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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Setting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Setting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Setting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Structure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kaluapele" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kaluapele"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Kaluapele </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kaluapele-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rift_zones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rift_zones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Rift zones </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rift_zones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hilina_fault_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hilina_fault_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3 Hilina fault system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hilina_fault_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eruptive_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eruptive_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Eruptive history </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Eruptive_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Eruptive history subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Eruptive_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistoric_eruptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistoric_eruptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Prehistoric eruptions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistoric_eruptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1410_to_1790" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1410_to_1790"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 1410 to 1790 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1410_to_1790-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1790_to_1934" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1790_to_1934"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 1790 to 1934 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1790_to_1934-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1952_to_1982" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1952_to_1982"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 1952 to 1982 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1952_to_1982-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1983–2018" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1983–2018"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 1983–2018 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1983–2018-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2018_eruptive_episodes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2018_eruptive_episodes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.1 2018 eruptive episodes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2018_eruptive_episodes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2019–20:_Water_lake_appears_at_the_summit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2019–20:_Water_lake_appears_at_the_summit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 2019–20: Water lake appears at the summit </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2019–20:_Water_lake_appears_at_the_summit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-December_2020_–_May_2021_summit_eruption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#December_2020_–_May_2021_summit_eruption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 December 2020 – May 2021 summit eruption </div> </a> <ul id="toc-December_2020_–_May_2021_summit_eruption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-September_2021_summit_eruption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#September_2021_summit_eruption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 September 2021 summit eruption </div> </a> <ul id="toc-September_2021_summit_eruption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2023_summit_eruptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2023_summit_eruptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9 2023 summit eruptions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2023_summit_eruptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2024_rift_zone_eruptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2024_rift_zone_eruptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.10 2024 rift zone eruptions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2024_rift_zone_eruptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hazards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hazards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Hazards </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hazards-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Hazards subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Hazards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Volcanic_Explosivity_Index" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volcanic_Explosivity_Index"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Volcanic Explosivity Index </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volcanic_Explosivity_Index-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oral_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oral_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Oral traditions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oral_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Ecology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ecology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Background </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecosystems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecosystems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Ecosystems </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecosystems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Human history </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Human_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Human history subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Human_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_Hawaiian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Hawaiian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Ancient Hawaiian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Hawaiian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Modern era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hawaiian_Volcano_Observatory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hawaiian_Volcano_Observatory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Hawaiian Volcano Observatory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hawaiian_Volcano_Observatory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Kīlauea</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 61 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-61" aria-hidden="true" > 61 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%ABlauea" title="Kīlauea – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kīlauea" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="كيلاويا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كيلاويا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilauea" title="Kilauea – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Kilauea" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%8D%D0%B0" title="Кілаўэа – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кілаўэа" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%B0" title="Килауеа – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Килауеа" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%ABlauea" title="Kīlauea – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kīlauea" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilauea" title="Kilauea – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kilauea" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%ABlauea_Volcano" title="Kīlauea Volcano – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kīlauea Volcano" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilauea" title="Kilauea – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kilauea" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilauea" title="Kilauea – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kilauea" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%ABlauea" title="Kīlauea – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kīlauea" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8D" title="ཀི་ལའུ་ཨེ། – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ཀི་ལའུ་ཨེ།" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%ABlauea_vulkaan" title="Kīlauea vulkaan – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kīlauea vulkaan" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AD%CE%B1" title="Κιλαουέα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κιλαουέα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%ABlauea" title="Kīlauea – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kīlauea" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%ABlauea" title="Kīlauea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kīlauea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="کیلاویا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کیلاویا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%ABlauea" title="Kīlauea – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kīlauea" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilauea" title="Kilauea – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Kilauea" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%82%AC%EB%9D%BC%EC%9A%B0%EC%97%90%EC%95%84%EC%82%B0" title="킬라우에아산 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="킬라우에아산" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%ABlauea" title="Kīlauea – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kīlauea" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A5%D5%A1_(%D5%B0%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AD)" title="Կիլաուեա (հրաբուխ) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կիլաուեա (հրաբուխ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_K%C4%ABlauea" title="Gunung Kīlauea – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gunung Kīlauea" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%ABlauea" title="Kīlauea – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kīlauea" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%ABlauea" title="Kīlauea – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kīlauea" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%94" title="קילוואה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קילוואה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilauea" title="Kilauea – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kilauea" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%94%E1%83%90" title="კილაუეა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კილაუეა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%B0" title="Килауэа – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Килауэа" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%ABlauea" title="Kīlauea – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kīlauea" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilauea" title="Kilauea – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kilauea" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilauea" title="Kilauea – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kilauea" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Килауеја – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Килауеја" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%94%E1%83%90" title="კილაუეა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კილაუეა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%ABlauea" title="Kīlauea – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kīlauea" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%ABlauea" title="Kīlauea – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kīlauea" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A8%E3%82%A2%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1" title="キラウエア火山 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="キラウエア火山" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%ABlauea" title="Kīlauea – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kīlauea" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%ABlauea" title="Kīlauea – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kīlauea" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilauea" title="Kilauea – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Kilauea" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilauea_vulqoni" title="Kilauea vulqoni – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kilauea vulqoni" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%ABlauea" title="Kīlauea – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kīlauea" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilauea" title="Kilauea – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Kilauea" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%ABlauea" title="Kīlauea – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Kīlauea" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%B0" title="Килауэа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Килауэа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilauea" title="Kilauea – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kilauea" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilauea" title="Kilauea – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kilauea" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%B0" title="Килауеа – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Килауеа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilauea" title="Kilauea – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kilauea" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%ABlauea" title="Kīlauea – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kīlauea" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilauea" title="Kilauea – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kilauea" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%ABlauea" title="Kīlauea – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kīlauea" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="கிலாயூயா எரிமலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கிலாயூயா எரிமலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2" title="ภูเขาไฟคีเลาเวอา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภูเขาไฟคีเลาเวอา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilauea_Da%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Kilauea Dağı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kilauea Dağı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%B0" title="Кілауеа – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кілауеа" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%ABlauea" title="Kīlauea – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kīlauea" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%ABlauea" title="Kīlauea – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kīlauea" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E6%8B%89%E9%9F%A6%E5%8E%84%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1" title="基拉韦厄火山 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="基拉韦厄火山" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=K%C4%ABlauea&params=19.421097472_N_155.286762433_W_type:mountain_region:US-HI_scale:100000">19°25′16″N 155°17′12″W / 19.421097472°N 155.286762433°W / 19.421097472; -155.286762433</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kilauea&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilauea">Kilauea</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Active volcano in Hawaii</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the town of Kīlauea on Kauai, see <a href="/wiki/K%C4%ABlauea,_Hawaii" title="Kīlauea, Hawaii">Kīlauea, Hawaii</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:24.5em; line-height:1.5em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Kīlauea</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding: 0.3em 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kilauea_Fissure_8_cone_erupting_on_6-28-2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Kilauea_Fissure_8_cone_erupting_on_6-28-2018.jpg/288px-Kilauea_Fissure_8_cone_erupting_on_6-28-2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Kilauea_Fissure_8_cone_erupting_on_6-28-2018.jpg/432px-Kilauea_Fissure_8_cone_erupting_on_6-28-2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Kilauea_Fissure_8_cone_erupting_on_6-28-2018.jpg/576px-Kilauea_Fissure_8_cone_erupting_on_6-28-2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding: 0.2em 0em;">Kīlauea's Ahu’aila’au cone erupting on the morning of June 28, 2018</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Highest point</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Summit" title="Summit">Elevation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,247 m (4,091 ft)<a href="#cite_note-ngs-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Topographic_prominence" title="Topographic prominence">Prominence</a></th><td class="infobox-data">15.3 m (50 ft)<a href="#cite_note-pb-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=K%C4%ABlauea&params=19.421097472_N_155.286762433_W_type:mountain_region:US-HI_scale:100000">19°25′16″N 155°17′12″W / 19.421097472°N 155.286762433°W / 19.421097472; -155.286762433</a><a href="#cite_note-ngs-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Geography</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.5em 0.2em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:272px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:272px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:272px"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_Hawaii_relief_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kīlauea is located in Hawaii"><img alt="Kīlauea is located in Hawaii" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/USA_Hawaii_relief_location_map.svg/272px-USA_Hawaii_relief_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="272" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/USA_Hawaii_relief_location_map.svg/408px-USA_Hawaii_relief_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/USA_Hawaii_relief_location_map.svg/544px-USA_Hawaii_relief_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1441" data-file-height="935" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:80.511%;left:88.742%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-8px;top:-8px"><img alt="Kīlauea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/16px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/24px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg/32px-Red_triangle_with_thick_white_border.