CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>History of Korea - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"1c638a1c-c2d3-4d2a-adbb-0a7a30311dad","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"History_of_Korea","wgTitle":"History of Korea","wgCurRevisionId":1257921655,"wgRevisionId":1257921655,"wgArticleId":48605,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with Korean-language sources (ko)","Webarchive template archiveis links","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from July 2024","Articles with permanently dead external links","CS1 uses Korean-language script (ko)","All accuracy disputes","Accuracy disputes from December 2017","CS1 Korean-language sources (ko)","Articles with dead external links from April 2018","CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)", "Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2022","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from September 2018","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles containing Korean-language text","All articles with self-published sources","Articles with self-published sources from December 2017","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2024","Articles with unsourced statements from March 2023","CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list","Articles with dead external links from May 2024","Articles with dead external links from July 2023","Commons category link is on Wikidata","History of Korea"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"History_of_Korea","wgRelevantArticleId":48605,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject": "wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q713414","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false, "wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init", "ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Gyeongbokgung_Palace.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="829"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Gyeongbokgung_Palace.png/800px-Gyeongbokgung_Palace.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="553"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Gyeongbokgung_Palace.png/640px-Gyeongbokgung_Palace.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="442"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="History of Korea - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Korea&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Korea"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-History_of_Korea rootpage-History_of_Korea skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=History+of+Korea" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=History+of+Korea" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=History+of+Korea" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=History+of+Korea" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Prehistory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Prehistory </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Prehistory subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Paleolithic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paleolithic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Paleolithic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paleolithic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neolithic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neolithic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Neolithic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neolithic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bronze_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bronze_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Bronze Age </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bronze_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Ancient Korea </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ancient_Korea-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ancient Korea subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gojoseon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gojoseon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Gojoseon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gojoseon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese_commanderies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_commanderies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Chinese commanderies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_commanderies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jin_State" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jin_State"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Jin State </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jin_State-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proto–Three_Kingdoms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proto–Three_Kingdoms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Proto–Three Kingdoms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proto–Three_Kingdoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Northern_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 Northern states </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.2 Southern states </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Three Kingdoms of Korea </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Three Kingdoms of Korea subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Goguryeo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Goguryeo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Goguryeo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Goguryeo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baekje" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baekje"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Baekje </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baekje-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Silla" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Silla"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Silla </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Silla-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gaya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gaya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Gaya </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gaya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_and_South_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_and_South_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 North and South States </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-North_and_South_States-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle North and South States subsection </button> <ul id="toc-North_and_South_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Unified_Silla" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unified_Silla"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Unified Silla </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unified_Silla-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Balhae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Balhae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Balhae </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Balhae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_Three_Kingdoms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_Three_Kingdoms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Later Three Kingdoms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_Three_Kingdoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Goryeo_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Goryeo_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Goryeo dynasty </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Goryeo_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Joseon_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Joseon_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Joseon dynasty </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Joseon_dynasty-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Joseon dynasty subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Joseon_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Political history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 19th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_and_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_and_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Culture and society </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture_and_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relationships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relationships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Foreign relationships </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relationships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Modern history </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Modern history subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Korean_Empire_(1897–1910)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korean_Empire_(1897–1910)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Korean Empire (1897–1910) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korean_Empire_(1897–1910)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese_rule_(1910–1945)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_rule_(1910–1945)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Japanese rule (1910–1945) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_rule_(1910–1945)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Division_and_Korean_War_(1945–1953)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Division_and_Korean_War_(1945–1953)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Division and Korean War (1945–1953) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Division_and_Korean_War_(1945–1953)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Korea_(1953–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Korea_(1953–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Modern Korea (1953–present) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Korea_(1953–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Bibliography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Bibliography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Surveys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surveys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Surveys </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surveys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Historiography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Primary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_books_used_in_this_page" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_books_used_in_this_page"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Other books used in this page </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_books_used_in_this_page-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-C/J/K_books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#C/J/K_books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5 C/J/K books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-C/J/K_books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">History of Korea</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 54 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" > 54 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="تاريخ كوريا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تاريخ كوريا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_Corea" title="Historia de Corea – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Historia de Corea" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreya_tarixi" title="Koreya tarixi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Koreya tarixi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="কোরিয়ার ইতিহাস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কোরিয়ার ইতিহাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C3%A2u-si%C3%A1n_le%CC%8Dk-s%C3%BA" title="Tiâu-sián le̍k-sú – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tiâu-sián le̍k-sú" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%8B" title="Корея тарихы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Корея тарихы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%96" title="Гісторыя Карэі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гісторыя Карэі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B2ria_de_Corea" title="Història de Corea – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Història de Corea" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%9Bjiny_Koreje" title="Dějiny Koreje – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dějiny Koreje" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschichte_Koreas" title="Geschichte Koreas – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geschichte Koreas" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_ajalugu" title="Korea ajalugu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Korea ajalugu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_Corea" title="Historia de Corea – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historia de Corea" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historio_de_Koreio" title="Historio de Koreio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Historio de Koreio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreako_historia" title="Koreako historia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Koreako historia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%87" title="تاریخ کره – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تاریخ کره" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_la_Cor%C3%A9e" title="Histoire de la Corée – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire de la Corée" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98_%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC" title="한국의 역사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="한국의 역사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Կորեայի պատմություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կորեայի պատմություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="कोरिया का इतिहास – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कोरिया का इतिहास" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povijest_Koreje" title="Povijest Koreje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Povijest Koreje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Korea" title="Sejarah Korea – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sejarah Korea" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saga_K%C3%B3reu" title="Saga Kóreu – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Saga Kóreu" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storia_della_Corea" title="Storia della Corea – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Storia della Corea" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%94" title="היסטוריה של קוריאה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="היסטוריה של קוריאה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="კორეის ისტორია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კორეის ისტორია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%8B" title="Корея тарихы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Корея тарихы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Coreana" title="Historia Coreana – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Historia Coreana" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korejas_v%C4%93sture" title="Korejas vēsture – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Korejas vēsture" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kor%C4%97jos_istorija" title="Korėjos istorija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Korėjos istorija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_t%C3%B6rt%C3%A9nelme" title="Korea történelme – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Korea történelme" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="കൊറിയയുടെ ചരിത്രം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കൊറിയയുടെ ചരിത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_Korea" title="Sejarah Korea – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sejarah Korea" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%A8u-si%C4%93ng_Bu%C3%A1ng-d%C5%8D%CC%A4_l%C4%ADk-s%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Dièu-siēng Buáng-dō̤ lĭk-sṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dièu-siēng Buáng-dō̤ lĭk-sṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschiedenis_van_Korea" title="Geschiedenis van Korea – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geschiedenis van Korea" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2" title="朝鮮の歴史 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="朝鮮の歴史" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreas_historie" title="Koreas historie – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Koreas historie" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreya_tarixi" title="Koreya tarixi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Koreya tarixi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8" title="ਕੋਰੀਆ ਦਾ ਇਤਿਹਾਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੋਰੀਆ ਦਾ ਇਤਿਹਾਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histori_long_Koria" title="Histori long Koria – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Histori long Koria" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Korei" title="Historia Korei – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Historia Korei" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria_da_Coreia" title="História da Coreia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="História da Coreia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreya_tariyx%C4%B1" title="Koreya tariyxı – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Koreya tariyxı" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B8" title="История Кореи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="История Кореи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9A_%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%BA" title="කොරියාවේ ඉතිහාසය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කොරියාවේ ඉතිහාසය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8E%DA%98%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="مێژووی کۆریا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مێژووی کۆریا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Историја Кореје – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Историја Кореје" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_historia" title="Korean historia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Korean historia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreas_historia" title="Koreas historia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Koreas historia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81" title="கொரியாவின் வரலாறு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கொரியாவின் வரலாறு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5" title="ประวัติศาสตร์เกาหลี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประวัติศาสตร์เกาหลี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kore_tarihi" title="Kore tarihi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kore tarihi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%97" title="Історія Кореї – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Історія Кореї" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BB%8Bch_s%E1%BB%AD_Tri%E1%BB%81u_Ti%C3%AAn" title="Lịch sử Triều Tiên – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lịch sử Triều Tiên" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E5%8D%8A%E5%B2%9B%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="朝鲜半岛历史 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="朝鲜半岛历史" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q713414#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korea" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:History_of_Korea" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korea">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Korea&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Korea&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korea">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Korea&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Korea&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/History_of_Korea" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/History_of_Korea" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Korea&oldid=1257921655" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Korea&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=History_of_Korea&id=1257921655&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHistory_of_Korea">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHistory_of_Korea">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=History_of_Korea&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Korea&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:History_of_Korea" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibooks mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Korean_History" hreflang="en">Wikibooks</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiversity mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/History_of_Korea" hreflang="en">Wikiversity</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q713414" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For book series, see <a href="/wiki/Korean_History_(book_series)" title="Korean History (book series)">Korean History (book series)</a>. For histories of the modern Korean countries, see <a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Korea" title="History of North Korea">History of North Korea</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Korea" title="History of South Korea">History of South Korea</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Korea" title="Category:History of Korea">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History of Korea</a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><a href="/wiki/File:Gyeongbokgung_Palace.png" class="mw-file-description" title="thum"><img alt="thum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Gyeongbokgung_Palace.png/200px-Gyeongbokgung_Palace.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Gyeongbokgung_Palace.png/300px-Gyeongbokgung_Palace.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Gyeongbokgung_Palace.png/400px-Gyeongbokgung_Palace.png 2x" data-file-width="871" data-file-height="602" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Korea" title="Prehistoric Korea">Prehistoric period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Palaeolithic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeolithic period">Palaeolithic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 700,000 BC-8000 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolithic period">Neolithic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 8000 BC–1500 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">* <a href="/wiki/Jeulmun_pottery_period" title="Jeulmun pottery period">Jeulmun</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1500 BC–300 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">* <a href="/wiki/Mumun_pottery_period" title="Mumun pottery period">Mumun</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">* <a href="/wiki/Liaoning_bronze_dagger_culture" title="Liaoning bronze dagger culture">Liaoning dagger</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Ancient period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gojoseon" title="Gojoseon">Gojoseon</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <abbr title="mythological">2333 BC</abbr>–108 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">* <a href="/wiki/Dangun_Joseon" class="mw-redirect" title="Dangun Joseon">Dangun</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">* <a href="/wiki/Gija_Joseon" title="Gija Joseon">Gija</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">* <a href="/wiki/Wiman_Joseon" title="Wiman Joseon">Wiman</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Jin_(Korean_state)" title="Jin (Korean state)">Jin</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 4th–2nd century BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Yemaek" title="Yemaek">Yemaek</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Proto%E2%80%93Three_Kingdoms_period" title="Proto–Three Kingdoms period">Proto–Three Kingdoms period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Takri_Kingdom" title="Takri Kingdom">Takri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ye" title="Eastern Ye">Dongye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyeo" title="Buyeo">Buyeo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Buyeo" title="Eastern Buyeo">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galsa_Buyeo" title="Galsa Buyeo">Galsa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okjeo" title="Okjeo">Okjeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samhan" title="Samhan">Samhan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahan_confederacy" title="Mahan confederacy">Ma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byeonhan_confederacy" title="Byeonhan confederacy">Byeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinhan_confederacy" title="Jinhan confederacy">Jin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamna" title="Tamna">Tamna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nangnang_Kingdom" title="Nangnang Kingdom">Nakrang</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Commanderies_of_Han" title="Four Commanderies of Han">Four Commanderies of Han</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea" title="Three Kingdoms of Korea">Three Kingdoms period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 37 BC–668 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Baekje" title="Baekje">Baekje</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 18 BC–660 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Silla" title="Silla">Silla</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 57 BC–935 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Gaya_confederacy" title="Gaya confederacy">Gaya confederacy</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 42–562</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tamna" title="Tamna">Tamna</a> (Tributary of Baekje)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 498–660</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Usan" title="Usan">Usan</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 512–930</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_States_period" title="Northern and Southern States period">Northern and Southern period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/United_Silla" class="mw-redirect" title="United Silla">United Silla</a> (Unified Silla)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 668–892</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Balhae" title="Balhae">Balhae</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 698–926</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Little_Goguryeo" title="Little Goguryeo">Little Goguryeo</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 699–820</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tamna" title="Tamna">Tamna</a> (Tributary of Silla)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 662–925</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Later_Three_Kingdoms" title="Later Three Kingdoms">Later Three Kingdoms period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Later_Baekje" title="Later Baekje">Later Baekje</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 892–936</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Taebong" title="Taebong">Taebong</a> (Later Goguryeo)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 901–918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/United_Silla" class="mw-redirect" title="United Silla">Unified Silla</a> (Later Silla)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 892–935</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Later_Sabeol" title="Later Sabeol">Later Sabeol</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 919–927</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Dongdan_Kingdom" title="Dongdan Kingdom">Dongdan Kingdom</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 926–936</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Later_Balhae" title="Later Balhae">Later Balhae</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 927–935</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Jeongan" title="Jeongan">Jeongan</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 938–986</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Dynastic period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 918–1392</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tamna" title="Tamna">Tamna</a> (Vassal of Goryeo)</td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 938–1105</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Xingliao" title="Xingliao">Heungyo</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1029–1030</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1392–1897</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1897–1910</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Colonial period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Japanese occupation</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1910–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea">Provisional Government</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1919–1948</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Modern period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea#Post-World_War_II" title="Division of Korea">Military governments</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1945–1948</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">North-South division</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1945–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">* <a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Korea" title="History of North Korea">North</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1948–present</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">* <a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Korea" title="History of South Korea">South</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1948–present</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">By topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korean_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Korean architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_art#History" title="Korean art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korean_cuisine" title="History of Korean cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_currency" title="Korean currency">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_Korea" title="History of education in Korea">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Korea" title="Geography of Korea">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Korea" title="Historiography of Korea">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korean" title="History of Korean">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Korea" title="Military history of Korea">Military</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Korea" title="List of wars involving Korea">List</a> · <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Goguryeo" title="Military history of Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Korea" title="List of monarchs of Korea">Monarchs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_Korean_monarchs" title="Family tree of Korean monarchs">Family tree</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Korea" title="Names of Korea">Names</a> (<a href="/wiki/Korean_era_name" title="Korean era name">Era names</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_Korea" title="Naval history of Korea">Naval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_newspapers_in_Korea" title="History of newspapers in Korea">Newspapers</a></li> <li>Politics (<a href="/wiki/Joseon_Dynasty_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseon Dynasty politics">Joseon</a> · <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_North_Korea" title="Politics of North Korea">North</a> · <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_South_Korea" title="Politics of South Korea">South</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="History of religion in Korea">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korean_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Korean Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Christianity in Korea">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Islam in Korea">Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_Korea" title="History of science and technology in Korea">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Korea" title="History of women in Korea">Women</a></li> <li>World Heritage Sites (<a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_North_Korea" title="List of World Heritage Sites in North Korea">North</a> · <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_South_Korea" title="List of World Heritage Sites in South Korea">South</a>)</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em; border-top:#aaa 1px solid;"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Korean_history" title="Timeline of Korean history">Timeline</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <a href="/wiki/File:Korea_Map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Korea_Map.svg/16px-Korea_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Korea_Map.svg/24px-Korea_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Korea_Map.svg/32px-Korea_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Korea" class="mw-disambig" title="Portal:Korea">Korea portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Korea" title="Template:History of Korea"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Korea" title="Template talk:History of Korea"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Korea" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Korea"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Middle_Class_in_Joseon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Middle_Class_in_Joseon.jpg/260px-Middle_Class_in_Joseon.