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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infinitude_of_God"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Infinitude of God</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infinitude_of_God-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Universalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Universalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Universalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Universalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anthropology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anthropology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Anthropology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anthropology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Slavery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neoplatonism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neoplatonism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Neoplatonism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neoplatonism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feast_day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feast_day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Feast day</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feast_day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commentary_on_Gregory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commentary_on_Gregory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Commentary on Gregory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commentary_on_Gregory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gregory of Nyssa</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%82%D9%81_%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B5%D8%B5" title="غريغوريوس أسقف نيصص – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غريغوريوس أسقف نيصص" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80_%D5%86%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB" title="Գրիգոր Նիւսացի – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Գրիգոր Նիւսացի" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregoriu_de_Nisa" title="Gregoriu de Nisa – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Gregoriu de Nisa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissal%C4%B1_Qriqori" title="Nissalı Qriqori – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nissalı Qriqori" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Григорий Нисийски – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Григорий Нисийски" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregori_de_Nissa" title="Gregori de Nissa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gregori de Nissa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%98eho%C5%99_z_Nyssy" title="Řehoř z Nyssy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Řehoř z Nyssy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_fra_Nyssa" title="Gregor fra Nyssa – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gregor fra Nyssa" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_von_Nyssa" title="Gregor von Nyssa – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gregor von Nyssa" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorios_Nyssast" title="Gregorios Nyssast – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Gregorios Nyssast" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CF%81%CE%B7%CE%B3%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%9D%CF%8D%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Γρηγόριος Νύσσης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γρηγόριος Νύσσης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorio_de_Nisa" title="Gregorio de Nisa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gregorio de Nisa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorio_de_Nyssa" title="Gregorio de Nyssa – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gregorio de Nyssa" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorio_Nisakoa" title="Gregorio Nisakoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gregorio Nisakoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="گریگوری نیسا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گریگوری نیسا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A9goire_de_Nysse" title="Grégoire de Nysse – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grégoire de Nysse" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregoarius_fan_Nyssa" title="Gregoarius fan Nyssa – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Gregoarius fan Nyssa" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorio_de_Nisa" title="Gregorio de Nisa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gregorio de Nisa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%88%EC%82%AC%EC%9D%98_%EA%B7%B8%EB%A0%88%EA%B3%A0%EB%A6%AC%EC%98%A4%EC%8A%A4" title="니사의 그레고리오스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="니사의 그레고리오스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80_%D5%86%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB" title="Գրիգոր Նյուսացի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գրիգոր Նյուսացի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grgur_iz_Nise" title="Grgur iz Nise – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Grgur iz Nise" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorius_dari_Nyssa" title="Gregorius dari Nyssa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gregorius dari Nyssa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorio_di_Nissa" title="Gregorio di Nissa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gregorio di Nissa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%94" title="גרגוריוס מניסה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גרגוריוס מניסה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="გრიგოლ ნოსელი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გრიგოლ ნოსელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregori_wa_Nisa" title="Gregori wa Nisa – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Gregori wa Nisa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Григорий Нисский – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Григорий Нисский" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorius_Nyssenus" title="Gregorius Nyssenus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gregorius Nyssenus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisas_Grigorijs" title="Nisas Grigorijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nisas Grigorijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCsszai_Szent_Gergely" title="Nüsszai Szent Gergely – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nüsszai Szent Gergely" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Григориј Ниски – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Григориј Ниски" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg%C3%B4ri%C3%B4sy_avy_any_Nisa" title="Gregôriôsy avy any Nisa – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Gregôriôsy avy any Nisa" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%89" title="غريغوريوس النيسى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="غريغوريوس النيسى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorius_van_Nyssa" title="Gregorius van Nyssa – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gregorius van Nyssa" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E3%83%83%E3%82%B5%E3%81%AE%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AC%E3%82%B4%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AA%E3%82%B9" title="ニュッサのグレゴリオス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニュッサのグレゴリオス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_av_Nyssa" title="Gregor av Nyssa – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gregor av Nyssa" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grzegorz_z_Nyssy" title="Grzegorz z Nyssy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Grzegorz z Nyssy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg%C3%B3rio_de_N%C3%ADssa" title="Gregório de Níssa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gregório de Níssa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigore_de_Nyssa" title="Grigore de Nyssa – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Grigore de Nyssa" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Григорий Нисский – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Григорий Нисский" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_Nyssk%C3%BD" title="Gregor Nysský – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Gregor Nysský" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregor_iz_Nise" title="Gregor iz Nise – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Gregor iz Nise" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Григорије Ниски – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Григорије Ниски" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigorije_Niski" title="Grigorije Niski – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Grigorije Niski" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorios_Nyssalainen" title="Gregorios Nyssalainen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gregorios Nyssalainen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorios_av_Nyssa" title="Gregorios av Nyssa – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gregorios av Nyssa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorio_ng_Nyssa" title="Gregorio ng Nyssa – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Gregorio ng Nyssa" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissal%C4%B1_Gregor" title="Nissalı Gregor – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nissalı Gregor" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D1%96%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Григорій Ніський – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Григорій Ніський" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%81_%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="گریگوری آف نیسا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گریگوری آف نیسا" data-language-autonym="اردو" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">4th-century bishop of Nyssa, Asia Minor</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;background-color:gold;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="display:inline;font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saint</a></div><br /><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Gregory of Nyssa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gregory_of_Nyssa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Gregory_of_Nyssa.jpg/220px-Gregory_of_Nyssa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Gregory_of_Nyssa.jpg/330px-Gregory_of_Nyssa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Gregory_of_Nyssa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="450" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">Icon</a> of Gregory<br />14th-century <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">fresco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chora_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Chora Church">Chora Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:gold;"><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Fathers" title="Cappadocian Fathers">Cappadocian Father</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">c. 335<br /><a href="/wiki/Neocaesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Neocaesarea">Neocaesarea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia_(Roman_province)" title="Cappadocia (Roman province)">Cappadocia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a><br />(modern-day <a href="/wiki/Niksar" title="Niksar">Niksar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokat_Province" title="Tokat Province">Tokat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">c. 394<br /><a href="/wiki/Nyssa_(Cappadocia)" title="Nyssa (Cappadocia)">Nyssa</a>, Cappadocia, Roman Empire<br />(modern-day <a href="/wiki/Harmandal%C4%B1,_Ortak%C3%B6y" title="Harmandalı, Ortaköy">Harmandalı</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ortak%C3%B6y,_Aksaray" title="Ortaköy, Aksaray">Ortaköy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aksaray_Province" title="Aksaray Province">Aksaray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Venerated in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Feast</a></th><td class="infobox-data">10 January (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a>)<br />26 <a href="/wiki/Hathor_(month)" title="Hathor (month)">Hathor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coptic_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Christianity">Coptic Christianity</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />10 January (Catholic <a href="/wiki/General_Roman_Calendar_of_1969" title="General Roman Calendar of 1969">General Roman Calendar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church%E2%80%93Missouri_Synod" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod">Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)<br />9 March (<a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Episcopal_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendar of saints (Episcopal Church)">Episcopal Church USA</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-lff2018_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lff2018-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />14 June, with <a href="/wiki/Macrina_the_Younger" title="Macrina the Younger">Macrina</a> (<a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_America" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in America">ELCA</a>)<br />19 July, with Macrina (<a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table> <style 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/25px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/38px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/50px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1105" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_philosophers" title="Category:Catholic philosophers">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Catholic philosophy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/St-thomas-aquinasFXD.jpg/73px-St-thomas-aquinasFXD.jpg" decoding="async" width="73" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/St-thomas-aquinasFXD.jpg/110px-St-thomas-aquinasFXD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/St-thomas-aquinasFXD.jpg/147px-St-thomas-aquinasFXD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4004" data-file-height="6000" /></span></span><span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Scoto_%28Duns_Scoto%29_-_Studiolo_di_Federico_da_Montefeltro.jpg/68px-Scoto_%28Duns_Scoto%29_-_Studiolo_di_Federico_da_Montefeltro.jpg" decoding="async" width="68" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Scoto_%28Duns_Scoto%29_-_Studiolo_di_Federico_da_Montefeltro.jpg/102px-Scoto_%28Duns_Scoto%29_-_Studiolo_di_Federico_da_Montefeltro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Scoto_%28Duns_Scoto%29_-_Studiolo_di_Federico_da_Montefeltro.jpg/136px-Scoto_%28Duns_Scoto%29_-_Studiolo_di_Federico_da_Montefeltro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="473" data-file-height="762" /></span></span><span class="nowrap"> </span><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/William_of_Ockham.png/82px-William_of_Ockham.png" decoding="async" width="82" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/William_of_Ockham.png/124px-William_of_Ockham.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/William_of_Ockham.png/165px-William_of_Ockham.png 2x" data-file-width="271" data-file-height="361" /></span></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Scotus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Ethics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_virtues" title="Cardinal virtues">Cardinal virtues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_price" title="Just price">Just price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory#Catholic_doctrine" title="Just war theory">Just war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_double_effect" title="Principle of double effect">Principle of Double Effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuistry" title="Casuistry">Casuistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_probabilism" title="Catholic probabilism">Probabilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law#Catholic_natural_law_jurisprudence" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_personalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic personalism">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Social teaching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_Theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation Theology">Liberation Theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Humanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Humanism">Christian Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">Virtue ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_of_mercy" title="Works of mercy">Works of mercy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conceptualism" title="Conceptualism">Conceptualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_realism" title="Moderate realism">Moderate realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominalism" title="Nominalism">Nominalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiddity" title="Quiddity">Quiddity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Essence" title="Essence">essence</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nature_(philosophy)" title="Nature (philosophy)">nature</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haecceity" title="Haecceity">Haecceity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Ways_(Aquinas)" title="Five Ways (Aquinas)">Quinque Viae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">Predestination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theological_determinism" title="Theological determinism">Theological determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compatibilism" title="Compatibilism">Compatibilism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Attributes of God in Christianity">Divine Attributes</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustinianism" title="Augustinianism">Augustinianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Saint_Victor" title="School of Saint Victor">Victorines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llullism" class="mw-redirect" title="Llullism">Llullism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartesianism" title="Cartesianism">Cartesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism_and_Christianity" title="Neoplatonism and Christianity">Christian Neoplatonism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_God" title="Friends of God">Friends of God</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molinism" title="Molinism">Molinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_th%C3%A9ologie" title="Nouvelle théologie">Ressourcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occamism" title="Occamism">Occamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_scholasticism" title="Second scholasticism">Second scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-scholasticism" title="Neo-scholasticism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotism" title="Scotism">Scotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Thomism" title="Analytical Thomism">Analytic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">Salamanca</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Ancient</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenagoras_of_Athens" title="Athenagoras of Athens">Athenagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Benedict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius" title="Boethius">Boethius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory (of Nazianzus)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gregory (of Nyssa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cassian" title="John Cassian">Cassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Climacus" title="John Climacus">Climacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Medieval</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Abelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Hales" title="Alexander of Hales">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Autrecourt" title="Nicholas of Autrecourt">Autrecourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berengar_of_Tours" title="Berengar of Tours">Berengar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Buridan" title="Jean Buridan">Buridan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Cusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meister_Eckhart" title="Meister Eckhart">Eckhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">Eriugena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giles_of_Rome" title="Giles of