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="240" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:9px"><div>Kīlauea</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_(island)" title="Hawaii (island)">Hawaiʻi</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #E7DCC3;">Geology</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geological_time_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological time scale">Rock age</a></th><td class="infobox-data">210,000 to 280,000 years old<a href="#cite_note-hvo-kilauea-hist-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_types" title="List of mountain types">Mountain type(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shield_volcano" title="Shield volcano">Shield volcano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hotspot_(geology)" title="Hotspot (geology)">hotspot volcano</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Volcanic <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_arc" title="Volcanic arc">arc</a>/<a href="/wiki/Volcanic_belt" title="Volcanic belt">belt</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian%E2%80%93Emperor_seamount_chain" title="Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain">Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_volcanic_eruptions" title="Types of volcanic eruptions">Last eruption</a></th><td class="infobox-data">September 15–20, 2024</td></tr></tbody></table> Kīlauea (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌkɪləˈweɪə/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">KIL-ə-WAY-ə</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">Hawaiian: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hawaiian" title="Help:IPA/Hawaiian">[kiːlɐwˈwɛjə]</a>) is an active <a href="/wiki/Shield_volcano" title="Shield volcano">shield volcano</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands" title="Hawaiian Islands">Hawaiian Islands</a>. It is located along the southeastern shore of <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_(island)" title="Hawaii (island)">Hawaii Island</a>. The volcano is between 210,000 and 280,000 years old and grew above sea level about 100,000 years ago. Since the islands were settled, it has been the most <a href="/wiki/Volcano#Active" title="Volcano">active</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_(island)#Volcanism" title="Hawaii (island)">five volcanoes</a> that together form the island and among the most active volcanoes on Earth. The most recent eruption occurred in September 2024. Kīlauea is the second-youngest product of the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_hotspot" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawaiian hotspot">Hawaiian hotspot</a> and the current eruptive center of the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian%E2%80%93Emperor_seamount_chain" title="Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain">Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain</a>. Because it lacks <a href="/wiki/Topographic_prominence" title="Topographic prominence">topographic prominence</a> and its activities historically coincided with those of <a href="/wiki/Mauna_Loa" title="Mauna Loa">Mauna Loa</a>, Kīlauea was once thought to be a satellite of its much larger neighbor. Kīlauea has a large, fairly recently formed <a href="/wiki/Caldera" title="Caldera">caldera</a> at its summit and two active <a href="/wiki/Rift_zone" title="Rift zone">rift zones</a>, one extending 125 km (78 mi) east and the other 35 km (22 mi) west. An active <a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">fault</a> of unknown depth moves vertically an average of 2 to 20 mm (0.1 to 0.8 in) per year. Between 2008 and 2018, <a href="/wiki/Halema%CA%BBuma%CA%BBu" title="Halemaʻumaʻu">Halemaʻumaʻu</a>, a pit crater located within Kīlauea's summit caldera, hosted an active lava lake. Kīlauea <a href="/wiki/Pu%CA%BBu_%CA%BB%C5%8C%CA%BB%C5%8D" title="Puʻu ʻŌʻō">erupted nearly continuously from vents on its eastern rift zone between January 1983 and April 2018</a>, causing major property damage, including the destruction of the towns of <a href="/wiki/Kalapana,_Hawaii" title="Kalapana, Hawaii">Kalapana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kaim%C5%AB,_Hawaii" title="Kaimū, Hawaii">Kaimū</a> along with the community's renowned <a href="/wiki/Black_sand_beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Black sand beach">black sand beach</a>, in 1990. Beginning in May 2018, <a href="/wiki/2018_lower_Puna_eruption" title="2018 lower Puna eruption">activity shifted further downrift from the summit to the lower Puna district</a>, during which lava erupted from two dozen vents with eruptive fountains that sent rivers of lava into the ocean in three places. The eruption destroyed Hawaii's <a href="/wiki/Green_Lake_(Hawaii)" title="Green Lake (Hawaii)">largest natural freshwater lake</a>, covered substantial portions of <a href="/wiki/Leilani_Estates" class="mw-redirect" title="Leilani Estates">Leilani Estates</a> and Lanipuna Gardens, and destroyed the communities of <a href="/wiki/Kapoho,_Hawaii" title="Kapoho, Hawaii">Kapoho</a>, Vacationland Hawaii, and most of the Kapoho Beach Lots.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> The <a href="/wiki/County_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="County of Hawaii">County of Hawaii</a> reported that 716 dwellings were destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-USGS2018summary-6">[6]</a> Concurrent with the activity downrift in lower Puna, the lava lake within Halemaʻumaʻu drained and a series of explosive collapse events occurred at the volcano's summit, with at least one explosion emitting ash 30,000 feet (9,100 m) into the air. This activity prompted a months-long closure of the Kīlauea section of <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Volcanoes_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawaii Volcanoes National Park">Hawaii Volcanoes National Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> The eruption ended in September 2018.<a href="#cite_note-USGS2018summary-6">[6]</a> Since 2020, several eruptions have occurred within the enlarged caldera left by the 2018 collapse events as well as along the volcano's southwest and east rift zones. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C4%ABlauea&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> Kīlauea is a <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian word</a> that means "spewing" or "much spreading", referring to its frequent outpouring of <a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">lava</a>. Its earliest lavas date back to its <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_Hawaiian_volcanoes#Submarine_preshield_stage" title="Evolution of Hawaiian volcanoes">submarine preshield stage</a>. Samples were recovered by <a href="/wiki/Remotely_operated_underwater_vehicle" title="Remotely operated underwater vehicle">remotely operated underwater vehicles</a>; samples of other flows were recovered as <a href="/wiki/Core_sample" title="Core sample">core samples</a>. Lavas younger than 1,000 years old cover 90 percent of the volcano's surface. The oldest exposed lavas date back 2,800 years. <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">Radiocarbon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paleomagnetic_dating" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleomagnetic dating">paleomagnetic</a> dating identified a major eruption of Kīlauea around 1410, the first to be mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiians" title="Native Hawaiians">Native Hawaiians</a>' <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral history</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a> Western contact and written history began in 1778. The first documented eruption of Kīlauea came in 1823 with repeated eruptions thereafter. Most occurred at the volcano's summit or its eastern rift zone, and were prolonged and <a href="/wiki/Effusive_eruption" title="Effusive eruption">effusive</a>. The geological record shows that pre-contact <a href="/wiki/Explosive_eruption" title="Explosive eruption">explosive</a> activity was common; in 1790 <a href="/wiki/Keanakakoi_eruption" title="Keanakakoi eruption">one such eruption</a> killed more than 400 people, making it the <a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanic_eruptions_by_death_toll" title="List of volcanic eruptions by death toll">deadliest volcanic eruption</a> in what became the United States.<a href="#cite_note-1790_eruption-9">[9]</a> Kīlauea's eruption from January 3, 1983, to 2018 was by far its longest-duration period of activity in modern times, as well as one of the longest-duration eruptions documented on Earth; as of January 2011, the eruption had produced 3.5 km3 (1 cu mi) of lava and resurfaced 123.2 km2 (48 sq mi) of land. Centuries prior to this event, the even larger <a href="/wiki/%CA%BBAil%C4%81%CA%BBau_eruption" title="ʻAilāʻau eruption">ʻAilāʻau eruption</a> of 1410 lasted about 60 years, ending in 1470 with an estimated volume of 4–6 km3 (0.96–1.44 cu mi).<a href="#cite_note-:1-10">[10]</a> Kīlauea's activity has a major impact on its mountainside ecology, where plant growth is often interrupted by fresh <a href="/wiki/Tephra" title="Tephra">tephra</a> and drifting volcanic <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a>, producing <a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">acid rains</a> particularly in a barren area south of its southwestern rift zone known as the <a href="/wiki/Ka%CA%BB%C5%AB_Desert" title="Kaʻū Desert">Kaʻū Desert</a>. Nonetheless, wildlife flourishes left undisturbed elsewhere on the volcano and is highly <a href="/wiki/Endemism_in_the_Hawaiian_Islands" title="Endemism in the Hawaiian Islands">endemic</a> thanks to Kīlauea's (and the island of Hawaiʻi's) isolation from the nearest continental landmass. Historically, the island's five volcanoes were considered sacred by the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawaiian people">Hawaiian people</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawaiian mythology">Hawaiian mythology</a> Halemaʻumaʻu served as the body and home of <a href="/wiki/Pele_(deity)" title="Pele (deity)">Pele</a>, goddess of fire, lightning, wind, and volcanoes.<a href="#cite_note-Alia_Wong-11">[11]</a> English <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionary</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Ellis_(British_missionary)" title="William Ellis (British missionary)">William Ellis</a> gave the first modern account of Kīlauea and spent two weeks exploring the volcano. Since its foundation by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jaggar" title="Thomas Jaggar">Thomas Jaggar</a> in 1912, the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Volcano_Observatory" title="Hawaiian Volcano Observatory">Hawaiian Volcano Observatory</a>, for many years located on the rim of <a href="/wiki/K%C4%ABlauea_Caldera" title="Kīlauea Caldera">Kīlauea's summit caldera</a> (Kaluapele), has served as the principal investigative and scientific body on the volcano and the island. In 1916, a bill forming <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Volcanoes_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawaii Volcanoes National Park">Hawaii Volcanoes National Park</a> was signed into law by President <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>. The park is a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> and a major tourist destination, attracting roughly 2.6 million visitors annually. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology">Geology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C4%ABlauea&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geology">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Setting">Setting</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C4%ABlauea&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Setting">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size noresize" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Location_Kilauea.svg/220px-Location_Kilauea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Location_Kilauea.svg/330px-Location_Kilauea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Location_Kilauea.svg/440px-Location_Kilauea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="279" data-file-height="299" usemap="#ImageMap_66b6b03b22371e7d" resource="/wiki/File:Location_Kilauea.svg" /><map name="ImageMap_66b6b03b22371e7d"><area href="/wiki/Mauna_Loa" shape="poly" coords="51,51,77,83,109,99,181,89,186,106,163,135,137,142,119,159,110,187,95,204,77,226,45,206,38,189,44,155,31,125,47,124,67,100,50,71,37,71,43,58" alt="Mauna Loa" title="Mauna Loa" /><area href="/wiki/Mauna_Kea" shape="poly" coords="53,43,52,51,78,84,95,91,110,100,168,92,170,69,147,47,95,26,84,41" alt="Mauna Kea" title="Mauna Kea" /><area href="/wiki/Hualalai" shape="poly" coords="31,125,48,125,67,100,51,70,32,70,16,83,16,96" alt="Hualalai" title="Hualalai" /><area href="/wiki/Kohala_(mountain)" shape="poly" coords="53,43,84,42,95,28,69,16,67,8,50,2,40,5,43,26" alt="Kohala (mountain)" title="Kohala (mountain)" /></map><figcaption>Location of Kīlauea on <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_(island)" title="Hawaii (island)">Hawaiʻi island</a></figcaption></figure> Like all Hawaiian volcanoes, Kīlauea was formed as the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Plate">Pacific tectonic plate</a> moved over the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_hotspot" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawaiian hotspot">Hawaiian hotspot</a> in the Earth's underlying <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(geology)" title="Mantle (geology)">mantle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-usgs-2007-12">[12]</a> Hawaii island volcanoes are the most recent evidence of this process that, over 70 million years, has produced the 6,000 km (3,700 mi)-long <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian%E2%80%93Emperor_seamount_chain" title="Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain">Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Watson-13">[13]</a> The prevailing view is that the hotspot has been largely stationary within the planet's mantle for much of the <a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic</a> <a href="/wiki/Era_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Era (geology)">Era</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Watson-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> However, while the Hawaiian <a href="/wiki/Mantle_plume" title="Mantle plume">mantle plume</a> is well understood and extensively studied, the nature of hotspots themselves remains uncertain.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Kīlauea is one of five <a href="/wiki/Subaerial" title="Subaerial">subaerial</a> (originating under water) volcanoes that make up the island of Hawaii, originated from the Hawaiian hotspot.<a href="#cite_note-hvo-kilauea-16">[16]</a> The oldest volcano on the island, <a href="/wiki/Kohala_(mountain)" title="Kohala (mountain)">Kohala</a>, is more than a million years old,<a href="#cite_note-hvo-kohala-17">[17]</a> while Kīlauea, the youngest, is between 300,000 and 600,000 years of age.<a href="#cite_note-hvo-kilauea-16">[16]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kama%CA%BBehuakanaloa_Seamount" title="Kamaʻehuakanaloa Seamount">Kamaʻehuakanaloa</a> (the ruddy, reddish child of Kanaloa,<a href="#cite_note-:5-18">[18]</a> formerly Lōʻihi), on the island's flank, is younger and has yet to breach the surface.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Thus Kilauea is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_the_Hawaiian_%E2%80%93_Emperor_seamount_chain" class="mw-redirect" title="List of volcanoes in the Hawaiian – Emperor seamount chain">second</a> youngest volcano in the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain, a chain of <a href="/wiki/Shield_volcano" title="Shield volcano">shield volcanoes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seamount" title="Seamount">seamounts</a> extending from <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Kuril%E2%80%93Kamchatka_Trench" title="Kuril–Kamchatka Trench">Kuril–Kamchatka Trench</a> in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-USGS_Hotspots-20">[20]</a> Kīlauea started as a <a href="/wiki/Submarine_volcano" title="Submarine volcano">submarine volcano</a>, gradually growing larger and taller via underwater eruptions of <a href="/wiki/Alkali_basalt" title="Alkali basalt">alkali basalt</a> lava before emerging from the sea with a series of explosive eruptions<a href="#cite_note-hov-evolution-21">[21]</a> about 50,000 to 100,000 years ago. Since then, the volcano's activity has produced a continual stream of <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_eruption" title="Hawaiian eruption">effusive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Explosive_eruption" title="Explosive eruption">explosive</a> eruptions of roughly the same pattern as its activity since records began to be kept.