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Middle_Class_in_Joseon.jpg/390px-Middle_Class_in_Joseon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Middle_Class_in_Joseon.jpg/520px-Middle_Class_in_Joseon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="341" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Korea" title="Category:Korea">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Korea" title="Culture of Korea">Culture of Korea</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#E9E9E9;"> <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Society</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="font-size:95%;"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans" title="Koreans">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_diaspora" title="Korean diaspora">Diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Korea" title="Names of Korea">Names of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Religion</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#E9E9E9;"> Arts and literature</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="font-size:95%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_architecture" title="Korean architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_art" title="Korean art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_pottery_and_porcelain" title="Korean pottery and porcelain">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_painting" title="Korean painting">Painting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_dance" title="Korean dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Korea" title="Cinema of Korea">Film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_North_Korea" title="Cinema of North Korea">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_South_Korea" title="Cinema of South Korea">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_literature" title="Korean literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_literature" title="North Korean literature">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korean_literature" title="South Korean literature">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_poetry" title="Korean poetry">Poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhwa" title="Manhwa">Manhwa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Webtoon" title="Webtoon">Webtoon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_South_Korea" title="Mass media in South Korea">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_South_Korea" title="Television in South Korea">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_drama" title="Korean drama">K-drama</a></li></ul></li> <li>Music <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_music_of_Korea" title="Traditional music of Korea">Traditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Korea" title="Music of North Korea">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Korea" title="Music of South Korea">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-pop" title="K-pop">K-pop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_in_Korea" title="Theater in Korea">Theater</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#E9E9E9;"> Other</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="font-size:95%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_cuisine" title="Korean cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kimchi" title="Kimchi">Kimchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banchan" title="Banchan">Banchan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_mythology" title="Korean mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_folklore" title="Korean folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Korean_traditional_festivals" title="List of Korean traditional festivals">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Korean_clothing" title="List of Korean clothing">Clothing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanbok" title="Hanbok">Hanbok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_mask" title="Korean mask">Tal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Korea" title="Sport in Korea">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_martial_arts" title="Korean martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ssireum" title="Ssireum">Ssireum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_South_Korea" title="Video games in South Korea">Video games</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#E9E9E9;"> Symbols</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="font-size:95%;"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Arirang" title="Arirang">Arirang</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibiscus_syriacus" title="Hibiscus syriacus">Mugunghwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paektu_Mountain" title="Paektu Mountain">Paektu Mountain</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Aegukka" title="Aegukka">Aegukka</a>" <ul><li>North Korea</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Aegukga" title="Aegukga">Aegukga</a>" <ul><li>South Korea</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Korean_flags" title="List of Korean flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taegeuk" title="Taegeuk">Taegeuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_North_Korea" title="Emblem of North Korea">Emblem of North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_South_Korea" title="Emblem of South Korea">Emblem of South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_South_Korea" title="List of World Heritage Sites in South Korea">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/100_Cultural_Symbols_of_Korea" title="100 Cultural Symbols of Korea">100 Cultural Symbols of Korea</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_Korea" title="Template:Culture of Korea"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_Korea" title="Template talk:Culture of Korea"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_Korea" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of Korea"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The <a href="/wiki/Lower_Paleolithic" title="Lower Paleolithic">Lower Paleolithic</a> era on the <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korean Peninsula</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a> began roughly half a million years ago.<a href="#cite_note-Eckert-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Norton-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sin-3">[3]</a> The earliest known Korean pottery dates to around 8000 BC and the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> period began thereafter, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> by 2000 BC,<a href="#cite_note-Eckert_2-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Connor-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kim_and_Bae-6">[6]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> around 700 BC. The <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> people are likely not the direct ancestors of the present Korean people, but their direct ancestors are thought to be the Neolithic People of about 2000 BC.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> According to the mythic account recounted in the <a href="/wiki/Samguk_yusa" title="Samguk yusa">Samguk yusa</a> (1281), the <a href="/wiki/Gojoseon" title="Gojoseon">Gojoseon</a> kingdom was founded in northern Korea and southern <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a> in 2333 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESin200519-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee,_Ki-baik198414,_167-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeth201017-10">[10]</a> The first written historical record on Gojoseon can be found from the text <a href="/wiki/Guanzi_(text)" title="Guanzi (text)">Guanzi</a>, attributable to 7th century BC.<a href="#cite_note-han'guk-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-naver1-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersonMargulies20096-13">[13]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Jin_(Korean_state)" title="Jin (Korean state)">Jin state</a> was formed in southern Korea by the 3rd century BC. In the late 2nd century BC, Gojoseon eventually <a href="/wiki/Han_conquest_of_Gojoseon" title="Han conquest of Gojoseon">fell to</a> the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> of China, which led to succeeding warring states, the <a href="/wiki/Proto%E2%80%93Three_Kingdoms_period" title="Proto–Three Kingdoms period">Proto–Three Kingdoms</a> period. From the 1st century BC, <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baekje" title="Baekje">Baekje</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Silla" title="Silla">Silla</a> grew to control the peninsula and Manchuria as the <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea" title="Three Kingdoms of Korea">Three Kingdoms of Korea</a> (57 BC–668 AD), until <a href="/wiki/Unified_Silla" title="Unified Silla">unification by Silla</a> in 676. In 698, <a href="/wiki/Go_of_Balhae" title="Go of Balhae">Dae Jo-young</a> established <a href="/wiki/Balhae" title="Balhae">Balhae</a> in the old territories of Goguryeo,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPratt200763-64-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersonMargulies200935-36-15">[15]</a> which led to the <a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_States_period" title="Northern and Southern States period">Northern and Southern States period</a> (698–926) with Balhae and Silla coexisting. In the late 9th century, Silla was divided into the <a href="/wiki/Later_Three_Kingdoms" title="Later Three Kingdoms">Later Three Kingdoms</a> (892–936), which ended with the unification by <a href="/wiki/Taejo_of_Goryeo" title="Taejo of Goryeo">Wang Kŏn</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a> dynasty. Meanwhile, Balhae fell after invasions by the <a href="/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people">Khitan</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a>; fleeing refugees including the <a href="/wiki/Dae_Gwang-hyeon" title="Dae Gwang-hyeon">last crown prince</a> emigrated to Goryeo, where he was absorbed into the ruling family, thus unifying the two successor states of Goguryeo.<a href="#cite_note-Goryeosa-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Balhae-17">[17]</a> During the Goryeo period, laws were <a href="/wiki/Codification_(law)" title="Codification (law)">codified</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service">civil service</a> system was introduced, and culture influenced by <a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Buddhism</a> flourished. However, <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Korea" title="Mongol invasions of Korea">Mongol invasions</a> in the 13th century brought Goryeo under the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> of China until the mid-14th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeth2011112-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim,_Djun_Kil201465–68-19">[19]</a> In 1392, General <a href="/wiki/Taejo_of_Joseon" title="Taejo of Joseon">Yi Seong-gye</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon dynasty</a> (1392–1897) after a <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a> in 1388 that overthrew the Goryeo dynasty. King <a href="/wiki/Sejong_the_Great" title="Sejong the Great">Sejong the Great</a> (1418–1450) implemented numerous administrative, social, scientific, and economic reforms, established royal authority in the early years of the dynasty, and personally created <a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a>, the Korean alphabet.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> After enjoying a period of peace for nearly two centuries, the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Joseon_dynasty" title="History of the Joseon dynasty">Joseon dynasty</a> faced foreign invasions from 1592 to 1637. Most notable of these were the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasions_of_Korea_(1592%E2%80%931598)" title="Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)">Japanese invasions of Korea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> The combined force of the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> of China and the Joseon dynasty (whose naval fleet was successfully led by Admiral <a href="/wiki/Yi_Sun-sin" title="Yi Sun-sin">Yi Sun-sin</a>) repelled these Japanese invasions, but at a cost to both countries. Henceforth, Joseon gradually became more and more <a href="/wiki/Isolationism" title="Isolationism">isolationist</a> and stagnant with frequent internal strifes. By the mid 19th century, with the country <a href="/wiki/Hermit_kingdom" title="Hermit kingdom">unwilling to modernize, and under encroachment by European powers</a>, Joseon Korea was forced to sign <a href="/wiki/Unequal_treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Unequal treaty">unequal treaties</a> with foreign powers. After the assassination of <a href="/wiki/Empress_Myeongseong" title="Empress Myeongseong">Empress Myeongseong</a> by Japanese mercenaries in 1895, the <a href="/wiki/Donghak_Peasant_Revolution" title="Donghak Peasant Revolution">Donghak Peasant Revolution</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Gabo_Reform" title="Gabo Reform">Gabo Reforms of 1894 to 1896</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean Empire</a> (1897–1910) came into existence, heralding a brief but rapid period of social reform and modernization. However, in 1905, the Korean Empire was forced to sign a <a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1905" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905">protectorate treaty</a> and in 1910, <a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1910" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910">Japan effectively annexed the Korean Empire</a>; the treaties involved were later confirmed to be null and void. Korea then became a de facto Japanese colony from 1910 to 1945. <a href="/wiki/Korean_independence_movement" title="Korean independence movement">Korean resistance</a> manifested in the widespread <a href="/wiki/March_First_Movement" title="March First Movement">March First Movement</a> of 1919. Thereafter the <a href="/wiki/Korean_independence_movement" title="Korean independence movement">resistance movements</a>, coordinated by the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea">Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea</a> in exile, became largely active in neighboring Manchuria, <a href="/wiki/China_proper" title="China proper">China proper</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>. After the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> in 1945, the Allies <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">divided the country</a> into a <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Civil_Administration" title="Soviet Civil Administration">northern area</a> (protected by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviets</a>) and a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Military_Government_in_Korea" title="United States Army Military Government in Korea">southern area</a> (protected primarily by the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>). In 1948, when the great powers failed to agree on the formation of a single government, this partition became the modern states of North and South Korea. The peninsula was divided at the <a href="/wiki/38th_parallel_north" title="38th parallel north">38th Parallel</a>: the "<a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">Republic of Korea</a>" was created in the south, with the backing of the US and Western Europe, and the "<a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">Democratic People's Republic of Korea</a>" in the north, with the backing of the Soviets and the communist <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a>. The new premier of North Korea, <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a>, launched the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> in 1950 in an attempt to <a href="/wiki/Korean_reunification" title="Korean reunification">reunify the country</a> under <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist rule</a>. After immense material and human destruction, the conflict ended with a ceasefire in 1953. In 1991, both states were accepted into the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. In 2018, the two nations agreed to work toward a <a href="/wiki/Peace_Treaty_on_Korean_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace Treaty on Korean Peninsula">final settlement</a> to formally end the <a href="/wiki/Korean_conflict" title="Korean conflict">Korean conflict</a> and promote the common prosperity and reunification of Korea. While both countries were essentially under authoritarian rule after the war, <a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Korea" title="History of South Korea">South Korea</a> eventually <a href="/wiki/June_Struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="June Struggle">liberalized</a>. Since 1987 it has had a competitive electoral system. The South Korean <a href="/wiki/Miracle_on_the_Han_River" title="Miracle on the Han River">economy has prospered</a>, and the country is now considered to be fully developed. <a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Korea" title="History of North Korea">North Korea</a> has maintained a <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">militarized rule</a>, with a <a href="/wiki/North_Korean_cult_of_personality" title="North Korean cult of personality">personality cult</a> constructed around the <a href="/wiki/Kim_family_(North_Korea)" title="Kim family (North Korea)">Kim family</a>. Economically, North Korea has remained heavily dependent on <a href="/wiki/Aid" title="Aid">foreign aid</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Korea&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Prehistory">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Korea" title="Prehistoric Korea">Prehistoric Korea</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Korea&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Paleolithic">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KoreanEarthenwareJar4000BCEAmsa-DongNearSeoul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/KoreanEarthenwareJar4000BCEAmsa-DongNearSeoul.jpg/180px-KoreanEarthenwareJar4000BCEAmsa-DongNearSeoul.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/KoreanEarthenwareJar4000BCEAmsa-DongNearSeoul.jpg/270px-KoreanEarthenwareJar4000BCEAmsa-DongNearSeoul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/KoreanEarthenwareJar4000BCEAmsa-DongNearSeoul.jpg/360px-KoreanEarthenwareJar4000BCEAmsa-DongNearSeoul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1251" data-file-height="1694" /></a><figcaption>Korean earthenware jar with comb pattern; made 4000 BC, <a href="/wiki/Amsa-dong" title="Amsa-dong">Amsa-dong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>, now in <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a></figcaption></figure> No fossil proven to be <a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus" title="Homo erectus">Homo erectus</a> has been found in the <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korean Peninsula</a>,<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> though a candidate has been reported.<a href="#cite_note-Norton-2">[2]</a> Tool-making artifacts from the <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> period have been found in present-day <a href="/wiki/North_Hamgyong_Province" title="North Hamgyong Province">North Hamgyong</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Pyongan_Province" title="South Pyongan Province">South Pyongan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gyeonggi_Province" title="Gyeonggi Province">Gyeonggi</a>, and north and south <a href="/wiki/Chungcheong_Province" title="Chungcheong Province">Chungcheong</a> provinces,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon20058–12-23">[23]</a> which dates the Paleolithic Age to half a million years ago,<a href="#cite_note-Connor-5">[5]</a> though it may have begun as late as 400,000 years ago<a href="#cite_note-Eckert-1">[1]</a> or as early as 600,000–700,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-Norton-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sin-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neolithic">Neolithic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Korea&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Neolithic">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Jeulmun_pottery_period" title="Jeulmun pottery period">Jeulmun pottery period</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mumun_pottery_period" title="Mumun pottery period">Mumun pottery period</a></div> The earliest known <a href="/wiki/Korean_pottery_and_porcelain" title="Korean pottery and porcelain">Korean pottery</a> dates back to around 8000 BC,<a href="#cite_note-Choe_and_Bale-24">[24]</a> and evidence of <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> <a href="/wiki/Comb_Ceramic_culture" title="Comb Ceramic culture">Pit–Comb Ware culture</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Yunggimun_pottery" title="Yunggimun pottery">Yunggimun pottery</a>) is found throughout the peninsula, such as in <a href="/wiki/Jeju_Island" title="Jeju Island">Jeju Island</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jeulmun_pottery_period" title="Jeulmun pottery period">Jeulmun pottery</a>, or "comb-pattern pottery", is found after 7000 BC, and is concentrated at sites in west-central regions of the Korean Peninsula, where a number of prehistoric settlements, such as <a href="/wiki/Amsa-dong" title="Amsa-dong">Amsa-dong</a>, existed. Jeulmun pottery bears basic design and form similarities to that of <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Amur" title="Amur">Amur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Songhua_River" title="Songhua River">Songhua</a> river basins of <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a>, the <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_period" title="Jōmon period">Jōmon</a> culture in Japan, and the <a href="/wiki/Baiyue" title="Baiyue">Baiyue</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_and_southern_China" title="Northern and southern China">Southern China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStark2005137-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon200523–26-26">[26]</a> Archaeological evidence demonstrates that agricultural societies and the earliest forms of social-political complexity emerged in the <a href="/wiki/Mumun_pottery_period" title="Mumun pottery period">Mumun pottery period</a> (c. 1500–300 BC).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1993110–116-27">[27]</a> People in southern Korea adopted intensive dry-field and <a href="/wiki/Paddy_field" title="Paddy field">paddy-field</a> agriculture with a multitude of crops in the Early Mumun Period (1500–850 BC). The first societies led by big-men or chiefs emerged in the Middle Mumun (850–550 BC), and the first ostentatious elite burials can be traced to the Late Mumun (c. 550–300 BC). Bronze production began in the Middle Mumun and became increasingly important in ceremonial and political society after 700 BC. Archeological evidence from <a href="/wiki/Songguk-ri" title="Songguk-ri">Songguk-ri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daepyeong" title="Daepyeong">Daepyeong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Igeum-dong" title="Igeum-dong">Igeum-dong</a>, and elsewhere indicate that the Mumun era was the first in which chiefdoms rose, expanded, and collapsed. The increasing presence of long-distance trade, an increase in local conflicts, and the introduction of bronze and iron metallurgy are trends denoting the end of the Mumun around 300 BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1993110–116-27">[27]</a> In addition, 73 tombs similar to the ones found in Japan, estimated to date back to Gojoseon (100 BC), have been found in the southern tip of the Korean peninsula, and the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Jar_burial" title="Jar burial">jar burials</a>, suggest a close relationship with Japan,<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-28">[28]</a> and Gojoseon, proving that Gojoseon and Yayoi period Japan maintained close relations with one another even during the ancient times. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bronze_Age">Bronze Age</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Korea&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bronze Age">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age#Korea" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age in Korea</a> is often held to have begun around 900–800 BC,<a href="#cite_note-Connor-5">[5]</a> though the transition to the Bronze Age may have begun as far back as 2300 BC.<a href="#cite_note-Kim_and_Bae-6">[6]</a> Bronze daggers, mirrors, jewelry, and weaponry have been found, as well as evidence of walled-town polities. Rice, red beans, soybeans and millet were cultivated, and rectangular pit-houses and increasingly larger <a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">dolmen</a> burial sites are found throughout the peninsula.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Contemporaneous records suggest that Gojoseon transitioned from a feudal federation of walled cities into a centralised kingdom at least before the 4th-century BC.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon200582–85-30">[30]</a> It is believed that by the 4th century BC, <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">iron culture</a> was developing in Korea by northern influence via today's Russia's Maritime Province.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_Korea">Ancient Korea</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Korea&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ancient Korea">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Gojoseon" title="Gojoseon">Gojoseon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jin_(Korean_state)" title="Jin (Korean state)">Jin (Korean state)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Four_Commanderies_of_Han" title="Four Commanderies of Han">Four Commanderies of Han</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:History_of_Korea-108_BC.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/History_of_Korea-108_BC.png/220px-History_of_Korea-108_BC.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/History_of_Korea-108_BC.png/330px-History_of_Korea-108_BC.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/History_of_Korea-108_BC.png/440px-History_of_Korea-108_BC.png 2x" data-file-width="970" data-file-height="1146" /></a><figcaption>Korea in 108 BC</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korea-Neolithic.age-Sword-00.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Korea-Neolithic.age-Sword-00.jpg/180px-Korea-Neolithic.age-Sword-00.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Korea-Neolithic.age-Sword-00.jpg/270px-Korea-Neolithic.age-Sword-00.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Korea-Neolithic.age-Sword-00.jpg/360px-Korea-Neolithic.age-Sword-00.jpg 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption>Korean Bronze Age sword. Seoul, <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Korea" title="National Museum of Korea">National Museum of Korea</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gojoseon">Gojoseon</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Korea&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gojoseon">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dangun" title="Dangun">Dangun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gija_Joseon" title="Gija Joseon">Gija Joseon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wiman_Joseon" title="Wiman Joseon">Wiman Joseon</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Gojoseon" title="Gojoseon">Gojoseon</a> was the first <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korean</a> kingdom, located in the north of the peninsula and Manchuria, later alongside the state of <a href="/wiki/Jin_(Korean_state)" title="Jin (Korean state)">Jin</a> in the south of the peninsula. The founding legend of Gojoseon, which is recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Samguk_yusa" title="Samguk yusa">Samguk yusa</a> (1281) and other medieval Korean books,<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> states that the country was established in 2333 BC by <a href="/wiki/Dangun" title="Dangun">Dangun</a>, said to be descended from heaven.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHwang20102-34">[34]</a> While no evidence has been found that supports whatever facts may lie beneath this,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnor200210-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gojoseon-36">[36]</a> the account has played an important role in developing Korean national identity. In the 12th century BC, <a href="/wiki/Jizi" title="Jizi">Gija</a>, a prince from the <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a> of China, purportedly founded <a href="/wiki/Gija_Joseon" title="Gija Joseon">Gija Joseon</a>. In pre-modern Korea, Gija represented the authenticating presence of Chinese civilization, and until the 20th century, Koreans commonly believed that Dangun bestowed upon Korea its people and basic culture, while Gija gave Korea its high culture—and presumably, standing as a legitimate civilization.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> However, due to contradicting historical and archaeological evidence, its existence was challenged in the 20th century, and today no longer forms the mainstream understanding of this period. The historical Gojoseon kingdom was first mentioned in the Chinese record in a text called <a href="/wiki/Guanzi_(text)" title="Guanzi (text)">Guanzi</a>, attributed to 7th century BCE.<a href="#cite_note-han'guk-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-naver1-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersonMargulies20096-13">[13]</a> By about the 4th century BC, Gojoseon had developed to the point where its existence was well known in China,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckertLee199011-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee,_Ki-baik198414-39">[39]</a> and around this time, its capital moved to <a href="/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> In 194 BC, the King of Gojoseon was overthrown by <a href="/wiki/Wiman_of_Gojoseon" title="Wiman of Gojoseon">Wi Man</a> (also known as Wei Man), a Korean-Chinese refugee from the <a href="/wiki/Yan_Kingdom_(Han_dynasty)" title="Yan Kingdom (Han dynasty)">Han vassal state of Yan</a>. Wi Man then established <a href="/wiki/Wiman_Joseon" title="Wiman Joseon">Wiman Joseon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> In 128 BC, Nan Lü (南閭), a leader of Ye who was receiving pressure from <a href="/wiki/Wiman_Joseon" title="Wiman Joseon">Wiman Joseon</a>, surrendered to the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> and became the <a href="/wiki/Canghai_Commandery" title="Canghai Commandery">Canghai Commandery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_commanderies">Chinese commanderies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Korea&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Chinese commanderies">edit</a>]</div> In 108 BC, the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> defeated <a href="/wiki/Wiman_Joseon" title="Wiman Joseon">Wiman Joseon</a> and installed <a href="/wiki/Four_Commanderies_of_Han" title="Four Commanderies of Han">four commanderies</a> in the northern Korean peninsula.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Three of the commanderies fell or retreated westward within a few decades, but the <a href="/wiki/Lelang_Commandery" title="Lelang Commandery">Lelang Commandery</a> remained as a center of cultural and economic exchange with successive Chinese dynasties for four centuries, until it was conquered by <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a> in 313 AD. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hangunhyeon.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Hangunhyeon.PNG/220px-Hangunhyeon.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Hangunhyeon.PNG/330px-Hangunhyeon.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Hangunhyeon.PNG/440px-Hangunhyeon.PNG 2x" data-file-width="896" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption> The <a href="/wiki/Four_Commanderies_of_Han" title="Four Commanderies of Han">Four Commanderies of Han</a>, established in the former territory of <a href="/wiki/Gojoseon" title="Gojoseon">Gojoseon</a> after the fall of Wiman Joseon.