Rome">Giles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Grosseteste" title="Robert Grosseteste">Grosseteste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominicus_Gundissalinus" title="Dominicus Gundissalinus">Gundissalinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildegard_of_Bingen" title="Hildegard of Bingen">Hildegard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Saint_Victor" title="Hugh of Saint Victor">Hugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Llull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lombard" title="Peter Lombard">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_of_Braga" title="Martin of Braga">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Oresme" title="Nicole Oresme">Oresme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschasius_Radbertus" title="Paschasius Radbertus">Paschasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscellinus" title="Roscellinus">Roscellinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duns_Scotus" title="Duns Scotus">Scotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siger_of_Brabant" title="Siger of Brabant">Siger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symeon_the_New_Theologian" title="Symeon the New Theologian">Symeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thierry_of_Chartres" title="Thierry of Chartres">Thierry</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Arnauld" title="Antoine Arnauld">Arnauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_of_%C3%81vila" title="Teresa of Ávila">Ávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Azpilcueta" title="Martín de Azpilcueta">Azpilcueta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Brentano" title="Franz Brentano">Brentano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Botero" title="Giovanni Botero">Botero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cajetan" title="Thomas Cajetan">Cajetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_F%C3%A9nelon" title="François Fénelon">Fénelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltasar_Graci%C3%A1n" title="Baltasar Gracián">Gracián</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85taj" title="Hugo Kołłątaj">Kołłątaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Krasicki" title="Ignacy Krasicki">Krasicki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">La Mennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Liguori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Malebranche" title="Nicolas Malebranche">Malebranche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Mariana" title="Juan de Mariana">Mariana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexius_Meinong" title="Alexius Meinong">Meinong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_de_Mercado" title="Tomás de Mercado">Mercado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Molina" title="Luis de Molina">Molina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Rosmini" title="Antonio Rosmini">Rosmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Sales" title="Francis de Sales">Sales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingo_de_Soto" title="Domingo de Soto">Soto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Vico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Vitoria" title="Francisco de Vitoria">Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Caramuel_y_Lobkowitz" title="Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz">Caramuel</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:gold;color: var(--color-base)">Contemporary</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mortimer_J._Adler" title="Mortimer J. Adler">Adler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">Anscombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Balthasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Barron" title="Robert Barron">Barron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Blondel" title="Maurice Blondel">Blondel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Congar" title="Yves Congar">Congar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Copleston" title="Frederick Copleston">Copleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Finnis" title="John Finnis">Finnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9ginald_Garrigou-Lagrange" title="Réginald Garrigou-Lagrange">Garrigou-Lagrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Geach" title="Peter Geach">Geach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Gilson" title="Étienne Gilson">Gilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard" title="René Girard">Girard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Guti%C3%A9rrez" title="Gustavo Gutiérrez">Gutiérrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_G%C3%B3mez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Nicolás Gómez Dávila">Dávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano_Guardini" title="Romano Guardini">Guardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Haldane_(philosopher)" title="John Haldane (philosopher)">Haldane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_von_Hildebrand" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Category:Eastern Orthodoxy">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:140%;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christ Pantocrator (Deesis mosaic detail)"><img alt="Christ Pantocrator (Deesis mosaic detail)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg/140px-Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg/210px-Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg/280px-Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2744_x_2900_pixels_3.1_MB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2744" data-file-height="2900" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">Mosaic of <a href="/wiki/Christ_Pantocrator" title="Christ Pantocrator">Christ Pantocrator</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold"> Overview</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Organization of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_theology" title="Eastern Orthodox theology">Theology</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Orthodox_theology" title="History of Eastern Orthodox theology">History of theology</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Church history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament#Eastern_Orthodoxy_and_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="Sacrament">Holy Mysteries</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Christian_theology)" title="Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)">View of salvation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">View of Mary</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon#Eastern_Orthodox_teaching" title="Icon">View of icons</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Background</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a> / <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension<br />of Jesus</a></div></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Christian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Apostolic succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four Marks of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Organization of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Organization</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomy_(Eastern_Orthodoxy)" title="Autonomy (Eastern Orthodoxy)">Autonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocephaly" title="Autocephaly">Autocephaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchate" title="Patriarchate">Patriarchate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarch_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity#Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Episcopal polity">Episcopal polity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Canon law of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Canon law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clergy#Orthodoxy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_(Eastern_Orthodox_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop (Eastern Orthodox Church)">Bishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_(Orthodox_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Priesthood (Orthodox Church)">Priests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deacon#Eastern_Orthodoxy_and_Eastern_Catholicism" title="Deacon">Deacons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christian_monasticism#Byzantine_monasticism" title="Eastern Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Degrees_of_Eastern_Orthodox_monasticism" title="Degrees of Eastern Orthodox monasticism">Degrees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_brotherhood" title="Orthodox brotherhood">Bratstvo</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Autocephaly" title="Autocephaly">Autocephalous</a> jurisdictions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">Autocephalous Churches who are officially part of the communion: <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Alexandria" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Antioch" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch">Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarchate_of_Jerusalem" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarchate of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Romanian Orthodox Church">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Orthodox_Church" title="Bulgarian Orthodox Church">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Orthodox_Church" title="Georgian Orthodox Church">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Cyprus" title="Church of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Greece" title="Church of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Orthodox_Church" title="Polish Orthodox Church">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Orthodox_Church" title="Albanian Orthodox Church">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_the_Czech_Lands_and_Slovakia" title="Orthodox Church of the Czech Lands and Slovakia">Czech Lands and Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Orthodox_Church_%E2%80%93_Archdiocese_of_Ohrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Orthodox Church – Archdiocese of Ohrid">North Macedonia</a></li></ul> </div> <p>Autocephaly recognized by some autocephalous Churches <i>de jure</i>: </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_America" title="Orthodox Church in America">America</a></li></ul> </div> <p>Autocephaly and canonicity recognized by Constantinople and 3 other autocephalous Churches: </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_Ukraine" title="Orthodox Church of Ukraine">Ukraine (OCU)</a></li></ul> <p>Spiritual independence recognized by Georgian Orthodox Church: </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_(Moscow_Patriarchate)" title="Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)">Ukraine (UOC)</a></li></ul> </div> <p><br /> </p> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">Autonomous</a> jurisdictions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Sinai" title="Church of Sinai">Sinai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_Finland" title="Orthodox Church of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Apostolic_Orthodox_Church" title="Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church">Estonia (EP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_Japan" title="Orthodox Church in Japan">Japan (MP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Orthodox_Church" title="Chinese Orthodox Church">China (MP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Metropolis_of_the_Americas" title="Romanian Orthodox Metropolis of the Americas">Americas (RP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_of_Bessarabia" title="Metropolis of Bessarabia">Bessarabia (RP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_of_Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u_and_All_Moldova" title="Metropolis of Chișinău and All Moldova">Moldova (MP)</a></li></ul> </div> <p>Semi-Autonomous: </p> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Crete" title="Church of Crete">Crete (EP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Orthodox_Church_of_the_Moscow_Patriarchate" title="Estonian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate">Estonia (MP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church_Outside_of_Russia" title="Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia">ROCOR (MP)</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Episcopal assemblies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Australia,_New_Zealand,_and_Oceania" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Australia, New Zealand, and Oceania">Australia, New Zealand, and Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Austria" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Belgium,_Holland,_and_Luxembourg" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Belgium, Holland, and Luxembourg">Belgium, Holland, and Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Canada" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_France" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Germany" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Great Britain and Ireland">Great Britain and Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Italy_and_Malta" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Italy and Malta">Italy and Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Latin_America" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Scandinavia" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Spain_and_Portugal" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Spain and Portugal">Spain and Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_Switzerland_and_Liechtenstein" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of Switzerland and Liechtenstein">Switzerland and Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Canonical_Orthodox_Bishops_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of the United States of America">United States of America</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Noncanonical jurisdictions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Believers" title="Old Believers">Old Believers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Christianity" title="Spiritual Christianity">Spiritual Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="True Orthodoxy">True Orthodoxy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catacomb_Church" title="Catacomb Church">Catacomb Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Calendarists" title="Old Calendarists">Old Calendarists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Orthodox_Catholic_Church" title="American Orthodox Catholic Church">American Orthodox Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_World_Patriarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="American World Patriarchs">American World Patriarchs</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church#Churches_that_are_unrecognized" title="Organization of the Eastern Orthodox Church">National</a> churches:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazian_Orthodox_Church" title="Abkhazian Orthodox Church">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Autocephalous_Orthodox_Church" title="Belarusian Autocephalous Orthodox Church">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_Italy" title="Orthodox Church in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Orthodox_Church" title="Latvian Orthodox Church">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Orthodox_Churches_in_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Orthodox Churches in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Orthodox Church">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Orthodox_Church_%E2%80%93_Kyiv_Patriarchate" title="Ukrainian Orthodox Church – Kyiv Patriarchate">UOC–KP</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Orthodox_Church" title="Evangelical Orthodox Church">Evangelical Orthodox</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Ecumenical councils</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First Seven Ecumenical Councils</a>:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ephesus" title="Council of Ephesus">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Second Council of Constantinople">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Third Council of Constantinople">Sixth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea" title="Second Council of Nicaea">Seventh</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li>Other possible ecumenical councils:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_Constantinople_(Eastern_Orthodox)" title="Fourth Council of Constantinople (Eastern Orthodox)">Eighth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Fifth Council of Constantinople">Ninth</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li>Other important councils:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quinisext_Council" title="Quinisext Council">Quinisext Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Jassy" title="Synod of Jassy">Jassy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Moscow_Synod" title="Great Moscow Synod">Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Jerusalem_(1672)" title="Synod of Jerusalem (1672)">Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Constantinople_(1872)" title="Council of Constantinople (1872)">Constantinople (1872)</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentarchy" title="Pentarchy">Pentarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Christianization of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Christianization of Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Christianization of Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Great Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Russian Orthodox Church">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church under the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_North_America" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in North America">North America</a></li> <li>Moscow–Constantinople schism <ul><li><a href="/wiki/15th%E2%80%9316th_century_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism">15th–16th c.