wiki/Cheorwon_County" title="Cheorwon County">Ch'orwon</a>-<a href="/wiki/Gimhwa-eup" class="mw-redirect" title="Gimhwa-eup">Kumhwa</a> railroad was exposed to enemy artillery fire and attack, Plan Cudgel envisioned a 15-kilometer drive forward from the <i>Wyoming Line</i> to protect the railroad line and to force the enemy to give up his forward positions. Besides improving communications in central Korea, Van Fleet intended to use the railroad to support a follow-up operation in October which he had named Wrangle. The latter was equally ambitious, for it aimed at cutting off the <a href="/wiki/Korean_People%27s_Army" title="Korean People's Army">Korean People's Army</a> (KPA) forces opposing the ROK <a href="/wiki/I_Corps_(South_Korea)" title="I Corps (South Korea)">I</a> and US <a href="/wiki/X_Corps_(United_States)" title="X Corps (United States)">X Corps</a> on the right flank of the Eighth Army by an amphibious operation on the east coast. If this operation were successful, the forward line of the Eighth Army would run between <a href="/wiki/Pyonggang_County" title="Pyonggang County">Pyonggang</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kojo,_North_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kojo, North Korea (page does not exist)">Kojo</a>. For the landing force, Van Fleet proposed to use US Marine forces with a ROK division following them into the Kojo beach area. Van Fleet frankly recognized that this operation would be a calculated risk and might lead to a dangerous PVA/KPA counterthrust on the west flank as the amphibious forces tried to link up with the US IX Corps along the Kumsong-Kojo road.<sup id="cite_ref-Hermes_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hermes-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Van Fleet asked UN commander General <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Ridgway" title="Matthew Ridgway">Matthew Ridgway</a> for a quick decision on Cudgel and Wrangle, he discarded them himself within a few days. Consideration of the probable costs of Cudgel led him to accept instead a substitute plan submitted by General <a href="/wiki/John_W._O%27Daniel" title="John W. O'Daniel">John W. O'Daniel</a>, the I Corps' commander, at the end of September. O'Daniel outlined a modest 10-kilometer advance by the I Corps to a new defense line called <a href="/wiki/Jamestown_Line" title="Jamestown Line"><i>Jamestown</i></a>, which would allow I Corps to strengthen its supply lines by reducing the truck hauls during the winter months. The Jamestown line began on the west bank of the <a href="/wiki/Imjin_River" title="Imjin River">Imjin River</a> a little over 9 miles (14 km) northeast of <a href="/wiki/Munsan-ni" class="mw-redirect" title="Munsan-ni">Munsan-ni</a>, then arched gently northeast to the town of Samich'on on the Sami-ch'on River (<span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Operation_Commando&params=38.002_N_126.877_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°00′07″N</span> <span class="longitude">126°52′37″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.002°N 126.877°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.002; 126.877</span></span></span></a></span></span>). For the next 10 miles (16 km) the line ran northeast, rejoining the Imjin River near the town of Kyeho-dong, then hugged the high ground south of the Yokkokch'on for about 12 miles (19 km) until it reached the area of Chut'oso, 6 miles (9.7 km) northwest of Ch'orwon. From Chut'oso, the line ran east by north for about 10 miles (16 km), ending approximately 5 miles (8.0 km) northeast of Ch'orwon at the village of Chungasan. Seizure of the key terrain features along this line would screen the <a href="/wiki/Yeoncheon_County" title="Yeoncheon County">Yonch'on</a>-Ch'orwon Valley lines of communication from enemy observation and artillery fire, permit development of the Seoul-Ch'orwon-Kumhwa railroad line and allow the main line of resistance to be advanced. In addition, the I Corps' offensive would keep the enemy off balance and prevent the Eighth Army troops from getting stale.<sup id="cite_ref-Hermes_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hermes-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 98">: 98 </span></sup> </p><p>October was a good month for operations in the west central part of Korea, since the weather was usually dry. This permitted full air support and eliminated the problems of flash floods and heavy mud. Terrain in the I Corps sector varied from low lands in the west to small, steep hills in the center and low rolling hills on the eastern fringes of the Corps' boundary. To carry out Operation Commando, as the I Corps' advance was called, O'Daniel planned to use four divisions from his own Corps and one from the neighboring US IX Corps to prevent the development of a sag along the Corps' boundaries. On the Corps' western flank the ROK 1st Infantry Division, commanded by Brigadier general Bak Lim Hang, would leave <i>Line Wyoming</i>, cross the Imjin River, and move toward <a href="/wiki/Kaesong" title="Kaesong">Kaesong</a>. The British Commonwealth Division, under General <a href="/wiki/James_Cassels_(British_Army_officer)" title="James