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> The location of the commanderies has become a controversial topic in Korea in recent years.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> However, the location of the commanderies is not controversial outside of Korea.<a href="#cite_note-49">[note 1]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jin_State">Jin State</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Korea&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Jin State">edit</a>]</div> Around 300 BC, a state called <a href="/wiki/Jin_(Korean_state)" title="Jin (Korean state)">Jin</a> arose in the southern part of the Korean peninsula. Very little is known about Jin, but it established relations with Han China and exported artifacts to the <a href="/wiki/Yayoi_period" title="Yayoi period">Yayoi</a> of <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> Around 100 BC, Jin evolved into the <a href="/wiki/Samhan" title="Samhan">Samhan</a> confederacies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon200592–95-53">[52]</a> Many smaller states sprang from the former territory of Gojoseon such as <a href="/wiki/Buyeo" title="Buyeo">Buyeo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Okjeo" title="Okjeo">Okjeo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ye" title="Eastern Ye">Dongye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baekje" title="Baekje">Baekje</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea" title="Three Kingdoms of Korea">Three Kingdoms</a> refer to <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baekje" title="Baekje">Baekje</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Silla" title="Silla">Silla</a>, although Buyeo and the <a href="/wiki/Gaya_confederacy" title="Gaya confederacy">Gaya confederacy</a> existed into the 5th and 6th centuries respectively. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proto–Three_Kingdoms">Proto–Three Kingdoms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Korea&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Proto–Three Kingdoms">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Proto%E2%80%93Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto–Three Kingdoms of Korea">Proto–Three Kingdoms of Korea</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:History_of_Korea-001.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/History_of_Korea-001.png/220px-History_of_Korea-001.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/History_of_Korea-001.png/330px-History_of_Korea-001.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/History_of_Korea-001.png/440px-History_of_Korea-001.png 2x" data-file-width="970" data-file-height="1146" /></a><figcaption>Proto–Three Kingdoms, c. AD 1</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%ED%8F%89%EC%96%91_%EC%84%9D%EC%95%94%EB%A6%AC_%EA%B8%88%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%90%EA%B5%AC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/%ED%8F%89%EC%96%91_%EC%84%9D%EC%95%94%EB%A6%AC_%EA%B8%88%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%90%EA%B5%AC.jpg/220px-%ED%8F%89%EC%96%91_%EC%84%9D%EC%95%94%EB%A6%AC_%EA%B8%88%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%90%EA%B5%AC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/%ED%8F%89%EC%96%91_%EC%84%9D%EC%95%94%EB%A6%AC_%EA%B8%88%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%90%EA%B5%AC.jpg/330px-%ED%8F%89%EC%96%91_%EC%84%9D%EC%95%94%EB%A6%AC_%EA%B8%88%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%90%EA%B5%AC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/%ED%8F%89%EC%96%91_%EC%84%9D%EC%95%94%EB%A6%AC_%EA%B8%88%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%90%EA%B5%AC.jpg/440px-%ED%8F%89%EC%96%91_%EC%84%9D%EC%95%94%EB%A6%AC_%EA%B8%88%EC%A0%9C%EA%B5%90%EA%B5%AC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="692" data-file-height="457" /></a><figcaption>Gold buckle of the <a href="/wiki/Proto%E2%80%93Three_Kingdoms_period" title="Proto–Three Kingdoms period">Proto–Three Kingdoms period</a></figcaption></figure> The Proto-Three Kingdoms period, sometimes called the Several States Period (열국시대,列國時代),<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> is the time before the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea" title="Three Kingdoms of Korea">Three Kingdoms of Korea</a>, which included <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silla" title="Silla">Silla</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baekje" title="Baekje">Baekje</a>, and occurred after the fall of <a href="/wiki/Gojoseon" title="Gojoseon">Gojoseon</a>. This time period consisted of numerous states that sprang up from the former territories of Gojoseon. Among these states, the largest and most influential were <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Buyeo" title="Eastern Buyeo">Eastern Buyeo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buyeo" title="Buyeo">Northern Buyeo</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Northern_states">Northern states</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Korea&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Northern states">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Buyeo" title="Buyeo">Buyeo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Okjeo" title="Okjeo">Okjeo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ye" title="Eastern Ye">Eastern Ye</a></div> After the fall of <a href="/wiki/Gojoseon" title="Gojoseon">Gojoseon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buyeo" title="Buyeo">Buyeo</a> arose in today's North Korea and southern <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a>, from about the 2nd century BC to 494 AD. Its remnants were absorbed by <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a> in 494, and both Goguryeo and <a href="/wiki/Baekje" title="Baekje">Baekje</a>, two of the <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea" title="Three Kingdoms of Korea">Three Kingdoms of Korea</a>, considered themselves its successor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005109–116-55">[54]</a> Although records are sparse and contradictory, it is thought that in 86 BC, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Buyeo" title="Eastern Buyeo">Dongbuyeo</a> (Eastern Buyeo) branched out, after which the original Buyeo is sometimes referred to as <a href="/wiki/Buyeo" title="Buyeo">Bukbuyeo</a> (Northern Buyeo). <a href="/wiki/Holbon" title="Holbon">Jolbon Buyeo</a> was the predecessor to <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a>, and in 538, Baekje renamed itself Nambuyeo (Southern Buyeo).<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/Okjeo" title="Okjeo">Okjeo</a> was a tribal-state that was located in the northern <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korean Peninsula</a>, and was established after the fall of Gojoseon. Okjeo had been a part of <a href="/wiki/Gojoseon" title="Gojoseon">Gojoseon</a> before its fall. It never became a fully developed kingdom due to the intervention of its neighboring kingdoms. Okjeo became a tributary of Goguryeo, and was eventually annexed into Goguryeo by <a href="/wiki/Gwanggaeto_the_Great" title="Gwanggaeto the Great">Gwanggaeto the Great</a> in the 5th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005128–130-57">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ye" title="Eastern Ye">Dongye</a> (Eastern Ye) was another small kingdom that was situated in the northern <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korean Peninsula</a>. Dongye bordered <a href="/wiki/Okjeo" title="Okjeo">Okjeo</a>, and the two kingdoms faced the same fate of becoming tributaries of the growing empire of <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a>. Dongye was also a former part of <a href="/wiki/Gojoseon" title="Gojoseon">Gojoseon</a> before its fall.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005130–131-58">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Southern_states">Southern states</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Korea&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Southern states">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Samhan" title="Samhan">Samhan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahan_confederacy" title="Mahan confederacy">Mahan confederacy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jinhan_confederacy" title="Jinhan confederacy">Jinhan confederacy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Byeonhan_confederacy" title="Byeonhan confederacy">Byeonhan confederacy</a></div> Sam-han (삼한; 三韓) refers to the three confederacies of <a href="/wiki/Mahan_confederacy" title="Mahan confederacy">Mahan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jinhan_confederacy" title="Jinhan confederacy">Jinhan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Byeonhan_confederacy" title="Byeonhan confederacy">Byeonhan</a>. The Samhan were located in the southern region of the <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korean Peninsula</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> The Samhan countries were strictly governed by law, with religion playing an important role. Mahan was the largest, consisting of 54 states, and assumed political, economic, and cultural dominance. Byeonhan and Jinhan both consisted of 12 states, bringing a total of 78 states within the Samhan. The Samhan were eventually conquered by <a href="/wiki/Baekje" title="Baekje">Baekje</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silla" title="Silla">Silla</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gaya_confederacy" title="Gaya confederacy">Gaya</a> in the 4th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005135–141-60">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea">Three Kingdoms of Korea</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Korea&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Three Kingdoms of Korea">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea" title="Three Kingdoms of Korea">Three Kingdoms of Korea</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Korea&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Goguryeo">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Goguryeo" title="Military history of Goguryeo">Military history of Goguryeo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:History_of_Korea-476.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/History_of_Korea-476.PNG/220px-History_of_Korea-476.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/History_of_Korea-476.PNG/330px-History_of_Korea-476.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/History_of_Korea-476.PNG/440px-History_of_Korea-476.PNG 2x" data-file-width="970" data-file-height="1146" /></a><figcaption>Goguryeo at its height, in 476 AD</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korean_ambassadors_to_the_Tang_court,_7th_century_CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Korean_ambassadors_to_the_Tang_court%2C_7th_century_CE.jpg/220px-Korean_ambassadors_to_the_Tang_court%2C_7th_century_CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Korean_ambassadors_to_the_Tang_court%2C_7th_century_CE.jpg/330px-Korean_ambassadors_to_the_Tang_court%2C_7th_century_CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Korean_ambassadors_to_the_Tang_court%2C_7th_century_CE.jpg/440px-Korean_ambassadors_to_the_Tang_court%2C_7th_century_CE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1202" data-file-height="1216" /></a><figcaption>Painting of envoys from the Three Kingdoms of Korea to the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a> court: Silla, Baekje, and Goguryeo. <a href="/wiki/Portraits_of_Periodical_Offering" title="Portraits of Periodical Offering">Portraits of Periodical Offering</a>, 7th century Tang dynasty</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korean_ambassadors_during_a_audience_with_king_Varkhuman_of_Samarkand._648-651_CE,_Afrasiyab,_Samarkand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Korean_ambassadors_during_a_audience_with_king_Varkhuman_of_Samarkand._648-651_CE%2C_Afrasiyab%2C_Samarkand.jpg/180px-Korean_ambassadors_during_a_audience_with_king_Varkhuman_of_Samarkand._648-651_CE%2C_Afrasiyab%2C_Samarkand.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Korean_ambassadors_during_a_audience_with_king_Varkhuman_of_Samarkand._648-651_CE%2C_Afrasiyab%2C_Samarkand.jpg/270px-Korean_ambassadors_during_a_audience_with_king_Varkhuman_of_Samarkand._648-651_CE%2C_Afrasiyab%2C_Samarkand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Korean_ambassadors_during_a_audience_with_king_Varkhuman_of_Samarkand._648-651_CE%2C_Afrasiyab%2C_Samarkand.jpg/360px-Korean_ambassadors_during_a_audience_with_king_Varkhuman_of_Samarkand._648-651_CE%2C_Afrasiyab%2C_Samarkand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="1425" /></a><figcaption>Korean (<a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a>) ambassadors during an audience with King <a href="/wiki/Varkhuman" title="Varkhuman">Varkhuman</a> of <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>. They are identified by the two feathers on top of their head.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> 648–651 AD, <a href="/wiki/Afrasiab_murals" title="Afrasiab murals">Afrasiab murals</a>, Samarkand.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a> was founded in 37 BC by <a href="/wiki/Jumong" class="mw-redirect" title="Jumong">Jumong</a> (posthumously given the royal title Dongmyeongseong).<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> Later, <a href="/wiki/Taejodae_of_Goguryeo" class="mw-redirect" title="Taejodae of Goguryeo">King Taejo</a> centralized the government. Goguryeo was the first Korean kingdom to adopt Buddhism as the state religion in 372, in <a href="/wiki/Sosurim_of_Goguryeo" title="Sosurim of Goguryeo">King Sosurim</a>'s reign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005199–202-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> Goguryeo (also spelled as Koguryŏ) was also known as Goryeo (also spelled as Koryŏ), and it eventually became the source of the modern name of Korea.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> The 3rd and 4th centuries were characterized by territorial competition with the Chinese and Xianbei, resulting in both losses and gains. Goguryeo initiated the <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo%E2%80%93Wei_War" title="Goguryeo–Wei War">Goguryeo–Wei War</a> by attacking a Chinese fortress in 242 in an attempt to cut off Chinese access to its territories in Korea. <a href="/wiki/Cao_Wei" title="Cao Wei">Cao Wei</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms of China</a> retaliated by invading and destroying <a href="/wiki/Hwando" title="Hwando">Hwando</a> in 244. This forced the king to flee with Cao Wei in pursuit and broke Goguryeo's rule over the Okjeo and Ye, damaging its economy. The king eventually settled in a new capital, and Goguryeo focused on rebuilding and regaining control. In the early 4th century Goguryeo once again attacked the Chinese (now <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Sima Jin</a>) to cut off their access to Korea and this time succeeded, and soon afterward conquered Lelang and Daifang ending the Chinese presence in Korea. However Goguryeo's expansion led to confrontation with the rising Xianbeis. The Xianbeis devastated Goguryeo's capital in the mid 4th century and the king retreated. Goguryeo eventually regrouped and began striking back in the late 4th century by King Gogukyang, culminating with the conquests of Gwanggaeto the Great.<a href="#cite_note-tennant-68">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-byington93-96-69">[68]</a> Goguryeo reached its zenith in the 5th century, becoming a powerful empire and one of the great powers in East Asia,<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGBvRs-za0CICpgPA6_6–7]-73">[72]</a> when <a href="/wiki/Gwanggaeto_the_Great" title="Gwanggaeto the Great">Gwanggaeto the Great</a> and his son, <a href="/wiki/Jangsu_of_Goguryeo" title="Jangsu of Goguryeo">Jangsu</a>, expanded the country into almost all of Manchuria, parts of Inner Mongolia,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim,_Jinwung2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidQFPsi3IK8gcCpgPA35_35]-74">[73]</a> parts of Russia,<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> and took the present-day city of <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a> from Baekje.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim,_Jinwung2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidQFPsi3IK8gcCpgPA35_35]-74">[73]</a> Goguryeo experienced a golden age under Gwanggaeto and Jangsu,<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> who both subdued Baekje and Silla during their times, achieving a brief unification of the <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea" title="Three Kingdoms of Korea">Three Kingdoms of Korea</a> and becoming the most dominant power of the Korean peninsula.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005199–202-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim,_Jinwung2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidQFPsi3IK8gcCpgPA35_35]-74">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> Jangsu's long reign of 79 years saw the perfecting of Goguryeo's political, economic and other institutional arrangements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee,_Ki-baik198438–40-81">[80]</a> Goguryeo was a highly militaristic state;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee,_Ki-baik1984[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidg2mdVwXpMzwCpgPA23_23–24]-82">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGBvRs-za0CICpgPA104_104]-83">[82]</a> in addition to contesting for control of the Korean Peninsula, Goguryeo had many <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Goguryeo" title="Military history of Goguryeo">military conflicts</a> with various Chinese dynasties,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGBvRs-za0CICpgPA161_161]-84">[83]</a> most notably the <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo%E2%80%93Sui_War" title="Goguryeo–Sui War">Goguryeo–Sui War</a>, in which Goguryeo defeated a huge force traditionally said to number over a million men,<a href="#cite_note-85">[note 2]</a> and contributed to the <a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui dynasty</a>'s fall.<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> In 642, the powerful general <a href="/wiki/Yeon_Gaesomun" title="Yeon Gaesomun">Yeon Gaesomun</a> led a coup and gained complete control over Goguryeo. In response, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Taizong of Tang">Emperor Taizong of Tang China</a> led a <a href="/wiki/First_conflict_of_the_Goguryeo%E2%80%93Tang_War" title="First conflict of the Goguryeo–Tang War">campaign against Goguryeo</a>, but was defeated and retreated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGBvRs-za0CICpgPA161_161]-84">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005214–222-92">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim,_Jinwung2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidQFPsi3IK8gcCpgPA50_50]-93">[91]</a> After the death of Taizong, his son <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Gaozong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Gaozong of Tang">Gaozong</a> allied with the Korean kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Silla" title="Silla">Silla</a> and invaded Goguryeo again, but was unable to overcome Goguryeo's stalwart defenses and was defeated in 662.<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-Maps-95">[93]</a> However, Yeon Gaesomun died of a natural cause in 666 and Goguryeo was thrown into chaos and weakened by a succession struggle among his sons and younger brother,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim,_Jinwung2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidQFPsi3IK8gcCpgPA51_51]-96">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim,_Djun_Kil201449-97">[95]</a> with his eldest son defecting to <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a> and his younger brother defecting to Silla.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee,_Ki-baik1984[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidg2mdVwXpMzwCpgPA67_67]-98">[96]</a> The Tang–Silla alliance mounted a fresh invasion in 667, aided by the defector Yeon Namsaeng, and <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo%E2%80%93Tang_War" title="Goguryeo–Tang War">was finally able to conquer Goguryeo</a> in 668.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005224–225-99">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a> After the collapse of Goguryeo, Tang and Silla ended their alliance and fought over control of the <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korean Peninsula</a>. Silla succeeded in gaining control over most of the Korean Peninsula, while Tang gained control over Goguryeo's northern territories. However, 30 years after the fall of Goguryeo, a Goguryeo general by the name of <a href="/wiki/Go_of_Balhae" title="Go of Balhae">Dae Jo-yeong</a> founded the Korean-Mohe state of <a href="/wiki/Balhae" title="Balhae">Balhae</a> and successfully expelled the Tang presence from much of the former Goguryeo territories. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baekje">Baekje</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Korea&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Baekje">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Baekje" title="Baekje">Baekje</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%EB%B0%B1%EC%A0%9C_%EA%B8%88%EB%8F%99%EB%8C%80%ED%96%A5%EB%A1%9C.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/%EB%B0%B1%EC%A0%9C_%EA%B8%88%EB%8F%99%EB%8C%80%ED%96%A5%EB%A1%9C.jpg/180px-%EB%B0%B1%EC%A0%9C_%EA%B8%88%EB%8F%99%EB%8C%80%ED%96%A5%EB%A1%9C.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/%EB%B0%B1%EC%A0%9C_%EA%B8%88%EB%8F%99%EB%8C%80%ED%96%A5%EB%A1%9C.jpg/270px-%EB%B0%B1%EC%A0%9C_%EA%B8%88%EB%8F%99%EB%8C%80%ED%96%A5%EB%A1%9C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/%EB%B0%B1%EC%A0%9C_%EA%B8%88%EB%8F%99%EB%8C%80%ED%96%A5%EB%A1%9C.jpg/360px-%EB%B0%B1%EC%A0%9C_%EA%B8%88%EB%8F%99%EB%8C%80%ED%96%A5%EB%A1%9C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gilt-bronze_Incense_Burner_of_Baekje" title="Gilt-bronze Incense Burner of Baekje">Gilt-bronze Incense Burner of Baekje</a></figcaption></figure> Baekje was founded by <a href="/wiki/Onjo_of_Baekje" title="Onjo of Baekje">Onjo</a>, a Goguryeo prince and the third son of Jumong, the founder of Goguryeo, in 18 BC.<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> Baekje and Goguryeo shared founding myths and originated from <a href="/wiki/Buyeo" title="Buyeo">Buyeo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Records_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Records of the Three Kingdoms">Records of the Three Kingdoms</a> mentions Baekje as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Mahan_confederacy" title="Mahan confederacy">Mahan confederacy</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Han_River_(Korea)" title="Han River (Korea)">Han River</a> basin (near now <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>). It expanded into the southwest (<a href="/wiki/Chungcheong_Province" title="Chungcheong Province">Chungcheong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jeolla_Province" title="Jeolla Province">Jeolla</a> provinces) of the peninsula and became a significant political and military power. In the process, Baekje came into fierce confrontation with Goguryeo and the Chinese commanderies in the vicinity of its territorial ambitions. At its peak in the 4th century during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Geunchogo_of_Baekje" title="Geunchogo of Baekje">King Geunchogo</a>, Baekje absorbed all of the Mahan states and subjugated most of the western Korean peninsula (including the modern provinces of <a href="/wiki/Gyeonggi_Province" title="Gyeonggi Province">Gyeonggi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chungcheong_Province" title="Chungcheong Province">Chungcheong</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jeolla_Province" title="Jeolla Province">Jeolla</a>, as well as part of <a href="/wiki/Hwanghae_Province" title="Hwanghae Province">Hwanghae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gangwon_Province,_South_Korea" title="Gangwon Province, South Korea">Gangwon</a>) to a centralized government. Baekje acquired Chinese culture and technology through maritime contacts with the <a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties" title="Northern and Southern dynasties">Southern dynasties</a> during the expansion of its territory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005202–206-103">[101]</a> Baekje was a great maritime power;<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> its nautical skill, which made it the <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a> of East Asia, was instrumental in the dissemination of Buddhism throughout East Asia and continental culture to Japan.<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> Baekje played a fundamental role in transmitting cultural developments, such as <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, iron-making, advanced <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a>, and ceremonial burial to ancient <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGBvRs-za0CICpgPA6_6–7]-73">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> Other aspects of culture were also transmitted when the Baekje court retreated to Japan after Baekje was conquered by the Silla–Tang alliance. Baekje was once a great military power on the Korean Peninsula, especially during the time of <a href="/wiki/Geunchogo_of_Baekje" title="Geunchogo of Baekje">Geunchogo</a>,<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a> but was critically defeated by Gwanggaeto the Great and declined.<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">self-published source</a>] Ultimately, Baekje was defeated by a coalition of Silla and <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a> forces in 660.<a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Silla">Silla</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Korea&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Silla">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Silla" title="Silla">Silla</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hwangnyongsa_Pagoda_miniature.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Hwangnyongsa_Pagoda_miniature.jpg/180px-Hwangnyongsa_Pagoda_miniature.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Hwangnyongsa_Pagoda_miniature.jpg/270px-Hwangnyongsa_Pagoda_miniature.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Hwangnyongsa_Pagoda_miniature.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="466" /></a><figcaption>Downsized replica of the famous 80-meter-tall <a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">pagoda</a> at <a href="/wiki/Hwangnyongsa" title="Hwangnyongsa">Hwangnyongsa</a> Temple which was destroyed by the Mongols</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korea-Gyeongju-Bunhwangsa-Three_story_stone_pagoda-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Korea-Gyeongju-Bunhwangsa-Three_story_stone_pagoda-02.jpg/220px-Korea-Gyeongju-Bunhwangsa-Three_story_stone_pagoda-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Korea-Gyeongju-Bunhwangsa-Three_story_stone_pagoda-02.jpg/330px-Korea-Gyeongju-Bunhwangsa-Three_story_stone_pagoda-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Korea-Gyeongju-Bunhwangsa-Three_story_stone_pagoda-02.jpg/440px-Korea-Gyeongju-Bunhwangsa-Three_story_stone_pagoda-02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">pagoda</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bunhwangsa" title="Bunhwangsa">Bunhwangsa</a> temple, 634 AD, which once stood seven to nine stories in height, yet these collapsed to its current state of three stories</figcaption></figure> According to legend, the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Silla" title="Silla">Silla</a> began with the unification of six chiefdoms of the <a href="/wiki/Jinhan_confederacy" title="Jinhan confederacy">Jinhan confederacy</a> by <a href="/wiki/Hyeokgeose_of_Silla" title="Hyeokgeose of Silla">Park Hyeokgeose</a> in 57 BC, in the southeastern area of Korea.<a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a> Its territory included the present-day port city of <a href="/wiki/Busan" title="Busan">Busan</a>, and Silla later emerged as a sea power responsible for destroying Japanese pirates, especially during the <a href="/wiki/Unified_Silla" title="Unified Silla">Unified Silla</a> period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee199748–49-117">[115]</a> Silla artifacts, including unique gold metalwork, show influence from the northern nomadic steppes and <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian peoples</a> and especially <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a>, with less Chinese influence than are shown by Goguryeo and Baekje.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1993243–258-118">[116]</a> Silla expanded rapidly by occupying the <a href="/wiki/Nakdong_River" title="Nakdong River">Nakdong River</a> basin and uniting the city-states. By the 2nd century, Silla was a large state, occupying and influencing nearby city-states. Silla gained further power when it annexed the <a href="/wiki/Gaya_confederacy" title="Gaya confederacy">Gaya confederacy</a> in 562. Silla often faced pressure from Goguryeo, Baekje and Japan, and at various times allied and warred with Baekje and <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a>. Silla was the smallest and weakest of the <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea" title="Three Kingdoms of Korea">Three Kingdoms of Korea</a>, but it used cunning diplomatic means to make opportunistic pacts and alliances with the more powerful Korean kingdoms, and eventually Tang China, to its great advantage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim,_Jinwung2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidQFPsi3IK8gcCpgPA44_44–45]-119">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a> In 660, King <a href="/wiki/Muyeol_of_Silla" title="Muyeol of Silla">Muyeol of Silla</a> ordered his armies to attack Baekje. General <a href="/wiki/Kim_Yu-sin" title="Kim Yu-sin">Kim Yu-shin</a>, aided by <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a> forces, conquered Baekje. In 661, Silla and Tang moved on <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a> but were repelled. King <a href="/wiki/Munmu_of_Silla" title="Munmu of Silla">Munmu</a>, son of Muyeol and nephew of Kim, launched another campaign in 667 and Goguryeo fell in the following year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005222–225-121">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gaya">Gaya</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Korea&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Gaya">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gaya_confederacy" title="Gaya confederacy">Gaya confederacy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gold_Crown_access_NT138.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Gold_Crown_access_NT138.jpg/190px-Gold_Crown_access_NT138.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Gold_Crown_access_NT138.jpg/285px-Gold_Crown_access_NT138.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Gold_Crown_access_NT138.jpg/380px-Gold_Crown_access_NT138.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Gold crown and accessories. National Treasure No.138.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Gaya_confederacy" title="Gaya confederacy">Gaya</a> was a confederacy of small kingdoms in the <a href="/wiki/Nakdong_River" title="Nakdong River">Nakdong River</a> valley of southern <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> since AD 42, growing out of the <a href="/wiki/Byeonhan_confederacy" title="Byeonhan confederacy">Byeonhan confederacy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Samhan" title="Samhan">Samhan</a> period. Gaya's plains were rich in iron, so export of iron tools was possible and agriculture flourished. In the early centuries, the Confederacy was led by <a href="/wiki/Geumgwan_Gaya" title="Geumgwan Gaya">Geumgwan Gaya</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gimhae" title="Gimhae">Gimhae</a> region. However, its leading power changed to <a href="/wiki/Daegaya" title="Daegaya">Daegaya</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Goryeong_County" title="Goryeong County">Goryeong</a> region after the 5th century. Constantly engaged in war with the three kingdoms surrounding it, Gaya was not developed to form a unified state, and was ultimately absorbed into <a href="/wiki/Silla" title="Silla">Silla</a> in 562.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005159–162-122">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="North_and_South_States">North and South States</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Korea&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: North and South States">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_States_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="North–South States Period">North–South States Period</a></div> The term North-South States refers to <a href="/wiki/Unified_Silla" title="Unified Silla">Unified Silla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balhae" title="Balhae">Balhae</a>, during the time when Silla controlled the majority of the Korean peninsula while Balhae expanded into <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a>. During this time, culture and technology significantly advanced, especially in Unified Silla. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unified_Silla">Unified Silla</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Korea&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Unified Silla">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_Silla" class="mw-redirect" title="United Silla">United Silla</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Silla%E2%80%93Tang_War" title="Silla–Tang War">Silla–Tang War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korea-Gyeongju-Bulguksa-33.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bulguksa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Korea-Gyeongju-Bulguksa-33.jpg/220px-Korea-Gyeongju-Bulguksa-33.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Korea-Gyeongju-Bulguksa-33.jpg/330px-Korea-Gyeongju-Bulguksa-33.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Korea-Gyeongju-Bulguksa-33.jpg/440px-Korea-Gyeongju-Bulguksa-33.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1278" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bulguksa" title="Bulguksa">Bulguksa</a> Temple is a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a></figcaption></figure> After the unification wars, the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> established outposts in the former <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a>, and began to establish and administer communities in <a href="/wiki/Baekje" title="Baekje">Baekje</a>. Silla attacked Tang forces in Baekje and northern Korea in 671. Tang then invaded Silla in 674 but Silla drove the Tang forces out of the peninsula by 676 to achieve unification of most of the Korean peninsula.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005241–242-123">[121]</a> Unified Silla was a golden age of art and culture.<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim,_Djun_Kil2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidci_iGuAAqmsCpgPA47_47]-127">[125]</a> During this period, long-distance trade between Unified Silla and the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> was documented by Persian geographer <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khordadbeh" title="Ibn Khordadbeh">Ibn Khordadbeh</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Roads_and_Kingdoms_(Ibn_Khordadbeh)" title="Book of Roads and Kingdoms (Ibn Khordadbeh)">Book of Roads and Kingdoms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bird2014-128">[126]</a> Buddhist monasteries such as the <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a> <a href="/wiki/Bulguksa" title="Bulguksa">Bulguksa</a> Temple and <a href="/wiki/Seokguram" title="Seokguram">Seokguram</a> Grotto are examples of advanced Korean architecture and Buddhist influence.<a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a> Other state-sponsored art and architecture from this period include <a href="/wiki/Hwangnyongsa" title="Hwangnyongsa">Hwangnyongsa</a> Temple and <a href="/wiki/Bunhwangsa" title="Bunhwangsa">Bunhwangsa</a> Temple. Unified Silla carried on the maritime prowess of <a href="/wiki/Baekje" title="Baekje">Baekje</a>, which acted like the <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a> of medieval <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> and during the 8th and 9th centuries dominated the seas of East Asia and the trade between China, Korea and Japan, most notably during the time of <a href="/wiki/Jang_Bogo" title="Jang Bogo">Jang Bogo</a>; in addition, Silla people made overseas communities in China on the <a href="/wiki/Shandong_Peninsula" title="Shandong Peninsula">Shandong Peninsula</a> and the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze" title="Yangtze">Yangtze River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim,_Djun_Kil20143-133">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeth2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidQe4PoOd89XICpgPA65_65]-134">[132]</a> Unified Silla was a prosperous and wealthy country,<a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a> and its metropolitan capital of <a href="/wiki/Gyeongju" title="Gyeongju">Gyeongju</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a> was the fourth largest city in the world.<a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> Buddhism flourished during this time, and many Korean Buddhists gained great fame among Chinese Buddhists<a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a> and contributed to Chinese Buddhism,<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> including: <a href="/wiki/Woncheuk" title="Woncheuk">Woncheuk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wonhyo" title="Wonhyo">Wonhyo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uisang" title="Uisang">Uisang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kim_Hwasang" title="Kim Hwasang">Musang</a>,<a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kim_Gyo-gak" title="Kim Gyo-gak">Kim Gyo-gak</a>, a Silla prince whose influence made <a href="/wiki/Mount_Jiuhua" title="Mount Jiuhua">Mount Jiuhua</a> one of the Four <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Mountains_of_China" title="Sacred Mountains of China">Sacred Mountains</a> of Chinese Buddhism.<a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a> Silla began to experience political troubles in late 8th century. This severely weakened Silla and soon thereafter, descendants of the former Baekje established <a href="/wiki/Later_Baekje" title="Later Baekje">Later Baekje</a>. In the north, rebels revived Goguryeo, beginning the <a href="/wiki/Later_Three_Kingdoms" title="Later Three Kingdoms">Later Three Kingdoms</a> period. Unified Silla lasted for 267 years until <a href="/wiki/Gyeongsun_of_Silla" title="Gyeongsun of Silla">King Gyeongsun</a> surrendered the country to <a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a> in 935, after 992 years and 56 monarchs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005266–269-152">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Balhae">Balhae</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Korea&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Balhae">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Balhae" title="Balhae">Balhae</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:History_of_Korea-Inter-country_Age-830_CE.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/History_of_Korea-Inter-country_Age-830_CE.gif/220px-History_of_Korea-Inter-country_Age-830_CE.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/History_of_Korea-Inter-country_Age-830_CE.gif/330px-History_of_Korea-Inter-country_Age-830_CE.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/History_of_Korea-Inter-country_Age-830_CE.gif/440px-History_of_Korea-Inter-country_Age-830_CE.gif 2x" data-file-width="1014" data-file-height="1198" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Balhae" title="Balhae">Balhae</a> in the north, <a href="/wiki/Unified_Silla" title="Unified Silla">Unified Silla</a> in the south.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pressapochista4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Pressapochista4.jpg/180px-Pressapochista4.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Pressapochista4.jpg/270px-Pressapochista4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Pressapochista4.jpg/360px-Pressapochista4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Balhae stele at the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Korea" title="National Museum of Korea">National Museum of Korea</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Balhae" title="Balhae">Balhae</a> was founded only thirty years after Goguryeo had fallen, in 698. It was founded in the northern part of former lands of Goguryeo by <a href="/wiki/Go_of_Balhae" title="Go of Balhae">Dae Jo-yeong</a>, a former Goguryeo general<a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a> or chief of Sumo Mohe.<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a> Balhae controlled the northern areas of the <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korean Peninsula</a>, much of Manchuria (though it didn't occupy <a href="/wiki/Liaodong_Peninsula" title="Liaodong Peninsula">Liaodong Peninsula</a> for much of history), and expanded into present-day <a href="/wiki/Primorsky_Krai" title="Primorsky Krai">Russian Primorsky Krai</a>. It also adopted the culture of <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>, such as the government structure and geopolitical system.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005244–248-158">[156]</a> In a time of relative peace and stability in the region, Balhae flourished, especially during the reigns of <a href="/wiki/Mun_of_Balhae" title="Mun of Balhae">King Mun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seon_of_Balhae" title="Seon of Balhae">King Seon</a>. Balhae was called the "Prosperous Country in the East".<a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a> However, Balhae was severely weakened and eventually conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people">Khitan</a>-led <a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a> in 926.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005244–248-158">[156]</a> Large numbers of refugees, including <a href="/wiki/Dae_Gwang-hyeon" title="Dae Gwang-hyeon">Dae Gwang-hyeon</a>, the last crown prince of Balhae, were welcomed by Goryeo.<a href="#cite_note-Goryeosa-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Worden-160">[158]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dae_Gwang-hyeon" title="Dae Gwang-hyeon">Dae Gwang-hyeon</a> was included in the imperial family of <a href="/wiki/Taejo_of_Goryeo" title="Taejo of Goryeo">Wang Kŏn</a>, bringing a national unification between the two successor nations of Goguryeo.<a href="#cite_note-Balhae-17">[17]</a> No historical records from Balhae have survived, and the Liao left no histories of Balhae. <a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a> absorbed some Balhae territory, welcomed between 100,000 to 200,000 Balhae refugees including its Crown Prince <a href="/wiki/Dae_Gwang-hyeon" title="Dae Gwang-hyeon">Dae Gwang-hyeon</a>, and maintained hostile relations with the Liao for destroying Balhae.<a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-2_건국―호족들과의_제휴-162">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a> However, Goryeo's official historical record, the <a href="/wiki/Samguk_sagi" title="Samguk sagi">Samguk sagi</a> ("History of the Three Kingdoms"), includes passages on Balhae, but did not include a dynastic history of Balhae. Balhae was first included in Korean history by Goryeo scholar Yi Seung-hyu's <a href="/wiki/Jewang_ungi" title="Jewang ungi">Jewang ungi</a> in 1287. The 18th century <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a> dynasty historian <a href="/wiki/Yu_Deuk-gong" title="Yu Deuk-gong">Yu Deuk-gong</a> advocated the proper study of Balhae as part of Korean history, and coined the term "North and South States Period" to refer to this era.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005244–248-158">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_Three_Kingdoms">Later Three Kingdoms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Korea&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Later Three Kingdoms">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Later_Three_Kingdoms" title="Later Three Kingdoms">Later Three Kingdoms</a></div> The Later Three Kingdoms period (892–936) consisted of <a href="/wiki/Unified_Silla" title="Unified Silla">Unified Silla</a> and the revival of <a href="/wiki/Baekje" title="Baekje">Baekje</a> and <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a>, known historiographically as "Later Baekje" and "Later Goguryeo". During the late 9th century, as Silla declined in power and exorbitant taxes were imposed on the people, rebellions erupted nationwide and powerful regional lords rose up against the waning kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a> <a href="/wiki/Later_Baekje" title="Later Baekje">Later Baekje</a> was founded by the general <a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%8Fn_Hw%C5%8Fn" title="Kyŏn Hwŏn">Kyŏn Hwŏn</a> in 892, and its capital was established in Wansanju (modern <a href="/wiki/Jeonju" title="Jeonju">Jeonju</a>). The kingdom was based in the southwestern regions in the former territories of Baekje. In 927, Later Baekje attacked <a href="/wiki/Gyeongju" title="Gyeongju">Gyeongju</a>, the capital of Unified Silla, and placed a puppet on the throne. Eventually, Kyŏn Hwŏn was ousted by his sons due to a succession dispute and escaped to Goryeo, where he served as a general in the conquest of the kingdom he personally founded.<a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a> <a href="/wiki/Taebong" title="Taebong">Later Goguryeo</a> was founded by the Buddhist monk <a href="/wiki/Kung_Ye" title="Kung Ye">Kung Ye</a> in 901, and its original capital was established in Songak (modern <a href="/wiki/Kaesong" title="Kaesong">Kaesong</a>). The kingdom was based in the northern regions, which were the strongholds of Goguryeo refugees.<a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-2_건국―호족들과의_제휴-162">[160]</a> Later Goguryeo's name was changed to Majin in 904, and Taebong in 911. In 918, <a href="/wiki/Taejo_of_Goryeo" title="Taejo of Goryeo">Wang Kŏn</a>, a prominent general of Goguryeo descent, deposed the increasingly despotic and paranoid Kung Ye, and established <a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a>. By 936, Goryeo conquered its rivals and achieved the unification of the Later Three Kingdoms.<a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Goryeo_dynasty">Goryeo dynasty</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Korea&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Goryeo dynasty">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Goryeo_military_regime" title="Goryeo military regime">Goryeo military regime</a> and <a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Yuan_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Korea under Yuan rule">Korea under Yuan rule</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korea_-_Seoul_-_National_Museum_-_Incense_Burner_0252-06a_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Korea_-_Seoul_-_National_Museum_-_Incense_Burner_0252-06a_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Korea_-_Seoul_-_National_Museum_-_Incense_Burner_0252-06a_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Korea_-_Seoul_-_National_Museum_-_Incense_Burner_0252-06a_%28cropped%29.jpg/270px-Korea_-_Seoul_-_National_Museum_-_Incense_Burner_0252-06a_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Korea_-_Seoul_-_National_Museum_-_Incense_Burner_0252-06a_%28cropped%29.jpg/360px-Korea_-_Seoul_-_National_Museum_-_Incense_Burner_0252-06a_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1477" data-file-height="1976" /></a><figcaption>Celadon <a href="/wiki/Censer" title="Censer">Incense Burner</a> from the Korean <a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a> dynasty (918–1392), with kingfisher color <a href="/wiki/Ceramic_glaze" title="Ceramic glaze">glaze</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a> was founded by <a href="/wiki/Taejo_of_Goryeo" title="Taejo of Goryeo">Wang Kŏn</a> in 918 and became the ruling dynasty of Korea by 936. It was named "Goryeo" because Wang Kŏn, who was of Goguryeo descent,<a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a> deemed the nation as the successor of <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Worden-160">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005266-171">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee,_Ki-baik1984[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidg2mdVwXpMzwCpgPA103_103]-172">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim,_Djun_Kil2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidci_iGuAAqmsCpgPA57_57]-173">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a> Wang Kŏn made his hometown <a href="/wiki/Kaesong" title="Kaesong">Kaesong</a> (in present-day North Korea) the capital. The dynasty lasted until 1392, although the government was controlled by <a href="/wiki/Goryeo_military_regime" title="Goryeo military regime">military regime leaders</a> between 1170 and 1270. Goryeo (also spelled as Koryŏ) is the source of the English name "Korea".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssociation_of_Korean_History_Teachers2005a120–121-176">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a> During this period, laws were codified and a civil service system was introduced. <a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Buddhism</a> flourished and spread throughout the peninsula. The development of <a href="/wiki/Celadon" title="Celadon">celadon</a> pottery flourished in the 12th and 13th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005360–361-178">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssociation_of_Korean_History_Teachers2005a122–123-179">[177]</a> The production of the <a href="/wiki/Tripitaka_Koreana" title="Tripitaka Koreana">Tripitaka Koreana</a> onto 81,258 wooden printing blocks,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005309–312-180">[178]</a> and the invention of the metal <a href="/wiki/Movable_type" title="Movable type">movable type</a> attest to Goryeo's cultural achievements.<a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[183]</a> In 1018, the <a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a>, which was the most powerful empire of its time,<a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a> invaded Goryeo but was defeated by General <a href="/wiki/Kang_Kam-ch%27an" title="Kang Kam-ch'an">Kang Kam-ch'an</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kuju" title="Battle of Kuju">Battle of Kuju</a> to end the <a href="/wiki/Goryeo%E2%80%93Khitan_War" title="Goryeo–Khitan War">Goryeo–Khitan War</a>. After defeating the Khitan Empire, Goryeo experienced a golden age that lasted a century, during which the <a href="/wiki/Tripitaka_Koreana" title="Tripitaka Koreana">Tripitaka Koreana</a> was completed, and there were great developments in printing and publishing, promoting learning and dispersing knowledge on philosophy, literature, religion, and science; by 1100, there were 12 universities that produced famous scholars and scientists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXrZQs-6KswMCpgPA61_61]-188">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a> In 1231, the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> began their <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Korea" title="Mongol invasions of Korea">invasions of Korea</a> during seven major campaigns and 39 years of struggle, but were unable to conquer Korea.<a href="#cite_note-Mongols-190">[188]</a> Exhausted after decades of fighting, Goryeo sent its <a href="/wiki/Wonjong_of_Goryeo" title="Wonjong of Goryeo">crown prince</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Khanbaliq" title="Khanbaliq">Dadu</a> to swear allegiance to the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a> accepted, and married one of his daughters to the Korean crown prince,<a href="#cite_note-Mongols-190">[188]</a> and for the following 80 years Goryeo existed <a href="/wiki/Goryeo_under_Mongol_rule" title="Goryeo under Mongol rule">under the overlordship</a> of the Mongol-ruled <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005343–350-191">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssociation_of_Korean_History_Teachers2005a142–145-192">[190]</a> The two nations became intertwined for 80 years as all subsequent Korean kings married Mongol princesses,<a href="#cite_note-Mongols-190">[188]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Empress_Gi" title="Empress Gi">last empress</a> of the Yuan dynasty was a Korean woman.<a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">self-published source</a>] In the 1350s, the Yuan dynasty declined rapidly due to internal struggles, enabling King <a href="/wiki/Gongmin_of_Goryeo" title="Gongmin of Goryeo">Gongmin</a> to reform the Goryeo government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005351–353-194">[192]</a> Gongmin had various problems that needed to be dealt with, including the removal of pro-Yuan aristocrats and military officials, the question of land holding, and quelling the growing animosity between the Buddhists and Confucian scholars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssociation_of_Korean_History_Teachers2005a152–155-195">[193]</a> During this tumultuous period, Goryeo momentarily conquered <a href="/wiki/Liaoyang" title="Liaoyang">Liaoyang</a> in 1356, repulsed two large <a href="/wiki/Red_Turban_invasions_of_Goryeo" title="Red Turban invasions of Goryeo">invasions by the Red Turbans</a> in 1359 and 1360, and defeated the final attempt by the Yuan to dominate Goryeo when General <a href="/wiki/Ch%27oe_Y%C5%8Fng" title="Ch'oe Yŏng">Ch'oe Yŏng</a> defeated an invading Yuan <a href="/wiki/Tumen_(unit)" title="Tumen (unit)">tumen</a> in 1364. During the 1380s, Goryeo turned its attention to the <a href="/wiki/Wokou" title="Wokou">Wokou</a> menace and used <a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_Korea" title="Naval history of Korea">naval artillery</a> created by <a href="/wiki/Ch%27oe_Mu-s%C5%8Fn" class="mw-redirect" title="Ch'oe Mu-sŏn">Ch'oe Mu-sŏn</a> to annihilate hundreds of pirate ships. The Goryeo dynasty would last until 1392. <a href="/wiki/Taejo_of_Joseon" title="Taejo of Joseon">Yi Seong-gye</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a> dynasty, took power in a coup in 1388 and after serving as the power behind the throne for two monarchs, established the Joseon dynasty in 1392.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005369–370-196">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Joseon_dynasty">Joseon dynasty</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Korea&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Joseon dynasty">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%EC%A1%B0%EC%84%A0_%ED%83%9C%EC%A1%B0.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/%EC%A1%B0%EC%84%A0_%ED%83%9C%EC%A1%B0.JPG/180px-%EC%A1%B0%EC%84%A0_%ED%83%9C%EC%A1%B0.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/%EC%A1%B0%EC%84%A0_%ED%83%9C%EC%A1%B0.JPG/270px-%EC%A1%B0%EC%84%A0_%ED%83%9C%EC%A1%B0.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/%EC%A1%B0%EC%84%A0_%ED%83%9C%EC%A1%B0.JPG 2x" data-file-width="281" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Taejo_of_Joseon" title="Taejo of Joseon">King Taejo</a>'s portrait</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Donggwol-do.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Donggwol-do.jpg/300px-Donggwol-do.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Donggwol-do.jpg/450px-Donggwol-do.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Donggwol-do.jpg/600px-Donggwol-do.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1185" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Donggwoldo" title="Donggwoldo">Donggwoldo</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_history">Political history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Korea&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Political history">edit</a>]</div> In 1392, the general <a href="/wiki/Taejo_of_Joseon" title="Taejo of Joseon">Yi Seong-gye</a>, later known as Taejo, established the <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a> dynasty (1392–1897), named in honor of the ancient kingdom <a href="/wiki/Gojoseon" title="Gojoseon">Gojoseon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-naver1-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee,_Ki-baik1984[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidg2mdVwXpMzwCq22YiSong-gyenamedhisdynastyChoson22_165]-197">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[note 3]</a> and founded on idealistic <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>-based ideology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssociation_of_Korean_History_Teachers2005a160–163-199">[196]</a> The prevailing philosophy throughout the Joseon dynasty was <a href="/wiki/Korean_Confucianism" title="Korean Confucianism">Neo-Confucianism</a>, which was epitomized by the <a href="/wiki/Seonbi" title="Seonbi">seonbi</a> class, scholars who passed up positions of wealth and power to lead lives of study and integrity. Taejo moved the capital to <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Hanyang</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>) and built the palace <a href="/wiki/Gyeongbokgung" title="Gyeongbokgung">Gyeongbokgung</a>. In 1394 he adopted <a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo-Confucianism</a> as the country's official religion, and pursued the creation of a strong bureaucratic state. His son and grandson, <a href="/wiki/Taejong_of_Joseon" title="Taejong of Joseon">King Taejong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sejong_the_Great" title="Sejong the Great">Sejong the Great</a>, implemented numerous administrative, social, and economic reforms and established royal authority in the early years of the dynasty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005371–375-200">[197]</a> During the 15th and 16th centuries, Joseon enjoyed many benevolent rulers who promoted education and science.<a href="#cite_note-JoseonGold-201">[198]</a> Most notable among them was <a href="/wiki/Sejong_the_Great" title="Sejong the Great">Sejong the Great</a> (r. 1418–50), who personally created and promulgated <a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a>, the Korean alphabet.<a href="#cite_note-Hangul-202">[199]</a> This golden age<a href="#cite_note-JoseonGold-201">[198]</a> saw great cultural and scientific advancements,<a href="#cite_note-203">[200]</a> including in printing, <a href="/wiki/Rain_gauge" title="Rain gauge">meteorological observation</a>, astronomy, calendar science, <a href="/wiki/Korean_pottery_and_porcelain" title="Korean pottery and porcelain">ceramics</a>, military technology, geography, cartography, medicine, and agricultural technology, some of which were unrivaled elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-204">[201]</a> Internal conflicts within the royal court, civil unrest and other political struggles plagued the nation in the years that followed, worsened by the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasions_of_Korea_(1592%E2%80%931598)" title="Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)">Japanese invasion of Korea</a> between 1592 and 1598. <a href="/wiki/Toyotomi_Hideyoshi" title="Toyotomi Hideyoshi">Toyotomi Hideyoshi</a> marshalled his forces and tried to invade the Asian continent through Korea, but was eventually repelled by the Korean military, with the assistance of the <a href="/wiki/Righteous_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Righteous army">righteous armies</a> and Chinese <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>. This war also saw the rise of the career of Admiral <a href="/wiki/Lee_Sun-sin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lee Sun-sin">Lee Sun-sin</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Turtle_ship" title="Turtle ship">turtle ship</a>. As Korea was rebuilding, it had to repel <a href="/wiki/Later_Jin_invasion_of_Joseon" title="Later Jin invasion of Joseon">invasions by the Manchu in 1627</a> <a href="/wiki/Qing_invasion_of_Joseon" title="Qing invasion of Joseon">and 1636</a>. Internal politics were bitterly divided and settled by violence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005413–416-205">[202]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/JaHyun_Kim_Haboush" title="JaHyun Kim Haboush">JaHyun Kim Haboush</a>, in the summary by her editor William Haboush in 2016, interpreted the decisive impact of the victories against the Japanese and Manchu invaders: <dl><dd>Out of this great war at the end of the 16th century and the Manchu invasions of 1627 and 1636–1637, Koreans emerged with a discernible sense of themselves as a distinct ethnic united by birth, language, and belief forged by this immense clash of the three great powers of East Asia ... Korea arrived at the brink of the seventeenth century as a nation.<a href="#cite_note-206">[203]</a></dd></dl> After the second Manchu invasion and stabilized relations with the new <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>, Joseon experienced a nearly 200-year period of external peace. However internally, the bitter and violent <a href="/wiki/Political_factions_in_Joseon_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Political factions in Joseon dynasty">factional battles</a> raged on. In the 18th century, <a href="/wiki/Yeongjo_of_Joseon" title="Yeongjo of Joseon">King Yeongjo</a> (r. 1724–76) and his grandson <a href="/wiki/Jeongjo_of_Joseon" title="Jeongjo of Joseon">King Jeongjo</a> (r. 1776–1800) led a new renaissance.<a href="#cite_note-207">[204]</a> Yeongjo and Jeongjo reformed the tax system which grew the revenue stream into the treasury, strengthened the military and sponsored a revival of learning. The printing press was rejuvenated by using movable metal type; the number and quality of publications sharply increased. Jeongjo sponsored scholars from various factions to work in the <a href="/wiki/Kyujanggak" title="Kyujanggak">Kyujanggak</a>, or Inner Royal Library, established in 1776.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005421–424-208">[205]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="19th_century">19th century</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Korea&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: 19th century">edit</a>]</div> Corruption in government and social unrest prevailed after 1776. The government attempted sweeping reforms in the late 19th century, but adhered to a strict isolationist policy, earning Korea the nickname "<a href="/wiki/Hermit_kingdom" title="Hermit kingdom">Hermit Kingdom</a>". The policy had been established primarily for protection against Western <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a>, but soon the Joseon dynasty was forced to open trade, beginning an era leading into <a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Japanese rule</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005469–470-209">[206]</a> The destabilization of the Korean nation may be said to have begun in the period of Sedo Jeongchi (<a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: 세도정치; <a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a>: 勢道政治; <abbr title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> in-law politics) whereby, on the death of <a href="/wiki/Jeongjo_of_Joseon" title="Jeongjo of Joseon">King Jeongjo of Joseon</a> (r. 1776–1800), the 10-year-old <a href="/wiki/Sunjo_of_Joseon" title="Sunjo of Joseon">Sunjo of Joseon</a> (r. 1800–34) ascended the Korean throne, with the true power of the administration residing with his regent, Kim Jo-sun, as a representative of the <a href="/wiki/Andong_Kim_clan" title="Andong Kim clan">Andong Kim clan</a>. As a result, the disarray and blatant corruption in the Korean government, particularly in the three main areas of revenues – land tax, military service, and the state granary system – heaped additional hardship on the peasantry. Of special note is the corruption of the local functionaries (Hyangni), who could purchase an appointment as an administrator and so cloak their predations on the farmers with an aura of officialdom. <a href="/wiki/Yangban" title="Yangban">Yangban</a> families, formerly well-respected for their status as a noble class and being powerful both "socially and politically", were increasingly seen as little more than commoners unwilling to meet their responsibilities to their communities. Faced with increasing corruption in the government, brigandage of the disenfranchised (such as the mounted fire brigands, or Hwajok, and the boat-borne water brigands or Sujok) and exploited by the elite, many poor village folk sought to pool their resources, such as land, tools, and production, to survive. Despite the government effort in bringing an end to the practice of owning slaves in 1801, slavery in Korea remained legal until 1894.<a href="#cite_note-Yangban-210">[207]</a> At this time, Catholic and Protestant missions were well tolerated among the nobles, most notably in and around the area of Seoul.<a href="#cite_note-211">[208]</a> Animus and persecution by more conservative elements, the <a href="/wiki/Pungyang_Jo_clan" title="Pungyang Jo clan">Pungyang Jo clan</a>, took the lives of priests and followers, known as the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Martyrs" title="Korean Martyrs">Korean Martyrs</a>, dissuading membership by the upper class. The peasants continued to be drawn to Christian egalitarianism, though mainly in urban and suburban areas. Arguably of greater influence were the religious teachings of <a href="/wiki/Choe_Je-u" title="Choe Je-u">Choe Je-u</a>, (최제우, 崔濟愚, 1824–64) called "<a href="/wiki/Donghak" title="Donghak">Donghak</a>", which literally means Eastern Learning, and the religion became especially popular in rural areas. Themes of exclusionism (from foreign influences), nationalism, salvation and social consciousness were set to music, allowing illiterate farmers to understand and accept them more readily. Along with many other Koreans, Choe was alarmed by the intrusion of Christianity and the Anglo-French occupation of Beijing during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Opium_War" title="Second Opium War">Second Opium War</a>. He believed the best way to counter foreign influence in Korea was to introduce democratic and human rights reforms internally. Nationalism and social reform struck a chord among peasant guerrillas, and Donghak spread all across Korea. Progressive revolutionaries organized the peasants into a cohesive structure. Arrested in 1863 following the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jinju_uprising&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jinju uprising (page does not exist)">Jinju uprising</a> led by Yu Kye-chun, Choe was charged with "misleading the people and sowing discord in society". Choe was executed in 1864, sending many of his followers into hiding in the mountains.