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="1996 Moscow–Constantinople schism">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism">2018</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_theology" title="Eastern Orthodox theology">Theology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Orthodox_theology" title="History of Eastern Orthodox theology">History of Eastern Orthodox theology</a> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Orthodox_theology_in_the_20th_century" title="History of Eastern Orthodox theology in the 20th century">20th century (Neo-Palamism)</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrismation" title="Chrismation">Chrismation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_contemplation" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian contemplation">Contemplative prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essence%E2%80%93energies_distinction" title="Essence–energies distinction">Essence vs. Energies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesychasm" title="Hesychasm">Hesychasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Holy Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypostatic_union" title="Hypostatic union">Hypostatic union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">Icons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metousiosis" title="Metousiosis">Metousiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystical_theology#Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Mystical theology">Mystical theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepsis" title="Nepsis">Nepsis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Economy_(religion)" title="Economy (religion)">Oikonomia</a></i> vs <i><a href="/wiki/Akribeia" title="Akribeia">Akribeia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ousia" title="Ousia">Ousia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palamism" title="Palamism">Palamism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philokalia" title="Philokalia">Philokalia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phronema" title="Phronema">Phronema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_view_of_sin" title="Eastern Orthodox view of sin">Sin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Christian_theology)" title="Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)">Theosis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></i></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theological_differences_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Theological differences between the Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church">Differences from the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_teaching_regarding_the_Filioque" title="Eastern Orthodox teaching regarding the Filioque">Opposition to the Filioque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_opposition_to_papal_supremacy" title="Eastern Orthodox opposition to papal supremacy">Opposition to papal supremacy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Liturgy and worship</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Service_(Eastern_Orthodoxy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine Service (Eastern Orthodoxy)">Divine Services</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akathist" title="Akathist">Akathist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apolytikion" title="Apolytikion">Apolytikion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artos" title="Artos">Artos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectenia" title="Ectenia">Ectenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euchologion" title="Euchologion">Euchologion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_water_in_Eastern_Christianity" title="Holy water in Eastern Christianity">Holy Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconostasis" title="Iconostasis">Iconostasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_Prayer" title="Jesus Prayer">Jesus Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kontakion" title="Kontakion">Kontakion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entrance_(liturgical)" title="Entrance (liturgical)">Liturgical entrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_fan_in_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical fan in the Eastern Orthodox Church">Liturgical fans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lity_in_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Lity in the Eastern Orthodox Church">Lity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_service_in_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Memorial service in the Eastern Orthodox Church">Memorial service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_Eternal" title="Memory Eternal">Memory Eternal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omophorion" title="Omophorion">Omophorion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowing_in_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Bowing in the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox bowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Marriage in the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praxis_(Byzantine_Rite)" title="Praxis (Byzantine Rite)">Praxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraklesis" title="Paraklesis">Paraklesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschal_greeting" title="Paschal greeting">Paschal greeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschal_Homily" title="Paschal Homily">Paschal Homily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschal_troparion" title="Paschal troparion">Paschal troparion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_rope" title="Prayer rope">Prayer rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosphora" title="Prosphora">Prosphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_bell_ringing" title="Russian Orthodox bell ringing">Russian bell ringing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantron" title="Semantron">Semantron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_cross#Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Sign of the cross">Sign of the cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sticheron" title="Sticheron">Sticheron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troparion" title="Troparion">Troparion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestment#Byzantine_Rite" title="Vestment">Vestments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurible#Byzantine_Rite" title="Thurible">Use of incense</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_liturgical_calendar" title="Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar">Liturgical calendar</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paschal_cycle" title="Paschal cycle">Paschal cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_feasts_in_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Great feasts in the Eastern Orthodox Church">12 Great Feasts</a></li> <li>Other feasts:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Orthodoxy" title="Feast of Orthodoxy">Feast of Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercession_of_the_Theotokos" title="Intercession of the Theotokos">Intercession of the Theotokos</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li>The four fasting periods:</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_Fast" title="Nativity Fast">Nativity Fast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lent" title="Great Lent">Great Lent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Fast" title="Apostles' Fast">Apostles' Fast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dormition_of_the_Mother_of_God" title="Dormition of the Mother of God">Dormition</a> Fast</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Major figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_of_Alexandria" title="Athanasius of Alexandria">Athanasius of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephrem_the_Syrian" title="Ephrem the Syrian">Ephrem the Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gregory of Nyssa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Climacus" title="John Climacus">John Climacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_the_Confessor" title="Maximus the Confessor">Maximus the Confessor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Damascus" title="John of Damascus">John of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_the_Studite" title="Theodore the Studite">Theodore the Studite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassia" title="Kassia">Kassiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_and_Methodius" title="Cyril and Methodius">Cyril and Methodius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photios_I_of_Constantinople" title="Photios I of Constantinople">Photios I of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Palamas" title="Gregory Palamas">Gregory Palamas</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Other topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_church_architecture" title="Eastern Orthodox church architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_Orthodoxy" title="Folk Orthodoxy">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclical_of_the_Eastern_Patriarchs" title="Encyclical of the Eastern Patriarchs">Encyclical of the Eastern Patriarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_cross" title="Russian Orthodox cross">Eastern Orthodox cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Eastern_Orthodox_saint_titles" title="List of Eastern Orthodox saint titles">Saint titles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_by_country" title="Eastern Orthodoxy by country">Statistics by country</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_Orthodox_Church_sidebar" title="Template:Eastern Orthodox Church sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eastern_Orthodox_Church_sidebar" title="Template talk:Eastern Orthodox Church sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern_Orthodox_Church_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern Orthodox Church sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Gregory of Nyssa</b>, also known as <b>Gregory Nyssen</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248666159">.mw-parser-output .tfd-dated{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .tfd-default{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);clear:both;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tfd-tiny{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .tfd-inline{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;position:relative}@media(min-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{clear:right;float:right;width:22em}}</style><span class="tfd tfd-dated tfd-tiny"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_November_12#Template:Lang-grc-gre" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 November 12">‹See Tfd›</a></span><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Γρηγόριος Νύσσης</span></span> or Γρηγόριος Νυσσηνός; c. 335 – c. 394), was an early <a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">Roman Christian</a> prelate who served as <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Nyssa" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Nyssa">Bishop of Nyssa</a> from 372 to 376 and from 378 until his death in 394. He is venerated as a <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saint</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a>. Gregory, his elder brother <a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a>, and their friend <a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a> are collectively known as the <a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Fathers" title="Cappadocian Fathers">Cappadocian Fathers</a>. </p><p>Gregory lacked the administrative ability of his brother Basil or the contemporary influence of Gregory of Nazianzus, but he was an erudite <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theologian</a> who made significant contributions to the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">doctrine of the Trinity</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a>. Gregory's philosophical writings were influenced by <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a>. Since the mid-twentieth century, there has been a significant increase in interest in Gregory's works from the academic community, particularly involving <a href="/wiki/Christian_Universalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Universalism">universal salvation</a>, which has resulted in challenges to many traditional interpretations of his theology. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_of_Nyssa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Acts" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Acts">Book of Acts</a> depicts that on the <a href="/wiki/Day_of_Pentecost" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Pentecost">Day of Pentecost</a> there were visiting Jews who were "residents of ...<a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in attendance. In the <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_Peter" title="First Epistle of Peter">First Epistle of Peter</a>, written after AD 65, the author greets Christians who are "exiles scattered throughout…Cappadocia". There is no further reference to Cappadocia in the rest of the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> arose in Cappadocia relatively late, with no evidence of a Christian community before the late second century AD.<sup id="cite_ref-vd1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vd1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Jerusalem" title="Alexander of Jerusalem">Alexander of Jerusalem</a> was the first bishop of the province in the early to mid third century, a period in which Christians suffered persecution from the local Roman authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-vd1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vd1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BRILL127_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BRILL127-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The community remained very small throughout the third century: when <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Thaumaturgus" title="Gregory Thaumaturgus">Gregory Thaumaturgus</a> acceded to the bishopric in c. 250, according to his namesake, the Nyssen, there were only seventeen members of the Church in Caesarea.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cappadocian bishops were among those at the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">First Council of Nicaea</a>. Because of the broad distribution of the population, rural bishops (χωρεπίσκοποι) were appointed to support the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Caesarea_in_Cappadocia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Caesarea in Cappadocia">Bishop of Caesarea</a>. During the late fourth century there were around 50 of them. In Gregory's lifetime, the Christians of Cappadocia were devout, with the veneration of the <a href="/wiki/Forty_Martyrs_of_Sebaste" title="Forty Martyrs of Sebaste">Forty Martyrs of Sebaste</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">Saint George</a> being particularly significant and represented by a considerable monastic presence. There were some adherents of heretical branches of Christianity, most notably Arians, <a href="/wiki/Encratites" title="Encratites">Encratites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euchites" title="Euchites">Messalians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BRILL127-8_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BRILL127-8-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_of_Nyssa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_of_Nyssa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gregory was born around 335, probably in or near the city of <a href="/wiki/Neocaesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Neocaesarea">Neocaesarea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brill-103_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brill-103-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His family was aristocratic and Christian—according to <a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nazianzus" title="Gregory of Nazianzus">Gregory of Nazianzus</a>, his mother was <a href="/wiki/Emmelia_of_Caesarea" title="Emmelia of Caesarea">Emmelia of Caesarea</a>, and his father, a rhetorician, has been identified either as <a href="/wiki/Basil_the_Elder" title="Basil the Elder">Basil the Elder</a> or as a Gregory.<sup id="cite_ref-Brill-103_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brill-103-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among his eight siblings were <a href="/wiki/Macrina_the_Younger" title="Macrina the Younger">St. Macrina the Younger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naucratius" title="Naucratius">St. Naucratius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Sebaste" title="Peter of Sebaste">St. Peter of Sebaste</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">St. Basil of Caesarea</a>. The precise number of children in the family was historically contentious: the commentary on 30 May in the <i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Sanctorum" title="Acta Sanctorum">Acta Sanctorum</a></i>, for example, initially states that they were nine, before describing Peter as the tenth child. It has been established that this confusion occurred due to the death of one son in infancy, leading to ambiguities in Gregory's own writings.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gregory's parents had suffered persecution for their faith: he writes that they "had their goods confiscated for confessing Christ."<sup id="cite_ref-Lowther_Clarke_1916_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lowther_Clarke_1916-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gregory's paternal grandmother, <a href="/wiki/Macrina_the_Elder" title="Macrina the Elder">Macrina the Elder</a>, is also revered as a saint<sup id="cite_ref-Brill-104_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brill-104-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his maternal grandfather was a martyr, as Gregory put it "killed by Imperial wrath"<sup id="cite_ref-Lowther_Clarke_1916_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lowther_Clarke_1916-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under the persecution of the Roman <a href="/wiki/Maximinus_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximinus II">Emperor Maximinus II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between the 320s to the early 340s, the family rebuilt its fortunes, with Gregory's father working in the city of Neocaesarea as an advocate and rhetorician.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gregory's temperament is said to have been quiet and meek, in contrast to his brother Basil who was known to be much more outspoken.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gregory was first educated at home, by his mother Emmelia and sister Macrina. Little is known of what further education he received. Apocryphal hagiographies depict him studying at <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, but this is speculation probably based on the life of his brother Basil.<sup id="cite_ref-Drijvers-120_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drijvers-120-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It seems more likely that he continued his studies in <a href="/wiki/Kayseri" title="Kayseri">Caesarea</a>, where he read <a href="/wiki/Classical_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical literature">classical literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> and perhaps <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brill-105_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brill-105-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gregory himself claimed that his only teachers were Basil, "Paul, John and the rest of the Apostles and prophets".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While his brothers Basil and Naucratius lived as <a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">hermits</a> from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 355</span>, Gregory initially pursued a non-ecclesiastical career as a <a href="/wiki/Rhetorician" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhetorician">rhetorician</a>. He did, however, act as a <a href="/wiki/Reader_(liturgy)" title="Reader (liturgy)">lector</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brill-105_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brill-105-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is known to have married a woman named Theosebia during this period, who is sometimes identified with <a href="/wiki/Theosebia" title="Theosebia">Theosebia the Deaconess</a>, venerated as a saint by Orthodox Christianity. This is controversial, however, and other commentators suggest that Theosebia the Deaconess was one of Gregory's sisters.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brill-106_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brill-106-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Episcopate">Episcopate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_of_Nyssa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Episcopate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 371, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a> split Cappadocia into two new provinces, Cappadocia Prima and Cappadocia Secunda.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This resulted in complex changes in ecclesiastical boundaries, during which several new bishoprics were created. Gregory was elected bishop of the new <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_see" title="Episcopal see">see</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nyssa_(Cappadocia)" title="Nyssa (Cappadocia)">Nyssa</a> in 372, presumably with the support of his brother Basil, who was <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">metropolitan</a> of <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Mazaca" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesarea Mazaca">Caesarea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brill-107_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brill-107-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gregory's early policies as bishop often went against those of Basil; for instance, while his brother condemned the <a href="/wiki/Sabellianism" title="Sabellianism">Sabellianist</a> followers of <a href="/wiki/Marcellus_of_Ancyra" title="Marcellus of Ancyra">Marcellus of Ancyra</a> as <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heretics</a>, Gregory may have tried to reconcile them with the church.<sup id="cite_ref-Brill-107_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brill-107-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gregory faced opposition to his reign in Nyssa and, in 373, <a href="/wiki/Amphilochius_of_Iconium" title="Amphilochius of Iconium">Amphilochius</a>, bishop of <a href="/wiki/Konya" title="Konya">Iconium</a>, had to visit the city to quell discontent. In 375, Desmothenes of Pontus convened a <a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">synod</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ancyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancyra">Ancyra</a> to try Gregory on charges of <a href="/wiki/Embezzlement" title="Embezzlement">embezzlement</a> of church funds and irregular ordination of bishops. He was arrested by imperial troops in the winter of the same year, but escaped to an unknown location. The synod of Nyssa, which was convened in the spring of 376, deposed him.