<a href="#cite_note-hvo-eruptive-22">[22]</a> Hawaii island's oldest volcano, <a href="/wiki/Kohala_(mountain)" title="Kohala (mountain)">Kohala</a>, experienced almost 900,000 years of activity before going <a href="/wiki/Extinct_volcano" class="mw-redirect" title="Extinct volcano">extinct</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hvo-kohala-17">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_eruption" title="Hawaiian eruption">Eruptions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Explosive_eruption" title="Explosive eruption">explosive</a> activity will make Kīlauea taller, build up its rift zones, and fill and refill Kaluapele.<a href="#cite_note-hvo-eruptive-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure">Structure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C4%ABlauea&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Structure">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:254px;max-width:254px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Kilauea_-_Landsat_mosaic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Kilauea_-_Landsat_mosaic.jpg/250px-Kilauea_-_Landsat_mosaic.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Kilauea_-_Landsat_mosaic.jpg/375px-Kilauea_-_Landsat_mosaic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Kilauea_-_Landsat_mosaic.jpg/500px-Kilauea_-_Landsat_mosaic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2563" data-file-height="1898" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Simulated true-color <a href="/wiki/Landsat_7" title="Landsat 7">Landsat</a> mosaic</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Kilauea_ali_2012_01_28.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Kilauea_ali_2012_01_28.jpg/250px-Kilauea_ali_2012_01_28.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Kilauea_ali_2012_01_28.jpg/375px-Kilauea_ali_2012_01_28.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Kilauea_ali_2012_01_28.jpg/500px-Kilauea_ali_2012_01_28.jpg 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="840" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Kīlauea's <a href="/wiki/Caldera" title="Caldera">summit caldera</a>; <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_gas" title="Volcanic gas">volcanic gas</a> can be seen rising out of Halemaʻumaʻu, within the caldera (January 2012)</div></div></div></div></div> Kīlauea has been <a href="/wiki/Active_volcano" title="Active volcano">active</a> throughout its history.<a href="#cite_note-hvo-eruptive-22">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cinder_cone" title="Cinder cone">Cinder cones</a>, satellite shields, <a href="/wiki/Lava_tube" title="Lava tube">lava tubes</a>, and other eruptive structures are present, evidence of its recent activity.<a href="#cite_note-osu-landforms-23">[23]</a> Since 1918, Kīlauea's longest pause lasted 18 years between 1934 and 1952.<a href="#cite_note-soest-hist-24">[24]</a> The bulk of Kīlauea consists of solidified <a href="/wiki/Lava_flow" class="mw-redirect" title="Lava flow">lava flows</a>, intermixed with <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">volcanic ash</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tephra" title="Tephra">tephra</a> produced by lower-volume <a href="/wiki/Explosive_eruption" title="Explosive eruption">explosive eruptions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hvo-eruptive-22">[22]</a> Much of the volcano is covered in historical flows, while 90 percent of its surface is from the last 1,100 years.<a href="#cite_note-usgs-hazard-25">[25]</a> Much of its bulk remains underwater;<a href="#cite_note-hov-evolution-21">[21]</a> its subaerial surface is a gently sloping, elongate, decentralized shield with a surface area of approximately 1,500 km2 (579 sq mi),<a href="#cite_note-usgs-erz-26">[26]</a> making up 13.7 percent of the island's total surface area.<a href="#cite_note-hvo-kilauea-16">[16]</a> Kīlauea lacks <a href="/wiki/Topographical_prominence" class="mw-redirect" title="Topographical prominence">topographical prominence</a>, appearing only as a bulge on the southeastern flank of <a href="/wiki/Mauna_Loa" title="Mauna Loa">Mauna Loa</a>. Native Hawaiians and early geologists considered it an active satellite of its host. However, lava analysis shows that the two have separate <a href="/wiki/Magma_chamber" title="Magma chamber">magma chambers</a>. Nonetheless, high activity at one volcano roughly coincides with low activity at the other. When Kīlauea lay dormant between 1934 and 1952, Mauna Loa became active, and when the latter remained quiet from 1952 to 1974, the reverse was true. This is not always the case; the <a href="/wiki/1984_eruption_of_Mauna_Loa" title="1984 eruption of Mauna Loa">1984 eruption of Mauna Loa</a> started during an eruption at Kīlauea, but had no discernible effect on the Kīlauea eruption, and the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Deformation_(volcanology)" title="Deformation (volcanology)">inflation</a> of Mauna Loa's summit, indicative of a future eruption, began the same day as new lava flows at Kīlauea's <a href="/wiki/Pu%CA%BBu_%CA%BB%C5%8C%CA%BB%C5%8D" title="Puʻu ʻŌʻō">Puʻu ʻŌʻō</a> crater. In 2002, Kilauea experienced a high-volume effusive episode at the same time that Mauna Loa began inflating. This unexpected communication is evidence of crustal-level interactions between them.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Geologists suggested that "pulses" of <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a> entering Mauna Loa's deeper magma system may have increased <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">pressure</a> inside Kīlauea and triggered the concurrent eruptions.<a href="#cite_note-hvo-loa_kilauea-28">[28]</a> Mauna Loa began erupting on November 27, 2022, during Kīlauea's ongoing eruption, the first time since 1984 that both volcanoes were simultaneously erupting. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kaluapele">Kaluapele</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C4%ABlauea&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Kaluapele">edit</a>]</div> Kīlauea has a large <a href="/wiki/Caldera" title="Caldera">summit caldera</a> named Kaluapele (the pit of Pele),<a href="#cite_note-:5-18">[18]</a> measuring 4 by 3.2 km (2.5 by 2.0 mi) with walls up to 120 m (400 ft) high, breached by lava flows on the southwestern side.<a href="#cite_note-soest-hist-24">[24]</a> The age of Kaluapele is unknown, and it is possible that it has appeared and disappeared multiple times.<a href="#cite_note-hvo-eruptive-22">[22]</a> Kaluapele likely formed over several centuries, beginning about 500 years ago,<a href="#cite_note-usgs-pamphlet-29">[29]</a> while its present form was finalized around 1470–1510 after a particularly powerful eruption from 1410 to 1470.<a href="#cite_note-hvo-eruptive-22">[22]</a> A major feature within Kaluapele is Halemaʻumaʻu, a large <a href="/wiki/Pit_crater" title="Pit crater">pit crater</a> and one of Kīlauea's most historically active eruption centers. The crater is approximately 920 m (3,018 ft) in diameter and 85 m (279 ft) deep, but its form has varied widely; its floor is mostly covered by flows from its 1974 eruption.<a href="#cite_note-wisconsin-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rift_zones">Rift zones</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C4%ABlauea&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Rift zones">edit</a>]</div> Kīlauea has two <a href="/wiki/Rift_zone" title="Rift zone">rift zones</a> radiating from its summit, one leading 125 km (78 mi) out to the east, the other 35 km (22 mi) long and trending towards the southwest.<a href="#cite_note-hvo-eruptive-22">[22]</a> A series of fault scarps connecting the rift zones form the <a href="/wiki/Koa%27e_Fault_Zone" title="Koa'e Fault Zone">Koaʻe Fault Zone</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tectonics" title="Tectonics">Tectonic</a> extension along them is causing Kīlauea's bulk to slowly slide seaward off its southern flank at a rate of about 6 to 10 cm (2 to 4 in) per year, centered on a basal <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9collement" title="Décollement">décollement</a> fault 7 to 9 km (4 to 6 mi) beneath the volcano's surface.<a href="#cite_note-agu-swrz-31">[31]</a> The eastern rift zone is a dominant feature on the volcano; it is almost entirely covered in lava from the last 400 years, and at its crest near the summit is 2 to 4 km (1 to 2 mi) wide.<a href="#cite_note-usgs-erz-26">[26]</a> Non-localized eruptions, typical of rift zone activity,<a href="#cite_note-hvo-eruptive-22">[22]</a> have produced a series of low-lying ridges down the majority of the east rift zone's length.<a href="#cite_note-usgs-erz-26">[26]</a> Its upper segment is the most active section.<a href="#cite_note-usgs-hazard-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-usgs-pamphlet-29">[29]</a> It is the site of large <a href="/wiki/Pit_crater" title="Pit crater">pit craters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-osu-landforms-23">[23]</a> It reaches down Kīlauea's submerged flank to a depth of more than 5,000 m (16,400 ft).<a href="#cite_note-usgs-pamphlet-29">[29]</a> By contrast, the much smaller southwestern rift zone last had a rifting episode in 1974, and has not been active in the current eruptive cycle.<a href="#cite_note-agu-swrz-31">[31]</a> The southwestern rift zone's extremity is underwater, although its subaerial length is more limited. The southwestern rift zone lacks a well-defined ridge line and pit craters, evidence that it is less active than the eastern rift zone.<a href="#cite_note-usgs-pamphlet-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hilina_fault_system">Hilina fault system</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C4%ABlauea&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hilina fault system">edit</a>]</div> A prominent structure on Kīlauea's southern flank is the <a href="/wiki/Hilina_Slump" title="Hilina Slump">Hilina fault system</a>, an active <a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">fault</a> slipping vertically an average of <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>2 to 20 mm (1⁄16 to 13⁄16 in) per year.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] Its <a href="/wiki/Physiographic_province" title="Physiographic province">physiographic province</a> is 500 m (1,640 ft) deep, but it is unknown whether it is a shallow <a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)#Listric_fault" title="Fault (geology)">listric fault</a> or penetrates deeply.<a href="#cite_note-usgs-2007-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eruptive_history">Eruptive history</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C4%ABlauea&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Eruptive history">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_K%C4%ABlauea_eruptions" title="List of Kīlauea eruptions">List of Kīlauea eruptions</a></div>All historical eruptions occurred at either Kaluapele, the eastern rift zone, or the southwestern rift zone.<a href="#cite_note-hvo-kilauea-16">[16]</a> Half of Kīlauea's historical eruptions have occurred at or near Kaluapele. Activity there was nearly continuous for much of the 19th century, capped by an <a href="/wiki/Explosive_eruption" title="Explosive eruption">explosive eruption</a> in 1924, before petering out by 1934. Later activity mostly shifted to the eastern rift zone, the site of 24 historical eruptions, located mostly on its upper section. By contrast, the southwestern rift zone remained relatively quiet, hosting five events.<a href="#cite_note-hvo-eruptive-22">[22]</a><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:K%C4%ABlauea_eruptions_in_record_history.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/K%C4%ABlauea_eruptions_in_record_history.svg/770px-K%C4%ABlauea_eruptions_in_record_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="770" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/K%C4%ABlauea_eruptions_in_record_history.svg/1155px-K%C4%ABlauea_eruptions_in_record_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/K%C4%ABlauea_eruptions_in_record_history.svg/1540px-K%C4%ABlauea_eruptions_in_record_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="201" /></a><figcaption>Graph summarizing the eruptions of Kïlauea during the past 200 years. The Pu‘u ‘Ö‘ö- Kupaianaha eruption has continued into the 21st century. Information is sketchy for eruptions before 1823, when the first missionaries arrived on the Island of Hawai‘i. The total duration of eruptive activity in a given year, shown by the length of the vertical bar, may be for a single eruption or a combination of several separate eruptions.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistoric_eruptions">Prehistoric eruptions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C4%ABlauea&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Prehistoric eruptions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rainbow_and_eruption_of_Halema%60uma%60u_vent_at_Kilauea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Rainbow_and_eruption_of_Halema%60uma%60u_vent_at_Kilauea.jpg/220px-Rainbow_and_eruption_of_Halema%60uma%60u_vent_at_Kilauea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Rainbow_and_eruption_of_Halema%60uma%60u_vent_at_Kilauea.jpg/330px-Rainbow_and_eruption_of_Halema%60uma%60u_vent_at_Kilauea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Rainbow_and_eruption_of_Halema%60uma%60u_vent_at_Kilauea.jpg/440px-Rainbow_and_eruption_of_Halema%60uma%60u_vent_at_Kilauea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="1269" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rainbow" title="Rainbow">Rainbow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">volcanic ash</a> with <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a> emissions from <a href="/wiki/Halema%CA%BBuma%CA%BBu" title="Halemaʻumaʻu">Halemaʻumaʻu</a> (April 2008)</figcaption></figure> Geologists dated and documented dozens of major eruptions over the volcano's history, bridging the gap between Kīlauea's oldest known rock and written records and historical observation.<a href="#cite_note-gvp-dates-32">[32]</a> Lava flows are generally recovered by scientists in one of three ways. The oldest flows, 275,000 to 225,000 years ago, were recovered from Kīlauea's submerged southern slope by <a href="/wiki/Remotely_operated_underwater_vehicle" title="Remotely operated underwater vehicle">remotely operated vehicles</a>. These lavas exhibit forms characteristic of early, <a href="/wiki/Submarine_eruption" title="Submarine eruption">submerged</a> <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_Hawaiian_volcanoes#Submarine_preshield_stage" title="Evolution of Hawaiian volcanoes">preshield-stage</a> eruptive episodes, from when the volcano was a rising <a href="/wiki/Seamount" title="Seamount">seamount</a> yet to breach the ocean surface,<a href="#cite_note-hvo-dates-33">[33]</a> and their surface exposure is unusual, as in most other volcanoes such lavas would have since been buried by later flows.<a href="#cite_note-usgs-2007-12">[12]</a> The second method is by drilling <a href="/wiki/Core_sample" title="Core sample">core samples</a>; however, the cores are difficult to date. <a href="/wiki/Paleomagnetic_secular_variation" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleomagnetic secular variation">Paleomagnetic dating</a>, limited to rocks dating from after Kīlauea's emergence from the sea, suggested ages of around 50,000 years. Exposed flows above sea level are younger. Some of the oldest reliably dated rock is 43,000 years old. It comes from <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a> sandwiched beneath an ash layer on a <a href="/wiki/Fault_scarp" title="Fault scarp">fault scarp</a> known as Hilina Pali; however, samples dated from higher up the scarp indicate <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">ash</a> deposition at an average rate of 6 m (20 ft) per thousand years, indicating that the oldest exposed flows, from the base of the feature, could date back as far as 70,000 years.<a href="#cite_note-hvo-dates-33">[33]</a> This date is similar to that of the oldest dated extant lava flow, a southwestern <a href="/wiki/Rift_zone" title="Rift zone">rift zone</a> flow with uncorrected <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">radiocarbon dating</a> of approximately 4650 BC.<a href="#cite_note-gvp-dates-32">[32]</a> The oldest well-studied eruptive product from Kīlauea is the Uwēkahuna Ash Member, the product of explosive eruptions from 800 to 100 BC. Although it was mostly buried by younger flows, it remained exposed in some places, and was traced more than 20 km (12 mi) from Kaluapele, evidence of powerful eruptions. Evidence suggests the existence of an active eruptive center at this time, termed the <a href="/wiki/Powers_Caldera" title="Powers Caldera">Powers Caldera</a>, whose fractures and faults lie 2 km (1 mi) outside Kaluapele. At least 1,200 years ago, lava from the Powers Caldera overtopped its rim and solidified the structure; this was followed by a period of voluminous <a href="/wiki/Lava_tube" title="Lava tube">tube-fed</a> <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81hoehoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāhoehoe">pāhoehoe</a> flows from the summit. Following the end of activity around 1600 CE, eruptions moved to the eastern part of Kīlauea's summit, and concurrently activity increased at the northern end of the eastern rift zone.<a href="#cite_note-usgs-pamphlet-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1410_to_1790">1410 to 1790</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C4%ABlauea&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1410 to 1790">edit</a>]</div> The longest-duration major eruption witnessed by Native Hawaiians took place from about 1410 to 1470. Lasting around 60 years, the ʻAilāʻau eruption's <a href="/wiki/Effusive_eruption" title="Effusive eruption">effusive</a> flow covered most of Kīlauea, north of the East Rift Zone in what became the <a href="/wiki/Puna,_Hawaii" title="Puna, Hawaii">Puna District</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-34">[34]</a> Most likely due to the duration of this flow, the summit collapsed around 1470–1510, creating Kaluapele. These discoveries and the collapse of the summit were supplemented by translations of Native Hawaiian chants on the mythology of Pele and <a href="/wiki/Hi%CA%BBiaka" title="Hiʻiaka">Hiʻiaka</a>; these events were interpreted from this story.