<a href="#cite_note-Religion-212">[209]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gojong_of_Korea" title="Gojong of Korea">Gojong of Korea</a> (r. 1864–1907), enthroned at the age of 12, succeeded <a href="/wiki/Cheoljong_of_Joseon" title="Cheoljong of Joseon">Cheoljong of Joseon</a> (r. 1849–63). King Gojong's father, <a href="/wiki/Heungseon_Daewongun" title="Heungseon Daewongun">Heungseon Daewongun</a> (Yi Ha-ung; 1820–98), ruled as the de facto regent and inaugurated far-ranging reforms to strengthen the central administration. Of special note was the decision to rebuild palace buildings and finance the project through additional levies on the population. Further inherited rule by a few elite ruling families was challenged by the adoption of a merit system for official appointments. In addition, Sowon – private academies – which threatened to develop a parallel system to the corrupt government and enjoyed special privileges and large landholdings, were taxed and repressed despite bitter opposition from Confucian scholars. Lastly, a policy of steadfast isolationism was enforced to staunch the increasing intrusion of Western thought and technology. He was impeached in 1873 and forced into retirement by the supporters of <a href="/wiki/Empress_Myeongseong" title="Empress Myeongseong">Empress Myeongseong</a>, also called "Queen Min".<a href="#cite_note-queen_min-213">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culture_and_society">Culture and society</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Korea&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Culture and society">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koreans_oldest_pic_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Koreans_oldest_pic_3.jpg/180px-Koreans_oldest_pic_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Koreans_oldest_pic_3.jpg/270px-Koreans_oldest_pic_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Koreans_oldest_pic_3.jpg/360px-Koreans_oldest_pic_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3328" data-file-height="4912" /></a><figcaption>One of the earliest photographs depicting <a href="/wiki/Yangban" title="Yangban">yangban</a> Koreans, taken in 1863</figcaption></figure> Korea's culture was based on the philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo-Confucianism</a>, which emphasizes morality, righteousness, and practical ethics. Wide interest in scholarly study resulted in the establishment of private academies and educational institutions. Many documents were written about history, geography, medicine, and Confucian principles. The arts flourished in painting, calligraphy, music, dance, and <a href="/wiki/Korean_pottery_and_porcelain" title="Korean pottery and porcelain">ceramics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005391–401-214">[211]</a> The most notable cultural event of this era is the creation and promulgation of the Korean alphabet <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunmin_jeongeom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hunmin jeongeom (page does not exist)">Hunmin jeongeom</a> (later called <a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a>) by <a href="/wiki/Sejong_the_Great" title="Sejong the Great">Sejong the Great</a> in 1446.<a href="#cite_note-Hangul-202">[199]</a> This period also saw various other cultural, scientific and technological advances.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssociation_of_Korean_History_Teachers2005a168–173-215">[212]</a> During Joseon dynasty, a social hierarchy system existed that greatly affected Korea's social development. The king and the royal family were atop the hereditary system, with the next tier being a class of civil or military officials and landowners known as <a href="/wiki/Yangban" title="Yangban">yangban</a>, who worked for the government and lived off the efforts of tenant farmers and slaves. A middle class, <a href="/wiki/Jungin" title="Jungin">jungin</a>, were technical specialists such as scribes, medical officers, technicians in science-related fields, artists and musicians. Commoners, <a href="/wiki/Sangmin" title="Sangmin">sangmin</a>, constituted the largest class in Korea. They had obligations to pay taxes, provide labor, and serve in the military. By paying land taxes to the state, they were allowed to cultivate land and farm. The lowest class, <a href="/wiki/Cheonmin" title="Cheonmin">cheonmin</a>, included tenant farmers, slaves, entertainers, craftsmen, prostitutes, laborers, shamans, vagabonds, outcasts, and criminals. Although <a href="/wiki/Nobi" title="Nobi">slave</a> status was hereditary, they could be sold or freed at officially set prices, and the mistreatment of slaves was forbidden.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005387–389-216">[213]</a> This yangban focused system started to change in the late 17th century as political, economic and social changes came into place. By the 19th century, new commercial groups emerged, and the active social mobility caused the yangban class to expand, resulting in the weakening of the old class system. The Korea government ordered the freedom of government slaves in 1801. The class system of Korea was completely banned in 1894.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005435–437-217">[214]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relationships">Foreign relationships</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Korea&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Foreign relationships">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasions_of_Korea_(1592%E2%80%931598)" title="Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)">Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Manchu_invasion_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Manchu invasion of Korea">Second Manchu invasion of Korea</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KoreanEmbassy1655KanoTounYasunobu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/KoreanEmbassy1655KanoTounYasunobu.jpg/300px-KoreanEmbassy1655KanoTounYasunobu.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/KoreanEmbassy1655KanoTounYasunobu.jpg/450px-KoreanEmbassy1655KanoTounYasunobu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/KoreanEmbassy1655KanoTounYasunobu.jpg/600px-KoreanEmbassy1655KanoTounYasunobu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2552" data-file-height="1056" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Joseon_Tongsinsa" title="Joseon Tongsinsa">Korean Embassy to Japan</a>, 1655, attributed to Kano Toun Yasunobu; <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a></figcaption></figure> Korea dealt with a pair of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasions_of_Korea_(1592%E2%80%931598)" title="Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)">Japanese invasions from 1592 to 1598</a> (Imjin War or the Seven Years' War). Prior to the war, Korea sent two ambassadors to scout for signs of Japan's intentions of invading Korea. However, they came back with two different reports, and while the politicians split into sides, few proactive measures were taken. This conflict brought prominence to Admiral <a href="/wiki/Yi_Sun-sin" title="Yi Sun-sin">Yi Sun-sin</a> as he contributed to eventually repelling the Japanese forces with the innovative use of his <a href="/wiki/Turtle_ship" title="Turtle ship">turtle ship</a>, a massive, yet swift, ramming/cannon ship fitted with iron spikes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawley2005195f-218">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull2002244-219">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-Roh_2004,_13-220">[217]</a> The use of the <a href="/wiki/Hwacha" title="Hwacha">hwacha</a> was also highly effective in repelling the Japanese invaders from the land. Subsequently, Korea was <a href="/wiki/Later_Jin_invasion_of_Joseon" title="Later Jin invasion of Joseon">invaded in 1627</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qing_invasion_of_Joseon" title="Qing invasion of Joseon">again in 1636</a> by the Manchus, who went on to conquer China and establish the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>, after which the Joseon dynasty recognized <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a> suzerainty.<a href="#cite_note-221">[218]</a> Though Joseon respected its traditional tributary position to China, there was persistent loyalty for the perished <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming China</a> and disdain for the Manchus, who were regarded as barbarians. During the 19th century, Joseon tried to control foreign influence by closing its borders to all nations. In 1853 the American whaleship <a href="/wiki/USS_South_America_(1861)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS South America (1861)">South America</a> visited <a href="/wiki/Busan" title="Busan">Busan</a> for 10 days and had amiable contact with local officials. Several Americans shipwrecked on Korea in 1855 and 1865 were also treated well and sent to China for repatriation. The Joseon court was aware of the foreign invasions and treaties involving Qing China, as well as the <a href="/wiki/First_Opium_War" title="First Opium War">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Opium_War" title="Second Opium War">Second Opium Wars</a>, and followed a cautious policy of slow exchange with the West. In 1866, reacting to greater numbers of Korean converts to Catholicism despite several waves of persecutions, the Joseon court clamped down on them, massacring French Catholic missionaries and Korean converts alike. <a href="/wiki/French_campaign_against_Korea_(1866)" class="mw-redirect" title="French campaign against Korea (1866)">In response France invaded</a> and occupied portions of Ganghwa Island. The French army occupied <a href="/wiki/Ganghwa_Island" title="Ganghwa Island">Ganghwa Island</a>, an island near Seoul, and tried to advance to Seoul, but failed due to strong resistance from the Korean army, and then withdrew from the island. The General Sherman, an American-owned armed merchant marine sidewheel schooner, attempted to open Korea to trade in 1866. After an initial miscommunication, the ship sailed upriver and became stranded near Pyongyang. After being ordered to leave by the Korean officials, the American crewmen killed four Korean inhabitants, kidnapped a military officer and engaged in sporadic fighting that continued for four days. After two efforts to destroy the ship failed, she was finally set aflame by Korean <a href="/wiki/Fire_ship" title="Fire ship">fireships</a> laden with explosives. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Littell%27s_Living_Age/Volume_129/Issue_1662/A_Glimpse_of_the_Korea" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Littell's Living Age/Volume 129/Issue 1662/A Glimpse of the Korea">a description of a visit to Korea by a British ship in 1876</a></div></div></div> </div> This incident is celebrated by the DPRK as a precursor to the later <a href="/wiki/USS_Pueblo_(AGER-2)" title="USS Pueblo (AGER-2)">USS Pueblo</a> incident. <a href="/wiki/United_States_expedition_to_Korea" title="United States expedition to Korea">In response, the United States confronted Korea militarily in 1871</a>, killing 243 Koreans in Ganghwa island before withdrawing. This incident is called the <a href="/wiki/United_States_expedition_to_Korea" title="United States expedition to Korea">Shinmiyangyo</a> in Korea. Five years later, the reclusive Korea signed a trade treaty with Japan, and in 1882 signed a treaty with the United States, ending centuries of isolationism. Conflict between the conservative court and a reforming faction led to the <a href="/wiki/Gapsin_Coup" title="Gapsin Coup">Gapsin Coup</a> in 1884. The reformers sought to reform Korea's institutionalized social inequality, by proclaiming social equality and the elimination of the privileges of the <a href="/wiki/Yangban" title="Yangban">yangban</a> class. The reformers were backed by Japan, and were thwarted by the arrival of Qing troops, invited by the conservative <a href="/wiki/Empress_Myeongseong" title="Empress Myeongseong">Queen Min</a>. The Chinese troops departed but the leading general <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" title="Yuan Shikai">Yuan Shikai</a> remained in Korea from 1885 to 1894 as Resident, directing Korean affairs. In 1885, British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> occupied <a href="/wiki/Port_Hamilton_incident" title="Port Hamilton incident">Geomun Island</a>, and withdrew in 1887. Korea became linked by telegraph to China in 1888 with Chinese controlled telegraphs. China permitted Korea to establish embassies with Russia (1884), Italy (1885), France (1886), the United States, and Japan. China attempted to block the exchange of embassies in Western countries, but not with Tokyo. The Qing government provided loans. China promoted its trade in an attempt to block Japanese merchants, which led to Chinese favour in Korean trade. Anti-Chinese riots broke out in 1888 and 1889 and Chinese shops were torched. Japan remained the largest foreign community and largest trading partner.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeth2010225-222">[219]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Meiji_(era)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meiji (era)">rapidly modernizing Meiji Japan</a> successfully challenged China in the <a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a> (1894–1895) triggered by the <a href="/wiki/Donghak_Peasant_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Donghak Peasant Movement">Donghak Peasant Movement</a>, forcing it to abandon its long-standing claims to deference by Korea. Modernization began in Korea when Japan forced it to open its ports in 1876. However, at first, the forces of modernization met strong opposition not only from the traditionalism of the ruling Korean elite but from the population at large, which supported the traditional Confucian system of government by gentlemen, therefore no major modernization processes occurred until the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean Empire</a> in 1897. Japan used modernization movements to gain more and more control over Korea.<a href="#cite_note-223">[220]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1895FuneralofEmpressMyeongseongmaybe18901923CarpenterLOC1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/1895FuneralofEmpressMyeongseongmaybe18901923CarpenterLOC1.jpg/250px-1895FuneralofEmpressMyeongseongmaybe18901923CarpenterLOC1.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/1895FuneralofEmpressMyeongseongmaybe18901923CarpenterLOC1.jpg/375px-1895FuneralofEmpressMyeongseongmaybe18901923CarpenterLOC1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/1895FuneralofEmpressMyeongseongmaybe18901923CarpenterLOC1.jpg/500px-1895FuneralofEmpressMyeongseongmaybe18901923CarpenterLOC1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1154" /></a><figcaption>1897 funeral of <a href="/wiki/Empress_Myeongseong" title="Empress Myeongseong">Empress Myeongseong</a></figcaption></figure> In 1895, the Japanese were involved in the murder of <a href="/wiki/Empress_Myeongseong" title="Empress Myeongseong">Empress Myeongseong</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmid200272-224">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssociation_of_Korean_History_Teachers2005b43-225">[222]</a> who had sought Russian help, and the Russians were forced to retreat from Korea for the time. Pro-Japanese government grew, while anti-Japanese politicians were either killed or fled for their survival.<a href="#cite_note-226">[223]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] On 11 February 1896, King <a href="/wiki/Gojong_of_Korea" title="Gojong of Korea">Gojong</a> and his crown prince fled from the <a href="/wiki/Gyeongbokgung" title="Gyeongbokgung">Gyeongbokgung</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a> legation in <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>,<a href="#cite_note-227">[224]</a> from where they governed for about one year, an event known as <a href="/wiki/Gojong%27s_internal_exile_to_the_Russian_legation" title="Gojong's internal exile to the Russian legation">Gojong's internal exile to the Russian legation</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Korea&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Modern history">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Korean_Empire_(1897–1910)">Korean Empire (1897–1910)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Korea&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Korean Empire (1897–1910)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean Empire</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Gwangmu_Reform" title="Gwangmu Reform">Gwangmu Reform</a></div> As a result of the <a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a> (1894–1895), the 1895 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Shimonoseki" title="Treaty of Shimonoseki">Treaty of Shimonoseki</a> was concluded between China and Japan.<a href="#cite_note-228">[225]</a> It stipulated the abolition of subordinate relationships Korea had with China, in which Korea was a client state of China since the <a href="/wiki/Imo_Incident" title="Imo Incident">Imo Incident</a> in 1882. In 1897, Joseon was renamed the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean Empire</a>, and King Gojong became <a href="/wiki/Gojong_of_Korea" title="Gojong of Korea">Emperor Gojong</a>. The imperial government aimed to become a strong and independent nation by implementing domestic reforms, strengthening military forces, developing commerce and industry, and surveying land ownership. Organizations like the <a href="/wiki/Independence_Club" title="Independence Club">Independence Club</a> also rallied to assert the rights of the Joseon people, but clashed with the government which proclaimed absolute monarchy and power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssociation_of_Korean_History_Teachers2005b51–55-229">[226]</a> Russian influence was strong in the Empire until being defeated by Japan in the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> (1904–1905). Korean Empire effectively became a <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a> of Japan on 17 November 1905, the <a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1905" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905">1905 Protectorate Treaty</a> having been promulgated without Emperor Gojong's required seal or commission.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssociation_of_Korean_History_Teachers2005b58–61-230">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee,_Ki-baik1984309–317-231">[228]</a> Following the signing of the treaty, many intellectuals and scholars set up various organizations and associations, embarking on movements for independence. In 1907, Gojong was forced to abdicate after Japan learned that he <a href="/wiki/Hague_Secret_Emissary_Affair" title="Hague Secret Emissary Affair">sent secret envoys</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">Second Hague Conventions</a> to protest against the protectorate treaty, leading to the accession of Gojong's son, <a href="/wiki/Sunjong_of_Korea" title="Sunjong of Korea">Emperor Sunjong</a>. In 1909, independence activist <a href="/wiki/An_Jung-geun" title="An Jung-geun">An Jung-geun</a> assassinated <a href="/wiki/It%C5%8D_Hirobumi" title="Itō Hirobumi">Itō Hirobumi</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Resident-General_of_Korea" title="Japanese Resident-General of Korea">Resident-General of Korea</a>, for Ito's intrusions on the Korean politics.<a href="#cite_note-hoare_pares_japanese_rule-232">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[230]</a> This prompted the Japanese to ban all political organizations and proceed with plans for annexation. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese_rule_(1910–1945)">Japanese rule (1910–1945)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Korea&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Japanese rule (1910–1945)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Korea under Japanese rule</a> and <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea">Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sui-ho_Dam_under_construction.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Sui-ho_Dam_under_construction.JPG/220px-Sui-ho_Dam_under_construction.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Sui-ho_Dam_under_construction.JPG/330px-Sui-ho_Dam_under_construction.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Sui-ho_Dam_under_construction.JPG/440px-Sui-ho_Dam_under_construction.JPG 2x" data-file-width="486" data-file-height="316" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sup%27ung_Dam" title="Sup'ung Dam">Sup'ung Dam</a> under construction. (July 1942)</figcaption></figure> In 1910, the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> effectively annexed <a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korea</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1910" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910">Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty</a>. Along with all other previously signed treaties between Korea and Japan, the annexation treaty was confirmed to be null and void in 1965. While Japan asserted that the treaty was concluded legally, Korea disputed the legality of the treaty, because the treaty was not signed by the Emperor of Korea as required and it violated the international convention on external pressures regarding treaties.<a href="#cite_note-234">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[232]</a> Many Koreans formed the <a href="/wiki/Righteous_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Righteous army">Righteous army</a> to fight against Japanese rule.<a href="#cite_note-:0-236">[233]</a> Korea was controlled by <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> under a <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Ch%C5%8Dsen" title="Governor-General of Chōsen">Governor-General of Chōsen</a> from 1910 until Japan's unconditional surrender to the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied Forces</a> on 15 August 1945. De jure sovereignty was deemed to have passed from the <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon dynasty</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea">Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hoare_pares_japanese_rule-232">[229]</a> After the annexation, Japan set out to suppress many traditional Korean customs, including eventually even the Korean language itself.<a href="#cite_note-237">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-236">[233]</a> Economic policies were implemented primarily for Japanese benefit.<a href="#cite_note-238">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[236]</a> European-styled <a href="/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">transport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">communication</a> networks were constructed across the nation in order to extract resources and exploit labor. However, much of the built infrastructure was later destroyed during the devastating <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The banking system was consolidated and the Korean currency abolished.<a href="#cite_note-240">[237]</a> The Japanese removed the <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a> hierarchy and gave the census register to the <a href="/wiki/Baekjeong" title="Baekjeong">baekjeong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nobi" title="Nobi">nobi</a> who were not allowed to have the census register during Joseon period,<a href="#cite_note-241">[238]</a> The palace <a href="/wiki/Gyeongbokgung" title="Gyeongbokgung">Gyeongbokgung</a> was mostly destroyed, and replaced with the <a href="/wiki/Government-General_of_Ch%C5%8Dsen_Building" title="Government-General of Chōsen Building">Government-General of Chōsen Building</a>.<a href="#cite_note-242">[239]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8.jpg/220px-%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8.jpg/330px-%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8.jpg/440px-%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%80%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1866" data-file-height="1368" /></a><figcaption>the <a href="/wiki/March_First_Movement" title="March First Movement">March First Movement</a> in 1919</figcaption></figure> After <a href="/wiki/Gojong_of_Korea" title="Gojong of Korea">Emperor Gojong</a> died in January 1919, with rumors of poisoning, independence rallies against the Japanese colonizers took place nationwide on 1 March 1919 (the <a href="/wiki/March_First_Movement" title="March First Movement">March First Movement</a>). This movement was suppressed by force and about 7,000 persons were killed by Japanese soldiers<a href="#cite_note-243">[note 4]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[240]</a> and police.<a href="#cite_note-245">[241]</a> An estimated 2 million people took part in peaceful, pro-liberation rallies, although Japanese records claim participation of less than half million.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee,_Ki-baik1984340–344-246">[242]</a> This movement was partly inspired by United States President <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>'s speech of 1919, declaring support for right of self-determination and an end to colonial rule after World War I.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee,_Ki-baik1984340–344-246">[242]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea">Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea</a> was established in <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, China, in the aftermath of the March 1 Movement, which coordinated the liberation effort and resistance against Japanese rule. Some of the achievements of the Provisional Government included the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qingshanli" title="Battle of Qingshanli">Battle of Chingshanli</a> of 1920 and the <a href="/wiki/Yun_Bong-gil" title="Yun Bong-gil">ambush of Japanese military leadership in China</a> in 1932. The Provisional Government is considered to be the de jure government of the Korean people between 1919 and 1948. The legitimacy of the provisional government is enshrined into the preamble of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</a> of the <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">Republic of Korea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-247">[243]</a> So far as primary and secondary education in Korea were classified as being for "those habitually using the Korean language", and for "those habitually using the Japanese language". Thus, the ethnic Koreans could attend the schools primarily for Japanese, and vice versa.<a href="#cite_note-248">[244]</a> As of 1926, the Korean language was taught for 4 hours a week for the first and second year of a common school having a six-year course, 3 for the rest of the course. Both Japanese and Koreans paid school-fees, without exception. The average fee in a common school was about 25 cents a month. The educational assessment levied by District educational bodies, paid by the ethnic Koreans, averaged about 20 cents in 1923, per capita of the Korean population, that levied by school associations, paid by the ethnic Japanese, averaged about 3.30 dollars per capita of the Japanese population comprised within all the school associations in Korea.<a href="#cite_note-249">[245]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy rate</a> of Korea reached 22% in 1945.<a href="#cite_note-250">[246]</a> The school curriculum was radically modified to eliminate teaching of the Korean language and history.<a href="#cite_note-hoare_pares_japanese_rule-232">[229]</a> The Korean language was banned, and Koreans were forced to adopt Japanese names,&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_251-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiyata1992[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_April_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-251">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[note 5]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[248]</a> and newspapers were prohibited from publishing in Korean. Numerous Korean cultural artifacts were destroyed or taken to Japan.<a href="#cite_note-Newsweek-254">[249]</a> According to an investigation by the South Korean government, 75,311 cultural assets were taken from Korea.<a href="#cite_note-Newsweek-254">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[250]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korean_Liberation_Army.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Korean Liberation Army alt text" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Korean_Liberation_Army.JPG/220px-Korean_Liberation_Army.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Korean_Liberation_Army.JPG/330px-Korean_Liberation_Army.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Korean_Liberation_Army.JPG/440px-Korean_Liberation_Army.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2104" data-file-height="1589" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Army" title="Korean Liberation Army">Korean Liberation Army</a></figcaption></figure> Some <a href="/wiki/Koreans" title="Koreans">Koreans</a> left the <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korean Peninsula</a> for exile in China, the United States, and elsewhere. Koreans in Manchuria formed resistance groups known as <a href="/wiki/Korean_independence_movement" title="Korean independence movement">Dongnipgun</a> (Liberation Army); they would travel in and out of the Sino-Korean border, fighting <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla warfare</a> with Japanese forces. Some of them would group together in the 1940s as the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Army" title="Korean Liberation Army">Korean Liberation Army</a>, which took part in allied action in China and parts of South East Asia. Tens of thousands of Koreans also joined the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army" title="National Revolutionary Army">National Revolutionary Army</a>. The expulsion of the Japanese in 1945 removed practically all administrative and technical expertise. While the Japanese only comprised 2.6 percent of the population in 1944, they were an urban elite. The largest 50 cities contained 71 percent of the Japanese but only 12 percent of the Koreans. They largely dominated the ranks of the well-educated occupations. Meanwhile, 71 percent of the Koreans worked on farms.<a href="#cite_note-256">[251]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Division_and_Korean_War_(1945–1953)">Division and Korean War (1945–1953)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Korea&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Division and Korean War (1945–1953)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prison_Release_of_Korean_activists.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Prison_Release_of_Korean_activists.JPG/220px-Prison_Release_of_Korean_activists.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Prison_Release_of_Korean_activists.JPG/330px-Prison_Release_of_Korean_activists.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Prison_Release_of_Korean_activists.JPG/440px-Prison_Release_of_Korean_activists.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="837" /></a><figcaption>Liberation of Korea</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lopez_scaling_seawall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Lopez_scaling_seawall.jpg/220px-Lopez_scaling_seawall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Lopez_scaling_seawall.jpg/330px-Lopez_scaling_seawall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Lopez_scaling_seawall.jpg/440px-Lopez_scaling_seawall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4614" data-file-height="5778" /></a><figcaption>American Marines climbing a sea wall in <a href="/wiki/Incheon" title="Incheon">Incheon</a> during a decisive moment in the timeline of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></figcaption></figure> At the <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Conference" title="Cairo Conference">Cairo Conference</a> on November 22, 1943, the US, UK, and China agreed that "in due course Korea shall become free and independent";<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005581-257">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[253]</a> at a later meeting in <a href="/wiki/Yalta" title="Yalta">Yalta</a> in February 1945, the Allies agreed to establish a four-power trusteeship over Korea.