<sup id="cite_ref-Brill-108_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brill-108-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Gregory regained his see in 378, perhaps due to an amnesty promulgated by the new emperor, <a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a>. In the same year Basil died, and despite the relative unimportance of Nyssa, Gregory took over many of his brother's former responsibilities in Pontus.<sup id="cite_ref-Brill-109_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brill-109-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Council_of_Constantinople_381-stavropoleos_church.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Council_of_Constantinople_381-stavropoleos_church.jpg/220px-Council_of_Constantinople_381-stavropoleos_church.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Council_of_Constantinople_381-stavropoleos_church.jpg/330px-Council_of_Constantinople_381-stavropoleos_church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Council_of_Constantinople_381-stavropoleos_church.jpg/440px-Council_of_Constantinople_381-stavropoleos_church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3003" data-file-height="2326" /></a><figcaption>The First Council of Constantinople, as depicted in a <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">fresco</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Stavropoleos_Monastery" title="Stavropoleos Monastery">Stavropoleos Monastery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>He was present at the <a href="/wiki/Synods_of_Antioch" title="Synods of Antioch">Synod</a> of <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> in April 379, where he unsuccessfully attempted to reconcile the followers of <a href="/wiki/Meletius_of_Antioch" title="Meletius of Antioch">Meletius of Antioch</a> with those of <a href="/wiki/Paulinus,_Bishop_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulinus, Bishop of Antioch">Paulinus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brill-110_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brill-110-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After visiting the village of Annisa to see his dying sister Macrina, he returned to Nyssa in August. In 380 he travelled to <a href="/wiki/Sivas" title="Sivas">Sebaste</a>, in the province of <a href="/wiki/Armenia_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia Prima">Armenia Prima</a>, to support a pro-Nicene candidate for the election to the bishopric. To his surprise, he himself was elected to the seat, perhaps due to the population's association of him with his brother.<sup id="cite_ref-Brill-111_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brill-111-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Gregory deeply disliked the relatively unhellenized society of Armenia, and he was confronted by an investigation into his orthodoxy by local opponents of the Nicene theology.<sup id="cite_ref-Brill-111_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brill-111-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a stay of several months, a substitute was found—possibly Gregory's brother Peter, who was bishop of Sebaste from 381—and Gregory returned home to Nyssa to write books I and II of <i>Against <a href="/wiki/Eunomius_of_Cyzicus" title="Eunomius of Cyzicus">Eunomius</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brill-111_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brill-111-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gregory participated in the <a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople" title="First Council of Constantinople">First Council of Constantinople</a> (381), and perhaps gave there his famous sermon <i>In suam ordinationem</i>. He was chosen to <a href="/wiki/Eulogy" title="Eulogy">eulogise</a> at the funeral of Meletius, which occurred during the council. The council sent Gregory on a mission to Arabia, perhaps to ameliorate the situation in <a href="/wiki/Bostra" class="mw-redirect" title="Bostra">Bostra</a> where two men, Agapius and Badagius, claimed to be bishop. If this is the case, Gregory was unsuccessful, as the see was still contested in 394.<sup id="cite_ref-Brill-111_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brill-111-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brill-112_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brill-112-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then travelled to <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> where <a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril of Jerusalem</a> faced opposition from local clergy due to the fact that he had been ordained by <a href="/wiki/Acacius_of_Caesarea" title="Acacius of Caesarea">Acacius of Caesarea</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Arian" class="mw-redirect" title="Arian">Arian</a> heretic. Gregory's attempted mediation of the dispute was unsuccessful, and he himself was accused of holding unorthodox <a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">views on the nature of Christ</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brill-112_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brill-112-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His later reign in Nyssa was marked by conflict with his metropolitan, Helladius. Gregory was present at a 394 synod convened at Constantinople to discuss the continued problems in Bostra. While the year of his death is unknown,<sup id="cite_ref-Brill-114_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brill-114-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is generally accepted that he died in 394.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theology">Theology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_of_Nyssa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The traditional view of Gregory is that he was an orthodox <a href="/wiki/Trinitarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinitarianism">Trinitarian theologian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Ramelli_2020_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramelli_2020-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who was influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a> and believed in <a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">universal salvation</a> following <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as a highly original and sophisticated thinker, Gregory is difficult to classify, and many aspects of his theology are contentious among both conservative <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> theologians and Western academic scholarship.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramelli_2020_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramelli_2020-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Coakley_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coakley-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is often due to the lack of systematic structure and the presence of terminological inconsistencies in Gregory's work.<sup id="cite_ref-SDOT_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SDOT-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conception_of_the_Trinity">Conception of the Trinity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_of_Nyssa&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Conception of the Trinity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gregory, following Basil, defined the Trinity as "one essence [<a href="/wiki/Ousia" title="Ousia">οὐσία</a>] in three persons [<a href="/wiki/Hypostasis_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypostasis (philosophy)">ὑποστάσεις</a>]", the formula adopted by the Council of Constantinople in 381.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like the other Cappadocian Fathers, he was a <a href="/wiki/Homoousian" class="mw-redirect" title="Homoousian">homoousian</a>, and <i>Against Eunomius</i> affirms the truth of the <a href="/wiki/Consubstantiality" title="Consubstantiality">consubstantiality</a> of the trinity over Eunomius' Aristotelian belief that the Father's substance is unengendered, whereas the Son's is engendered.<sup id="cite_ref-Brill-750_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brill-750-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Gregory, the differences between the three persons of the Trinity reside in their differing hypostatic origin, and the triune nature of God is revealed through divine action (despite the unity of God in His action).<sup id="cite_ref-Brill-751_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brill-751-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Son is therefore defined as begotten of the Father, the Holy Spirit as proceeding from the Father, and the Father by his role as progenitor. However, this doctrine would seem to <a href="/wiki/Subordinationism" title="Subordinationism">subordinate</a> the Son to the Father, and the Holy Spirit to the Son. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Jenson" title="Robert Jenson">Robert Jenson</a> suggests that Gregory implies that each member of the <a href="/wiki/Godhead_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Godhead (Christianity)">Godhead</a> has an individual priority: the Son has <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemological priority</a>, the Father has <a href="/wiki/Ontology" title="Ontology">ontic priority</a> and the Spirit has <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysical priority</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other commentators disagree: <a href="/wiki/Morwenna_Ludlow" title="Morwenna Ludlow">Morwenna Ludlow</a>, for instance, argues that epistemic priority resides primarily in the Spirit in Gregory's theology.<sup id="cite_ref-Ludlow_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ludlow-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern proponents of <a href="/wiki/Social_trinitarianism" title="Social trinitarianism">social trinitarianism</a> often claim to have been influenced by the Cappadocians' dynamic picture of the Trinity.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it would be fundamentally incorrect to identify Gregory as a social Trinitarian, as his theology emphasises the unity of God's will, and he clearly believes that the <a href="/wiki/Identity_(philosophy)" title="Identity (philosophy)">identities</a> of the Trinity are the three persons, not the relations between them.<sup id="cite_ref-SDOT_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SDOT-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ludlow_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ludlow-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infinitude_of_God">Infinitude of God</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_of_Nyssa&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Infinitude of God"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Gregory_of_Nyssa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/St._Gregory_of_Nyssa.jpg/220px-St._Gregory_of_Nyssa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/St._Gregory_of_Nyssa.jpg/330px-St._Gregory_of_Nyssa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/St._Gregory_of_Nyssa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="331" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>11th-century <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaic</a> of Gregory of Nyssa. <a href="/wiki/Saint_Sophia%27s_Cathedral,_Kyiv" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Sophia's Cathedral, Kyiv">Saint Sophia Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Gregory was one of the first theologians to argue that God is <a href="/wiki/Infinity" title="Infinity">infinite</a>. His main argument for the infinity of God, found in <i>Against Eunomius</i>, is that God's goodness is limitless, and as God's goodness is <a href="/wiki/Essence" title="Essence">essential</a>, God is also limitless.<sup id="cite_ref-Brill-424_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brill-424-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An important consequence of Gregory's belief in the infinity of God is his belief that God, as limitless, is essentially incomprehensible to the limited minds of created beings. In <i>Life of Moses</i>, Gregory writes: "...every concept that comes from some comprehensible image, by an approximate understanding and by guessing at the Divine nature, constitutes an idol of God and does not proclaim God."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gregory's theology was thus <a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">apophatic</a>: he proposed that God should be defined in terms of what we know He is not rather than what we might speculate Him to be.<sup id="cite_ref-Brill-68_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brill-68-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Accordingly, the Nyssen taught that due to God's infinitude, a created being can never reach an understanding of God, and thus for man in both life and the afterlife there is a <a href="/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Orthodox_theology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theosis (Eastern Orthodox theology)">constant progression</a> [ἐπέκτασις] towards the unreachable knowledge of God, as the individual continually transcends all which has been reached before.<sup id="cite_ref-Brill-425_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brill-425-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <i>Life of Moses</i>, Gregory speaks of three stages of this spiritual growth: initial darkness of <a href="/wiki/Ignorance" title="Ignorance">ignorance</a>, then spiritual <a href="/wiki/Light_(theology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Light (theology)">illumination</a>, and finally a darkness of the mind in mystic <a href="/wiki/Theoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoria">contemplation</a> of the God who cannot be comprehended.<sup id="cite_ref-Brill-522_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brill-522-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Universalism">Universalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_of_Nyssa&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Universalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gregory was one of the earlier proponents of <a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Christian universalism</a>. Gregory argues that when Paul says that God will be "all in all" (1 Cor. 15:28), this means that though some may need to undergo a long period of purification, eventually "no being will remain outside the number of the saved"<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that "no being created by God will fall outside the Kingdom of God".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the unity of human nature in Christ "all, thanks to the union with one another, will be joined in communion with the Good, in Jesus Christ Our Lord".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christ's incarnation, death and resurrection results in "total salvation for human nature".<sup id="cite_ref-Against_Apoll_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Against_Apoll-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gregory also described God's work this way: "His [God's] end is one, and one only; it is this: when the complete whole of our race shall have been perfected from the first man to the last—some having at once in this life been cleansed from evil, others having afterwards in the necessary periods been healed by the Fire, others having in their life here been unconscious equally of good and of evil—to offer to every one of us participation in the blessings which are in Him, which, the Scripture tells us, 'eye hath not seen, nor ear heard,' nor thought ever reached."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That this is what Gregory believed and taught is affirmed by most scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A minority of scholars have argued that Gregory only affirmed the universal resurrection.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <i>Life of Moses</i>, Gregory writes that just as the darkness left the Egyptians after three days, perhaps redemption [<a href="/wiki/Apocatastasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Apocatastasis">ἀποκατάστασις</a>] will be extended to those suffering in <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">hell</a> [<a href="/wiki/Gehenna" title="Gehenna">γέεννα</a>].<sup id="cite_ref-Brill-57_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brill-57-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This salvation may not only extend to humans; following <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a>, there are passages where he seems to suggest (albeit through the voice of Macrina) that even the <a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">demons</a> will have a place in Christ's "world of goodness".<sup id="cite_ref-Ludlow-80_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ludlow-80-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gregory's interpretations of 1 Corinthians 15:28 ("And when all things shall be subdued unto him ...")<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Philippians 2:10 ("That at the name of Jesus every knee should bow, of things in heaven, and things in earth, and things under the earth")<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> support this understanding of his theology.<sup id="cite_ref-Ludlow-80_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ludlow-80-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, in the <i>Great Catechism</i>, Gregory suggests that while every human will be <a href="/wiki/Resurrection" title="Resurrection">resurrected</a>, salvation will only be accorded to the <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptised</a>, although he also states that others driven by their passions can be saved after being purified by fire.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While he believes that there will be no more evil in the hereafter, it is arguable that this does not preclude a belief that God might justly damn sinners for eternity.<sup id="cite_ref-Brill-59_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brill-59-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the main difference between Gregory's conception of ἀποκατάστασις and that of Origen would be that Gregory believes that mankind will be collectively returned to sinlessness, whereas Origen believes that personal salvation will be universal.<sup id="cite_ref-Brill-59_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brill-59-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This interpretation of Gregory has been criticized recently, however.<sup id="cite_ref-Ilaria_Ramelli_2013_pp._433-4_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ilaria_Ramelli_2013_pp._433-4-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After all, at the end of chapter XXXV of the <i>Great Catechism</i> Gregory writes that those who have not been purified by water through baptism "must needs be purified by fire" so that "after long succeeding ages, their nature may be restored pure again to God".<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Attempting to reconcile these disparate positions, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> theologian Dr. Mario Baghos notes that "when taken at face value the saint seems to be contradicting himself in these passages; on the one hand he asserted the salvation of all and the complete eradication of evil, and, on the other, that the fire needed to purge evil is 'sleepless', i.e. everlasting. The only solution to this inconsistency is to view any allusion to universal salvation in St Gregory as an expression of God's intention for humanity, which is in fact attested to when his holy sister states that God has "one goal ... some straightway even in this life purified from evil, others healed hereafter through fire for the appropriate length of time." That we can choose either to accept or ignore this purification is confirmed by the saint's many exhortations that we freely undertake the virtuous path."<sup id="cite_ref-Baghos_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baghos-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dr. <a href="/wiki/Ilaria_Ramelli" title="Ilaria Ramelli">Ilaria Ramelli</a> has made the observation that for Gregory free will was compatible with universal salvation, since every person would eventually accept the good having gone through purification.<sup id="cite_ref-Ilaria_Ramelli_2013_pp._433-4_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ilaria_Ramelli_2013_pp._433-4-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, some interpret Gregory as conceding that Judas and similar sinners will never be completely purified when he wrote, "that which never existed is to be preferred to that which has existed in such sin. For, as to the latter, on account of the depth of the ingrained evil, the chastisement in the way of purgation will be extended into infinity".