<a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-35">[35]</a> After arriving in Hawaii, Pele made Kīlauea her home. She sent her sister Hiʻiaka to retrieve Lohiʻau, an attractive man she met on Kauaʻi, on the condition that Pele protect the forests of Puna if Hiʻiaka returned in 40 days. As the journey lasted longer than 40 days, Pele set fire to the forest. When Hiʻiaka finally returned with Lohiʻau and made the smoky discovery, she became angry and made love to Lohiʻau right in front of Pele. In retaliation, Pele then killed Lohiʻau before throwing him in a pit on the summit of Kīlauea. Hiʻiaka started digging ferociously to recover his body, letting rocks fly everywhere. These events are interpreted to describe the ʻAilāʻau flow.<a href="#cite_note-:0-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-35">[35]</a> In addition to Hawaiian oral history, geologists studied and confirmed them with radiocarbon and paleomagnetic dating.<a href="#cite_note-:2-34">[34]</a> Kīlauea then entered a 300-year period of explosive eruptions from around 1510 to 1790 as discovered by the radiocarbon dating of the Keanakākoʻi (the cave in which <a href="/wiki/Adzes" class="mw-redirect" title="Adzes">adzes</a> were made) Tephra.<a href="#cite_note-:1-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> This tephra was formed after lava erupted hundreds of meters into the sky and spread ash across the area.<a href="#cite_note-:3-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1790_to_1934">1790 to 1934</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C4%ABlauea&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1790 to 1934">edit</a>]</div> The earliest reliable written records date to about 1820,<a href="#cite_note-footprints-38">[38]</a> and the first eruption well-documented by westerners occurred in 1823.<a href="#cite_note-hvo-eruptive-22">[22]</a> One pre-contact eruption in particular, a <a href="/wiki/Phreatomagmatic_eruption" title="Phreatomagmatic eruption">phreatomagmatic</a> event in 1790,<a href="#cite_note-soest-hist-24">[24]</a> was responsible for the death of a party of warriors, part of the army of <a href="/wiki/Keoua_Kuahuula" class="mw-redirect" title="Keoua Kuahuula">Keōua Kuahuʻula</a>, the last Hawaii island chief to resist <a href="/wiki/Kamehameha_I" title="Kamehameha I">Kamehameha I</a>'s rule; their death is evidenced by <a href="/wiki/1790_Footprints" title="1790 Footprints">footprints</a> preserved within the <a href="/wiki/Hawai%E2%80%98i_Volcanoes_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park">Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park</a> - it is listed on the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a>.<a href="#cite_note-footprints-38">[38]</a> Kīlauea was the site of 61 separate eruptions between 1823 and 2024, making it one of Earth's most active volcanoes.<a href="#cite_note-hvo-kilauea-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-soest-hist-24">[24]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_upper_sulphur_bank,_Kilauea_Volcano,_1855,_watercolour_by_James_Gay_Sawkins.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/The_upper_sulphur_bank%2C_Kilauea_Volcano%2C_1855%2C_watercolour_by_James_Gay_Sawkins.jpg/220px-The_upper_sulphur_bank%2C_Kilauea_Volcano%2C_1855%2C_watercolour_by_James_Gay_Sawkins.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/The_upper_sulphur_bank%2C_Kilauea_Volcano%2C_1855%2C_watercolour_by_James_Gay_Sawkins.jpg/330px-The_upper_sulphur_bank%2C_Kilauea_Volcano%2C_1855%2C_watercolour_by_James_Gay_Sawkins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/The_upper_sulphur_bank%2C_Kilauea_Volcano%2C_1855%2C_watercolour_by_James_Gay_Sawkins.jpg/440px-The_upper_sulphur_bank%2C_Kilauea_Volcano%2C_1855%2C_watercolour_by_James_Gay_Sawkins.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="761" /></a><figcaption>Kīlauea's upper sulphur bank; painting by British geologist <a href="/wiki/James_Gay_Sawkins" class="mw-redirect" title="James Gay Sawkins">James Gay Sawkins</a>, 1855</figcaption></figure> The volume of lava expelled by Kīlauea varied widely across eruptions. After 1823 Kaluapele gradually filled, filling up under nearly continuous summit eruption, with 3 km3 (1 cu mi) of lava released by 1840. The period between 1840 and 1920 saw approximately half that in lava volume. In the thirty years between then and about 1950, the volcano was unusually quiet and exhibited little activity; Kīlauea's eruptive volume increased steadily thereafter, with activity comparable to that of the early 1800s.<a href="#cite_note-hvo-eruptive-22">[22]</a> The length and origin of these eruptions varied. Events lasted anywhere between days and years, and occurred at a number of different sites. Activity around Kaluapele was nearly continuous for much of the 19th century, and after a reprieve between 1894 and 1907, continued until 1924. <a href="/wiki/Effusive_eruption" title="Effusive eruption">Effusive eruptions</a> are of relatively recent vintage there. Prior to the arrival of Europeans, Kīlauea was the site of regular <a href="/wiki/Explosive_eruption" title="Explosive eruption">explosive</a> activity, evidenced by tribal chants.<a href="#cite_note-hov-explosive-39">[39]</a> Kīlauea erupted in 1823 and 1832, but the first major eruption after 1790 occurred in 1840, when its eastern rift zone became the site of a large, effusive <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_eruption" title="Hawaiian eruption">Hawaiian eruption</a> over 35 km (22 mi) of its length, unusually long even for a rift eruption.<a href="#cite_note-hvo-1840-40">[40]</a> The eruption lasted for 26 days and produced an estimated 205 to 265 million cubic meters of lava;<a href="#cite_note-soest-hist-24">[24]</a> the light generated by the event was so intense that one could reportedly read a newspaper in <a href="/wiki/Hilo" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilo">Hilo</a> at night, 30 km (19 mi) away.<a href="#cite_note-hvo-1840-40">[40]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1891-kilauea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/1891-kilauea.jpg/220px-1891-kilauea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/1891-kilauea.jpg/330px-1891-kilauea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/1891-kilauea.jpg/440px-1891-kilauea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1196" data-file-height="866" /></a><figcaption>Painting of the 1891 eruption</figcaption></figure>The volcano was active again in 1868, 1877, 1884, 1885, 1894, and 1918,<a href="#cite_note-soest-hist-24">[24]</a> before its next major eruption in 1918–1919. Halemaʻumaʻu, then a small upwelling in Kaluapele floor, was topped by a <a href="/wiki/Lava_lake" title="Lava lake">lava lake</a> that then drained and refilled, forming a lava lake and nearly reaching the top edge of Kaluapele before draining once more. This activity eventually gave way to the construction of Mauna Iki, building up the lava shield on the volcano's southwest rift zone over eight months. The eruption featured concurrent rift activity and <a href="/wiki/Lava_fountain" class="mw-redirect" title="Lava fountain">lava fountaining</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hvo-1919-41">[41]</a> Activity in 1921–1923 followed.<a href="#cite_note-soest-hist-24">[24]</a> The next major eruption occurred in 1924. Halemaʻumaʻu first drained, then quickly began sinking, deepening to nearly 210 m (689 ft) beneath a thick cloud of <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">volcanic ash</a>. Explosive activity began on May 10, blowing out rock chunks weighing as much as 45 kg (99 lb) 60 m (197 ft), and smaller fragments weighing about 9 kg (20 lb) as far as 270 m (886 ft). After a brief reprieve, the eruption intensified through a major blast on May 18, when an enormous explosive event caused the eruption's only fatality. The eruption continued and formed numerous <a href="/wiki/Eruption_column" title="Eruption column">eruption columns</a> above 9 km (6 mi) in height, declining and ending by May 28.<a href="#cite_note-hov-explosive-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-usgs-1924-42">[42]</a> Volcanic activity was soon confined to the summit, and ended after 1934.<a href="#cite_note-soest-hist-24">[24]</a> From 1823 to 1924, the volcano erupted 15 times, with an additional 11 <a href="/wiki/Subsidence" title="Subsidence">subsidence</a> events occurring at the summit.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1952_to_1982">1952 to 1982</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C4%ABlauea&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 1952 to 1982">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mauna_Ulu_eruption_episode_12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Mauna_Ulu_eruption_episode_12.jpg/220px-Mauna_Ulu_eruption_episode_12.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Mauna_Ulu_eruption_episode_12.jpg/330px-Mauna_Ulu_eruption_episode_12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Mauna_Ulu_eruption_episode_12.jpg/440px-Mauna_Ulu_eruption_episode_12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="988" data-file-height="676" /></a><figcaption>The Mauna Ulu eruption of 1969 generated a 300-metre (1,000 ft)-high lava fountain</figcaption></figure> After the Halemaʻumaʻu event, Kīlauea remained relatively quiet, and for a time, completely silent, with activity confined to the summit.<a href="#cite_note-soest-hist-24">[24]</a> The volcano came alive again in 1952, with a lava fountain 245 m (800 ft) high at Halemaʻumaʻu. Multiple continuous lava fountains between 15 and 30 m (50 and 100 ft) persisted, and the eruption lasted 136 days.<a href="#cite_note-hvo-1952-44">[44]</a> Eruptions followed in 1954, 1955, and 1959, capped by a large event in 1960, when fissure-based <a href="/wiki/Phreatic_eruption" title="Phreatic eruption">phreatic eruption</a> and earthquake activity gave way to a massive <a href="/wiki/A%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="A'a">ʻaʻā</a> flow overran evacuated communities and resorts; the resulting summit deflation eventually caused Halemaʻumaʻu to collapse even further.<a href="#cite_note-hvo-1960-45">[45]</a> After 1960 eruptive events occurred frequently until August 2018. The period 1967–1968 saw a particularly large, 80-million-cubic-meter, 251-day event from Halemaʻumaʻu.<a href="#cite_note-soest-hist-24">[24]</a> In 1969 the marathon <a href="/wiki/Mauna_Ulu" title="Mauna Ulu">Mauna Ulu</a> eruption was an effusive eruption that lasted from May 24, 1969, to July 24, 1974, and added 230 acres (93 ha) of land to the island. Afterwards a magnitude 7.2 <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquake</a> caused a partial summit collapse, after which activity paused until 1977.<a href="#cite_note-hvo-1969-46">[46]</a> At the time, Mauna Ulu was the longest flank recorded eruption of any Hawaiian <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcano</a>. The eruption formed a new vent, covered a large area of land with <a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">lava</a>, and enlarged the island. The eruption started as a fissure between two <a href="/wiki/Pit_crater" title="Pit crater">pit craters</a>, ʻĀloʻi and ʻAlae, where the Mauna Ulu shield eventually formed. Both <a href="/wiki/Pahoehoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahoehoe">pāhoehoe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Block_lava" class="mw-redirect" title="Block lava">ʻaʻā</a> lava erupted from the volcano. Fountains of lava surged as much as 540 meters (1772 ft) into the air. In early 1973, an earthquake occurred that caused Kīlauea to briefly stop erupting near Mauna Ulu and instead erupt near the craters <a href="/wiki/Pauahi_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauahi (crater)">Pauahi</a> and Hiʻiaka.<a href="#cite_note-hvo-1969-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1983–2018">1983–2018</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C4%ABlauea&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 1983–2018">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Pu%CA%BBu_%CA%BB%C5%8C%CA%BB%C5%8D" title="Puʻu ʻŌʻō">Puʻu ʻŌʻō</a> and <a href="/wiki/Halema%CA%BBuma%CA%BBu" title="Halemaʻumaʻu">Halemaʻumaʻu</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Puu_Oo_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Puu_Oo_cropped.jpg/220px-Puu_Oo_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Puu_Oo_cropped.jpg/330px-Puu_Oo_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Puu_Oo_cropped.jpg/440px-Puu_Oo_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="845" data-file-height="578" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pu%CA%BBu_%CA%BB%C5%8C%CA%BB%C5%8D" title="Puʻu ʻŌʻō">Puʻu ʻŌʻō</a> at dusk, June 1983</figcaption></figure> Another eruption occurred from January 1983 to September 2018. It had the longest duration of any observed eruption at this volcano. As of December 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=K%C4%ABlauea&action=edit">[update]</a>, it was the twelfth-longest duration volcanic eruption on Earth since 1750.<a href="#cite_note-GVPDatabase2020-12-47">[47]</a> The eruption began on January 3, 1983, along the eastern rift zone. The <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_vent" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic vent">vent</a> produced lava fountains that quickly built up into the <a href="/wiki/Pu%CA%BBu_%CA%BB%C5%8C%CA%BB%C5%8D" title="Puʻu ʻŌʻō">Puʻu ʻŌʻō</a> <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_cone" title="Volcanic cone">cone</a>, sending lava flows downslope. In 1986, activity shifted down the rift to a new vent, named Kūpaʻianahā, where it took on a more effusive character. Kūpaʻianahā built up a low, broad volcanic shield, and <a href="/wiki/Lava_tube" title="Lava tube">lava tubes</a> fed flows extending 11 to 12 km (about 7 mi) to the sea. Between 1986 and 1991, the connection between <a href="/wiki/Chain_of_Craters_Road" title="Chain of Craters Road">Chain of Craters Road</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Route_130" title="Hawaii Route 130">Hawaii Route 130</a> was cut, and the community of Kapa’ahu, the village of <a href="/wiki/Kalapana,_Hawaii" title="Kalapana, Hawaii">Kalapana</a>, and the subdivisions of Kālapana Gardens and Royal Gardens were lost to the lava.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> A black sand beach at <a href="/wiki/Kaimu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaimu">Kaimū</a> was engulfed.<a href="#cite_note-Kaimu-49">[49]</a> In 1992, the eruption moved back to Puʻu ʻŌʻō, but continued in the same manner, covering nearly all of the 1983–86 lava flows and large areas of coastline.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> As of the end of 2016, the east rift zone eruption had produced 4.4 km3 (1 cu mi) of lava, covered 144 km2 (56 sq mi) of land, added 179 ha (442 acres) of land to the island, destroyed 215 structures, and buried 14.3 km (9 mi) of highway under lava as thick as 35 m (115 ft).<a href="#cite_note-hvo-1983-summary-51">[51]</a> In addition to the nearly continuous activity at Puʻu ʻOʻo and other vents on the east rift zone, a separate eruption began at Kilauea's summit in March 2008. On March 19, 2008, following several months of increased sulfur dioxide emissions and seismic tremor, a new vent opened at Halemaʻumaʻu. Following this event, a new crater formed in the explosion, informally named the "Overlook Crater," emitting a thick gas plume that obscured views into the vent. Explosive events occurred at the vent throughout 2008.<a href="#cite_note-hvo-2008-summary-52">[52]</a> On September 5, 2008, scientists observed a lava pond deep within the Overlook Crater for the first time. Beginning in February 2010, a lava pond was visible at the bottom of the crater almost continuously through the beginning of May 2018. Lava briefly overflowed the vent onto the floor of Halemaʻumaʻu in April and May 2015, October 2016, and April 2018.<a href="#cite_note-hvo-2008-summary-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2018_eruptive_episodes">2018 eruptive episodes</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C4%ABlauea&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 2018 eruptive episodes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2018_lower_Puna_eruption" title="2018 lower Puna eruption">2018 lower Puna eruption</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USGS_K%C4%ABlauea_multimediaFile-1955.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/USGS_K%C4%ABlauea_multimediaFile-1955.jpg/220px-USGS_K%C4%ABlauea_multimediaFile-1955.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/USGS_K%C4%ABlauea_multimediaFile-1955.jpg/330px-USGS_K%C4%ABlauea_multimediaFile-1955.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/USGS_K%C4%ABlauea_multimediaFile-1955.jpg/440px-USGS_K%C4%ABlauea_multimediaFile-1955.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Lava from a fissure slowly advanced to the northeast on Hoʻokupu Street in Leilani Estates subdivision (May 5, 2018)</figcaption></figure> Beginning in March 2018, Hawaiian Volcano Observatory began to detect rapid inflation at Pu‘u ‘Ō‘ō,<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> leading scientists to warn that the increased pressure could form a new vent at Kilauea.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Following weeks of increased pressure, the crater floor of the cone of Puʻu ʻŌʻō collapsed on April 30, 2018, as magma migrated underground into the lower Puna region of Kilauea's lower east rift zone.