Cassels (British Army officer)">James Cassels</a>, was on the eastern flank of the ROK 1st and would take the high ground between Samich'on and Kyeho-dong. Still farther east, the 1st Cavalry Division, under Major general <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Leonard_Harrold" title="Thomas Leonard Harrold">Thomas Harrold</a>, would move to the northwest on an 8 miles (13 km) front between Kyeho-dong and Kamgol. On the Corps' right flank, Major general <a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Soule" title="Robert H. Soule">Robert H. Soule</a>'s <a href="/wiki/3rd_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="3rd Infantry Division (United States)">3rd Infantry Division</a> would advance and capture Hill 281, 6 miles (9.7 km) northwest of Ch'orwon, and Hills 373 and 324, 7 miles (11 km) west by north of the city. The 3rd Division would also link up at Chungasan with the IX Corps' <a href="/wiki/25th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="25th Infantry Division (United States)">25th Infantry Division</a>, now commanded by Major general <a href="/wiki/Ira_P._Swift" title="Ira P. Swift">Ira P. Swift</a>, as the 25th advanced to take over defensible terrain north of the confluence of the Hant'an and Namdae Rivers northeast of Ch'orwon.<sup id="cite_ref-Hermes_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hermes-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 98–9">: 98–9 </span></sup> </p><p>Elements, of four PVA armies the 65th, 64th, 47th, and 42nd would have to be pushed back before the <i>Jamestown Line</i> could be reached, but as Van Fleet remarked to the press on 30 September, the basic mission of the Eighth Army was to seek out and destroy the enemy.<sup id="cite_ref-Hermes_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hermes-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 99">: 99 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advance">Advance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Commando&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Advance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australian_casualties_Operation_Commando_Oct_1951_(AWM_HOBJ2443).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Australian_casualties_Operation_Commando_Oct_1951_%28AWM_HOBJ2443%29.jpg/220px-Australian_casualties_Operation_Commando_Oct_1951_%28AWM_HOBJ2443%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Australian_casualties_Operation_Commando_Oct_1951_%28AWM_HOBJ2443%29.jpg/330px-Australian_casualties_Operation_Commando_Oct_1951_%28AWM_HOBJ2443%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Australian_casualties_Operation_Commando_Oct_1951_%28AWM_HOBJ2443%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="349" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption>Members of the 3rd Battalion, The Royal Australian Regiment's (3RAR), and Nationalist Chinese troops bring in an Australian casualty to the Regimental Aid Post during Operation Commando</figcaption></figure> <p>When the operation began on 3 October, the PVA centered their resistance in the 1st Cavalry Division zone. The ROK 1st, 1st Commonwealth, 3rd and 25th Divisions met only light to moderate opposition as they advanced to take their assigned objectives along the <i>Jamestown Line</i>, but the 1st Cavalry Division units had to battle for every foot of ground. Elements of the PVA <a href="/w/index.php?title=139th_Division_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="139th Division (People's Republic of China) (page does not exist)">139th</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=141st_Division_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="141st Division (People's Republic of China) (page does not exist)">141st Divisions</a> of the 47th Army manned the PVA's main line of resistance facing the 1st Cavalry Division and they had constructed defenses similar to those encountered on <i>Heartbreak Ridge</i>, strong bunkers supporting each other with automatic weapons fire, and with heavy concentrations of artillery and mortars interdicting the approach routes to the hills and ridges. Barbed wire aprons and mines guarded the trenches and bunkers and the PVA were well stocked in ammunition and supplies.<sup id="cite_ref-Hermes_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hermes-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 99">: 99 </span></sup> </p><p>Harrold had the <a href="/wiki/70th_Tank_Battalion" class="mw-redirect" title="70th Tank Battalion">70th Tank Battalion</a> under Major Carroll McFalls, Jr. and the 16th Reconnaissance Company operate as a task force on his left flank. The mission of <i>Task Force Mac</i> was to advance along the east bank of the Imjin River toward Kyeho-dong, tying in with the 1st Commonwealth Division's move to the west and protecting the left flank of the <a href="/wiki/5th_Cavalry_Regiment" title="5th Cavalry Regiment">5th Cavalry Regiment</a>. The 5th Cavalry, commanded by Colonel Irving Lehrfeld, and the <a href="/wiki/7th_Cavalry_Regiment" title="7th Cavalry Regiment">7th Cavalry Regiment</a>, under Colonel Dan Gilmer, would attack abreast across the division front. The <a href="/wiki/8th_Cavalry_Regiment" title="8th Cavalry Regiment">8th Cavalry Regiment</a>, with Colonel Eugene J. Field in command, was the divisional reserve. All of the division artillery battalions would participate in the operation. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=61st_Field_Artillery_Regiment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="61st Field Artillery Regiment (page does not exist)">61st</a> and <a href="/wiki/82nd_Field_Artillery_Regiment" title="82nd Field Artillery Regiment">82nd Field Artillery Battalions</a>, 105-mm and 155-mm howitzers respectively, would support the 5th Cavalry, and the <a href="/wiki/77th_Field_Artillery_Regiment" title="77th Field Artillery Regiment">77th</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=99th_Field_Artillery_Regiment&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="99th Field Artillery Regiment (page does not exist)">99th Field Artillery Battalions</a>, both 105-mm howitzer, would support the 7th Cavalry. For general artillery support, I Corps made available to the 1st Cavalry Division the <a href="/w/index.php?title=936th_Field_Artillery_Battalion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="936th Field Artillery Battalion (page does not exist)">936th Field Artillery Battalion</a> (155-mm. howitzer); A Battery, 17th (8-inch howitzer); and A and B Batteries, <a href="/w/index.php?title=204th_Field_Artillery_Battalion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="204th Field Artillery Battalion (page does not exist)">204th Field Artillery Battalion</a> (155-mm. guns). The battalions were along the <a href="/wiki/Main_line_of_resistance" title="Main line of resistance">Main line of resistance</a>, 4–6 miles (6.4–9.7 km) from the <i>Jamestown line</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hermes_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hermes-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 99–100">: 99–100 </span></sup> </p><p>An hour before the attack was launched, the artillery along the I Corps' front began to soften up the enemy defense positions. Then at 06:00 on 3 October the five divisions moved out. In the 1st Cavalry Division sector the PVA response was immediate and violent. <i>Task Force Mac</i> on the left flank encountered heavy mine concentrations coupled with strong artillery and mortar fire; by the end of the day, it had made little progress. As the 5th Cavalry assaulted the four intermediate hill objectives facing the regiment, Hills 222, 272, 346 and 287, the PVA refused to give way. The PVA forces directed artillery and mortar fire at the 5th's three battalions as they labored up the hills, and as soon as the I Corps' artillery lifted, the PVA rushed out to their fighting positions and added heavy small arms, automatic weapons, and grenade fire to halt the attack. Six attempts by the 3rd Battalion won a foothold on Hill 272, but PVA pressure forced a withdrawal later in the day. Only against Hill 222 could the 5th register any lasting success; after a frontal assault by the 3rd Battalion, the PVA had to abandon the hill and fall back to the north. The situation in the 7th Cavalry's area to the east was quite similar. Attacking with the 3rd, <a href="/wiki/Greek_Expeditionary_Force_(Korea)" title="Greek Expeditionary Force (Korea)">Greek</a> and 2nd Battalions abreast, they attempted to storm Hills 418 and 313 along with the ridge and high ground extending from these points. Both the Greek and the 2nd Battalions won their way to the ridge line only to suffer heavy casualties from the PVA counterattacks that followed; neither could hold on. Many positions changed hands three or four times during the course of the day as bitter hand-to-hand fighting marked the intensity of the PVA resistance. By the end of the first day, the supporting artillery had fired over 15,000 rounds at the enemy and the PVA had committed the bulk of their 2nd Artillery Division to help block the advance of the 1st Cavalry Division. The PVA's willingness to use most of their available artillery against the 1st Cavalry was accompanied by bolder employment of the artillery pieces in direct support and counterbattery roles. In the process PVA artillery locations were revealed and soon began to receive attention from both the I Corps' artillery and <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Air_Force" title="Fifth Air Force">Fifth Air Force</a> fighter-bombers.<sup id="cite_ref-Hermes_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hermes-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 100">: 100 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_PWs_Operation_Commando_Oct_1951_(AWM_HOBJ2431).