<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Ramelli renders the original Greek "εἰς ἄπειρον παρατείνεται ἡ διὰ τῆς καθάρσεως κόλασις" as "the punishment provided for the purpose of purification will tend to an indefinite duration."<sup id="cite_ref-Ilaria_Ramelli_2013_pp._411_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ilaria_Ramelli_2013_pp._411-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additional sources are needed to interpret correctly the questioned chapter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anthropology">Anthropology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_of_Nyssa&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Anthropology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gregory's <a href="/wiki/Christian_anthropology" title="Christian anthropology">anthropology</a> is founded on the ontological distinction between the <a href="/wiki/Ex_nihilo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ex nihilo">created</a> and uncreated. Man is a material creation, and thus limited, but infinite in that his <a href="/wiki/Immortal_soul" class="mw-redirect" title="Immortal soul">immortal soul</a> has an indefinite capacity to grow closer to the divine.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gregory believed that the soul is created simultaneous to the creation of the body (in opposition to Origen, who believed in <a href="/wiki/Preexistence" class="mw-redirect" title="Preexistence">preexistence</a>), and that <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryos</a> were thus persons. To Gregory, the human being is exceptional, being created in the <a href="/wiki/Image_of_God" title="Image of God">image of God</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Humanity is <a href="/wiki/Theomorphism" title="Theomorphism">theomorphic</a> both in having self-awareness and <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a>, the latter which gives each individual existential power, because to Gregory, in disregarding God one negates one's own existence.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <i>Song of Songs</i>, Gregory metaphorically describes human lives as paintings created by apprentices to a master: the apprentices (the human wills) imitate their master's work (the life of Christ) with beautiful colors (<a href="/wiki/Virtues" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtues">virtues</a>), and thus man strives to be a reflection of Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-Brill-42_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brill-42-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gregory, in stark contrast to most thinkers of his age, saw great beauty in <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of Man">the Fall</a>: from Adam's sin from two perfect humans would eventually arise myriad.<sup id="cite_ref-Brill-42_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brill-42-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Slavery">Slavery</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_of_Nyssa&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Slavery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gregory was the first voice in the ancient world known to write against all forms of slavery, declaring the institution inherently sinful.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHart200151–69_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHart200151–69-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>If [man] is in the likeness of God, ... who is his buyer, tell me? Who is his seller? To God alone belongs this power; or rather, not even to God himself. [...] God would not therefore reduce the human race to slavery, since [God] himself, when we had been enslaved to sin, spontaneously recalled us to freedom. But if God does not enslave what is free, who is he that sets his own power above God's?</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>St. Gregor of Nyssa, Homilies on Ecclesiastes, The evils of slave-owning; Hall and Moriarty, trs., de Gruyter (New York, 1993) p. 74.</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Gregory used Plato's definition of virtue as ‘something that admits of no master [ἀδέσποτον]’ in the service of his own theological arguments against slavery: (1) each human is an image of God and therefore free, (2) the equality of all humans reflects the equality of the divine Persons and (3) just as the divine nature cannot be divided into slavery (δουλεία) and mastery (δυναστεία, κυριότης), neither can human nature; the whole creation is a slave, but of God alone.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the stoic <a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca</a> had criticized cruel slave masters and <a href="/wiki/Letter_47_(Seneca)" title="Letter 47 (Seneca)">advised slave masters to treat slaves with kindness</a> (or at least those of good character), the <a href="/wiki/Stoics" class="mw-redirect" title="Stoics">stoics</a> never questioned the institution of slavery, which was considered an ordinary part of daily life in the ancient world; and other ancient philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> also supported slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gregory of Nyssa's critique was the first and only sustained critique of the institution of slavery itself made in the ancient world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHart200151–69_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHart200151–69-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_of_Nyssa&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Neoplatonism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are many similarities between Gregory's <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">neoplatonist</a> <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>, especially that of <a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically, they share the idea that the reality of God is completely inaccessible to human beings and that man can only come to see God through a spiritual journey in which knowledge [<a href="/wiki/Gnosis" title="Gnosis">γνῶσις</a>] is rejected in favour of <a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gregory does not refer to any neoplatonist philosophers in his work, and there is only one disputed passage which may directly quote Plotinus.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Considering this, it seems possible that Gregory was familiar with Plotinus and perhaps other figures in neoplatonism. However, some significant differences between neoplatonism and Gregory's thought exist, such as Gregory's statement that beauty and goodness are equivalent, which contrasts with Plotinus' view that they are two different qualities.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However Plotinus does say "<i>And Beauty, this Beauty which is also the Good</i>" implying the Platonist One which is the Good is also Beauty.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> theologians are generally critical of the theory that Gregory was influenced by neoplatonism. For example, <a href="/wiki/Hierotheos_(Vlachos)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hierotheos (Vlachos)">Metropolitan Hierotheos of Nafpaktos</a> argues in <i>Life After Death</i> that Gregory opposed all philosophical (as opposed to theological) endeavour as tainted with worldliness.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This view is supported by <i>Against Eunomius</i>, where Gregory denounces Eunomius for placing the results of his systematic <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotelean</a> philosophy above the traditional teachings of the Church.<sup id="cite_ref-Brill-750_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brill-750-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Feast_day">Feast day</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_of_Nyssa&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Feast day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a> commemorate Gregory of Nyssa on 10 January. The Roman Martyrology and the <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Episcopal_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendar of saints (Episcopal Church)">Episcopal Church</a><sup id="cite_ref-lff2018_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lff2018-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> commemorate his death on 9 March. In modern Roman Catholic calendars which include the feast of St. Gregory, such as the <a href="/wiki/Benedictines" title="Benedictines">Benedictines</a>, his feast day is observed on 10 January.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church%E2%80%93Missouri_Synod" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod">Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod</a> commemorates Gregory along with the other <a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Fathers" title="Cappadocian Fathers">Cappadocian Fathers</a> on 10 January. </p><p>Gregory is <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Church_of_England)" title="Calendar of saints (Church of England)">remembered</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Macrina_the_Younger" title="Macrina the Younger">Macrina</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Festival_(Anglicanism)" title="Lesser Festival (Anglicanism)">lesser festival</a> on 19 July.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_of_Nyssa&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:De_virginitate_V00110_00000008.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/De_virginitate_V00110_00000008.tif/lossy-page1-220px-De_virginitate_V00110_00000008.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/De_virginitate_V00110_00000008.tif/lossy-page1-330px-De_virginitate_V00110_00000008.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/De_virginitate_V00110_00000008.tif/lossy-page1-440px-De_virginitate_V00110_00000008.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2544" data-file-height="3357" /></a><figcaption><i>De virginitate</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Gregory is revered as a saint. However, unlike the other Cappadocian fathers, he is not a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctor of the Church</a>. He is venerated chiefly in the East. His <a href="/wiki/Relic" title="Relic">relics</a> were held by the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican</a> until 2000, when a portion of them were translated to the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox">Greek Orthodox</a> church of St. Gregory of Nyssa, <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Professor of theology, Natalie Carnes wrote: "One reason Gregory was not taken up into the theological stream in the West is that he was little translated into Latin. <a href="/wiki/John_Scotus_Eriugena" title="John Scotus Eriugena">John Scotus Eriugena</a> (c. 800–c. 877) should be greatly credited for the influence Gregory did have. Not only was Eriugena himself influenced by Gregory, but he also translated <i>On the Making of the Human</i> into Latin."<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gregory's work received little scholarly attention in the West until the mid-twentieth century, and he was historically treated as a minor figure in comparison to Basil the Great or Gregory of Nazianzus.<sup id="cite_ref-Brill-170_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brill-170-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As late as 1942, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Hans Urs von Balthasar</a> wrote that his work was virtually unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the 6th-century Latin translation of <i>De opificio hominis</i> by <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_Exiguus" title="Dionysius Exiguus">Dionysius Exiguus</a> was very widespread in the Medieval period, and Francisco Bastitta Harriet argues that Nyssen's conceptions of indeterminate human nature and ontological freedom were among the core influences on Renaissance anthropology, particularly on the works of <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Cusa" title="Nicholas of Cusa">Nicholas of Cusa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pico_della_Mirandola" title="Giovanni Pico della Mirandola">Giovanni Pico della Mirandola</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The renewed enthusiasm of 15th-century philosophers and humanists for classical antiquity also led to a revival of the study and translation of Greek patristic works. Against this background, some of Gregory of Nyssa’s works which remained unknown to the West during the medieval centuries received their first Latin translations by leading representatives of Italian and Byzantine culture."<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These include the early Renaissance translations of <i>De vita Moysis</i> by <a href="/wiki/George_of_Trebizond" title="George of Trebizond">George of Trebizond</a> in 1446, of <i>De vita Macrinae</i> and <i>De anima et resurrectione</i> by <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Balbi" title="Pietro Balbi">Pietro Balbi</a> between 1465 and 1473, and of <i>De oratione dominica</i> by the Byzantine scholar Athanasius Chalkeopoulos around 1465.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In part due to the scholarship of Balthasar and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Dani%C3%A9lou" title="Jean Daniélou">Jean Daniélou</a>, by the 1950s Gregory had become the subject of much serious theological research, with a critical edition of his work published (<i>Gregorii Nysseni Opera</i>), and the founding of the International Colloquium on Gregory of Nyssa.<sup id="cite_ref-Brill-170_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brill-170-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This attention has continued to the present day. Modern studies have focused on Gregory's <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">eschatology</a> rather than his more dogmatic writings, and he has gained a reputation as an unconventional thinker whose thought arguably prefigures <a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">postmodernism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major figures in contemporary research include <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Coakley" title="Sarah Coakley">Sarah Coakley</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Zizioulas" title="John Zizioulas">John Zizioulas</a> and Robert Jenson.<sup id="cite_ref-Brill-171_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brill-171-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brill-172_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brill-172-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2003, theologian <a href="/wiki/David_Bentley_Hart" title="David Bentley Hart">David Bentley Hart</a> published a book seemingly influenced by Gregory.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commentary_on_Gregory">Commentary on Gregory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_of_Nyssa&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Commentary on Gregory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 787 AD, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicea" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Council of Nicea">Second Council of Nicea</a>, the seventh <a href="/wiki/First_seven_Ecumenical_Councils" class="mw-redirect" title="First seven Ecumenical Councils">Ecumenical Council of the Church</a>, honored Gregory of Nyssa: </p> <blockquote><p>Let us then, consider who were the venerable doctors and indomitable champions of the Church [including] Gregory Primate of Nyssa, who all have called the father of fathers.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fairfield_Osborn" title="Henry Fairfield Osborn">Henry Fairfield Osborn</a> wrote in his work on the <a href="/wiki/History_of_evolutionary_thought" title="History of evolutionary thought">history of evolutionary thought</a>, <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/From_the_Greeks_to_Darwin" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:From the Greeks to Darwin"><i>From the Greeks to Darwin</i></a> (1894): </p> <blockquote> <p>Among the Christian Fathers the movement towards a partly naturalistic interpretation of the order of Creation was made by Gregory of Nyssa in the fourth century, and was completed by <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a> in the fourth and fifth centuries. ...[Gregory] taught that Creation was potential. God imparted to matter its fundamental properties and laws. The objects and completed forms of the Universe developed gradually out of chaotic material. <sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Meredith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anthony Meredith (page does not exist)">Anthony Meredith</a> writes of Gregory's mystical and apophatic writings in his book <i>Gregory of Nyssa (The Early Church Fathers)</i> (1999): </p> <blockquote> <p>Gregory has often been credited with the discovery of mystical theology, or rather with the perception that darkness is an appropriate symbol under which God can be discussed. There is much truth in this....Gregory seems to have been the first Christian writer to have made this important point.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._Kameron_Carter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. Kameron Carter (page does not exist)">J. Kameron Carter</a> writes about Gregory's stance on slavery, in the book <i>Race a Theological Account </i>(2008): </p> <blockquote><p>What interests me is the defining features of Gregory's vision of the just society: his unequivocal stance against 'the peculiar institution of slavery' and his call for the manumission of all slaves. I am interested in reading Gregory as a fourth century abolitionist intellectual....His outlook surpassed not only St. Paul's more moderate (but to be fair to Paul, in his moment, revolutionary) stance on the subject but also those of all ancient intellectuals -- Pagan, Jewish and Christian - from Aristotle to Cicero and from Augustine in the Christian West to his contemporary, the golden mouthed preacher himself, John Crysotom in the East. Indeed, the world would have to wait another fifteen centuries -- until the nineteenth century, late into the modern abolitionist movement -- before such an unequivocal stance against slavery would appear again.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> Catholic theologian and author <a href="/wiki/Hans_Urs_von_Balthasar" title="Hans Urs von Balthasar">Hans Urs von Balthasar</a>, describes Gregory in his book <i>Presence and Thought: An Essay on the Religious Philosophy of Gregory of Nyssa (1988):</i><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>Less prolific than Origen, less cultivated than Gregory Nazianzen, less practical than Basil, Gregory of Nyssa nonetheless outstrips them all in the profundity of his thought.