<a href="#cite_note-volcanowatch-2018-05-06-57">[57]</a> Over the next few days, hundreds of small earthquakes were detected on Kīlauea's East <a href="/wiki/Rift_zone" title="Rift zone">rift zone</a>, leading officials to issue evacuation warnings. On May 3, 2018, new fissures formed, and lava began erupting in lower Puna after a 5.0 earthquake earlier in the day, causing evacuations of the <a href="/wiki/Leilani_Estates,_Hawaii" title="Leilani Estates, Hawaii">Leilani Estates</a> and Lanipuna Gardens subdivisions.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> A seemingly related <a href="/wiki/2018_Hawaii_earthquake" title="2018 Hawaii earthquake">6.9 magnitude earthquake</a> occurred on May 4.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> By May 9, 27 houses had been destroyed in Leilani Estates.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kilauea_Volcano_Fissure_8_by_Volkan_Yuksel_captured_on_May_4th_2019_P4280280.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Kilauea_Volcano_Fissure_8_by_Volkan_Yuksel_captured_on_May_4th_2019_P4280280.jpg/220px-Kilauea_Volcano_Fissure_8_by_Volkan_Yuksel_captured_on_May_4th_2019_P4280280.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Kilauea_Volcano_Fissure_8_by_Volkan_Yuksel_captured_on_May_4th_2019_P4280280.jpg/330px-Kilauea_Volcano_Fissure_8_by_Volkan_Yuksel_captured_on_May_4th_2019_P4280280.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Kilauea_Volcano_Fissure_8_by_Volkan_Yuksel_captured_on_May_4th_2019_P4280280.jpg/440px-Kilauea_Volcano_Fissure_8_by_Volkan_Yuksel_captured_on_May_4th_2019_P4280280.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="2584" /></a><figcaption>Kilauea Volcano Fissure 8 captured on May 3rd, 2019</figcaption></figure> By May 21, two lava flows had reached the Pacific Ocean, creating thick clouds of <a href="/wiki/Laze_(geology)" title="Laze (geology)">laze</a> (a toxic lava and haze cloud made up of <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a> and glass particles).<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> By May 31, lava had destroyed 87 houses in Leilani Estates and nearby areas, accompanied by additional evacuation orders, including for the town of <a href="/wiki/Kapoho,_Hawaii" title="Kapoho, Hawaii">Kapoho</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> By June 4, the lava had crossed through Kapoho and entered the ocean. The confirmed number of houses lost reached 159,<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> then two weeks later, 533,<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> and ultimately 657.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kilauea_summit_-_2008_vs._2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two views of Halemaʻumaʻu from roughly the same vantage point. At left is the view from 2008, with a distinct gas plume from the Overlook vent, the location of what would become a long-lived lava lake. At right is a view of Halemaʻumaʻu after the eruptive events of 2018, showing the collapsed crater." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Kilauea_summit_-_2008_vs._2018.jpg/220px-Kilauea_summit_-_2008_vs._2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Kilauea_summit_-_2008_vs._2018.jpg/330px-Kilauea_summit_-_2008_vs._2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Kilauea_summit_-_2008_vs._2018.jpg/440px-Kilauea_summit_-_2008_vs._2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6030" data-file-height="2021" /></a><figcaption>Two views of Halemaʻumaʻu from roughly the same vantage point. At left is the view from 2008, with a distinct gas plume from the Overlook vent, the location of what would become a long-lived lava lake. At right is a view of Halemaʻumaʻu after the eruptive events of 2018, showing the collapsed crater.</figcaption></figure> The lava lake at Halemaʻumaʻu began to drop on May 2.<a href="#cite_note-volcanowatch-2018-05-06-57">[57]</a> The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory warned that this increased the potential for phreatic (steam) explosions at the summit caused by interaction of magma with the underground water table, similar to the explosions that occurred at Halemaʻumaʻu in 1924. These concerns prompted the closure of Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> On May 17, at approximately 4:15 a.m., an explosive eruption occurred at Halemaʻumaʻu, creating a plume of ash 30,000 feet into the air.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> This marked the beginning of a series of vigorous explosions that produced significant ash plumes from Halemaʻumaʻu.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> These explosions, accompanied by large earthquakes and inward slumping and collapse within and around Halemaʻumaʻu, continued until early August.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2019–20:_Water_lake_appears_at_the_summit">2019–20: Water lake appears at the summit</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C4%ABlauea&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 2019–20: Water lake appears at the summit">edit</a>]</div> In late July 2019, a water lake appeared on the bottom of Halemaʻumaʻu for the first time in over 200 years,<a href="#cite_note-volcanowatch_2019-08-01-74">[74]</a> as water from the rebounding water table began to enter the crater. The crater lake gradually grew in size.<a href="#cite_note-recently_formed-75">[75]</a> On December 1, 2020, the lake was approximately 49 metres (161 ft) deep.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Meanwhile, the temperature of the lake's surface, as measured by a <a href="/wiki/Thermographic_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermographic camera">thermal camera</a>, generally measured between 70–85 °C (158–185 °F).<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Within a month, the water lake was replaced by a lava lake during the new eruption. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="December_2020_–_May_2021_summit_eruption">December 2020 – May 2021 summit eruption</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C4%ABlauea&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: December 2020 – May 2021 summit eruption">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:K%C4%ABlauea_volcano_eruption_20201220.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/K%C4%ABlauea_volcano_eruption_20201220.jpg/220px-K%C4%ABlauea_volcano_eruption_20201220.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/K%C4%ABlauea_volcano_eruption_20201220.jpg/330px-K%C4%ABlauea_volcano_eruption_20201220.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/K%C4%ABlauea_volcano_eruption_20201220.jpg/440px-K%C4%ABlauea_volcano_eruption_20201220.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>View of the eruption from outside Kaluapele, on December 20, 2020</figcaption></figure> On December 20, 2020, at 9:30 pm local time, an eruption broke out within Halemaʻumaʻu. The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory reported that three vents were feeding lava into the bottom of Halemaʻumaʻu Crater, boiling off the water lake that had been growing since summer 2019 and replacing it with a lava lake.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> The eruption produced a plume that reached 30,000 feet (9,144 m) in the air. The eruption was preceded by earthquake swarms centered at Kaluapele on November 30, 2020, and December 2, 2020, the second of which was interpreted as a small <a href="/wiki/Intrusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrusion">intrusion</a> of magma.<a href="#cite_note-2020eruption-79">[79]</a> By the following morning, the eruption had stabilized. Two of the three vents remained active and continued to fill the floor with lava.<a href="#cite_note-Dec_21_update-80">[80]</a> By 7:30 a.m. on December 25, 2020, the lava lake had filled in 176 metres (577 ft) of the crater,<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> On January 8, 2021, depth had increased to 636 feet (194 m),<a href="#cite_note-Jan_8_update-82">[82]</a> and by February 24 to 216 metres (709 ft). A <a href="/wiki/Spatter_cone" class="mw-redirect" title="Spatter cone">spatter cone</a> had formed around the western vent.<a href="#cite_note-Feb_24-83">[83]</a> The eruption continued for another few months, with decreasing activity. On May 26, 2021, it was no longer erupting. Lava supply appeared to have ceased between May 11 and May 13, and the lake had crusted over by May 20. The last surface activity in Halemaʻumaʻu was observed on May 23.<a href="#cite_note-VNS_update_2021-05-27-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> When activity ceased, the lava lake was 229 metres (751 ft) deep.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> On August 23, 2021, the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory raised Kīlauea's alert status from "Yellow/Advisory" to "Orange/Watch" due to an earthquake swarm and a concurrent increase in ground deformation at the summit.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> The observatory returned Kīlauea's alert status to "Yellow/Advisory" two days later.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="September_2021_summit_eruption">September 2021 summit eruption</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C4%ABlauea&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: September 2021 summit eruption">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/K%C4%ABlauea_volcano_-_Halema%CA%BBuma%CA%BBu_crater_eruption_in_2023_%28C0608%29.webm/220px--K%C4%ABlauea_volcano_-_Halema%CA%BBuma%CA%BBu_crater_eruption_in_2023_%28C0608%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="62" data-mwtitle="Kīlauea_volcano_-_Halemaʻumaʻu_crater_eruption_in_2023_(C0608).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:K%C4%ABlauea_volcano_-_Halema%CA%BBuma%CA%BBu_crater_eruption_in_2023_(C0608).webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/38/K%C4%ABlauea_volcano_-_Halema%CA%BBuma%CA%BBu_crater_eruption_in_2023_%28C0608%29.webm/K%C4%ABlauea_volcano_-_Halema%CA%BBuma%CA%BBu_crater_eruption_in_2023_%28C0608%29.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/38/K%C4%ABlauea_volcano_-_Halema%CA%BBuma%CA%BBu_crater_eruption_in_2023_%28C0608%29.webm/K%C4%ABlauea_volcano_-_Halema%CA%BBuma%CA%BBu_crater_eruption_in_2023_%28C0608%29.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/38/K%C4%ABlauea_volcano_-_Halema%CA%BBuma%CA%BBu_crater_eruption_in_2023_%28C0608%29.webm/K%C4%ABlauea_volcano_-_Halema%CA%BBuma%CA%BBu_crater_eruption_in_2023_%28C0608%29.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/K%C4%ABlauea_volcano_-_Halema%CA%BBuma%CA%BBu_crater_eruption_in_2023_%28C0608%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="3840" data-height="2160" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/38/K%C4%ABlauea_volcano_-_Halema%CA%BBuma%CA%BBu_crater_eruption_in_2023_%28C0608%29.webm/K%C4%ABlauea_volcano_-_Halema%CA%BBuma%CA%BBu_crater_eruption_in_2023_%28C0608%29.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/38/K%C4%ABlauea_volcano_-_Halema%CA%BBuma%CA%BBu_crater_eruption_in_2023_%28C0608%29.webm/K%C4%ABlauea_volcano_-_Halema%CA%BBuma%CA%BBu_crater_eruption_in_2023_%28C0608%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/38/K%C4%ABlauea_volcano_-_Halema%CA%BBuma%CA%BBu_crater_eruption_in_2023_%28C0608%29.webm/K%C4%ABlauea_volcano_-_Halema%CA%BBuma%CA%BBu_crater_eruption_in_2023_%28C0608%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/38/K%C4%ABlauea_volcano_-_Halema%CA%BBuma%CA%BBu_crater_eruption_in_2023_%28C0608%29.webm/K%C4%ABlauea_volcano_-_Halema%CA%BBuma%CA%BBu_crater_eruption_in_2023_%28C0608%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Eruptive activity within Halemaʻumaʻu crater in January 2023</figcaption></figure> The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory recorded increased earthquake activity and changes in ground deformation patterns at Kīlauea's summit at about noon local time on September 29, 2021.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> An eruption began at 3:20 p.m. local time when several fissures opened within Halemaʻumaʻu crater.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> During the initial stages of the eruption, lava erupted in fountains more than 200 feet (61 m) tall. The fountain heights declined as the level of lava in the crater rose, partially drowning the erupting vents.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Lava continued to erupt at Halemaʻumaʻu throughout the fall. Overflight measurements from October 5, 2022, indicated that 111 million m3 (29 billion U.S. gal) of lava had been effused, and that the floor of Halemaʻumaʻu had risen 143 meters (469 ft), since the beginning of this eruption.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> The eruption paused on December 9, and the alert level was reduced accordingly on December 13, 2022, though seismic activity was still unsettled.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2023_summit_eruptions">2023 summit eruptions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C4%ABlauea&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 2023 summit eruptions">edit</a>]</div> Eruptive activity within Halemaʻumaʻu resumed on January 5, 2023.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> The eruption ended 61 days later on March 7, 2023.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> On June 7, 2023, the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory detected a glow in web camera images atop Kilauea, indicating that an eruption had begun in the Halemaʻumaʻu crater, within Hawaii Volcanoes National Park.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> The eruptive episode ended after twelve days on June 19, 2023.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> 2023's third Halemaʻumaʻu eruption episode occurred from September 10 to September 16, 2023, when multiple vents opened.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2024_rift_zone_eruptions">2024 rift zone eruptions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C4%ABlauea&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 2024 rift zone eruptions">edit</a>]</div> Shortly after midnight on June 3, 2024, an eruption occurred from a series of fissures on Kīlauea's upper southwest rift zone. The eruption lasted about 8.5 hours.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Kīlauea's most recent eruption took place between September 15 and September 20, 2024 near and within Nāpau Crater, a pit crater located in a remote and uninhabited part of the volcano's middle east rift. The eruption had four eruptive phases between September 15 and September 20. The final eruptive activity from a small vent west of Nāpau Crater ended at about 10 AM HST on September 20.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hazards">Hazards</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C4%ABlauea&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Hazards">edit</a>]</div> In 2018, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey_National_Volcanic_Threat_Assessment" title="United States Geological Survey National Volcanic Threat Assessment">USGS National Volcanic Threat Assessment</a> gave Kīlauea an overall threat score of 263, and ranked it first among volcanoes in the United States most likely to threaten lives and infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-USGS-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Volcanic_Explosivity_Index">Volcanic Explosivity Index</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C4%ABlauea&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Volcanic Explosivity Index">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Global_Volcanism_Program" title="Global Volcanism Program">Global Volcanism Program</a> assigned a <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_Explosivity_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic Explosivity Index">Volcanic Explosivity Index</a> (VEI; the higher the number, the more explosive) to 90 of Kīlauea's 96 known eruptions of the last 11,700 years. The <a href="/wiki/Keanakakoi_eruption" title="Keanakakoi eruption">eruption of 1790</a> received a VEI of 4.<a href="#cite_note-VEIdata-104">[104]</a> The 1983–2018 eruption was marked 3.<a href="#cite_note-SmithsonianGVP1983-2018-105">[105]</a> The eruptions of 1820, 1924, 1959 and 1960 received 2s. The eruptions of 680, 1050, 1490, 1500, 1610, 1868 and four eruptions in 1961 scored a 1. The other seventy-four stayed at 0.