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Chinese_PWs_Operation_Commando_Oct_1951_%28AWM_HOBJ2431%29.jpg/220px-Chinese_PWs_Operation_Commando_Oct_1951_%28AWM_HOBJ2431%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Chinese_PWs_Operation_Commando_Oct_1951_%28AWM_HOBJ2431%29.jpg/330px-Chinese_PWs_Operation_Commando_Oct_1951_%28AWM_HOBJ2431%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Chinese_PWs_Operation_Commando_Oct_1951_%28AWM_HOBJ2431%29.jpg/440px-Chinese_PWs_Operation_Commando_Oct_1951_%28AWM_HOBJ2431%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="636" /></a><figcaption>Chinese soldiers, captured during Operation Commando, being escorted by Australian guards</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite heavy fighting on 4 October, there was little forward progress. Elements of the 8th Cavalry reinforced the 7th Cavalry on the right and assaulted the ridges west of Hill 418, but the PVA clung tenaciously to their positions. When driven off, the PVA expended manpower freely to retake the lost ground. Each PVA company was using ten to twelve machine guns and large quantities of hand grenades. The latter caused the bulk of the 1st Cavalry Division's casualties as the close combat grew more bitter. During the day elements of the PVA <a href="/w/index.php?title=140th_Division_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="140th Division (People's Republic of China) (page does not exist)">140th Division</a> moved up to reinforce the <a href="/w/index.php?title=139th_Mechanized_Infantry_Brigade_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="139th Mechanized Infantry Brigade (People's Republic of China) (page does not exist)">139th Division</a> which had been hard hit by the 1st Cavalry's continued battering of their positions. The 1st Cavalry, in its drive towards the Yokkok-ch'on and the Jamestown line, now had to contend with the bulk of the 47th Army.<sup id="cite_ref-Hermes_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hermes-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 100–1">: 100–1 </span></sup> </p><p>The first crack in the PVA defense came on 5 October, when the 1st Battalion, 8th Cavalry, discovered that the PVA had withdrawn from Hill 418 during the night. By afternoon the 1st Battalion cleared the ridge 1,400 yards (1,300 m) to the northeast and was able to tie in with the <a href="/wiki/15th_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="15th Infantry Regiment (United States)">15th Infantry Regiment</a>, 3rd Division. The 2nd Battalion, 7th Cavalry, then moved up the ridge southwest of Hill 418 and occupied Hill 313 without opposition. On 6 October the 2nd Battalion, 8th Cavalry, launched an attack on Hill 334, 2,200 yards (2,000 m) west of Hill 418, and after two attempts, seized the objective. Heavy PVA counterattacks, day and night, were beaten back. At Hill 287, over 4,000 yards (3,700 m) southwest of Hill 334, the 1st Battalion, 7th Cavalry, fought its way toward the crest and held on to part of the hill at nightfall. Prisoners of war taken on 5–6 October indicated that the PVA were falling back on new prepared defense lines 5–7,000 yards (4.6–6,400.8 m) to the northwest and that many units had been decimated in the opening days of the offensive; food and ammunition stocks, they also reported, were becoming exhausted. On 7 October the 7th Cavalry completed the seizure of Hill 287 and sent the 3rd Battalion to take Hill 347, a little over 2 miles (3.2 km) southwest of Hill 418. Attacking from the south and southeast, the 3rd Battalion began to clear the hill at the end of the day. The fall of Hill 347 meant that the 1st Cavalry now dominated the high ground comprising the <i>Jamestown Line</i> in the northeastern half of the divisional sector.<sup id="cite_ref-Hermes_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hermes-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 101">: 101 </span></sup> </p><p>The breach in the northeast had little immediate effect upon the PVA defense of the hills across the 5th Cavalry front, however, and the relentless hammering of artillery, mortar, and tank fire against the formidable bunker system failed to produce a breakthrough. Even air strikes with <a href="/wiki/Napalm" title="Napalm">Napalm</a> and 1,000-pound bombs made little impression upon the defenders, since the PVA had constructed an intricate trench system and numerous escape routes that negated most of the effects of the air attacks. The dogged PVA defense, in many cases to the last man, took a heavy toll of 1st Cavalry Division forces and frequently produced a situation in which the American assault forces attained an objective in insufficient strength to resist the fierce PVA counterattacks that followed. After eight days of assaults against Hills 346, 230, and 272, the PVA still refused to give ground. But the incessant punishment they had absorbed and the drain in manpower and ammunition stocks were beginning to tell. On the night of 12 October the PVA abandoned Hill 272 and Colonel Field's 8th Cavalry troops took possession the next day without contact.<sup id="cite_ref-Hermes_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hermes-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 101">: 101 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Commando&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Control of Hill 272 opened the eastern approach to the key hill in the PVA's remaining defense line, Hill 346. On 15 October a new operational plan, called <a href="/wiki/Operation_Polecharge" title="Operation Polecharge">Operation Polecharge</a>, was put into effect.