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_of_Nyssa&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The complete works of Gregory of Nyssa are published in the original Greek with Latin commentary as <i>Gregorii Nysseni Opera</i>: </p> <ul><li>Vol. 1 - <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWerner_Jaeger2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Werner_Jaeger" title="Werner Jaeger">Werner Jaeger</a>, ed. (2002). <i>Contra Eunomium libri I et II</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-03007-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-03007-7"><bdi>978-90-04-03007-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contra+Eunomium+libri+I+et+II&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-90-04-03007-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Nyssa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Vol. 2 - <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWerner_Jaeger2002" class="citation book cs1">Werner Jaeger, ed. (2002). <i>Contra Eunomium liber III</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-03934-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-03934-6"><bdi>978-90-04-03934-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contra+Eunomium+liber+III&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-90-04-03934-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Nyssa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Vol. 3/1 - <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedrich_Müller1958" class="citation book cs1">Friedrich Müller, ed. (1958). <i>Opera dogmatica minora, pars I</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-04788-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-04788-4"><bdi>978-90-04-04788-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Opera+dogmatica+minora%2C+pars+I&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1958&rft.isbn=978-90-04-04788-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Nyssa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Vol. 3/2 - <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK._Kenneth_DowningJacobus_A._McDonoughS.J._Hadwiga_Hörner1987" class="citation book cs1">K. Kenneth Downing; Jacobus A. McDonough; S.J. Hadwiga Hörner, eds. (1987). <i>Opera dogmatica minora, pars II</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-07003-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-07003-5"><bdi>978-90-04-07003-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Opera+dogmatica+minora%2C+pars+II&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-90-04-07003-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Nyssa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Vol. 3/3 - <i>Opera dogmatica minora, pars III</i> - De Anima Et Resurrectione, 2014 Publisher=Brill <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12242-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12242-0">978-90-04-12242-0</a> Editor: Andreas Spira</li> <li>Vol. 3/4 - <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEkkehard_Mühlenberg1996" class="citation book cs1">Ekkehard Mühlenberg, ed. (1996). <i>Opera dogmatica minora, pars IV</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10348-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10348-1"><bdi>978-90-04-10348-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Opera+dogmatica+minora%2C+pars+IV&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10348-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Nyssa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Vol. 3/5 - <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEkkehard_Mühlenberg2008" class="citation book cs1">Ekkehard Mühlenberg, ed. (2008). <i>Opera dogmatica minora, pars V</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-13314-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-13314-3"><bdi>978-90-04-13314-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Opera+dogmatica+minora%2C+pars+V&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-90-04-13314-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Nyssa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Vol. 4/1 - <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHubertus_R._Drobner2009" class="citation book cs1">Hubertus R. Drobner, ed. (2009). <i>Opera exegetica In Genesim, pars I</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-13315-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-13315-0"><bdi>978-90-04-13315-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Opera+exegetica+In+Genesim%2C+pars+I&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-04-13315-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Nyssa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Vol. 4/2 - <i>Opera exegetica In Genesim, pars II</i> - currently unavailable.</li> <li>Vol. 5 - <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._McDonoughP._Alexander1986" class="citation book cs1">J. McDonough; P. Alexander, eds. (1986). <i>In Inscriptiones Psalmorum: In Sextum Psalmum: In Ecclesiasten Homiliae</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-08186-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-08186-4"><bdi>978-90-04-08186-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Inscriptiones+Psalmorum%3A+In+Sextum+Psalmum%3A+In+Ecclesiasten+Homiliae&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-90-04-08186-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Nyssa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Vol. 6 - <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH._Langerbeck1986" class="citation book cs1">H. Langerbeck, ed. (1986). <i>In Canticum Canticorum</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-08187-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-08187-1"><bdi>978-90-04-08187-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Canticum+Canticorum&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-90-04-08187-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Nyssa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Vol. 7/1 - <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_F._Callahan2009" class="citation book cs1">John F. Callahan, ed. (2009). <i>Opera exegetica In Exodum et Novum Testamentum, pars 1</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-00747-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-00747-5"><bdi>978-90-04-00747-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Opera+exegetica+In+Exodum+et+Novum+Testamentum%2C+pars+1&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-04-00747-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Nyssa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Vol. 7/2 - <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_F._Callahan1992" class="citation book cs1">John F. Callahan, ed. (1992). <i>Opera exegetica In Exodum et Novum Testamentum, pars 2</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09598-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09598-4"><bdi>978-90-04-09598-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Opera+exegetica+In+Exodum+et+Novum+Testamentum%2C+pars+2&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09598-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Nyssa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Vol. 8/1 - <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWerner_JaegerJ.P._CavarnosV.W._Callahan1986" class="citation book cs1">Werner Jaeger; J.P. Cavarnos; V.W. Callahan, eds. (1986). <i>Opera ascetica et Epistulae, pars 1</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-08188-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-08188-8"><bdi>978-90-04-08188-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Opera+ascetica+et+Epistulae%2C+pars+1&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-90-04-08188-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Nyssa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Vol. 8/2 - <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiorgio_Pasquali2002" class="citation book cs1">Giorgio Pasquali, ed. (2002). <i>Opera ascetica et Epistulae, pars 2</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11182-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11182-0"><bdi>978-90-04-11182-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Opera+ascetica+et+Epistulae%2C+pars+2&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-90-04-11182-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Nyssa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Vol. 9 - <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG._HeilA._van_HeckE._GebhardtA._Spira1992" class="citation book cs1">G. Heil; A. van Heck; E. Gebhardt; A. Spira, eds. (1992). <i>Sermones, pars 1</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-00750-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-00750-5"><bdi>978-90-04-00750-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sermones%2C+pars+1&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-90-04-00750-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Nyssa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Vol. 10/1 - <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG._HeilJ._P._CavarnosO._Lendle1990" class="citation book cs1">G. Heil; J. P. Cavarnos; O. Lendle, eds. (1990). <i>Sermones, pars 2</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-08123-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-08123-9"><bdi>978-90-04-08123-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sermones%2C+pars+2&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-90-04-08123-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Nyssa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Vol. 10/2 - <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErnestus_RheinFriedhelm_MannDörte_TeskeHilda_Polack1996" class="citation book cs1">Ernestus Rhein; Friedhelm Mann; Dörte Teske; Hilda Polack, eds. (1996). <i>Sermones, pars 3</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10442-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10442-6"><bdi>978-90-04-10442-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sermones%2C+pars+3&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10442-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Nyssa" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p>The following are editions of English translations of Gregory's writings: </p> <ul><li>Gregory of Nyssa, <i>Homilies on Ecclesiastes: An English Version with Supporting Studies. Proceedings of the Seventh International Colloquium on Gregory of Nyssa</i> (St Andrews, 5–10 September 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/view/title/12722">Link.</a></li> <li>Gregory of Nyssa, <i>Life of Macrina</i>, limovia.net, London, 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78336-017-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78336-017-8">978-1-78336-017-8</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_of_Nyssa&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.copticchurch.net/synaxarium/3_26.html#2">"Hator 26 : Lives of Saints : Synaxarium - CopticChurch.net"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hator+26+%3A+Lives+of+Saints+%3A+Synaxarium+-+CopticChurch.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.copticchurch.net%2Fsynaxarium%2F3_26.html%232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Nyssa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lutheranism 101, CPH, St. Louis, 2010, p. 277</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lff2018-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lff2018_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lff2018_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W3e7DwAAQBAJ"><i>Lesser Feasts and Fasts 2018</i></a>. Church Publishing, Inc. 2019-12-01. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-64065-234-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-64065-234-7"><bdi>978-1-64065-234-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lesser+Feasts+and+Fasts+2018&rft.pub=Church+Publishing%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2019-12-01&rft.isbn=978-1-64065-234-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW3e7DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Nyssa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Book of Acts, 2:9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vd1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vd1_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vd1_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Van Dam 2003, p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BRILL127-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BRILL127_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mateo Seco & Maspero, p. 127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watt & Drijvers, p. 99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BRILL127-8-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BRILL127-8_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mateo Seco & Maspero, pp. 127-8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brill-103-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brill-103_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brill-103_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Maspero & Mateo Seco, p. 103</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Van Dam (2003), p. 77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pfister (1964), pp. 108, 113</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lowther_Clarke_1916-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lowther_Clarke_1916_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lowther_Clarke_1916_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lowther Clarke, W.K., <i>Life of Macrina</i> (London: SPCK, 1916)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brill-104-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brill-104_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maspero & Mateo Seco, p. 104</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gregory Nazianzen, Oration, 43.5-6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gregory of Nyssa: The Letters. Translated by Anna M. Silvas, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGonzález1984">González 1984</a>, p. 185</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drijvers-120-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Drijvers-120_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watt & Drijvers, p. 120</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brill-105-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brill-105_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brill-105_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Maspero & Mateo Seco, p. 105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ludlow 2000, p. 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Daniélou, pp. 73–76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brill-106-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brill-106_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maspero & Mateo Seco, p.106</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Van Dam, p. 77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brill-107-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brill-107_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brill-107_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Maspero & Mateo Seco, p. 107</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brill-108-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brill-108_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maspero & Mateo Seco, p. 108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brill-109-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brill-109_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maspero & Mateo Seco, p. 109</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brill-110-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brill-110_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maspero & Mateo Seco, p. 110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brill-111-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brill-111_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brill-111_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brill-111_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brill-111_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Maspero & Mateo Seco, p. 111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brill-112-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brill-112_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brill-112_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Maspero & Mateo Seco, p. 112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brill-114-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brill-114_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maspero & Mateo Seco, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCambly2024" class="citation web cs1">McCambly, Richard (19 April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lectio-divina.org/images/nyssa/Concerning%20Infants%20who%20have%20Died%20Prematurely.pdf">"Introduction to Gregory of Nyssa's 'Concerning Infants Who Have Died Prematurely'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>lectio-divina.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lectio-divina.org&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+Gregory+of+Nyssa%27s+%27Concerning+Infants+Who+Have+Died+Prematurely%27&rft.date=2024-04-19&rft.aulast=McCambly&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lectio-divina.org%2Fimages%2Fnyssa%2FConcerning%2520Infants%2520who%2520have%2520Died%2520Prematurely.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Nyssa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramelli_2020-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ramelli_2020_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ramelli_2020_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamelli2020" class="citation journal cs1">Ramelli, Ilaria L. E. (August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archiv.ub.uni-marburg.de/ep/0004/article/view/8299/8103">"Religion and Science in Gregory of Nyssa: The Unity of the Creative and Scientific Logos"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Marburg_Journal_of_Religion" title="Marburg Journal of Religion">Marburg Journal of Religion</a></i>. <b>22</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Marburg" title="University of Marburg">University of Marburg</a>: 1–16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17192%2Fmjr.2020.22.8299">10.17192/mjr.2020.22.8299</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1612-2941">1612-2941</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marburg+Journal+of+Religion&rft.atitle=Religion+and+Science+in+Gregory+of+Nyssa%3A+The+Unity+of+the+Creative+and+Scientific+Logos&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1-16&rft.date=2020-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17192%2Fmjr.2020.22.8299&rft.issn=1612-2941&rft.aulast=Ramelli&rft.aufirst=Ilaria+L.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchiv.ub.uni-marburg.de%2Fep%2F0004%2Farticle%2Fview%2F8299%2F8103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Nyssa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight1908–14" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-year-range-abbreviated">Knight, George T. (1908–14). <a href="/wiki/Schaff%E2%80%93Herzog_Encyclopedia_of_Religious_Knowledge" title="Schaff–Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge"><i>Schaff–Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge</i></a>. London and New York: Funk and Wagnalls. pp. 96–8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Schaff%E2%80%93Herzog+Encyclopedia+of+Religious+Knowledge&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=96-8&rft.pub=Funk+and+Wagnalls&rft.date=1908%2F1914&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=George+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Nyssa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coakley-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Coakley_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coakley et al., pp. 1–14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SDOT-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SDOT_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SDOT_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Davis et al., p. 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Larson, p. 42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brill-750-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brill-750_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brill-750_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Maspero & Mateo Seco, p. 750</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brill-751-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brill-751_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maspero & Mateo Seco, p. 751</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jenson, pp. 105–6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jenson, p. 167</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ludlow-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ludlow_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ludlow_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ludlow 2007, p. 43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ludlow 2007, p. 51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brill-424-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brill-424_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maspero & Mateo Seco, p. 424</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The life of Moses / Gregory of Nyssa ; translation, introd. and notes by Abraham J. Malherbe and Everett Ferguson ; pref. by John Meyendorff Page 81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brill-68-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brill-68_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maspero & Mateo Seco, p. 68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brill-425-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brill-425_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maspero & Mateo Seco, p. 425</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brill-522-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brill-522_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maspero & Mateo Seco, p. 522</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In Illud 17; 21 (Downing)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In Illud 14 (Downing)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On the Song of Songs XV</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Against_Apoll-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Against_Apoll_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Against_Apoll" class="citation web cs1">McCambly, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lectio-divina.org/images/nyssa/Against%20Apollinarius.pdf">"Against Apollinarius by Gregory of Nyssa"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Lectio-Divina.