<a href="#cite_note-VEIdata-104">[104]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238864702">.mw-parser-output .bar-chart{margin:0.5em;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid #c0c0c0}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart caption{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th,.mw-parser-output .bar-chart td{padding:1px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th[scope="col"]:not(.bar-chart-label-type){width:15em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart th[scope="row"]:not(.bar-chart-total){font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar{height:1.25em;width:40em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#cedff2;height:1.25em;margin:0 0 0 0;z-index:0}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-comment{font-size:90%;padding-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-numbers{position:relative;top:-1.4em;height:1.25em;padding:0 0 0 2em;z-index:10;width:40em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-caption{border-top:1px solid #aaa}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-right{float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .bar-chart-center{margin:0.5em auto}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#74497e}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .bar-chart-bar-line{background-color:#74497e}}</style> <table class="bar-chart"> <caption>Volcanic Explosivity Index for Kīlauea </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" class="bar-chart-label-type">VEI </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 35em">Number of <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> eruptions for which a VEI has been assigned (total=91) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">VEI 0 </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 35em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:32.8em;"></div>75</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">VEI 1 </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 35em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:4.4em;"></div>10</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">VEI 2 </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 35em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:1.8em;"></div>4</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">VEI 3 </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 35em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0.4em;"></div>1</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">VEI 4 </th> <td><div class="bar-chart-bar" style="width: 35em;"><div class="bar-chart-bar-line" style="width:0.4em;"></div>1</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oral_traditions">Oral traditions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C4%ABlauea&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Oral traditions">edit</a>]</div> Native Hawaiians have passed down ancient <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral traditions</a> surrounding the volcanoes ever since they settled on the islands. These oral histories provide rich cultural and geologic knowledge. In the field of volcanology, the use of oral history emerged from obscurity to become a resource for understanding the eruption history of a given region. While oral history has been used to confirm previously known geologic data, it can be used to assess hazards surrounding an eruption, in addition to guiding the rehabilitation of affected communities.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Using the oral history of the ʻAilāʻau eruption, volcanologists learned that Kīlauea was much more explosive than previously thought. Given its eruption history, the tradition predicts a long period of explosive eruptions.<a href="#cite_note-:3-37">[37]</a> Hawaiian chants provided clues that surface water had been found at the summit in earlier times. The story of Pele and Hiʻiaka recorded extensive lava flows, as well as a collapse of Kaluapele in about 1500.<a href="#cite_note-:5-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C4%ABlauea&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Ecology">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background_2">Background</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C4%ABlauea&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kalapana_May_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Kalapana_May_2009.jpg/220px-Kalapana_May_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Kalapana_May_2009.jpg/330px-Kalapana_May_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Kalapana_May_2009.jpg/440px-Kalapana_May_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1727" data-file-height="1769" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Metrosideros_polymorpha" title="Metrosideros polymorpha">ʻŌhiʻa</a> (Metrosideros polymorpha) growing on a barren lava field dating from 1986, formerly the village of <a href="/wiki/Kalapana,_Hawaii" title="Kalapana, Hawaii">Kalapana, Hawaii</a>. The myrtle in this picture, taken in 2009, may have since been covered over—fresh flows in 2010 partially re-covered the area.</figcaption></figure> Because of its position more than 3,000 km (1,864 mi) from the nearest continental landmass, the island of Hawaiʻi is one of the most geographically isolated landmasses; this strongly influenced its ecology. The majority of the species present on the island are <a href="/wiki/Endemism_in_the_Hawaiian_Islands" title="Endemism in the Hawaiian Islands">endemic</a>, the result of its isolated lineage sheltered; its ecosystem is vulnerable to <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a> and to human development–an estimated one-third of the island's natural flora and fauna is extinct.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Kīlauea's ecological community is further threatened by the volcano itself;<a href="#cite_note-osu-landforms-23">[23]</a> lava flows often overrun and incinerate forest sections, while ash smothers local plant life. Layers of carbonized organic material at the bottom of ash deposits are evidence of this destruction. Parts of the volcano's slopes display the dichotomy between pristine montane forest and volcanic "deserts" yet to be <a href="/wiki/Colonisation_(biology)" title="Colonisation (biology)">recolonized</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Kīlauea's bulk affects local climate through the influence of <a href="/wiki/Trade_wind" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade wind">trade winds</a> coming predominantly from the northeast, which, when squeezed upwards by the volcano's height, result in a moister windward side and an arid leeward flank. The volcano's ecology reflects its height, and by the distribution of volcanic products, making for varied soil conditions. The northern part of Kīlauea is mostly below 1,000 m (3,281 ft) and receives more than 75 in (191 cm) mean annual rainfall, and is mostly a lowland wet community; farther south, with precipitation less than 50 in (127 cm) mean annual rainfall, is considered mostly a lowland dry environment.<a href="#cite_note-tma-management-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecosystems">Ecosystems</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C4%ABlauea&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Ecosystems">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hemignathus_virens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Hemignathus_virens.jpg/220px-Hemignathus_virens.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Hemignathus_virens.jpg/330px-Hemignathus_virens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Hemignathus_virens.jpg/440px-Hemignathus_virens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>The ʻamakihi (<a href="/wiki/Hawai%CA%BBi_%CA%BBamakihi" title="Hawaiʻi ʻamakihi">Chlorodrepanis virens</a>) is one of the many birds that live on the volcano's flanks.</figcaption></figure> Much of Kīlauea's southern section lies within the national park. It offers aʻe ferns, ʻōhiʻa trees (<a href="/wiki/Metrosideros_polymorpha" title="Metrosideros polymorpha">Metrosideros polymorpha</a>), and hapu’u of <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> <a href="/wiki/Cibotium" title="Cibotium">Cibotium</a> are common.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> The park hosts many bird species, including the ʻapapane (<a href="/wiki/Himatione_sanguinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Himatione sanguinea">Himatione sanguinea</a>); ʻamakihi (<a href="/wiki/Hawaii_amakihi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawaii amakihi">Hemignathus virens</a>); iʻiwi (<a href="/wiki/Vestiaria_coccinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestiaria coccinea">Vestiaria coccinea</a>); ‘ōma’o (<a href="/wiki/Myadestes_obscurus" class="mw-redirect" title="Myadestes obscurus">Myadestes obscurus</a>), ʻelepaio (<a href="/wiki/Chasiempis" class="mw-redirect" title="Chasiempis">Chasiempis sp.</a>); and the <a href="/wiki/Endangered" class="mw-redirect" title="Endangered">endangered</a> ʻakepa (<a href="/wiki/Loxops_coccineus" class="mw-redirect" title="Loxops coccineus">Loxops coccineus</a>), ʻakiapolaʻau (<a href="/wiki/Hemignathus_munroi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemignathus munroi">Hemignathus munroi</a>), nēnē (<a href="/wiki/Branta_sandvicensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Branta sandvicensis">Branta sandvicensis</a>), ʻuaʻu (<a href="/wiki/Pterodroma_sandwichensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pterodroma sandwichensis">Pterodroma sandwichensis</a>), and ʻio (<a href="/wiki/Buteo_solitarius" class="mw-redirect" title="Buteo solitarius">Buteo solitarius</a>) species.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> The coast hosts three of the island's nine known <a href="/wiki/Critically_endangered" class="mw-redirect" title="Critically endangered">critically endangered</a> <a href="/wiki/Hawksbill_sea_turtle" title="Hawksbill sea turtle">hawksbill sea turtle</a> (Eretmochelys imbricata) nesting sites.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> Some of the area alongside the southwestern rift zone takes the form of the <a href="/wiki/Ka%CA%BB%C5%AB_Desert" title="Kaʻū Desert">Kaʻū Desert</a>. Although not a "true" desert (rainfall there exceeds the maximum 1,000 mm (39 in) a year), precipitation mixing with drifting volcanic <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a> forms <a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">acid rain</a> with a <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> as low as 3.4, greatly hampering plant growth.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> The deposited <a href="/wiki/Tephra" title="Tephra">tephra</a> particulates make the local soil very permeable. Plant life there is practically nonexistent.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Kīlauea's northern lowland wet-forest ecosystem is partially protected by the <a href="/wiki/Wao_Kele_o_Puna" title="Wao Kele o Puna">Puna Forest Reserve</a> and the Kahauale`a Natural Area Reserve. At 27,785 acres (11,244 ha), <a href="/wiki/Wao_Kele_o_Puna" title="Wao Kele o Puna">Wao Kele o Puna</a> is <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaiʻi</a>'s largest lowland <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_wet_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawaii wet forests">wet forest</a> reserve, and is home to rare plant species including hāpuʻu ferns (<a href="/wiki/Cibotium" title="Cibotium">Cibotium</a> spp.), ʻieʻie vines (<a href="/wiki/Freycinetia_arborea" title="Freycinetia arborea">Freycinetia arborea</a>), and kōpiko (<a href="/wiki/Psychotria_mariniana" title="Psychotria mariniana">Psychotria mariniana</a>), some of which play a role in limiting invasive species' spread. ʻOpeʻapeʻa (<a href="/wiki/Lasiurus_cinereus_semotus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lasiurus cinereus semotus">Lasiurus cinereus semotus</a>) ʻio (<a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_hawk" title="Hawaiian hawk">Buteo solitarius</a>), common ʻamakihi (<a href="/wiki/Common_%CA%BBamakihi" class="mw-redirect" title="Common ʻamakihi">Hemignathus virens</a>), and nananana makakiʻi (<a href="/wiki/Theridion_grallator" title="Theridion grallator">Theridion grallator</a>) live in the trees. Many more as-yet-undocumented species are thought to lie within the forest.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-sg-116">[116]</a> Wao Kele's primary forest tree is ʻōhiʻa lehua (<a href="/wiki/Metrosideros_polymorpha" title="Metrosideros polymorpha">Metrosideros polymorpha</a>).<a href="#cite_note-hsb2001-117">[117]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_history">Human history</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C4%ABlauea&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Human history">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Hawaiian">Ancient Hawaiian</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C4%ABlauea&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Ancient Hawaiian">edit</a>]</div> The first <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Hawaiian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Hawaiian">Ancient Hawaiians</a> to arrive on Hawaii island lived along the shores, where food and water were plentiful.<a href="#cite_note-nasa-outrigger-118">[118]</a> Flightless birds that had previously known no predators became a staple food source.<a href="#cite_note-haw-culture-119">[119]</a> Early settlements had a major impact on the local ecosystem, and caused many extinctions, particularly bird species, while introducing foreign plants and animals and increasing erosion rates.<a href="#cite_note-ps-1982-120">[120]</a> The prevailing lowland forest ecosystem was transformed from forest to grassland; some caused by their use of fire, but the main cause appears to have been the <a href="/wiki/Rattus_exulans" class="mw-redirect" title="Rattus exulans">Polynesian rat</a> (Rattus exulans).<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> The summits of the island's volcanoes are revered as <a href="/wiki/Sacred_mountains" title="Sacred mountains">sacred mountains</a>. In one <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawaiian mythology">Hawaiian mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sky_father" title="Sky father">sky father</a> <a href="/wiki/W%C4%81kea" title="Wākea">Wākea</a> marries <a href="/wiki/Earth_mother" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth mother">earth mother</a> <a href="/wiki/Papah%C4%81naumoku" title="Papahānaumoku">Papa</a>, giving birth to the islands.<a href="#cite_note-haw-culture-119">[119]</a> Kīlauea itself means "spewing" or "much spreading" in <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a>,<a href="#cite_note-hvo-kilauea-16">[16]</a> and Kīlauea is the body of the deity <a href="/wiki/Pele_(deity)" title="Pele (deity)">Pele</a>, goddess of fire, lightning, wind, and volcanoes.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> The conflict between Pele and the <a href="/wiki/Rain_god" class="mw-redirect" title="Rain god">rain god</a> <a href="/wiki/Kamapua%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamapua'a">Kamapuaʻa</a> was centered there; Halemaʻumaʻu, "House of the <a href="/wiki/Amaumau" class="mw-redirect" title="Amaumau">ʻamaʻumaʻu</a> fern", derives its name from the struggle between the two gods. Kamapuaʻa, hard-pressed by Pele's ability to make lava spout from the ground at will, covered the feature, a favorite residence of the goddess, with fern fronds. Choked by trapped smoke, Pele emerged. Realizing that each could threaten the other with destruction, the other gods called a draw and divided the island between them, with Kamapuaʻa getting the moist <a href="/wiki/Windward" class="mw-redirect" title="Windward">windward</a> northeastern side, and Pele directing the drier Kona (or <a href="/wiki/Leeward" class="mw-redirect" title="Leeward">leeward</a>) side. The rusty singed appearance of the young fronds of the ʻamaʻumaʻu are said to be a product of the legendary struggle.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-haw-culture-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C4%ABlauea&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Modern era">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geology_Students_working_on_east_Kilauea_rift_zone.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Geology_Students_working_on_east_Kilauea_rift_zone.JPG/500px-Geology_Students_working_on_east_Kilauea_rift_zone.JPG" decoding="async" width="500" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Geology_Students_working_on_east_Kilauea_rift_zone.JPG/750px-Geology_Students_working_on_east_Kilauea_rift_zone.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Geology_Students_working_on_east_Kilauea_rift_zone.JPG/1000px-Geology_Students_working_on_east_Kilauea_rift_zone.JPG 2x" data-file-width="8850" data-file-height="2948" /></a><figcaption>Students collecting GPS data for the USGS in Kīlauea's eastern rift zone in 2015</figcaption></figure> The first foreigner to arrive at Hawaii was <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> in 1778.<a href="#cite_note-uh-2009-124">[124]</a> The first non-native to observe Kīlauea in detail was <a href="/wiki/William_Ellis_(British_missionary)" title="William Ellis (British missionary)">William Ellis</a>, an English <a href="/wiki/List_of_Missionaries_to_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Missionaries to Hawaii">missionary</a> who in 1823 spent more than two weeks trekking across the volcano. He collated the first written account of the volcano and observed many of its features.<a href="#cite_note-hvo-first-125">[125]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Letitia_Elizabeth_Landon_(L._E._L.)_in_Fisher%27s_Drawing_Room_Scrap_Book,_1832/The_Volcano_of_Ki-Rau-E-A" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L. E. L.) in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1832/The Volcano of Ki-Rau-E-A">The Volcano of Ki-Rau-E-A, a poetical illustration by L. E. L.</a></div></div></div> </div> Another missionary, C. S. Stewart, U.S.N., wrote of it in his journal A Residence in the Sandwich Island, which <a href="/wiki/Letitia_Elizabeth_Landon" title="Letitia Elizabeth Landon">Letitia Elizabeth Landon</a> quoted from in the notes to her poetical illustration to an engraving of a painting by <a href="/wiki/William_Ellis_(British_missionary)" title="William Ellis (British missionary)">William Ellis</a> after F Howard, The Volcano of Ki-Rau-E-A in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1832.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> One of the earliest and most important surveyors of Kīlauea was <a href="/wiki/James_Dwight_Dana" title="James Dwight Dana">James Dwight Dana</a>, who studied and wrote about the island's volcanoes for decades first-hand.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Dana visited Kīlauea's summit in 1840.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> After publishing a summary paper in 1852, he directed a detailed geological study of the island in 1880 and 1881. He did not consider Kīlauea a separate volcano, instead referring to it as a flank vent of Mauna Loa; geologist <a href="/wiki/C._E._Dutton" class="mw-redirect" title="C. E. Dutton">C. E. Dutton</a> elaborated on Dana's research during an 1884 expedition. His work led Kīlauea to be accepted as a separate entity.