<sup id="cite_ref-Hermes_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hermes-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 101–2">: 101–2 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Commando&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Maryang-san" title="First Battle of Maryang-san">First Battle of Maryang-san</a> (3–8 October 1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haktang-ni" title="Battle of Haktang-ni">Battle of Haktang-ni</a> (9–13 October 1951)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Operation_Commando&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Johnston-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Johnston_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnston_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJohnston2003" class="citation book cs1">Johnston, William (2003). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warpatrolscanadi00will"><i>A War of Patrols: Canadian Army Operations in Korea</i></a></span>. Vancouver, British Columbia: UBC Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warpatrolscanadi00will/page/n190">170</a>-1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-1008-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-1008-1"><bdi>978-0-7748-1008-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+War+of+Patrols%3A+Canadian+Army+Operations+in+Korea&rft.place=Vancouver%2C+British+Columbia&rft.pages=170-1&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-1008-1&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwarpatrolscanadi00will&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Commando" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlair1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clay_Blair" title="Clay Blair">Blair, Clay</a> (1987). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/forgottenwaramer0000blai"><i>The Forgotten War: America in Korea 1950–1953</i></a></span>. New York, NY: Times Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/forgottenwaramer0000blai/page/949">949</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812916706" title="Special:BookSources/9780812916706"><bdi>9780812916706</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/15790880">15790880</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forgotten+War%3A+America+in+Korea+1950%E2%80%931953&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=949&rft.pub=Times+Books&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F15790880&rft.isbn=9780812916706&rft.aulast=Blair&rft.aufirst=Clay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fforgottenwaramer0000blai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Commando" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Horner-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Horner_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorner2008" class="citation book cs1">Horner, David, ed. (2008). <i>Duty First: A History of the Royal Australian Regiment. Second Edition</i>. Crows Nest: Allen & Unwin. pp. 72–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781741753745" title="Special:BookSources/9781741753745"><bdi>9781741753745</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Duty+First%3A+A+History+of+the+Royal+Australian+Regiment.+Second+Edition&rft.place=Crows+Nest&rft.pages=72-3&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781741753745&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Commando" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hermes-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hermes_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hermes_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hermes_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hermes_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hermes_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hermes_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hermes_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hermes_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hermes_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hermes_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hermes_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHermes1992" class="citation book cs1">Hermes, Walter (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.army.mil/html/books/020/20-3/index.html"><i>United States Army in the Korean War: Truce Tent and Fighting Front</i></a>. United States Army Center of Military History. pp. 97–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781410224842" title="Special:BookSources/9781410224842"><bdi>9781410224842</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=United+States+Army+in+the+Korean+War%3A+Truce+Tent+and+Fighting+Front&rft.pages=97-8&rft.pub=United+States+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9781410224842&rft.aulast=Hermes&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.army.mil%2Fhtml%2Fbooks%2F020%2F20-3%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOperation+Commando" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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