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lectio-Divina.org&rft.atitle=Against+Apollinarius+by+Gregory+of+Nyssa&rft.aulast=McCambly&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lectio-divina.org%2Fimages%2Fnyssa%2FAgainst%2520Apollinarius.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Nyssa" class="Z3988"></span> p. 39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2915.htm">"Church Fathers: On the Soul and the Resurrection (St. Gregory of Nyssa)"</a>. <i>www.newadvent.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-10-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newadvent.org&rft.atitle=Church+Fathers%3A+On+the+Soul+and+the+Resurrection+%28St.+Gregory+of+Nyssa%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F2915.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Nyssa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ilaria Ramelli: The Christian Doctrine of Apokatastasis (Brill 2013), p. 432</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morwenna Ludlow: Gregory of Nyssa, Ancient and Postmodern (Oxford: University Press 2007)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Boersma" title="Hans Boersma">Hans Boersma</a>: Embodiment and Virtue (Oxford 2013)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J.A. McGuckin: "Eschatological Horizons in the Cappadocian Fathers" in Apocalyptic Thought in Early Christianity (Grand Rapids 2009)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constantine Tsirpanlis: "The Concept of Universal Salvation in Gregory of Nyssa" in Greek Patristic Theology I (New York 1979)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giulio Maspero: Trinity and Man (Brill 2007), p. 91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brill-57-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brill-57_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maspero & Mateo Seco, p. 57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ludlow-80-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ludlow-80_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ludlow-80_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ludlow 2000, p. 80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Corinthians#15:28" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/1 Corinthians">1 Corinthians 15:28</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Philippians#2:10" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Philippians">Philippians 2:10</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maspero & Mateo Seco, p. 56-57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brill-59-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brill-59_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brill-59_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Maspero & Mateo Seco, p. 59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ilaria_Ramelli_2013_pp._433-4-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ilaria_Ramelli_2013_pp._433-4_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ilaria_Ramelli_2013_pp._433-4_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ilaria Ramelli: The Christian Doctrine of Apokatastasis (Brill 2013), pp. 433-4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamelli2008" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Ramelli, Ilaria (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5406%2Filliclasstud.33-34.0201">"The Debate on Apokatastasis in Pagan and Christian Platonists: Martianus, Macrobius, Origen, Gregory of Nyssa, and Augustine"</a>. <i>Illinois Classical Studies</i>. 33–34 (33–34). University of Illinois Press: 201–234. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5406%2Filliclasstud.33-34.0201">10.5406/illiclasstud.33-34.0201</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/illiclasstud.33-34.0201">10.5406/illiclasstud.33-34.0201</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:169733447">169733447</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Illinois+Classical+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Debate+on+Apokatastasis+in+Pagan+and+Christian+Platonists%3A+Martianus%2C+Macrobius%2C+Origen%2C+Gregory+of+Nyssa%2C+and+Augustine&rft.volume=33-34&rft.issue=33%E2%80%9334&rft.pages=201-234&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A169733447%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.5406%2Filliclasstud.33-34.0201%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5406%2Filliclasstud.33-34.0201&rft.aulast=Ramelli&rft.aufirst=Ilaria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5406%252Filliclasstud.33-34.0201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Nyssa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf205.xi.ii.xxxvii.html">"NPNF2-05. Gregory of Nyssa: Dogmatic Treatises, Etc. - Christian Classics Ethereal Library"</a>. <i>www.ccel.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ccel.org&rft.atitle=NPNF2-05.+Gregory+of+Nyssa%3A+Dogmatic+Treatises%2C+Etc.+-+Christian+Classics+Ethereal+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fnpnf205.xi.ii.xxxvii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Nyssa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baghos-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Baghos_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaghos2012" class="citation journal cs1">Baghos, Mario (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/13515695">"Reconsidering Apokatastasis in St Gregory of Nyssa's On the Soul and Resurrection and the Catechetical Oration"</a>. <i>Phronema</i>. <b>27</b> (2): 125–162<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phronema&rft.atitle=Reconsidering+Apokatastasis+in+St+Gregory+of+Nyssa%27s+On+the+Soul+and+Resurrection+and+the+Catechetical+Oration&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=125-162&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Baghos&rft.aufirst=Mario&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F13515695&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Nyssa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fatherjohn.blogspot.com/2015/04/stump-priest-is-universalism-heresy.html">"Fr. John Whiteford: Stump the Priest: Is Universalism a Heresy?"</a>. Blogger. April 23, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 1,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fr.+John+Whiteford%3A+Stump+the+Priest%3A+Is+Universalism+a+Heresy%3F&rft.pub=Blogger&rft.date=2015-04-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffatherjohn.blogspot.com%2F2015%2F04%2Fstump-priest-is-universalism-heresy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Nyssa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theorthodoxlife.wordpress.com/2015/11/23/may-we-hope-for-universal-salvation">"May We Hope for Universal Salvation? The Orthodox Life"</a>. WordPress.com. November 23, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 1,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=May+We+Hope+for+Universal+Salvation%3F+The+Orthodox+Life&rft.pub=WordPress.com&rft.date=2015-11-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheorthodoxlife.wordpress.com%2F2015%2F11%2F23%2Fmay-we-hope-for-universal-salvation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Nyssa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ilaria_Ramelli_2013_pp._411-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ilaria_Ramelli_2013_pp._411_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ilaria Ramelli: The Christian Doctrine of Apokatastasis (Brill 2013), p. 411</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maspero & Mateo Seco, p. 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maspero & Mateo Seco, p. 39</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maspero & Mateo Seco, p. 41</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brill-42-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brill-42_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brill-42_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Maspero & Mateo Seco, p. 42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGuckin2017" class="citation book cs1">McGuckin, John Anthony (2017). "Theodore Balsamon". In Witte, John Jr.; Hauk, Gary S. (eds.). <i>Christianity and Family Law: An Introduction</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 100–115. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108233255.009">10.1017/9781108233255.009</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-41534-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-41534-7"><bdi>978-1-108-41534-7</bdi></a>. <q>Gregory of Nyssa regarded the liberative force of law as a mark of the proper application of the evangelical spirit. He is the only church father, for instance, who completely denounces the institution of slavery as an indefensible evil.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Theodore+Balsamon&rft.btitle=Christianity+and+Family+Law%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=100-115&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108233255.009&rft.isbn=978-1-108-41534-7&rft.aulast=McGuckin&rft.aufirst=John+Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Nyssa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHart200151–69-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHart200151–69_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHart200151–69_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHart2001">Hart 2001</a>, pp. 51–69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregory_of_Nyssa1993" class="citation book cs1">Gregory of Nyssa (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BReXJwwE_D8C&pg=PA74"><i>Homilies on Ecclesiastes</i></a>. Translated by Hall; Moriarty. New York: de Gruyter. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110135862" title="Special:BookSources/9783110135862"><bdi>9783110135862</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homilies+on+Ecclesiastes&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=de+Gruyter&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9783110135862&rft.au=Gregory+of+Nyssa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBReXJwwE_D8C%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Nyssa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ilaria L.E. Ramelli (2016). Social Justice and the Legitimacy of Slavery: The Role of Philosophical Asceticism from Ancient Judaism to Late Antiquity. Oxford Scholarship Online, pp 182-89. doi: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198777274.001.0001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirchschlaeger2016" class="citation journal cs1">Kirchschlaeger, P.G. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1015-87582016000200005">"Slavery and Early Christianity - A reflection from a human rights perspective"</a>. <i>Acta Theologica</i>. <b>36</b> (23). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4314%2Factat.v23i1s.4">10.4314/actat.v23i1s.4</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2309-9089">2309-9089</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Theologica&rft.atitle=Slavery+and+Early+Christianity+-+A+reflection+from+a+human+rights+perspective&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=23&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4314%2Factat.v23i1s.4&rft.issn=2309-9089&rft.aulast=Kirchschlaeger&rft.aufirst=P.G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scielo.org.za%2Fscielo.php%3Fscript%3Dsci_arttext%26pid%3DS1015-87582016000200005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Nyssa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The perennial tradition of Neoplatonism, p. 188</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The perennial tradition of Neoplatonism, p. 188–94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maspero & Mateo Seco, p. 531</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maspero & Mateo Seco, p. 532</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Enneads sixth tractate 1 Beauty :6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Life after Death, ch. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/proper-masses-for-the-use-of-the-benedictine-confederation"><i>Proper Masses for the Use of the Benedictine Confederation</i></a>. Collegeville, Minnesota: The Liturgical Press. 1975. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proper+Masses+for+the+Use+of+the+Benedictine+Confederation&rft.place=Collegeville%2C+Minnesota&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=The+Liturgical+Press&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fproper-masses-for-the-use-of-the-benedictine-confederation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Nyssa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar">"The Calendar"</a>. <i>The Church of England</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Church+of+England&rft.atitle=The+Calendar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofengland.org%2Fprayer-and-worship%2Fworship-texts-and-resources%2Fcommon-worship%2Fchurchs-year%2Fcalendar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Nyssa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120604032048/http://www.stgregory.ca.goarch.org/ParishHistory.dsp">"Parish History"</a>. Church of St. Gregory of Nyssa, San Diego. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stgregory.ca.goarch.org/ParishHistory.dsp">the original</a> on 4 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Parish+History&rft.pub=Church+of+St.+Gregory+of+Nyssa%2C+San+Diego&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stgregory.ca.goarch.org%2FParishHistory.dsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Nyssa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNatalie2014" class="citation book cs1">Natalie, Carnes (2014). <i>Beauty: A Theological Engagement with Gregory of Nyssa</i>. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781630876678" title="Special:BookSources/9781630876678"><bdi>9781630876678</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/903899756">903899756</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beauty%3A+A+Theological+Engagement+with+Gregory+of+Nyssa&rft.place=Eugene%2C+Oregon&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F903899756&rft.isbn=9781630876678&rft.aulast=Natalie&rft.aufirst=Carnes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Nyssa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brill-170-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brill-170_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brill-170_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Maspero & Mateo Seco, p. 170</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Only a very small number of initiates have read and are aware of Gregory of Nyssa, and they have jealously guarded their secret" - Hans Urs von Balthasar, <i>Presence and Thought: An Essay on the Religious Philosophy of Gregory of Nyssa</i> (1942), as quoted in Maspero & Mateo Seco, p.170</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bastitta Harriet 2023</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bastitta Harriet 2023, p. 148</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bastitta Harriet 2023, p. 125-148</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ludlow 2007, p. 232</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brill-171-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brill-171_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maspero & Mateo Seco, p. 171</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brill-172-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brill-172_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maspero & Mateo Seco, p. 172</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNatalie2014" class="citation book cs1">Natalie, Carnes (2014). <i>Beauty: A Theological Engagement with Gregory of Nyssa</i>. Eugene, Oregon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781630876678" title="Special:BookSources/9781630876678"><bdi>9781630876678</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/903899756">903899756</a>. <q>The same year Coakley's book was published, one of the contributors to that volume released his own book drawing considerably on Gregory: David Bentley Hart published The Beauty of the Infinite. Hart writes systematic theology in the tradition of Gregory, yet in conversation with contemporary thinkers. He writes Nyssen theology in the same way theologians for years have written Augustinian theology.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beauty%3A+A+Theological+Engagement+with+Gregory+of+Nyssa&rft.place=Eugene%2C+Oregon&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F903899756&rft.isbn=9781630876678&rft.aulast=Natalie&rft.aufirst=Carnes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Nyssa" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Seventh General Council, the Second of Nicaea, Held A.D. 787, in which the Worship of Images was Established: With Copious Notes from the "Caroline Books", Compiled by Order of Charlemagne for Its Confutation</i>, Council of Nicea, Translated by Mendham, John, Published by John. W.E. Painter, 1850, page 382</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henry Fairfield Osborn, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ONYKAAAAIAAJ&"><i>From the Greeks to Darwin</i></a> Macmillan and Co. (1905) p.69,71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeredith1999" class="citation book cs1">Meredith, Anthony (1999). <i>Gregory of Nyssa (The Early Church Fathers)</i>. Psychology Press. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415118408" title="Special:BookSources/9780415118408"><bdi>9780415118408</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gregory+of+Nyssa+%28The+Early+Church+Fathers%29&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780415118408&rft.aulast=Meredith&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Nyssa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carter, J. Kameron, <i>Race a Theological Account</i>, Oxford University Press, 2008, Page 231</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Balthasar1995" class="citation book cs1">von Balthasar, Hans Urs (1995). <i>Presence and thought : essay on the religious philosophy of Gregory of Nyssa</i>. San Francisco: Ignatius Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0898705215" title="Special:BookSources/0898705215"><bdi>0898705215</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/32457802">32457802</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Presence+and+thought+%3A+essay+on+the+religious+philosophy+of+Gregory+of+Nyssa&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=Ignatius+Press&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F32457802&rft.isbn=0898705215&rft.aulast=von+Balthasar&rft.aufirst=Hans+Urs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Nyssa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_of_Nyssa&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzkoul1995" class="citation book cs1">Azkoul, Michael (1995). <i>St. Gregory of Nyssa and the Tradition of the Fathers</i>. Lewiston, NY: E. Mellen Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7734-8993-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7734-8993-2"><bdi>0-7734-8993-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=St.+Gregory+of+Nyssa+and+the+Tradition+of+the+Fathers&rft.place=Lewiston%2C+NY&rft.pub=E.+Mellen+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-7734-8993-2&rft.aulast=Azkoul&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Nyssa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBastitta_Harriet2023" class="citation book cs1">Bastitta Harriet, Francisco (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/89881224"><i>An Ontological Freedom: The Origins of the Notion in Gregory of Nyssa and its Influence unto the Italian Renaissance</i></a>. Paderborn: Brill-Schöningh. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-506-79506-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-506-79506-9"><bdi>978-3-506-79506-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Ontological+Freedom%3A+The+Origins+of+the+Notion+in+Gregory+of+Nyssa+and+its+Influence+unto+the+Italian+Renaissance&rft.place=Paderborn&rft.pub=Brill-Sch%C3%B6ningh&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-3-506-79506-9&rft.aulast=Bastitta+Harriet&rft.aufirst=Francisco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F89881224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Nyssa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEne_D-Vasilescu2021" class="citation book cs1">Ene D-Vasilescu, Elena (2021). "Chapter 6: "Gregory of Nyssa's fourth century water organ (a reconstruction) and the elements of Creation in his texts: water, air, fire, and earth"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". In Ene D-Vasilescu, Elena (ed.). <i><span></span></i>Glimpses into Byzantium. Byzantine and Modern<i><span></span></i>. Oxford: Indep. pp. 127–140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-80049-880-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-80049-880-8"><bdi>978-1-80049-880-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+6%3A+%E2%80%9CGregory+of+Nyssa%E2%80%99s+fourth+century+water+organ+%28a+reconstruction%29+and+the+elements+of+Creation+in+his+texts%3A+water%2C+air%2C+fire%2C+and+earth%E2%80%9D&rft.btitle=Glimpses+into+Byzantium.