<a href="#cite_note-USGS-dw-129">[129]</a>: 154–155  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hawaiian_Volcano_Observatory">Hawaiian Volcano Observatory</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C4%ABlauea&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Hawaiian Volcano Observatory">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kilauea_steam_vent.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Kilauea_steam_vent.jpg/220px-Kilauea_steam_vent.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Kilauea_steam_vent.jpg/330px-Kilauea_steam_vent.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Kilauea_steam_vent.jpg/440px-Kilauea_steam_vent.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Steam venting from fissures inside Kaluapele, October 2022</figcaption></figure> The next era of Kīlauea's history began with the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Volcano_Observatory" title="Hawaiian Volcano Observatory">Hawaiian Volcano Observatory</a> in 1912. The first permanent such installation in the United States, the observatory was the brainchild of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jaggar" title="Thomas Jaggar">Thomas Jaggar</a>, head of geology at the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a>. After witnessing the devastation of the <a href="/wiki/1908_Messina_earthquake" title="1908 Messina earthquake">1908 Messina earthquake</a> near <a href="/wiki/Mount_Etna" title="Mount Etna">Mount Etna</a> in Italy, he declared that systematic volcanic and seismic study was required, and chose Kīlauea as the initial site. After securing funding from MIT and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawai%CA%BBi" title="University of Hawaiʻi">University of Hawaiʻi</a>, Jaggar served as director of the observatory between 1912 and 1940. He pioneered seismological and observational study and observation of the volcano.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> After initial funding ran out, the Observatory was funded by the <a href="/wiki/National_Weather_Service" title="National Weather Service">National Weather Service</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">USGS</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> in turn. USGS reclaimed the observatory and funded it after 1946. The main building moved twice since establishment, and today sits on the northwest rim of Kaluapele.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> used the area to train <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Astronauts" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo Astronauts">Apollo Astronauts</a> in recognizing volcanic features, planning traverses, collecting samples and taking photographs. Training took place in April 1969, April 1970, December 1970, December 1971, and June 1972. Astronauts of <a href="/wiki/Apollo_12" title="Apollo 12">Apollo 12</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apollo_14" title="Apollo 14">Apollo 14</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apollo_16" title="Apollo 16">Apollo 16</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apollo_17" title="Apollo 17">Apollo 17</a> used this training on the Moon. Notable geologist instructors included <a href="/wiki/William_R._Muehlberger" title="William R. Muehlberger">William R. Muehlberger</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C4%ABlauea&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Research">edit</a>]</div> In October 2019, January 2020, and December 2020, USGFS volcanologists used a <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">drone</a> to study gases inside the water lake at the summit, as it was too dangerous for humans to approach. After the lake boiled away, they used the drone to study the resulting gas plumes.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> In 2022, researchers reported that Kīlauea's seismic waves could be used to predict future outbreaks. These waves can last for tens of seconds. After the 2007 eruption ended, they analyzed thousands of events from seismic sensors, GPS stations, and lake height observations, including variables such as temperature and gas bubble density. They reported that magma temperature was associated with seismic signal duration and bubble quantity and composition.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tourism">Tourism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C4%ABlauea&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Tourism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hawai%CA%BBi_Volcanoes_National_Park" title="Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park">Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kilauea_Iki,_Kilauea,_Haemaumau,_and_Mauna_Loa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kilauea_Iki%2C_Kilauea%2C_Haemaumau%2C_and_Mauna_Loa.jpg/220px-Kilauea_Iki%2C_Kilauea%2C_Haemaumau%2C_and_Mauna_Loa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kilauea_Iki%2C_Kilauea%2C_Haemaumau%2C_and_Mauna_Loa.jpg/330px-Kilauea_Iki%2C_Kilauea%2C_Haemaumau%2C_and_Mauna_Loa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kilauea_Iki%2C_Kilauea%2C_Haemaumau%2C_and_Mauna_Loa.jpg/440px-Kilauea_Iki%2C_Kilauea%2C_Haemaumau%2C_and_Mauna_Loa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="712" /></a><figcaption>View from the edge of <a href="/wiki/Kilauea_Iki" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilauea Iki">Kilauea Iki</a>: across Kaluapele, Halemaʻumaʻu is emitting fume on the left side of Kaluapele, while <a href="/wiki/Mauna_Loa" title="Mauna Loa">Mauna Loa</a> towers above in the background (March 2013)</figcaption></figure> Kīlauea became a tourist attraction in the 1840s, and businessmen such as <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Pitman_(Hawaii_judge)" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Pitman (Hawaii judge)">Benjamin Pitman</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Lycurgus" title="George Lycurgus">George Lycurgus</a> operated a series of hotels at the rim, including <a href="/wiki/Volcano_House" title="Volcano House">Volcano House</a>, which is the only hotel or restaurant located within <a href="/wiki/Hawai%CA%BBi_Volcanoes_National_Park" title="Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park">Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> In 1891, <a href="/wiki/Lorrin_A._Thurston" title="Lorrin A. Thurston">Lorrin A. Thurston</a>, investor in hotels along the volcano's rim, began campaigning for a park, boosting an idea proposed by <a href="/wiki/William_Richards_Castle,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="William Richards Castle, Jr.">William Richards Castle, Jr.</a> in 1903. Thurston, who owned the <a href="/wiki/Honolulu_Advertiser" class="mw-redirect" title="Honolulu Advertiser">Honolulu Advertiser</a> newspaper, printed editorials in favor of the idea; by 1911 Governor <a href="/wiki/Walter_F._Frear" title="Walter F. Frear">Walter F. Frear</a> had proposed a draft bill to create "Kilauea National Park". Following endorsements from <a href="/wiki/John_Muir" title="John Muir">John Muir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Henry Cabot Lodge</a>, and former President <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> (in opposition to local ranchers) and several legislative attempts introduced by delegate <a href="/wiki/Jonah_K%C5%ABhi%C5%8D_Kalaniana%CA%BBole" title="Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole">Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole</a>, House Resolution 9525 was signed into law by <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> on August 1, 1916. It was the country's 11th National Park, and the first in a Territory.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Originally called "Hawaii National Park", it was split from <a href="/wiki/Haleakala_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Haleakala National Park">Haleakala National Park</a> on September 22, 1960. Today, the park, renamed the <a href="/wiki/Hawai%CA%BBi_Volcanoes_National_Park" title="Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park">Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park</a>, is a major conservatory agency and tourist attraction, and, since 1987, a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Hawaii tourism grew slowly before exploding with the advent of <a href="/wiki/Jet_airliner" title="Jet airliner">jet airliner</a> travel around 1959. Kīlauea, as one of the few chronically erupting volcanoes, was a major part of the island's tourist draw.<a href="#cite_note-nps-park-138">[138]</a> According to the National Park Service, Kīlauea is visited by roughly 2.6 million people annually.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Jaggar_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas A. Jaggar Museum">Thomas A. Jaggar Museum</a> was a popular tourist stop. Located at the edge of Kaluapele, the museum's observation deck offered the best sheltered view on the volcano of the activity at Halemaʻumaʻu; however, the museum closed indefinitely after the building housing sustaining structural damage from earthquakes associated with the 2018 eruptions.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kilauea_at_dusk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Kilauea_at_dusk.jpg/220px-Kilauea_at_dusk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Kilauea_at_dusk.jpg/330px-Kilauea_at_dusk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Kilauea_at_dusk.jpg/440px-Kilauea_at_dusk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Glowing lava at sunset, seen from near Volcano House, October 2022</figcaption></figure> Volcano House provides lodging within the park, while additional housing options are available in the <a href="/wiki/Volcano_Village" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcano Village">Volcano Village</a>. Visitors associated with the military can find lodging at the <a href="/wiki/Kilauea_Military_Camp" title="Kilauea Military Camp">Kilauea Military Camp</a>. The park provides hiking trails, points of interest, and guided ranger programs.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> The Crater Rim Trail around the volcano is designated as a <a href="/wiki/National_Recreation_Trail" class="mw-redirect" title="National Recreation Trail">National Recreation Trail</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nrt-143">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C4%ABlauea&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ngs-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ngs_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ngs_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ngs.noaa.gov/cgi-bin/ds_mark.prl?PidBox=TU2382">"4088"</a>. 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Retrieved August 21, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.science.org&rft.atitle=%27singing%27+lava+lakes+could+help+predict+when+volcanoes+will+blow&rft.date=2022-06-01&rft.aulast=SAVITSKY&rft.aufirst=ZACK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2Fsinging-lava-lakes-could-help-predict-when-volcanoes-will-blow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C4%ABlauea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121023123557/http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/hawaii-notes/vol5-2d.htm">"The Volcano House"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. March 24, 2006 [Originally published November 1953]. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/hawaii-notes/vol5-2d.htm">the original</a> on October 23, 2012. Retrieved September 4, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Volcano+House&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft.date=2006-03-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cr.nps.gov%2Fhistory%2Fonline_books%2Fhawaii-notes%2Fvol5-2d.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C4%ABlauea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121023123640/http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/hawaii-notes/vol5-2h.htm">"The Final Thrust"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. November 1953. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/hawaii-notes/vol5-2h.htm">the original</a> on October 23, 2012. Retrieved October 12, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Final+Thrust&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft.date=1953-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cr.nps.gov%2Fhistory%2Fonline_books%2Fhawaii-notes%2Fvol5-2h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C4%ABlauea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051119121217/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/409">"Hawaii Volcanoes National Park"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/409">the original</a> on November 19, 2005. Retrieved October 12, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hawaii+Volcanoes+National+Park&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F409&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C4%ABlauea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nps-park-138"><a href="#cite_ref-nps-park_138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/cultural_diversity/Hawaii_Volcanoes_National_Park.html">"Hawaii Volcanoes National Park: Hawaii Island, Hawaii"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. Retrieved October 12, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hawaii+Volcanoes+National+Park%3A+Hawaii+Island%2C+Hawaii&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fnr%2Ftravel%2Fcultural_diversity%2FHawaii_Volcanoes_National_Park.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C4%ABlauea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/havo/planyourvisit/kvc.htm">"Kīlauea Visitor Center"</a>. National Park Service. Retrieved February 11, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Park+Service&rft.atitle=K%C4%ABlauea+Visitor+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fhavo%2Fplanyourvisit%2Fkvc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C4%ABlauea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/havo/learn/news/20180905_pr_jaggar_museum_exhibits.htm">"Jaggar Museum Exhibits May Find a New Home in Pahoa"</a>. National Park Service. Retrieved February 11, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Park+Service&rft.atitle=Jaggar+Museum+Exhibits+May+Find+a+New+Home+in+Pahoa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fhavo%2Flearn%2Fnews%2F20180905_pr_jaggar_museum_exhibits.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C4%ABlauea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/havo/planyourvisit/kvc.htm">"Kilauea Visitor Center"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. October 18, 2012. Retrieved October 22, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kilauea+Visitor+Center&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft.date=2012-10-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fhavo%2Fplanyourvisit%2Fkvc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C4%ABlauea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/havo/upload/Trip_Planner_2012_ver0118.pdf">"Hawaii Volcanoes National Park: Trip Planner"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. Retrieved October 22, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hawaii+Volcanoes+National+Park%3A+Trip+Planner&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fhavo%2Fupload%2FTrip_Planner_2012_ver0118.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C4%ABlauea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nrt-143"><a href="#cite_ref-nrt_143-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrtapplication.org/trails/crater-rim-trail">"Crater Rim Trail"</a>. NRT Database. Retrieved August 20, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NRT+Database&rft.atitle=Crater+Rim+Trail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrtapplication.org%2Ftrails%2Fcrater-rim-trail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C4%ABlauea" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C4%ABlauea&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacQueen2011" class="citation journal cs1">MacQueen, P (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5399%2Fuo%2Fourj.1.1.1551">"Forward modeling to access and improve gravity network geometry at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii"</a>. Oregon Undergraduate Research Journal. 1 (1): 24–44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5399%2Fuo%2Fourj.1.1.1551">10.5399/uo/ourj.1.1.1551</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1794%2F23367">1794/23367</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oregon+Undergraduate+Research+Journal&rft.atitle=Forward+modeling+to+access+and+improve+gravity+network+geometry+at+Kilauea+Volcano%2C+Hawaii&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=24-44&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1794%2F23367&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5399%2Fuo%2Fourj.1.1.1551&rft.aulast=MacQueen&rft.aufirst=P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5399%252Fuo%252Fourj.1.1.1551&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C4%ABlauea" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation map cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i2759/">Geologic map of the summit region of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai</a> (Map). 1:24,000. Geologic Investigations Series I-2759. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>. 2003. Retrieved August 9, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geologic+map+of+the+summit+region+of+K%C4%ABlauea+Volcano%2C+Hawai&rft.series=Geologic+Investigations+Series+I-2759&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fimap%2Fi2759%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C4%ABlauea" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation map cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://permanent.access.gpo.gov/LPS77789/2614map_508.pdf">Geologic map of the middle east rift geothermal subzone of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaii</a> (PDF) (Map) (1.0 ed.). 