+Byzantine+and+Modern&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=127-140&rft.pub=Indep.&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-80049-880-8&rft.aulast=Ene+D-Vasilescu&rft.aufirst=Elena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Nyssa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEne_D-Vasilescu2021" class="citation book cs1">Ene D-Vasilescu, Elena (2021). "Chapter 7: "The <i>epektasis</i> [ἐπέκτασις] and the exploits of the soul (ἡ ψυχή) in Gregory of Nyssa's <i>De anima et resurrectione/On the Soul and the Resurrection</i>"". In Ene D-Vasilescu, Elena (ed.). <i><span></span></i>Glimpses into Byzantium. Byzantine and Modern<i><span></span></i>. Oxford: Indep. pp. 140–158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-80049-880-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-80049-880-8"><bdi>978-1-80049-880-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+7%3A+%E2%80%9CThe+epektasis+%5B%E1%BC%90%CF%80%CE%AD%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B9%CF%82%5D+and+the+exploits+of+the+soul+%28%E1%BC%A1+%CF%88%CF%85%CF%87%CE%AE%29+in+Gregory+of+Nyssa%E2%80%99s+De+anima+et+resurrectione%2FOn+the+Soul+and+the+Resurrection%E2%80%9D&rft.btitle=Glimpses+into+Byzantium.+Byzantine+and+Modern&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=140-158&rft.pub=Indep.&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-80049-880-8&rft.aulast=Ene+D-Vasilescu&rft.aufirst=Elena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Nyssa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEne_D-Vasilescu2017" class="citation book cs1">Ene D-Vasilescu, Elena (2017). "Chapter 55: Gregory of Nyssa". In Esler, Philip F. (ed.). <i>The Early Christian World</i>. Routledge - Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 1072–1987.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+55%3A+Gregory+of+Nyssa&rft.btitle=The+Early+Christian+World&rft.pages=1072-1987&rft.pub=Routledge+-+Taylor+%26+Francis+Group&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Ene+D-Vasilescu&rft.aufirst=Elena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Nyssa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHart2001" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Bentley_Hart" title="David Bentley Hart">Hart, David Bentley</a> (February 2001). "The 'Whole Humanity': Gregory of Nyssa's Critique of Slavery in Light of His Eschatology". <i>Scottish Journal of Theology</i>. <b>54</b> (1): 51–69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0036930600051188">10.1017/S0036930600051188</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scottish+Journal+of+Theology&rft.atitle=The+%E2%80%98Whole+Humanity%E2%80%99%3A+Gregory+of+Nyssa%27s+Critique+of+Slavery+in+Light+of+His+Eschatology&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=51-69&rft.date=2001-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0036930600051188&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=David+Bentley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Nyssa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeredith1995" class="citation book cs1">Meredith, Anthony (1995). <i>The Cappadocians</i>. Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88141-112-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-88141-112-4"><bdi>0-88141-112-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cappadocians&rft.place=Crestwood%2C+NY&rft.pub=St.+Vladimir%27s+Seminary+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-88141-112-4&rft.aulast=Meredith&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Nyssa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMateo-SecoMaspero2010" class="citation book cs1">Mateo-Seco, Lucas Francisco; Maspero, Giulio, eds. (2010). <i>The Brill Dictionary of Gregory of Nyssa</i>. Leiden: Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Brill+Dictionary+of+Gregory+of+Nyssa&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Nyssa" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_of_Nyssa&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_J._Cleary1997" class="citation book cs1">John J. Cleary, ed. (1997). <i>The perennial tradition of Neoplatonism</i>. Leuven University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6186-847-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-6186-847-7"><bdi>978-90-6186-847-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+perennial+tradition+of+Neoplatonism&rft.pub=Leuven+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-90-6186-847-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Nyssa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarah_Coakley2003" class="citation book cs1">Sarah Coakley; et al. (2003). <i>Re-thinking Gregory of Nyssa</i>. Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-0637-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-0637-5"><bdi>978-1-4051-0637-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Re-thinking+Gregory+of+Nyssa&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-0637-5&rft.au=Sarah+Coakley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Nyssa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJean_Daniélou1956" class="citation journal cs1">Jean Daniélou (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1484%2FJ.REA.5.103908">"Le mariage de Grégoire de Nysse et la chronologie de sa vie"</a>. <i>Revue d'Études Augustiniennes et Patristiques</i>. <b>2</b> (1–2): 71–78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1484%2FJ.REA.5.103908">10.1484/J.REA.5.103908</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+d%27%C3%89tudes+Augustiniennes+et+Patristiques&rft.atitle=Le+mariage+de+Gr%C3%A9goire+de+Nysse+et+la+chronologie+de+sa+vie&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=71-78&rft.date=1956&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1484%2FJ.REA.5.103908&rft.au=Jean+Dani%C3%A9lou&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1484%252FJ.REA.5.103908&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Nyssa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_T._DavisDaniel_KendallGerald_O'Collins2002" class="citation book cs1">Stephen T. Davis; Daniel Kendall; Gerald O'Collins, eds. (2002). <i>The Trinity: an interdisciplinary symposium on the Trinity</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924612-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924612-0"><bdi>978-0-19-924612-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trinity%3A+an+interdisciplinary+symposium+on+the+Trinity&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-924612-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Nyssa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzález1984" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Justo_Gonzalez" class="mw-redirect" title="Justo Gonzalez">González, Justo</a> (1984), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mN5UPgAACAAJ"><i>The Story of Christianity</i></a>, Peabody: Prince Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56563-522-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56563-522-7"><bdi>978-1-56563-522-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Christianity&rft.place=Peabody&rft.pub=Prince+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-1-56563-522-7&rft.aulast=Gonz%C3%A1lez&rft.aufirst=Justo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmN5UPgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Nyssa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Jenson2002" class="citation book cs1">Robert Jenson (2002). <i>The Triune Identity: God According to the Gospel</i>. Wipf & Stock. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57910-962-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57910-962-2"><bdi>978-1-57910-962-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Triune+Identity%3A+God+According+to+the+Gospel&rft.pub=Wipf+%26+Stock&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-57910-962-2&rft.au=Robert+Jenson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Nyssa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuane_H._Larson1995" class="citation book cs1">Duane H. Larson (1995). <i>Times of the trinity: a proposal for theistic cosmology</i>. P. Lang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-2706-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-2706-5"><bdi>978-0-8204-2706-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Times+of+the+trinity%3A+a+proposal+for+theistic+cosmology&rft.pub=P.+Lang&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8204-2706-5&rft.au=Duane+H.+Larson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Nyssa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorwenna_Ludlow2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Morwenna_Ludlow" title="Morwenna Ludlow">Morwenna Ludlow</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D_U1887kuFgC&q=gregory+of+nyssa+universal+salvation"><i>Universal salvation: eschatology in the thought of Gregory of Nyssa and Karl Rahner</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-827022-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-827022-5"><bdi>978-0-19-827022-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Universal+salvation%3A+eschatology+in+the+thought+of+Gregory+of+Nyssa+and+Karl+Rahner&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-827022-5&rft.au=Morwenna+Ludlow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD_U1887kuFgC%26q%3Dgregory%2Bof%2Bnyssa%2Buniversal%2Bsalvation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Nyssa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorwenna_Ludlow2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Morwenna_Ludlow" title="Morwenna Ludlow">Morwenna Ludlow</a> (2007). <i>Gregory of Nyssa : ancient and (post)modern</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928076-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928076-6"><bdi>978-0-19-928076-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gregory+of+Nyssa+%3A+ancient+and+%28post%29modern&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-928076-6&rft.au=Morwenna+Ludlow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Nyssa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiulio_MasperoLucas_F._Mateo_Seco2009" class="citation book cs1">Giulio Maspero; Lucas F. Mateo Seco, eds. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lD3zg6t4y7MC&q=gregory+of+nyssa+biography&pg=PA103"><i>The Brill dictionary of Gregory of Nyssa</i></a>. Leiden: BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16965-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16965-4"><bdi>978-90-04-16965-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Brill+dictionary+of+Gregory+of+Nyssa&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-04-16965-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlD3zg6t4y7MC%26q%3Dgregory%2Bof%2Bnyssa%2Bbiography%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Nyssa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Metropolitan Hierotheos of Nafpaktos, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pelagia.org/htm/b24.en.life_after_death.01.htm">Life after Death</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111229090752/http://www.pelagia.org/htm/b24.en.life_after_death.01.htm">Archived</a> 2011-12-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 22 January 2012.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPfister1964" class="citation journal cs1">Pfister, J. Emile (June 1964). "A Biographical Note: The Brothers and Sisters of St. Gregory of Nyssa". <i>Vigiliae Christianae</i>. <b>18</b> (2): 108–113. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1582774">10.2307/1582774</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1582774">1582774</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vigiliae+Christianae&rft.atitle=A+Biographical+Note%3A+The+Brothers+and+Sisters+of+St.+Gregory+of+Nyssa&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=108-113&rft.date=1964-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1582774&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1582774%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Pfister&rft.aufirst=J.+Emile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Nyssa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaymond_Van_Dam2002" class="citation book cs1">Raymond Van Dam (2002). <i>Kingdom of snow: Roman rule and Greek culture in Cappadocia</i>. University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-3681-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-3681-1"><bdi>978-0-8122-3681-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kingdom+of+snow%3A+Roman+rule+and+Greek+culture+in+Cappadocia&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-3681-1&rft.au=Raymond+Van+Dam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Nyssa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaymond_Van_Dam2003" class="citation book cs1">Raymond Van Dam (2003). <i>Becoming Christian: the conversion of Roman Cappadocia</i>. University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-3738-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-3738-2"><bdi>978-0-8122-3738-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Becoming+Christian%3A+the+conversion+of+Roman+Cappadocia&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-3738-2&rft.au=Raymond+Van+Dam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Nyssa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_W._WattJan_Willem_Drijvers1999" class="citation book cs1">John W. Watt; Jan Willem Drijvers (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F9n0s4m_vucC&q=gregory+of+nyssa+athens&pg=PA120"><i>Portraits of spiritual authority: religious power in early Christianity, Byzantium, and the Christian Orient</i></a>. Leiden: BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11459-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11459-3"><bdi>978-90-04-11459-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portraits+of+spiritual+authority%3A+religious+power+in+early+Christianity%2C+Byzantium%2C+and+the+Christian+Orient&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-90-04-11459-3&rft.au=John+W.+Watt&rft.au=Jan+Willem+Drijvers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF9n0s4m_vucC%26q%3Dgregory%2Bof%2Bnyssa%2Bathens%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Nyssa" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_of_Nyssa&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ancient Greek OCR of Gregory of Nyssa's writings in <i>PG</i> at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heml.mta.ca/lace">Lace</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180824201043/http://heml.mta.ca/lace">Archived</a> 2018-08-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> repository of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Allison_University" title="Mount Allison University">Mount Allison University</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heml.mta.ca/lace/runs/patrologiaecursu45mignuoft">vol. 45</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180910075340/http://heml.mta.ca/lace/runs/patrologiaecursu45mignuoft">Archived</a> 2018-09-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heml.mta.ca/lace/runs/patrologiaecursu46mignuoft">vol. 46</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180824192013/http://heml.mta.ca/lace/runs/patrologiaecursu46mignuoft">Archived</a> 2018-08-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lectio-divina.org/index.php/reflections/reflections-on-the-writings-of-gregory-of-nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa works</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220521024819/https://www.lectio-divina.org/index.php/reflections/reflections-on-the-writings-of-gregory-of-nyssa">Archived</a> 2022-05-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080513192134/http://www.sage.edu/faculty/salomd/nyssa/index.html">Gregory of Nyssa Home Page</a>, including many English translations of his writings.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lectio-divina.org/index.php/reflections/reflections-on-the-writings-of-gregory-of-nyssa">Gregory of Nissa</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211225033435/http://www.lectio-divina.org/index.php/reflections/reflections-on-the-writings-of-gregory-of-nyssa">Archived</a> 2021-12-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> English translación of writings.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Gregory, St, of Nyssa"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Gregory,_St,_of_Nyssa">"Gregory, St, of Nyssa" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 564.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gregory%2C+St%2C+of+Nyssa&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=564&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Nyssa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Gregory of Nyssa"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/St._Gregory_of_Nyssa">"St. Gregory of Nyssa" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=St.+Gregory+of+Nyssa&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGregory+of+Nyssa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/g/gregoryn.htm">Gregory of Nyssa</a> entry from <i><a href="/wiki/The_Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/20_30_0330-0395-_Gregorius_Nyssenus,_Sanctus.html">Opera Omnia</a> by <a href="/wiki/Migne" class="mw-redirect" title="Migne">Migne</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Patrologia_Graeca" title="Patrologia Graeca">Patrologia Graeca</a></i> with analytical indexes.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf205.html">Schaff's <i>Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers</i> (online), including the works of St. Gregory</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/4168">"Commentary on Song of Songs; Letter on the Soul; Letter on Ascesis and the Monastic Life'</a>, a manuscript from the 14th-century of Gregory of Nyssa's work, translated into Arabic</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/11312">Works by Gregory of Nyssa</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Gregory of Nyssa</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/103646160">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/235160483746704991906">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/555144647698729848281">3</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/2487167867544123060004">4</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/8592149068427065730009">5</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1821700/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118541919">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79021401">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11905837m">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11905837m">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00467561">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Gregorius : Nyssenus"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV019102">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35383659">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20021204001&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000007920&CON_LNG=ENG">Russia</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000117932&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000037107&CON_LNG=ENG">3</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1721974">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/23623">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069232741">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90273042">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000172150&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=17262">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC2018N2783">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/20dggk6l4k6xhmp">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a 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style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/933294">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118541919.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118541919">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027449734">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6fx9100">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gregory_of_Nyssa&oldid=1251551279">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gregory_of_Nyssa&oldid=1251551279</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:330s_births" title="Category:330s births">330s births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:395_deaths" title="Category:395 deaths">395 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:4th-century_bishops_in_Roman_Anatolia" 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