1:24,000. Geologic Investigations Series I-2614. United States Geological Survey. 2006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4113-0659-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-4113-0659-7"><bdi>1-4113-0659-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved August 9, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geologic+map+of+the+middle+east+rift+geothermal+subzone+of+K%C4%ABlauea+Volcano%2C+Hawaii&rft.series=Geologic+Investigations+Series+I-2614&rft.edition=1.0&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-4113-0659-7&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpermanent.access.gpo.gov%2FLPS77789%2F2614map_508.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C4%ABlauea" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C4%ABlauea&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/K%C4%ABlauea" class="extiw" title="commons:Kīlauea">Kīlauea</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/317653">Kilauea</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=332010">"Kilauea"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Global_Volcanism_Program" title="Global Volcanism Program">Global Volcanism Program</a>. <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Volcanism+Program&rft.atitle=Kilauea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvolcano.si.edu%2Fvolcano.cfm%3Fvn%3D332010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AK%C4%ABlauea" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usgs.gov/volcanoes/kilauea">Hawaiian Volcano Observatory's Kīlauea website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usgs.gov/observatories/hvo/multimedia/webcams">Live webcams of Kīlauea and Mauna Loa</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/149815/kilaueas-lava-lake-persists">USGS updates on Kilauea's Lava (and water) lakes</a>, May 11, 2022</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/havo/">Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.higp.hawaii.edu/hggrc/">Hawaii Groundwater & Geothermal Resources Center by the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/21320">The Geothermal Collection by University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bigislandvideonews.com/2011/03/09/video-the-man-behind-global-hawaiian-volcano-eruption-video/">Video footage of the March 2011 Kamoamoa Fissure Eruption and the collapse of Puʻu ʻŌʻō crater</a></li></ul> <div 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hawaiian_volcanism_topics_(list)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hawaiian_volcanism" title="Template:Hawaiian volcanism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hawaiian_volcanism" title="Template talk:Hawaiian volcanism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hawaiian_volcanism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hawaiian volcanism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hawaiian_volcanism_topics_(list)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_hotspot" title="Hawaii hotspot">Hawaiian volcanism</a> topics (<a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_the_Hawaiian%E2%80%93Emperor_seamount_chain" title="List of volcanoes in the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands" title="Hawaiian Islands">Windward Isles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/South_Arch_volcanic_field" title="South Arch volcanic field">South Arch volcanic field</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kama%CA%BBehuakanaloa_Seamount" title="Kamaʻehuakanaloa Seamount">Kamaʻehuakanaloa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81hukona" title="Māhukona">Māhukona</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_(island)" title="Hawaii (island)">Hawaiʻi</a></dt> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kīlauea</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C4%ABlauea_Iki" title="Kīlauea Iki">Kīlauea Iki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pauahi_Crater" title="Pauahi Crater">Pauahi Crater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pu%CA%BBu_%CA%BB%C5%8C%CA%BB%C5%8D" title="Puʻu ʻŌʻō">Puʻu ʻŌʻō</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauna_Ulu" title="Mauna Ulu">Mauna Ulu</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mauna_Loa" title="Mauna Loa">Mauna Loa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hual%C4%81lai" title="Hualālai">Hualālai</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mauna_Kea" title="Mauna Kea">Mauna Kea</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kohala_(mountain)" title="Kohala (mountain)">Kohala</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kaho%CA%BBolawe" title="Kahoʻolawe">Kahoʻolawe</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kauai" title="Kauai">Kauaʻi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ka%CA%BBula" title="Kaʻula">Kaʻula</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lanai" title="Lanai">Lānaʻi</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Maui" title="Maui">Maui</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Haleakal%C4%81" title="Haleakalā">Haleakalā</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/West_Maui_Mountains" title="West Maui Mountains">West Maui</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Molokai" title="Molokai">Molokaʻi</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Penguin_Bank" title="Penguin Bank">Penguin Bank</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/West_Molokai_Volcano" title="West Molokai Volcano">West Molokai Volcano</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/East_Molokai_Volcano" title="East Molokai Volcano">East Molokai Volcano</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Niihau" title="Niihau">Niʻihau</a></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Oahu" title="Oahu">Oʻahu</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Honolulu_Volcanics" title="Honolulu Volcanics">Honolulu</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kaena_Ridge" title="Kaena Ridge">Kaʻena</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ko%CA%BBolau_Range" title="Koʻolau Range">Koʻolau</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/North_Arch_volcanic_field" title="North Arch volcanic field">North Arch volcanic field</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Waianae_Range" class="mw-redirect" title="Waianae Range">Waiʻanae</a></dd></dl> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="Scheme of a Hawaiian eruption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Hawaiian_Eruption-blank.svg/120px-Hawaiian_Eruption-blank.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Hawaiian_Eruption-blank.svg/180px-Hawaiian_Eruption-blank.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Hawaiian_Eruption-blank.svg/240px-Hawaiian_Eruption-blank.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1100" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Hawaiian_Islands" title="Northwestern Hawaiian Islands">Leeward Isles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Frigate_Shoals" title="French Frigate Shoals">French Frigate Shoals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardner_Pinnacles" title="Gardner Pinnacles">Gardner Pinnacles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kure_Atoll" title="Kure Atoll">Kure Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laysan" title="Laysan">Laysan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisianski_Island" title="Lisianski Island">Lisianski Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maro_Reef" title="Maro Reef">Maro Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midway_Atoll" title="Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necker_Island_(Hawaii)" title="Necker Island (Hawaii)">Necker Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihoa" title="Nihoa">Nihoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_and_Hermes_Atoll" title="Pearl and Hermes Atoll">Pearl and Hermes Atoll</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian%E2%80%93Emperor_seamount_chain" title="Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain">Emperor Seamounts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbott_Seamount" title="Abbott Seamount">Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colahan_Seamount" title="Colahan Seamount">Colahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daikakuji_Guyot" title="Daikakuji Guyot">Daikakuji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit_Seamount" title="Detroit Seamount">Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hancock_Seamount" title="Hancock Seamount">Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jing%C5%AB_Seamount" title="Jingū Seamount">Jingū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kammu_Seamount" title="Kammu Seamount">Kammu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimmei_Seamount" title="Kimmei Seamount">Kimmei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koko_Guyot" title="Koko Guyot">Koko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Seamount" title="Meiji Seamount">Meiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nintoku_Seamount" title="Nintoku Seamount">Nintoku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojin_Seamount" title="Ojin Seamount">Ojin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suiko_Seamount" title="Suiko Seamount">Suiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yomei_Seamount" title="Yomei Seamount">Yomei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuryaku_Seamount" title="Yuryaku Seamount">Yuryaku</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable eruptions and vents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1955_Hawaiian_submarine_eruption" title="1955 Hawaiian submarine eruption">1955 Hawaiian submarine eruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_eruption_of_Mauna_Loa" title="1975 eruption of Mauna Loa">1975 eruption of Mauna Loa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_eruption_of_Mauna_Loa" title="1984 eruption of Mauna Loa">1984 eruption of Mauna Loa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_lower_Puna_eruption" title="2018 lower Puna eruption">2018 lower Puna eruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_eruption_of_Mauna_Loa" title="2022 eruption of Mauna Loa">2022 eruption of Mauna Loa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keanakakoi_eruption" title="Keanakakoi eruption">Keanakakoi eruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BBAil%C4%81%CA%BBau_eruption" title="ʻAilāʻau eruption">ʻAilāʻau eruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halema%CA%BBuma%CA%BBu" title="Halemaʻumaʻu">Halemaʻumaʻu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%ABlauea_Caldera" title="Kīlauea Caldera">Kīlauea Caldera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%ABlauea_Iki" title="Kīlauea Iki">Kīlauea Iki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauna_Ulu" title="Mauna Ulu">Mauna Ulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powers_Caldera" title="Powers Caldera">Powers Caldera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%CA%BBu_%CA%BB%C5%8C%CA%BB%C5%8D" title="Puʻu ʻŌʻō">Puʻu ʻŌʻō</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BBA%CA%BB%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="ʻAʻā">ʻAʻā (lava)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_Hawaiian_volcanoes" title="Evolution of Hawaiian volcanoes">Evolution of Hawaiian volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haleakal%C4%81_National_Park" title="Haleakalā National Park">Haleakalā National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawai%CA%BBi_Volcanoes_National_Park" title="Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park">Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian%E2%80%93Emperor_seamount_chain" title="Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain">Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_eruption" title="Hawaiian eruption">Hawaiian eruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Volcano_Observatory" title="Hawaiian Volcano Observatory">Hawaiian Volcano Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_K%C4%ABlauea_eruptions" title="List of Kīlauea eruptions">Kīlauea eruptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lava_fountain" class="mw-redirect" title="Lava fountain">Lava fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limu_o_Pele" title="Limu o Pele">Limu o Pele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mauna_Loa_eruptions" title="List of Mauna Loa eruptions">Mauna Loa eruptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81hoehoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāhoehoe">Pāhoehoe (lava)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pele_(deity)" title="Pele (deity)">Pele (deity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pele%27s_hair" title="Pele's hair">Pele's hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pele%27s_tears" title="Pele's tears">Pele's tears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puna_Geothermal_Venture" title="Puna Geothermal Venture">Puna Geothermal Venture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcano_House" title="Volcano House">Volcano House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Hawaii_Volcanoes_National_Park" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NRHP_in_Hawaii_Volcanoes_NP" title="Template:NRHP in Hawaii Volcanoes NP"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NRHP_in_Hawaii_Volcanoes_NP" title="Template talk:NRHP in Hawaii Volcanoes NP"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NRHP_in_Hawaii_Volcanoes_NP" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NRHP in Hawaii Volcanoes NP"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_Register_of_Historic_Places_in_Hawaii_Volcanoes_National_Park" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Volcanoes_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawaii Volcanoes National Park">Hawaii Volcanoes National Park</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historic_districts_in_the_United_States" title="Historic districts in the United States">Historic districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hilina_Pali_Road&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hilina Pali Road (page does not exist)">Hilina Pali Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puna-Ka%27u_Historic_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Puna-Ka'u Historic District">Puna-Ka'u Historic District</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauna_Loa_Road&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mauna Loa Road (page does not exist)">Mauna Loa Road</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_property_types" title="National Register of Historic Places property types">NRHP properties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1790_Footprints" title="1790 Footprints">1790 Footprints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainahou_Ranch" title="Ainahou Ranch">Ainahou Ranch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainapo_Trail" class="mw-redirect" title="Ainapo Trail">Ainapo Trail</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kilauea Crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcano_House" title="Volcano House">Old Volcano House No. 42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Volcano_Observatory" title="Hawaiian Volcano Observatory">Whitney Seismograph Vault No. 29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkes_Campsite" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilkes Campsite">Wilkes Campsite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Hawaii_Volcanoes_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park">National Register of Historic Places listings in Hawaii Volcanoes National Park</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Spaccato_vulcano.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Spaccato_vulcano.svg/20px-Spaccato_vulcano.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Spaccato_vulcano.svg/31px-Spaccato_vulcano.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Spaccato_vulcano.svg/41px-Spaccato_vulcano.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Volcanoes" title="Portal:Volcanoes">Volcanoes</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/21px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/32px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/42px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Hawaii" title="Portal:Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/The_Matterhorn_as_seen_from_Zermatt.png/19px-The_Matterhorn_as_seen_from_Zermatt.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/The_Matterhorn_as_seen_from_Zermatt.png/29px-The_Matterhorn_as_seen_from_Zermatt.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/The_Matterhorn_as_seen_from_Zermatt.png/38px-The_Matterhorn_as_seen_from_Zermatt.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="994" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Mountains" title="Portal:Mountains">Mountains</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/19px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/29px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/38px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188698#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188698#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188698#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/242633136">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4241215-8">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85072311">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge1147256&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007543573505171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=332010">Global Volcanism Program</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10038372">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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