<a href="#cite_note-259">[254]</a> On August 14, 1945, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> forces entered Korea by amphibious landings, enabling them to secure control in the north. Japan surrendered to the Allied Forces on August 15, 1945. The unconditional surrender of Japan, brought about the liberation of Korea. However the fundamental shifts in global politics and ideology in post-war World led to the division of Korea into two occupation zones, effectively starting on September 8, 1945. The <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> administered the southern half of the peninsula and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> took over the area north of the <a href="/wiki/38th_parallel_north" title="38th parallel north">38th parallel</a>. The Provisional Government was ignored, mainly due to American belief that it was too aligned with the communists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2007107–108-260">[255]</a> This division was meant to be temporary and was intended to return a unified Korea back to its people after the United States, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> could arrange a single government. In December 1945, a conference convened in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> to discuss the future of Korea.<a href="#cite_note-261">[256]</a> A five-year trusteeship was discussed, and a joint Soviet-American commission was established. The commission met intermittently in <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a> but members deadlocked over the issue of establishing a national government. In September 1947, with no solution in sight, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> submitted the Korean question to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a>. On December 12, 1948, the General Assembly of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> recognised the <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">Republic of Korea</a> as the sole legal government of Korea.<a href="#cite_note-262">[257]</a> On June 25, 1950, the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> broke out when North Korea breached the 38th parallel line to invade the South, ending any hope of a peaceful reunification for the time being. After the war, the 1954 <a href="/wiki/1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">Geneva conference</a> failed to adopt a solution for a unified Korea. Approximately 3 million people died in the Korean War, with a higher proportional civilian death toll than <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, making it perhaps the deadliest conflict of the Cold War-era. In addition, virtually all of Korea's major cities were destroyed by the war.<a href="#cite_note-Kim_p.45-263">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cumings_p._35-264">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-265">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-266">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lewy_pp._450-453-267">[262]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Korea_(1953–present)">Modern Korea (1953–present)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Korea&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Modern Korea (1953–present)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Korea" title="History of North Korea">History of North Korea</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Korea" title="History of South Korea">History of South Korea</a></div> Beginning with <a href="/wiki/Syngman_Rhee" title="Syngman Rhee">Syngman Rhee</a> in 1948, a series of autocratic governments took power in South Korea with American support and influence. With the coup of <a href="/wiki/Park_Chung_Hee" title="Park Chung Hee">Park Chung Hee</a> in 1961, a new economic policy began. In order to promote economic development, a policy of <a href="/wiki/Export-oriented_industrialization" title="Export-oriented industrialization">export-oriented industrialization</a> was applied. President Park developed the South Korean economy through a series of highly successful <a href="/wiki/Five-Year_Plans_of_South_Korea" title="Five-Year Plans of South Korea">Five-Year Plans</a>. South Korea's economic development was spearheaded by the <a href="/wiki/Chaebol" title="Chaebol">chaebol</a>, family conglomerates such as <a href="/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Group" title="Hyundai Group">Hyundai</a>, <a href="/wiki/SK_Group" title="SK Group">SK Group</a> and <a href="/wiki/LG_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="LG Corporation">LG Corporation</a>. The chaebol received state-backing via tax breaks and cheap loans, and took advantage of South Korea's inexpensive labor to produce exportable products.<a href="#cite_note-pagina12.com.ar-268">[263]</a> The government made education a very high priority to create a well-educated populace capable of productively contributing to the economy. Despite occasional political instability, the Korean economy subsequently saw enormous growth for nearly forty years, in a period known as the <a href="/wiki/Miracle_on_the_Han_River" title="Miracle on the Han River">Miracle on the Han River</a>. The unparalleled economic miracle brought South Korea from one of the poorest states in the world after the Korean War into a fully <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed country</a> within a generation. South Korea eventually transitioned into a market-oriented democracy in 1987 largely due to popular demand for political reform, and then hosted the <a href="/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics" title="1988 Summer Olympics">1988 Summer Olympics</a>, the second <a href="/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games" title="Summer Olympic Games">Summer Olympic Games</a> to be held on the Asian continent, in the following year. Moving on from cheap, lower-value light industry exports, the South Korean economy eventually moved onto more capital-intensive, higher-value industries, such as <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">information technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">shipbuilding</a>, auto manufacturing, and petroleum refining. Today, South Korea is a leading economy and a technological powerhouse, rivaling even countries such as the United States in <a href="/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology" title="Information and communications technology">information and communications technology</a>. South Korean pop culture has also boomed abroad in recent years, in a phenomenon known as the <a href="/wiki/Korean_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean wave">Korean Wave</a>. Due to Soviet Influence, North Korea established a communist government with a hereditary succession of leadership, with ties to China and the Soviet Union. <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a> became the supreme leader until his death in 1994, after which his son, <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Il" title="Kim Jong Il">Kim Jong Il</a> took power. Kim Jong Il's son, <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un" title="Kim Jong Un">Kim Jong Un</a>, is the current leader, taking power after his father's death in 2011. After the Soviet Union's dissolution in 1991, the North Korean economy went on a path of steep decline, and it is currently heavily reliant on international food aid and trade with China. On 27 April 2018, both North and South Korea signed the <a href="/wiki/Panmunjom_Declaration" title="Panmunjom Declaration">Panmunjom Declaration</a> on ending the conflict between the two countries to reunify Korea in the future. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Korea&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Korean monarchs' family trees: <a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_Silla_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Family tree of Silla monarchs">Silla</a>; <a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_Goryeo_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Family tree of Goryeo monarchs">Goryeo</a>; <a href="/wiki/House_of_Yi#House_of_Yi_family_tree" title="House of Yi">Joseon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_influence_on_Japanese_culture" title="Korean influence on Japanese culture">Korean influence on Japanese culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Korea" title="List of monarchs of Korea">List of monarchs of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Korea" title="Military history of Korea">Military history of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Treasure_(South_Korea)" title="National Treasure (South Korea)">National Treasure of South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Korea" title="Prehistoric Korea">Prehistoric Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="South Korea–United States relations">South Korea–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Korean_history" title="Timeline of Korean history">Timeline of Korean history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Reunification" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Reunification">Korean Reunification</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Korea&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Eckert-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eckert_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eckert_1-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckertLee1990">Eckert & Lee 1990</a>, p. 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-Norton-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Norton_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norton_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norton_2-2">c</a> Christopher J. Norton, "The Current State of Korean Paleoanthropology", (2000), Journal of Human Evolution, 38: 803–825. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sin-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sin_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sin_3-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSin2005">Sin 2005</a>, p. 17 </li> <li id="cite_note-Eckert_2-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Eckert_2_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckertLee1990">Eckert & Lee 1990</a>, p. 9 </li> <li id="cite_note-Connor-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Connor_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Connor_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Connor_5-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFConnor2002">Connor 2002</a>, p. 9 </li> <li id="cite_note-Kim_and_Bae-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kim_and_Bae_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kim_and_Bae_6-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anthropology.hawaii.edu/people/faculty/Bae/pdfs/2010_Kim%20and%20Bae_C14.pdf">Jong Chan Kim, Christopher J Bae, "Radiocarbon Dates Documenting The Neolithic-Bronze Age Transition in Korea"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121022012215/http://www.anthropology.hawaii.edu/People/Faculty/Bae/pdfs/2010_Kim%20and%20Bae_C14.pdf">Archived</a> 2012-10-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, (2010), Radiocarbon, 52: 2, pp. 483–492. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> 金両基監修『韓国の歴史』<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B8%E6%88%BF%E6%96%B0%E7%A4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="河出書房新社">河出書房新社</a> 2002、p.2 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESin200519-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESin200519_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSin2005">Sin 2005</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee,_Ki-baik198414,_167-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee,_Ki-baik198414,_167_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLee,_Ki-baik1984">Lee, Ki-baik 1984</a>, pp. 14, 167. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeth201017-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeth201017_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeth2010">Seth 2010</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-han'guk-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-han'guk_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-han'guk_11-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHan'guk_Kyowŏn_Taehakkyo2008" class="citation book cs1">Han'guk Kyowŏn Taehakkyo (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/4977201">Atlas of Korean History</a>. Department of History Education, <a href="/wiki/Korea_National_University_of_Education" title="Korea National University of Education">Korea National University of Education</a>. Published and distributed by Stallion Press. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789810807856" title="Special:BookSources/9789810807856"><bdi>9789810807856</bdi></a>. <q>The first record about Gojoseon appears in Guanzi</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+Korean+History&rft.series=Department+of+History+Education%2C+Korea+National+University+of+Education&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Published+and+distributed+by+Stallion+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9789810807856&rft.au=Han%27guk+Kyow%C5%8Fn+Taehakkyo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalogue.nla.gov.au%2FRecord%2F4977201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-naver1-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-naver1_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-naver1_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-naver1_12-2">c</a> (in Korean) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=14543">Gojoseon</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120701153430/http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=14543">Archived</a> 2012-07-01 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> at <a href="/wiki/Doosan_Encyclopedia" title="Doosan Encyclopedia">Doosan Encyclopedia</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersonMargulies20096-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersonMargulies20096_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersonMargulies20096_13-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPetersonMargulies2009">Peterson & Margulies 2009</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPratt200763-64-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPratt200763-64_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPratt2007">Pratt 2007</a>, p. 63-64. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetersonMargulies200935-36-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetersonMargulies200935-36_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPetersonMargulies2009">Peterson & Margulies 2009</a>, p. 35-36. </li> <li id="cite_note-Goryeosa-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goryeosa_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goryeosa_16-1">b</a> Kim Jongseo, Jeong Inji, et al. "Goryeosa (The History of Goryeo)", 1451, Article for July 934, 17th year in the Reign of Taejo </li> <li id="cite_note-Balhae-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Balhae_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Balhae_17-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLee,_Ki-baik1984">Lee, Ki-baik 1984</a>, p. 103, "When Parhae perished at the hands of the Khitan around this same time, much of its ruling class, who were of Koguryŏ descent, fled to Koryŏ. Wang Kŏn warmly welcomed them and generously gave them land. Along with bestowing the name Wang Kye ("Successor of the Royal Wang") on the Parhae crown prince, Tae Kwang-hyŏn, Wang Kŏn entered his name in the royal household register, thus clearly conveying the idea that they belonged to the same lineage, and also had rituals performed in honor of his progenitor. Thus Koryŏ achieved a true national unification that embraced not only the Later Three Kingdoms but even survivors of Koguryŏ lineage from the Parhae kingdom." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeth2011112-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeth2011112_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeth2011">Seth 2011</a>, p. 112. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim,_Djun_Kil201465–68-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim,_Djun_Kil201465–68_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKim,_Djun_Kil2014">Kim, Djun Kil 2014</a>, pp. 65–68. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeong2009" class="citation journal cs1">Jeong, Yoonjae (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-dbpia-co-kr-ssl.access.hanyang.ac.kr:8443/journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE01178470">"A Study of King Sejong's Political Ideas and Practice"</a>. A Study of King Sejong's Political Ideas and Practice.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=A+Study+of+King+Sejong%27s+Political+Ideas+and+Practice&rft.atitle=A+Study+of+King+Sejong%27s+Political+Ideas+and+Practice&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Jeong&rft.aufirst=Yoonjae&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww-dbpia-co-kr-ssl.access.hanyang.ac.kr%3A8443%2Fjournal%2FarticleDetail%3FnodeId%3DNODE01178470&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyungki2012" class="citation journal cs1">Myungki, Kim (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-dbpia-co-kr-ssl.access.hanyang.ac.kr:8443/journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE02069214">"The East Asian World Situation just before the Imjin War"</a>. The East Asian World Situation Just Before the Imjin War.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+East+Asian+World+Situation+Just+Before+the+Imjin+War&rft.atitle=The+East+Asian+World+Situation+just+before+the+Imjin+War&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Myungki&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww-dbpia-co-kr-ssl.access.hanyang.ac.kr%3A8443%2Fjournal%2FarticleDetail%3FnodeId%3DNODE02069214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anthro.palomar.edu/homo/homo_2.htm">Early Human Evolution: Homo ergaster and erectus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071219092405/http://anthro.palomar.edu/homo/homo_2.htm">Archived</a> 2007-12-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Anthro.palomar.edu. Retrieved on 2013-07-12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon20058–12-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon20058–12_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeeParkYoon2005">Lee, Park & Yoon 2005</a>, pp. 8–12. </li> <li id="cite_note-Choe_and_Bale-24"><a href="#cite_ref-Choe_and_Bale_24-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/798598">Chong Pil Choe, Martin T. Bale, "Current Perspectives on Settlement, Subsistence, and Cultivation in Prehistoric Korea"</a>, (2002), Arctic Anthropology, 39: 1–2, pp. 95–121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStark2005137-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStark2005137_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStark2005">Stark 2005</a>, p. 137. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon200523–26-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon200523–26_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeeParkYoon2005">Lee, Park & Yoon 2005</a>, pp. 23–26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1993110–116-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1993110–116_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1993110–116_27-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNelson1993">Nelson 1993</a>, pp. 110–116. </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-28"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_28-0">^</a> 小片丘彦「朝鮮半島出土古人骨の時代的特徴」『鹿児島大学歯学部紀要』 (18), 1–8, 1998 </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/977">Gochang, Hwasun and Ganghwa Dolmen Sites</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170218153900/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/977/">Archived</a> 2017-02-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, UNESCO </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon200582–85-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon200582–85_30-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeeParkYoon2005">Lee, Park & Yoon 2005</a>, pp. 82–85. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251565346">"Large-scale 2nd to 3rd century AD bloomery iron smelting in Korea"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Large-scale+2nd+to+3rd+century+AD+bloomery+iron+smelting+in+Korea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F251565346&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Wontack Hong, "The Yemaek Tungus of Central Manchuria and Korean Peninsula: Interactions between the Xianbei and the Yemaek Tungus" </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> See also <a href="/wiki/Jewang_Ungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewang Ungi">Jewang Ungi</a> (1287) and <a href="/wiki/Tongguk_t%27onggam" title="Tongguk t'onggam">Tongguk t'onggam</a> (1485). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHwang20102-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHwang20102_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHwang2010">Hwang 2010</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConnor200210-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConnor200210_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFConnor2002">Connor 2002</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gojoseon-36"><a href="#cite_ref-Gojoseon_36-0">^</a> <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFSeth2010">Seth 2010</a>, p. 443: "An extreme manifestation of nationalism and the family cult was the revival of interest in Tangun, the mythical founder of the first Korean state... Most textbooks and professional historians, however, treat him as a myth."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFStark2008">Stark 2008</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z4_bT2SJ-HUC&pg=PA49">49</a>: "Although Kija may have truly existed as a historical figure, Tangun is more problematical."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFSchmid2013">Schmid 2013</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lVgaAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA269">270</a>: "Most [Korean historians] treat the [Tangun] myth as a later creation."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFPetersonMargulies2009">Peterson & Margulies 2009</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ByIo1D9RY40C&pg=PA5">5</a>: "The Tangun myth became more popular with groups that wanted Korea to be independent; the Kija myth was more useful to those who wanted to show that Korea had a strong affinity to China."</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFHulbert2014">Hulbert 2014</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WdusAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA73">73</a>: "If a choice is to be made between them, one is faced with the fact that the Tangun, with his supernatural origin, is more clearly a mythological figure than Kija."</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Kyung Moon hwang, "A History of Korea, An Episodic Narrative", 2010, p. 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEckertLee199011-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEckertLee199011_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEckertLee1990">Eckert & Lee 1990</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee,_Ki-baik198414-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee,_Ki-baik198414_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLee,_Ki-baik1984">Lee, Ki-baik 1984</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> (in Korean) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://enc.daum.net/dic100/contents.do?query1=b01g4157b001">Gojoseon territory</a> <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Korean_Culture" title="Encyclopedia of Korean Culture">Encyclopedia of Korean Culture</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/04/eak/ht04eak.htm">Timeline of Art and History, Korea, 1000 BC-1 AD</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100207003037/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/04/eak/ht04eak.htm">Archived</a> 2010-02-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Metropolitan Museum of Art </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Academy of Korean Studies, The Review of Korean Studies, vol. 10권,3–4, 2007, p. 222 </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Lee Injae, Owen Miller, Park Jinhoon, Yi Hyun-Hae, Korean History in Maps, Cambridge University Press, 2014, p. 20 </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=562808&cid=46620&categoryId=46620">창해군</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221231104553/https://terms.naver.com/entry.naver?docId=562808&cid=46620&categoryId=46620">Archived</a> 2022-12-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Korean_Culture" title="Encyclopedia of Korean Culture">Encyclopedia of Korean Culture</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/Item/E0011883"><bdi lang="ko">남려</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Korean_Culture" title="Encyclopedia of Korean Culture">Encyclopedia of Korean Culture</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Korean+Culture&rft.atitle=%EB%82%A8%EB%A0%A4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencykorea.aks.ac.kr%2FContents%2FItem%2FE0011883&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandraEckertLeeLew1993" class="citation journal cs1">Chandra, Vipan; Eckert, Carter J.; Lee, Ki-baik; Lew, Young Ick; Robinson, Michael; Wagner, Edward W. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2759388">"Korea Old and New: A History"</a>. Pacific Affairs. 66 (2): 284. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2759388">10.2307/2759388</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0030-851X">0030-851X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2759388">2759388</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Affairs&rft.atitle=Korea+Old+and+New%3A+A+History.&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=284&rft.date=1993&rft.issn=0030-851X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2759388%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2759388&rft.aulast=Chandra&rft.aufirst=Vipan&rft.au=Eckert%2C+Carter+J.&rft.au=Lee%2C+Ki-baik&rft.au=Lew%2C+Young+Ick&rft.au=Robinson%2C+Michael&rft.au=Wagner%2C+Edward+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.2307%2F2759388&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150625032709/http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/Korea.html">"Early Korea"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/Korea.html">the original</a> on 2015-06-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Early+Korea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shsu.edu%2F~his_ncp%2FKorea.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160919142317/http://www.ngo-news.co.kr/sub_read.html?uid=82015"><bdi lang="ko">매국사학의 몸통들아, 공개토론장으로 나와라!</bdi></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ngonews&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ngonews (page does not exist)">ngonews</a>. 2015-12-24. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ngo-news.co.kr/sub_read.html?uid=82015">the original</a> on 2016-09-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%EB%A7%A4%EA%B5%AD%EC%82%AC%ED%95%99%EC%9D%98+%EB%AA%B8%ED%86%B5%EB%93%A4%EC%95%84%2C+%EA%B3%B5%EA%B0%9C%ED%86%A0%EB%A1%A0%EC%9E%A5%EC%9C%BC%EB%A1%9C+%EB%82%98%EC%99%80%EB%9D%BC%21&rft.pub=ngonews&rft.date=2015-12-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ngo-news.co.kr%2Fsub_read.html%3Fuid%3D82015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.segye.com/content/html/2016/08/21/20160821001406.html"><bdi lang="ko">요서 vs 평양… 한무제가 세운 낙랑군 위치 놓고 열띤 토론</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Segye_Ilbo" title="Segye Ilbo">Segye Ilbo</a>. 2016-08-21. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170413160938/http://www.segye.com/content/html/2016/08/21/20160821001406.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-04-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%EC%9A%94%EC%84%9C+vs+%ED%8F%89%EC%96%91%E2%80%A6+%ED%95%9C%EB%AC%B4%EC%A0%9C%EA%B0%80+%EC%84%B8%EC%9A%B4+%EB%82%99%EB%9E%91%EA%B5%B0+%EC%9C%84%EC%B9%98+%EB%86%93%EA%B3%A0+%EC%97%B4%EB%9D%A4+%ED%86%A0%EB%A1%A0&rft.pub=Segye+Ilbo&rft.date=2016-08-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.segye.com%2Fcontent%2Fhtml%2F2016%2F08%2F21%2F20160821001406.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=001&oid=020&aid=0002997608"><bdi lang="ko">"갈석산 동쪽 요서도 고조선 땅" vs "고고학 증거와 불일치"</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Dong-A_Ilbo" title="The Dong-A Ilbo">The Dong-A Ilbo</a>. 2016-08-22. Retrieved 2017-04-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22%EA%B0%88%EC%84%9D%EC%82%B0+%EB%8F%99%EC%AA%BD+%EC%9A%94%EC%84%9C%EB%8F%84+%EA%B3%A0%EC%A1%B0%EC%84%A0+%EB%95%85%22+vs+%22%EA%B3%A0%EA%B3%A0%ED%95%99+%EC%A6%9D%EA%B1%B0%EC%99%80+%EB%B6%88%EC%9D%BC%EC%B9%98%22&rft.pub=The+Dong-A+Ilbo&rft.date=2016-08-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.naver.com%2Fmain%2Fread.nhn%3Fmode%3DLSD%26mid%3Dsec%26sid1%3D001%26oid%3D020%26aid%3D0002997608&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bookrags.com/history/worldhistory/yayoi-period-ema-06/">Yayoi Period History Summary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080726001937/http://www.bookrags.com/history/worldhistory/yayoi-period-ema-06/">Archived</a> 2008-07-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, BookRags.com </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.gol.com/users/hsmr/Content/East%20Asia/Japan/History/roots.html">Japanese Roots</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120525105448/http://www2.gol.com/users/hsmr/Content/East%20Asia/Japan/History/roots.html">Archived</a> 2012-05-25 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a>, Jared Diamond, Discover 19:6 (June 1998) </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/japanorigin.htm">The Genetic Origins of the Japanese</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160209135625/http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/japanorigin.htm">Archived</a> 2016-02-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Thayer Watkins </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon200592–95-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon200592–95_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeeParkYoon2005">Lee, Park & Yoon 2005</a>, pp. 92–95. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> (in Korean) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120708123533/http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=120316">Proto-Three Kingdoms period</a> at <a href="/wiki/Doosan_Encyclopedia" title="Doosan Encyclopedia">Doosan Encyclopedia</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005109–116-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005109–116_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeeParkYoon2005">Lee, Park & Yoon 2005</a>, pp. 109–116. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> (in Korean) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=254242&v=43">Buyeo</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120701173656/http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=254242&v=43">Archived</a> 2012-07-01 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Korean_Culture" title="Encyclopedia of Korean Culture">Encyclopedia of Korean Culture</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005128–130-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005128–130_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeeParkYoon2005">Lee, Park & Yoon 2005</a>, pp. 128–130. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005130–131-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005130–131_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeeParkYoon2005">Lee, Park & Yoon 2005</a>, pp. 130–131. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> (in Korean) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120707011814/http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=86824">Samhan</a> at <a href="/wiki/Doosan_Encyclopedia" title="Doosan Encyclopedia">Doosan Encyclopedia</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005135–141-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005135–141_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeeParkYoon2005">Lee, Park & Yoon 2005</a>, pp. 135–141. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLibrary2004" class="citation book cs1">Library, British (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ArWLD4Qop38C&pg=PA110">The Silk Road: Trade, Travel, War and Faith</a>. Serindia Publications, Inc. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932476-13-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932476-13-2"><bdi>978-1-932476-13-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Silk+Road%3A+Trade%2C+Travel%2C+War+and+Faith&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Serindia+Publications%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-932476-13-2&rft.aulast=Library&rft.aufirst=British&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DArWLD4Qop38C%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaumer2018" class="citation book cs1">Baumer, Christoph (18 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DhiWDwAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA243">History of Central Asia, The: 4-volume set</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 243. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-83860-868-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-83860-868-2"><bdi>978-1-83860-868-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Central+Asia%2C+The%3A+4-volume+set&rft.pages=243&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2018-04-18&rft.isbn=978-1-83860-868-2&rft.aulast=Baumer&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDhiWDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrenet2004" class="citation journal cs1">Grenet, Frantz (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cairn.info/journal-annales-2004-5-page-1043.htm">"Maracanda/Samarkand, une métropole pré-mongole"</a>. Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales. 5/6: Fig. C.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annales.+Histoire%2C+Sciences+Sociales&rft.atitle=Maracanda%2FSamarkand%2C+une+m%C3%A9tropole+pr%C3%A9-mongole&rft.volume=5%2F6&rft.pages=Fig.+C&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Grenet&rft.aufirst=Frantz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cairn.info%2Fjournal-annales-2004-5-page-1043.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> (in Korean) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120707121433/http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=12449">Goguryeo</a> at <a href="/wiki/Doosan_Encyclopedia" title="Doosan Encyclopedia">Doosan Encyclopedia</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005199–202-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005199–202_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005199–202_65-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeeParkYoon2005">Lee, Park & Yoon 2005</a>, pp. 199–202. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> (in Korean) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120710001657/http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=722626">Buddhism in Goguryeo</a> at <a href="/wiki/Doosan_Encyclopedia" title="Doosan Encyclopedia">Doosan Encyclopedia</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Fan Ye, Book of the Later Han, volume 85; the Dongyi Liezhuan </li> <li id="cite_note-tennant-68"><a href="#cite_ref-tennant_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Roger_Tennant1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Tennant" title="Roger Tennant">Charles Roger Tennant</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SlGnq9flYdMC&pg=PA22">A history of Korea</a>. Kegan Paul International. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7103-0532-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7103-0532-X"><bdi>0-7103-0532-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Korea&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Kegan+Paul+International&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-7103-0532-X&rft.au=Charles+Roger+Tennant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSlGnq9flYdMC%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-byington93-96-69"><a href="#cite_ref-byington93-96_69-0">^</a> Byington, Mark E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111005153543/http://english.historyfoundation.or.kr/Data/Jnah/J4_1_S4.pdf">"Control or Conquer? Koguryŏ's Relations with States and Peoples in Manchuria,"</a> Journal of Northeast Asian History volume 4, number 1 (June 2007):93. pages 93–96 </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertsWestad2013" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, John Morris; Westad, Odd Arne (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A2cfZkU5aQgC&q=koguryo+powerful+empire">The History of the World</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 443. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-993676-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-993676-2"><bdi>978-0-19-993676-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 15 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+World&rft.pages=443&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-993676-2&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=John+Morris&rft.au=Westad%2C+Odd+Arne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA2cfZkU5aQgC%26q%3Dkoguryo%2Bpowerful%2Bempire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardner2007" class="citation book cs1">Gardner, Hall (27 November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417203941/https://books.google.com/books?id=acvGAAAAQBAJ&q=great+powers">Averting Global War: Regional Challenges, Overextension, and Options for American Strategy</a>. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 158–159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-60873-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-60873-3"><bdi>978-0-230-60873-3</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=acvGAAAAQBAJ&q=great+powers">the original</a> on April 17, 2021. Retrieved 15 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Averting+Global+War%3A+Regional+Challenges%2C+Overextension%2C+and+Options+for+American+Strategy&rft.pages=158-159&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2007-11-27&rft.isbn=978-0-230-60873-3&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Hall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DacvGAAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dgreat%2Bpowers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaet1994" class="citation book cs1">Laet, Sigfried J. de (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PvlthkbFU1UC&pg=PA1133">History of Humanity: From the seventh to the sixteenth century</a>. UNESCO. p. 1133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-102813-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-102813-7"><bdi>978-92-3-102813-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170117061404/https://books.google.com/books?id=PvlthkbFU1UC&pg=PA1133">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2017. Retrieved 10 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Humanity%3A+From+the+seventh+to+the+sixteenth+century&rft.pages=1133&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-92-3-102813-7&rft.aulast=Laet&rft.aufirst=Sigfried+J.+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPvlthkbFU1UC%26pg%3DPA1133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGBvRs-za0CICpgPA6_6–7]-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGBvRs-za0CICpgPA6_6–7]_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGBvRs-za0CICpgPA6_6–7]_73-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker2012">Walker 2012</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GBvRs-za0CIC&pg=PA6">6–7</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim,_Jinwung2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidQFPsi3IK8gcCpgPA35_35]-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim,_Jinwung2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidQFPsi3IK8gcCpgPA35_35]_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim,_Jinwung2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidQFPsi3IK8gcCpgPA35_35]_74-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim,_Jinwung2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidQFPsi3IK8gcCpgPA35_35]_74-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKim,_Jinwung2012">Kim, Jinwung 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QFPsi3IK8gcC&pg=PA35">35</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKotkinWolff2015" class="citation book cs1">Kotkin, Stephen; Wolff, David (2015-03-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t_DqBgAAQBAJ&q=Koguryo+Siberia+Russia%27s">Rediscovering Russia in Asia: Siberia and the Russian Far East: Siberia and the Russian Far East</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-46129-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-46129-6"><bdi>978-1-317-46129-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 15 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rediscovering+Russia+in+Asia%3A+Siberia+and+the+Russian+Far+East%3A+Siberia+and+the+Russian+Far+East&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015-03-04&rft.isbn=978-1-317-46129-6&rft.aulast=Kotkin&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Wolff%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt_DqBgAAQBAJ%26q%3DKoguryo%2BSiberia%2BRussia%2527s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYiPakYun2005" class="citation book cs1">Yi, Hyŏn-hŭi; Pak, Sŏng-su; Yun, Nae-hyŏn (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KO8MAQAAMAAJ">New history of Korea</a>. Jimoondang. p. 201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-89-88095-85-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-89-88095-85-0"><bdi>978-89-88095-85-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161204071809/https://books.google.com/books?id=KO8MAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-12-04. <q>He launched a military expedition to expand his territory, opening the golden age of Goguryeo.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+history+of+Korea&rft.pages=201&rft.pub=Jimoondang&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-89-88095-85-0&rft.aulast=Yi&rft.aufirst=Hy%C5%8Fn-h%C5%ADi&rft.au=Pak%2C+S%C5%8Fng-su&rft.au=Yun%2C+Nae-hy%C5%8Fn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKO8MAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall1988" class="citation book cs1">Hall, John Whitney (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A3_6lp8IOK8C&q=%22The+reign+of+King+Kwanggaet%27o+is+thought+of+as+Koguryo%27s+golden+age+of+political+might+and+Buddhist+splendor.%22">The Cambridge History of Japan</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 362. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22352-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22352-2"><bdi>978-0-521-22352-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 29 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Japan&rft.pages=362&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-521-22352-2&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=John+Whitney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA3_6lp8IOK8C%26q%3D%2522The%2Breign%2Bof%2BKing%2BKwanggaet%2527o%2Bis%2Bthought%2Bof%2Bas%2BKoguryo%2527s%2Bgolden%2Bage%2Bof%2Bpolitical%2Bmight%2Band%2BBuddhist%2Bsplendor.%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmbree1988" class="citation book cs1">Embree, Ainslie Thomas (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LtwpAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Nevertheless%2C+the+reigns+of+Kwanggaet%27o+and+his+successor+Changsu+%28413-491%29+constituted+the+golden+age+of+Koguryo.%22">Encyclopedia of Asian history</a>. Scribner. p. 324. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-18899-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-18899-7"><bdi>978-0-684-18899-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 29 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Asian+history&rft.pages=324&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-684-18899-7&rft.aulast=Embree&rft.aufirst=Ainslie+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLtwpAQAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522Nevertheless%252C%2Bthe%2Breigns%2Bof%2BKwanggaet%2527o%2Band%2Bhis%2Bsuccessor%2BChangsu%2B%2528413-491%2529%2Bconstituted%2Bthe%2Bgolden%2Bage%2Bof%2BKoguryo.%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2000" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Warren I. (2000-12-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Okjd2rDwb8IC&q=%22Koguryo%27s+Golden+Age%22">East Asia at the Center: Four Thousand Years of Engagement with the World</a>. Columbia University Press. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-50251-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-50251-1"><bdi>978-0-231-50251-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 29 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+Asia+at+the+Center%3A+Four+Thousand+Years+of+Engagement+with+the+World&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2000-12-20&rft.isbn=978-0-231-50251-1&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Warren+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOkjd2rDwb8IC%26q%3D%2522Koguryo%2527s%2BGolden%2BAge%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160828051916/http://world.kbs.co.kr/english/archive/program/program_dynasty.htm?no=10039827">"Kings and Queens of Korea"</a>. KBS World Radio. Korea Communications Commission. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://world.kbs.co.kr/english/archive/program/program_dynasty.htm?no=10039827">the original</a> on 28 August 2016. Retrieved 7 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KBS+World+Radio&rft.atitle=Kings+and+Queens+of+Korea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworld.kbs.co.kr%2Fenglish%2Farchive%2Fprogram%2Fprogram_dynasty.htm%3Fno%3D10039827&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee,_Ki-baik198438–40-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee,_Ki-baik198438–40_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLee,_Ki-baik1984">Lee, Ki-baik 1984</a>, pp. 38–40. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee,_Ki-baik1984[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidg2mdVwXpMzwCpgPA23_23–24]-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee,_Ki-baik1984[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidg2mdVwXpMzwCpgPA23_23–24]_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLee,_Ki-baik1984">Lee, Ki-baik 1984</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g2mdVwXpMzwC&pg=PA23">23–24</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGBvRs-za0CICpgPA104_104]-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGBvRs-za0CICpgPA104_104]_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker2012">Walker 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GBvRs-za0CIC&pg=PA104">104</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGBvRs-za0CICpgPA161_161]-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGBvRs-za0CICpgPA161_161]_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGBvRs-za0CICpgPA161_161]_84-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker2012">Walker 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GBvRs-za0CIC&pg=PA161">161</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2011" class="citation book cs1">White, Matthew (7 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0-fQHlaIpR4C&pg=PA78">Atrocities: The 100 Deadliest Episodes in Human History</a>. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-08192-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-08192-3"><bdi>978-0-393-08192-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 8 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atrocities%3A+The+100+Deadliest+Episodes+in+Human+History&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2011-11-07&rft.isbn=978-0-393-08192-3&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0-fQHlaIpR4C%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant2011" class="citation book cs1">Grant, Reg G. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s4njwZGrZg4C&pg=PA104">1001 Battles That Changed the Course of World History</a>. Universe Pub. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7893-2233-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7893-2233-3"><bdi>978-0-7893-2233-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 8 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1001+Battles+That+Changed+the+Course+of+World+History&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Universe+Pub.&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7893-2233-3&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Reg+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds4njwZGrZg4C%26pg%3DPA104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBedeski2007" class="citation book cs1">Bedeski, Robert (12 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iNl9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA90">Human Security and the Chinese State: Historical Transformations and the Modern Quest for Sovereignty</a>. Routledge. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-12597-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-12597-5"><bdi>978-1-134-12597-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 8 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Security+and+the+Chinese+State%3A+Historical+Transformations+and+the+Modern+Quest+for+Sovereignty&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007-03-12&rft.isbn=978-1-134-12597-5&rft.aulast=Bedeski&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiNl9AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLee,_Ki-baik1984">Lee, Ki-baik 1984</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g2mdVwXpMzwC&pg=PA47">47</a>, "Koguryŏ was the first to open hostilities, with a bold assault across the Liao River against Liao-hsi, in 598. The Sui emperor, Wen Ti, launched a retaliatory attack on Koguryŏ but met with reverses and turned back in mid-course. Yang Ti, the next Sui emperor, proceeded in 612 to mount an invasion of unprecedented magnitude, marshalling a huge force said to number over a million men. And when his armies failed to take Liao-tung Fortress (modern Liao-yang), the anchor of Koguryŏ's first line of defense, he had a nearly a third of his forces, some 300,000 strong, break off the battle there and strike directly at the Koguryŏ capital of P'yŏngyang. But the Sui army was lured into a trap by the famed Koguryŏ commander Ŭlchi Mundŏk, and suffered a calamitous defeat at the Salsu (Ch'ŏngch'ŏn) River. It is said that only 2,700 of the 300,000 Sui soldiers who had crossed the Yalu survived to find their way back, and the Sui emperor now lifted the siege of Liao-tung Fortress and withdrew his forces to China proper. Yang Ti continued to send his armies against Koguryŏ but again without success, and before long his war-weakened empire crumbled." </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNahm2005">Nahm 2005</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/panoramaof5000ye0000nahm/page/18">18</a>: "China, which had been split into many states since the early 3rd century, was reunified by the Sui dynasty at the end of the 6th century. Soon after that, Sui China mobilized a large number of troops and launched a sagiwar against Koguryŏ. However, the people of Koguryŏ were united and they were able to repel the Chinese aggressors. In 612, Sui troops invaded Korea again, but Koguryŏ forces fought bravely and destroyed Sui troops everywhere. General Ŭlchi Mundŏk of Koguryŏ completely wiped out some 300,000 Sui troops which came across the Yalu River in the battles near the Salsu River (now Ch'ŏngch'ŏn River) with his ingenious military tactics. Only 2,700 Sui troops were able to flee from Korea. The Sui dynasty, which wasted so much energy and manpower in aggressive wars against Koguryŏ, fell in 618." </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2009" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer C. (2009-12-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_tSnygvbIC&q=%22In+645+he+led+Tang+forces+to+conquer+Koguryo+but+was+defeated.+Again+in+647+and+648+he+sent+out+expeditionary+forces+to+invade+Koguryo%2C+but+these+attacks+were+also+repulsed+by+the+Korean+kingdom.%22">A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East [6 volumes]: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 406. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-672-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-672-5"><bdi>978-1-85109-672-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 4 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Global+Chronology+of+Conflict%3A+From+the+Ancient+World+to+the+Modern+Middle+East+%5B6+volumes%5D%3A+From+the+Ancient+World+to+the+Modern+Middle+East&rft.pages=406&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2009-12-23&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-672-5&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh5_tSnygvbIC%26q%3D%2522In%2B645%2Bhe%2Bled%2BTang%2Bforces%2Bto%2Bconquer%2BKoguryo%2Bbut%2Bwas%2Bdefeated.%2BAgain%2Bin%2B647%2Band%2B648%2Bhe%2Bsent%2Bout%2Bexpeditionary%2Bforces%2Bto%2Binvade%2BKoguryo%252C%2Bbut%2Bthese%2Battacks%2Bwere%2Balso%2Brepulsed%2Bby%2Bthe%2BKorean%2Bkingdom.%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005214–222-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005214–222_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeeParkYoon2005">Lee, Park & Yoon 2005</a>, pp. 214–222. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim,_Jinwung2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidQFPsi3IK8gcCpgPA50_50]-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim,_Jinwung2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidQFPsi3IK8gcCpgPA50_50]_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKim,_Jinwung2012">Kim, Jinwung 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QFPsi3IK8gcC&pg=PA50">50</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRingWatsonSchellinger2012" class="citation book cs1">Ring, Trudy; Watson, Noelle; Schellinger, Paul (2012-11-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=voerPYsAB5wC&q=stalwart+defenses">Asia and Oceania: International Dictionary of Historic Places</a>. Routledge. p. 486. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-63979-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-63979-1"><bdi>978-1-136-63979-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 16 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asia+and+Oceania%3A+International+Dictionary+of+Historic+Places&rft.pages=486&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012-11-12&rft.isbn=978-1-136-63979-1&rft.aulast=Ring&rft.aufirst=Trudy&rft.au=Watson%2C+Noelle&rft.au=Schellinger%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvoerPYsAB5wC%26q%3Dstalwart%2Bdefenses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maps-95"><a href="#cite_ref-Maps_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInjaeMillerJinhoonHyun-Hae2014" class="citation book cs1">Injae, Lee; Miller, Owen; Jinhoon, Park; Hyun-Hae, Yi (2014-12-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=46OTBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA29">Korean History in Maps</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-09846-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-09846-6"><bdi>978-1-107-09846-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170117103513/https://books.google.com/books?id=46OTBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA29">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2017. Retrieved 17 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korean+History+in+Maps&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014-12-15&rft.isbn=978-1-107-09846-6&rft.aulast=Injae&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft.au=Miller%2C+Owen&rft.au=Jinhoon%2C+Park&rft.au=Hyun-Hae%2C+Yi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D46OTBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim,_Jinwung2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidQFPsi3IK8gcCpgPA51_51]-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim,_Jinwung2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidQFPsi3IK8gcCpgPA51_51]_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKim,_Jinwung2012">Kim, Jinwung 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QFPsi3IK8gcC&pg=PA51">51</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim,_Djun_Kil201449-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim,_Djun_Kil201449_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKim,_Djun_Kil2014">Kim, Djun Kil 2014</a>, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee,_Ki-baik1984[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidg2mdVwXpMzwCpgPA67_67]-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee,_Ki-baik1984[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidg2mdVwXpMzwCpgPA67_67]_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLee,_Ki-baik1984">Lee, Ki-baik 1984</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g2mdVwXpMzwC&pg=PA67">67</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005224–225-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005224–225_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeeParkYoon2005">Lee, Park & Yoon 2005</a>, pp. 224–225. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLee,_Ki-baik1984">Lee, Ki-baik 1984</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g2mdVwXpMzwC&pg=PA67">67</a>, "Loath to let slip such an opportunity, T'ang mounted a fresh invasion under Li Chi in 667 and Silla launched a coordinated offensive. This time the T'ang army received every possible assistance from the defector Namsaeng, and although Koguryŏ continued to hold out for another year, the end finally came in 668." </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Jonathan W. Best, A History of the Early Korean Kingdom of Paekche, together with an annotated translation of "The Paekche Annals" of the "Samguk sagi" (Harvard East Asian Monographs, 2007). </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_National_Folk_Museum_of_Korea_(South_Korea)2014" class="citation book cs1">The National Folk Museum of Korea (South Korea) (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DsR3BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA41">Encyclopedia of Korean Folk Literature: Encyclopedia of Korean Folklore and Traditional Culture Vol. III</a>. 길잡이미디어. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-89-289-0084-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-89-289-0084-8"><bdi>978-89-289-0084-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 10 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Korean+Folk+Literature%3A+Encyclopedia+of+Korean+Folklore+and+Traditional+Culture+Vol.+III&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=%EA%B8%B8%EC%9E%A1%EC%9D%B4%EB%AF%B8%EB%94%94%EC%96%B4&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-89-289-0084-8&rft.au=The+National+Folk+Museum+of+Korea+%28South+Korea%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDsR3BgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005202–206-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005202–206_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeeParkYoon2005">Lee, Park & Yoon 2005</a>, pp. 202–206. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbreyWalthallPalais2006" class="citation book cs1">Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Anne; Palais, James B. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0entAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Paekche+was+probably+the+most+important+maritime+nation+in+the+late+fourth+century%22">East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History</a>. Houghton Mifflin. p. 123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-13384-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-13384-0"><bdi>978-0-618-13384-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 12 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+Asia%3A+A+Cultural%2C+Social%2C+and+Political+History&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-618-13384-0&rft.aulast=Ebrey&rft.aufirst=Patricia+Buckley&rft.au=Walthall%2C+Anne&rft.au=Palais%2C+James+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0entAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522Paekche%2Bwas%2Bprobably%2Bthe%2Bmost%2Bimportant%2Bmaritime%2Bnation%2Bin%2Bthe%2Blate%2Bfourth%2Bcentury%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitagawa2013" class="citation book cs1">Kitagawa, Joseph (2013-09-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9fyzAAAAQBAJ&q=%22Of+vital+importance+for+the+dissemination+of+Buddhism+throughout+East+Asia%2C+however%2C+was+Paekche%27s+nautical+skill%2C+which+made+the+kingdom+the+Phoenicia+of+medieval+East+Asia.%22">The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture</a>. Routledge. p. 348. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-87590-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-87590-8"><bdi>978-1-136-87590-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 29 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Religious+Traditions+of+Asia%3A+Religion%2C+History%2C+and+Culture&rft.pages=348&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-09-05&rft.isbn=978-1-136-87590-8&rft.aulast=Kitagawa&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9fyzAAAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522Of%2Bvital%2Bimportance%2Bfor%2Bthe%2Bdissemination%2Bof%2BBuddhism%2Bthroughout%2BEast%2BAsia%252C%2Bhowever%252C%2Bwas%2BPaekche%2527s%2Bnautical%2Bskill%252C%2Bwhich%2Bmade%2Bthe%2Bkingdom%2Bthe%2BPhoenicia%2Bof%2Bmedieval%2BEast%2BAsia.%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbreyWalthallPalais2013" class="citation book cs1">Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Anne; Palais, James B. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CWE8AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA104">East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History, Volume I: To 1800</a>. Cengage Learning. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-111-80815-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-111-80815-0"><bdi>978-1-111-80815-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 12 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+Asia%3A+A+Cultural%2C+Social%2C+and+Political+History%2C+Volume+I%3A+To+1800&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-111-80815-0&rft.aulast=Ebrey&rft.aufirst=Patricia+Buckley&rft.au=Walthall%2C+Anne&rft.au=Palais%2C+James+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCWE8AAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theseoultimes.com/ST/?url=/ST/db/read.php?idx=580">Korean Buddhism Basis of Japanese Buddhism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165952/http://theseoultimes.com/ST/?url=%2FST%2Fdb%2Fread.php%3Fidx%3D580">Archived</a> 2016-03-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Seoul Times, 2006-06-18 </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asiasocietymuseum.org/buddhist_trade/koreajapan.html">Buddhist Art of Korea & Japan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233011/http://www.asiasocietymuseum.org/buddhist_trade/koreajapan.html">Archived</a> 2016-03-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Asia Society Museum </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2046.html">Kanji</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120510085157/http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2046.html">Archived</a> 2012-05-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, JapanGuide.com </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091029161656/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761568150_4/Pottery.html">Pottery – MSN Encarta</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761568150_4/Pottery.html">the original</a> on 2009-10-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pottery+%E2%80%93+MSN+Encarta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencarta.msn.com%2Fencyclopedia_761568150_4%2FPottery.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> "The pottery of the Yayoi culture (300? BC-AD 250?), made by a Mongol people who came from Korea to Kyūshū, has been found throughout Japan. " </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japanvisitor.com/index.php?cID=359&pID=334&cName=Japanese">History of Japan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304031432/http://www.japanvisitor.com/index.php?cID=359&pID=334&cName=Japanese">Archived</a> 2016-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, JapanVisitor.com </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091029161656/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761568150_4/Pottery.html">Archived</a> 2009-10-31. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o-WlUd3cjh0C&pg=PT29">A Brief History of Korea</a>. Ewha Womans University Press. January 2005. pp. 29–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-89-7300-619-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-89-7300-619-9"><bdi>978-89-7300-619-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 21 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Korea&rft.pages=29-30&rft.pub=Ewha+Womans+University+Press&rft.date=2005-01&rft.isbn=978-89-7300-619-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do-WlUd3cjh0C%26pg%3DPT29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYu2012" class="citation book cs1">Yu, Chai-Shin (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TYKNdiDCGLAC&pg=PA27">The New History of Korean Civilization</a>. iUniverse. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4620-5559-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4620-5559-3"><bdi>978-1-4620-5559-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170117110714/https://books.google.com/books?id=TYKNdiDCGLAC&pg=PA27">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2017. Retrieved 21 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+History+of+Korean+Civilization&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4620-5559-3&rft.aulast=Yu&rft.aufirst=Chai-Shin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTYKNdiDCGLAC%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">self-published source</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://baekje.chungnam.net/english/index.jsp">Baekje history</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090214055517/http://baekje.chungnam.net/english/index.jsp">Archived</a> 2009-02-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Baekje History & Culture Hall </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Article/E0032800">"Silla(新羅)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Korean_Culture" title="Encyclopedia of Korean Culture">Encyclopedia of Korean Culture</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Korean+Culture&rft.atitle=Silla%28%E6%96%B0%E7%BE%85%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencykorea.aks.ac.kr%2FArticle%2FE0032800&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee199748–49-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee199748–49_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLee1997">Lee 1997</a>, pp. 48–49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1993243–258-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1993243–258_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNelson1993">Nelson 1993</a>, pp. 243–258. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim,_Jinwung2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidQFPsi3IK8gcCpgPA44_44–45]-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim,_Jinwung2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidQFPsi3IK8gcCpgPA44_44–45]_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKim,_Jinwung2012">Kim, Jinwung 2012</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QFPsi3IK8gcC&pg=PA44">44–45</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells2015" class="citation book cs1">Wells, Kenneth M. (2015-07-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6zoLCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA18">Korea: Outline of a Civilisation</a>. BRILL. pp. 18–19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-30005-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-30005-7"><bdi>978-90-04-30005-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161203232114/https://books.google.com/books?id=6zoLCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA18">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2016. Retrieved 12 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea%3A+Outline+of+a+Civilisation&rft.pages=18-19&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2015-07-03&rft.isbn=978-90-04-30005-7&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6zoLCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005222–225-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005222–225_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeeParkYoon2005">Lee, Park & Yoon 2005</a>, pp. 222–225. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005159–162-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005159–162_122-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeeParkYoon2005">Lee, Park & Yoon 2005</a>, pp. 159–162. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005241–242-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005241–242_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeeParkYoon2005">Lee, Park & Yoon 2005</a>, pp. 241–242. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuBois2004" class="citation book cs1">DuBois, Jill (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/koreadubo00dubo">Korea</a>. Marshall Cavendish. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/koreadubo00dubo/page/22">22</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-1786-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-1786-6"><bdi>978-0-7614-1786-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 29 July 2016. <q>golden age of art and culture.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-1786-6&rft.aulast=DuBois&rft.aufirst=Jill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkoreadubo00dubo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRandel2003" class="citation book cs1">Randel, Don Michael (28 November 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=02rFSecPhEsC&q=%22golden+age+of+artistic+and+cultural+achievement%22">The Harvard Dictionary of Music</a>. Harvard University Press. p. 273. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01163-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01163-2"><bdi>978-0-674-01163-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 29 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Harvard+Dictionary+of+Music&rft.pages=273&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2003-11-28&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01163-2&rft.aulast=Randel&rft.aufirst=Don+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D02rFSecPhEsC%26q%3D%2522golden%2Bage%2Bof%2Bartistic%2Band%2Bcultural%2Bachievement%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopfner2013" class="citation book cs1">Hopfner, Jonathan (10 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MhwXBQAAQBAJ&q=%22cultural+and+political+golden+age%22">Moon Living Abroad in South Korea</a>. Avalon Travel. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61238-632-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61238-632-4"><bdi>978-1-61238-632-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 29 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moon+Living+Abroad+in+South+Korea&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Avalon+Travel&rft.date=2013-09-10&rft.isbn=978-1-61238-632-4&rft.aulast=Hopfner&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMhwXBQAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522cultural%2Band%2Bpolitical%2Bgolden%2Bage%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim,_Djun_Kil2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidci_iGuAAqmsCpgPA47_47]-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim,_Djun_Kil2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidci_iGuAAqmsCpgPA47_47]_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKim,_Djun_Kil2005">Kim, Djun Kil 2005</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ci_iGuAAqmsC&pg=PA47">47</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bird2014-128"><a href="#cite_ref-Bird2014_128-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsabella_Bird2014" class="citation book cs1">Isabella Bird (9 January 2014). "1". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hHeKAgAAQBAJ">Korea and Her Neighbours.: A Narrative of Travel, with an Account of the Recent Vicissitudes and Present Position of the Country. With a Preface by Sir Walter C. Hillier</a>. Adegi Graphics LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-543-01434-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-543-01434-4"><bdi>978-0-543-01434-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1&rft.btitle=Korea+and+Her+Neighbours.%3A+A+Narrative+of+Travel%2C+with+an+Account+of+the+Recent+Vicissitudes+and+Present+Position+of+the+Country.+With+a+Preface+by+Sir+Walter+C.+Hillier.&rft.pub=Adegi+Graphics+LLC&rft.date=2014-01-09&rft.isbn=978-0-543-01434-4&rft.au=Isabella+Bird&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhHeKAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/736">Seokguram Grotto and Bulguksa Temple</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160716182725/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/736">Archived</a> 2016-07-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, UNESCO </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitagawa2013" class="citation book cs1">Kitagawa, Joseph (5 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9fyzAAAAQBAJ&q=%22the+Phoenicia+of+medieval+East+Asia%22">The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture</a>. Routledge. p. 348. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-87590-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-87590-8"><bdi>978-1-136-87590-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 21 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Religious+Traditions+of+Asia%3A+Religion%2C+History%2C+and+Culture&rft.pages=348&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-09-05&rft.isbn=978-1-136-87590-8&rft.aulast=Kitagawa&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9fyzAAAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522the%2BPhoenicia%2Bof%2Bmedieval%2BEast%2BAsia%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGernet1996" class="citation book cs1">Gernet, Jacques (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofchinese00gern">A History of Chinese Civilization</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofchinese00gern/page/291">291</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-49781-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-49781-7"><bdi>978-0-521-49781-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 21 July 2016. <q>Korea held a dominant position in the north-eastern seas.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Chinese+Civilization&rft.pages=291&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-521-49781-7&rft.aulast=Gernet&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofchinese00gern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReischauer1955" class="citation book cs1">Reischauer, Edwin Oldfather (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HXqEAAAACAAJ">Ennins Travels in Tang China</a>. John Wiley & Sons Canada, Limited. pp. 276–283. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-07053-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-07053-5"><bdi>978-0-471-07053-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 21 July 2016. <q>From what Ennin tells us, it seems that commerce between East China, Korea and Japan was, for the most part, in the hands of men from Silla. Here in the relatively dangerous waters on the eastern fringes of the world, they performed the same functions as did the traders of the placid Mediterranean on the western fringes. This is a historical fact of considerable significance but one which has received virtually no attention in the standard historical compilations of that period or in the modern books based on these sources. . . . While there were limits to the influence of the Koreans along the eastern coast of China, there can be no doubt of their dominance over the waters off these shores. . . . The days of Korean maritime dominance in the Far East actually were numbered, but in Ennin's time the men of Silla were still the masters of the seas in their part of the world.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ennins+Travels+in+Tang+China&rft.pages=276-283&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons+Canada%2C+Limited&rft.date=1955&rft.isbn=978-0-471-07053-5&rft.aulast=Reischauer&rft.aufirst=Edwin+Oldfather&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHXqEAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim,_Djun_Kil20143-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim,_Djun_Kil20143_133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKim,_Djun_Kil2014">Kim, Djun Kil 2014</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeth2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidQe4PoOd89XICpgPA65_65]-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeth2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidQe4PoOd89XICpgPA65_65]_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeth2006">Seth 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qe4PoOd89XIC&pg=PA65">65</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacGregor2011" class="citation book cs1">MacGregor, Neil (6 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r3mUtaSxCncC&pg=PT408">A History of the World in 100 Objects</a>. Penguin UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-196683-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-196683-0"><bdi>978-0-14-196683-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161204033532/https://books.google.com/books?id=r3mUtaSxCncC&pg=PT408">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+World+in+100+Objects&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=2011-10-06&rft.isbn=978-0-14-196683-0&rft.aulast=MacGregor&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr3mUtaSxCncC%26pg%3DPT408&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChŏngSmithMetropolitan_Museum_of_Art_(New_York,_N.Y.)1998" class="citation book cs1">Chŏng, Yang-mo; Smith, Judith G.; Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.) (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DnaiYKYmQegC&pg=PA230">Arts of Korea</a>. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 230. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87099-850-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87099-850-8"><bdi>978-0-87099-850-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161204064758/https://books.google.com/books?id=DnaiYKYmQegC&pg=PA230">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arts+of+Korea&rft.pages=230&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-87099-850-8&rft.aulast=Ch%C5%8Fng&rft.aufirst=Yang-mo&rft.au=Smith%2C+Judith+G.&rft.au=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art+%28New+York%2C+N.Y.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDnaiYKYmQegC%26pg%3DPA230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational1996" class="citation book cs1">International, Rotary (February 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_JjEEAAAAMBAJ">The Rotarian</a>. Rotary International. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_JjEEAAAAMBAJ/page/n30">28</a>. Retrieved 30 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rotarian&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Rotary+International&rft.date=1996-02&rft.aulast=International&rft.aufirst=Rotary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_JjEEAAAAMBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2013" class="citation book cs1">Ross, Alan (17 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bur02Vwn9jgC&pg=PT20">After Pusan</a>. Faber & Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-29935-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-29935-5"><bdi>978-0-571-29935-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161204035311/https://books.google.com/books?id=bur02Vwn9jgC&pg=PT20">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+Pusan&rft.pub=Faber+%26+Faber&rft.date=2013-01-17&rft.isbn=978-0-571-29935-5&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbur02Vwn9jgC%26pg%3DPT20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMason" class="citation web cs1">Mason, David A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161003092928/http://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/Column/view?articleId=109953">"Gyeongju, Korea's treasure house"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Korea.net" title="Korea.net">Korea.net</a>. <a href="/wiki/Korean_Culture_and_Information_Service" title="Korean Culture and Information Service">Korean Culture and Information Service</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/Column/view?articleId=109953">the original</a> on 3 October 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Korea.net&rft.atitle=Gyeongju%2C+Korea%27s+treasure+house&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.korea.net%2FNewsFocus%2FColumn%2Fview%3FarticleId%3D109953&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams1986" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Edward Ben (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=riLrAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Kyongju+City+became+one+of+the+most+influential+centers+of+Asia+and+fourth+largest+city+in+the+ancient+world+during+this+period%22">Koreaʾs pottery heritage</a>. Seoul International Pub. House. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788985113069" title="Special:BookSources/9788985113069"><bdi>9788985113069</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea%CA%BEs+pottery+heritage&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Seoul+International+Pub.+House&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=9788985113069&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Edward+Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DriLrAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522Kyongju%2BCity%2Bbecame%2Bone%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bmost%2Binfluential%2Bcenters%2Bof%2BAsia%2Band%2Bfourth%2Blargest%2Bcity%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bancient%2Bworld%2Bduring%2Bthis%2Bperiod%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunGreen2006" class="citation book cs1">Mun, Chanju; Green, Ronald S. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=au1oD1kKv94C&q=%22Korean+Buddhist+monks+such+as+Woncheuk%2C+Wonhyo+and+Uisang+enjoyed+a+very+high+fame+among+Chinese+Buddhists%22">Buddhist Exploration of Peace and Justice</a>. Blue Pine Books. p. 147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9777553-0-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9777553-0-1"><bdi>978-0-9777553-0-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 29 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Exploration+of+Peace+and+Justice&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Blue+Pine+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-9777553-0-1&rft.aulast=Mun&rft.aufirst=Chanju&rft.au=Green%2C+Ronald+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dau1oD1kKv94C%26q%3D%2522Korean%2BBuddhist%2Bmonks%2Bsuch%2Bas%2BWoncheuk%252C%2BWonhyo%2Band%2BUisang%2Benjoyed%2Ba%2Bvery%2Bhigh%2Bfame%2Bamong%2BChinese%2BBuddhists%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcIntireBurns2010" class="citation book cs1">McIntire, Suzanne; Burns, William E. (2010-06-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L-6ghsWDMTAC&q=%22Korean+thinkers+made+reciprocal+contributions+to+Chinese+Buddhism%22">Speeches in World History</a>. Infobase Publishing. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2680-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2680-7"><bdi>978-1-4381-2680-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 29 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Speeches+in+World+History&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2010-06-25&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-2680-7&rft.aulast=McIntire&rft.aufirst=Suzanne&rft.au=Burns%2C+William+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL-6ghsWDMTAC%26q%3D%2522Korean%2Bthinkers%2Bmade%2Breciprocal%2Bcontributions%2Bto%2BChinese%2BBuddhism%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuswellLopez2013" class="citation book cs1">Buswell, Robert E. Jr.; Lopez, Donald S. Jr. (2013-11-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DXN2AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA187">The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism</a>. Princeton University Press. p. 187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4805-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4805-8"><bdi>978-1-4008-4805-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161203201712/https://books.google.com/books?id=DXN2AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA187">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2016. Retrieved 29 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Princeton+Dictionary+of+Buddhism&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013-11-24&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-4805-8&rft.aulast=Buswell&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.+Jr.&rft.au=Lopez%2C+Donald+S.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDXN2AAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoceski2007" class="citation book cs1">Poceski, Mario (2007-04-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5fwRXrVPh-cC&pg=PA24">Ordinary Mind as the Way: The Hongzhou School and the Growth of Chan Buddhism</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-804320-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-804320-1"><bdi>978-0-19-804320-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161204022820/https://books.google.com/books?id=5fwRXrVPh-cC&pg=PA24">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2016. Retrieved 29 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ordinary+Mind+as+the+Way%3A+The+Hongzhou+School+and+the+Growth+of+Chan+Buddhism&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007-04-13&rft.isbn=978-0-19-804320-1&rft.aulast=Poceski&rft.aufirst=Mario&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5fwRXrVPh-cC%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWuChia2015" class="citation book cs1">Wu, Jiang; Chia, Lucille (2015-12-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IX7ICgAAQBAJ&pg=PA155">Spreading Buddha's Word in East Asia: The Formation and Transformation of the Chinese Buddhist Canon</a>. Columbia University Press. p. 155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-54019-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-54019-3"><bdi>978-0-231-54019-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161204012709/https://books.google.com/books?id=IX7ICgAAQBAJ&pg=PA155">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2016. Retrieved 29 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spreading+Buddha%27s+Word+in+East+Asia%3A+The+Formation+and+Transformation+of+the+Chinese+Buddhist+Canon&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2015-12-15&rft.isbn=978-0-231-54019-3&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=Jiang&rft.au=Chia%2C+Lucille&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIX7ICgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2004" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Dale S. (2004-03-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JfHQCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT124">The Zen Canon: Understanding the Classic Texts</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-988218-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-988218-2"><bdi>978-0-19-988218-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161204040129/https://books.google.com/books?id=JfHQCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT124">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2016. Retrieved 29 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Zen+Canon%3A+Understanding+the+Classic+Texts&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004-03-25&rft.isbn=978-0-19-988218-2&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Dale+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJfHQCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSu-il2016" class="citation book cs1">Su-il, Jeong (2016-07-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UgOwDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT668">The Silk Road Encyclopedia</a>. Seoul Selection. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62412-076-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62412-076-3"><bdi>978-1-62412-076-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161204030107/https://books.google.com/books?id=UgOwDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT668">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2016. Retrieved 29 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Silk+Road+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Seoul+Selection&rft.date=2016-07-18&rft.isbn=978-1-62412-076-3&rft.aulast=Su-il&rft.aufirst=Jeong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUgOwDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT668&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNikaido2015" class="citation book cs1">Nikaido, Yoshihiro (2015-10-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TozUCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA137">Asian Folk Religion and Cultural Interaction</a>. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8470-0485-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8470-0485-1"><bdi>978-3-8470-0485-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161204040811/https://books.google.com/books?id=TozUCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA137">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2016. Retrieved 29 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asian+Folk+Religion+and+Cultural+Interaction&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=2015-10-28&rft.isbn=978-3-8470-0485-1&rft.aulast=Nikaido&rft.aufirst=Yoshihiro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTozUCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeffmanLewisAtiyah2003" class="citation book cs1">Leffman, David; Lewis, Simon; Atiyah, Jeremy (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dA_QbQiZkB4C&pg=PA519">China</a>. Rough Guides. p. 519. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84353-019-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84353-019-0"><bdi>978-1-84353-019-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161204083511/https://books.google.com/books?id=dA_QbQiZkB4C&pg=PA519">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2016. Retrieved 29 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China&rft.pages=519&rft.pub=Rough+Guides&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-84353-019-0&rft.aulast=Leffman&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Simon&rft.au=Atiyah%2C+Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdA_QbQiZkB4C%26pg%3DPA519&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeffman2014" class="citation book cs1">Leffman, David (2014-06-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FjqJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT509">The Rough Guide to China</a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-01037-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-01037-2"><bdi>978-0-241-01037-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161204012702/https://books.google.com/books?id=FjqJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT509">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2016. Retrieved 29 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rough+Guide+to+China&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2014-06-02&rft.isbn=978-0-241-01037-2&rft.aulast=Leffman&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFjqJAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT509&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rm7XCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA240">DK Eyewitness Travel Guide: China</a>. Penguin. 2016-06-21. p. 240. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4654-5567-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4654-5567-3"><bdi>978-1-4654-5567-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161203201856/https://books.google.com/books?id=rm7XCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA240">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2016. Retrieved 29 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=DK+Eyewitness+Travel+Guide%3A+China&rft.pages=240&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2016-06-21&rft.isbn=978-1-4654-5567-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drm7XCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005266–269-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005266–269_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeeParkYoon2005">Lee, Park & Yoon 2005</a>, pp. 266–269. </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> Old records of Silla 新羅古記(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Silla_kogi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silla kogi (page does not exist)">Silla kogi</a> [<a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%A0%EB%9D%BC%EA%B3%A0%EA%B8%B0" class="extiw" title="ko:신라고기">ko</a>]): ... 高麗舊將祚榮 </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> Rhymed Chronicles of Sovereigns 帝王韻紀(<a href="/wiki/Jewang_ungi" title="Jewang ungi">Jewang ungi</a>): ... 前麗舊將大祚榮 </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> Solitary Cloud 孤雲集(Gounjib): ... 渤海之源流也句驪未滅之時本爲疣贅部落靺羯之屬寔繁有徒是名栗末小蕃甞逐句驪, 內徙其首領乞四羽及大祚榮等至武后臨朝之際自營州作孼而逃輒據荒丘始稱振國時有句驪遺燼勿吉雜流梟音則嘯聚白山鴟義則喧張黑姶與契丹濟惡旋於突厥通謀萬里耨苗累拒渡遼之轍十年食葚晚陳降漢之旗. </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> Solitary Cloud 孤雲集(Gounjip): ... 其酋長大祚榮, 始受臣藩第五品大阿餐之秩 </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> Comprehensive Institutions 通典(<a href="/wiki/Tongdian" title="Tongdian">Tongdian</a>): ... 渤海夲栗末靺鞨至其酋祚榮立國自號震旦, 先天中玄宗王子始去靺鞨號專稱渤海 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005244–248-158">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005244–248_158-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005244–248_158-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005244–248_158-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeeParkYoon2005">Lee, Park & Yoon 2005</a>, pp. 244–248. </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInjaeMillerJinhoonHyun-Hae2014" class="citation book cs1">Injae, Lee; Miller, Owen; Jinhoon, Park; Hyun-Hae, Yi (2014-12-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=46OTBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA64">Korean History in Maps</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 64–65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-09846-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-09846-6"><bdi>978-1-107-09846-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170225054603/https://books.google.com/books?id=46OTBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA64">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2017. Retrieved 24 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korean+History+in+Maps&rft.pages=64-65&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014-12-15&rft.isbn=978-1-107-09846-6&rft.aulast=Injae&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft.au=Miller%2C+Owen&rft.au=Jinhoon%2C+Park&rft.au=Hyun-Hae%2C+Yi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D46OTBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Worden-160">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Worden_160-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Worden_160-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ybmFuqReAqUC&pg=PA12">North Korea: A Country Study</a>. Government Printing Office. 2011-04-21. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-16-088278-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-16-088278-4"><bdi>978-0-16-088278-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170314071321/https://books.google.com/books?id=ybmFuqReAqUC&pg=PA12">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2017. Retrieved 13 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=North+Korea%3A+A+Country+Study&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=2011-04-21&rft.isbn=978-0-16-088278-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DybmFuqReAqUC%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF이상각2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">이상각 (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LonnCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT25"><bdi lang="ko">고려사 - 열정과 자존의 오백년</bdi></a> (in Korean). 들녘. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9791159250248" title="Special:BookSources/9791159250248"><bdi>9791159250248</bdi></a>. Retrieved 23 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%EA%B3%A0%EB%A0%A4%EC%82%AC+-+%EC%97%B4%EC%A0%95%EA%B3%BC+%EC%9E%90%EC%A1%B4%EC%9D%98+%EC%98%A4%EB%B0%B1%EB%85%84&rft.pub=%EB%93%A4%EB%85%98&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9791159250248&rft.au=%EC%9D%B4%EC%83%81%EA%B0%81&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLonnCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2_건국―호족들과의_제휴-162">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2_건국―호족들과의_제휴_162-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2_건국―호족들과의_제휴_162-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://contents.history.go.kr/front/nh/view.do?levelId=nh_011_0040_0030_0020_0020">"(2) 건국―호족들과의 제휴"</a>. 우리역사넷 (in Korean). <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Korean_History" title="National Institute of Korean History">National Institute of Korean History</a>. Retrieved 23 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%EC%9A%B0%EB%A6%AC%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC%EB%84%B7&rft.atitle=%282%29+%EA%B1%B4%EA%B5%AD%E2%80%95%ED%98%B8%EC%A1%B1%EB%93%A4%EA%B3%BC%EC%9D%98+%EC%A0%9C%ED%9C%B4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontents.history.go.kr%2Ffront%2Fnh%2Fview.do%3FlevelId%3Dnh_011_0040_0030_0020_0020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script">Lee, Sang-Do. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://m.cpbc.co.kr/paper/view.php?cid=598022&path=201510"><bdi lang="ko">[평화칼럼] 발해 유민(遺民)과 꼬마 난민(難民) '쿠르디'</bdi></a>. Catholic Peace Newspaper. Retrieved 8 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Peace+Newspaper&rft.atitle=%5B%ED%8F%89%ED%99%94%EC%B9%BC%EB%9F%BC%5D+%EB%B0%9C%ED%95%B4+%EC%9C%A0%EB%AF%BC%28%E9%81%BA%E6%B0%91%29%EA%B3%BC+%EA%BC%AC%EB%A7%88+%EB%82%9C%EB%AF%BC%28%E9%9B%A3%E6%B0%91%29+%27%EC%BF%A0%EB%A5%B4%EB%94%94%27&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Sang-Do&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fm.cpbc.co.kr%2Fpaper%2Fview.php%3Fcid%3D598022%26path%3D201510&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF김" class="citation book cs1">김, 위현. 渤海遺民의 再建運動 : 後渤海와 大渤海.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%B8%A4%E6%B5%B7%E9%81%BA%E6%B0%91%EC%9D%98+%E5%86%8D%E5%BB%BA%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95+%3A+%E5%BE%8C%E6%B8%A4%E6%B5%B7%EC%99%80+%E5%A4%A7%E6%B8%A4%E6%B5%B7&rft.aulast=%EA%B9%80&rft.aufirst=%EC%9C%84%ED%98%84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF나2017" class="citation book cs1">나, 영남 (2017). 《요·금시대 이민족 지배와 발해인》. 외대 역사문화 연구총서. History and Culture Research Series at the University of Foreign Studies.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%EC%9A%94%C2%B7%EA%B8%88%EC%8B%9C%EB%8C%80+%EC%9D%B4%EB%AF%BC%EC%A1%B1+%EC%A7%80%EB%B0%B0%EC%99%80+%EB%B0%9C%ED%95%B4%EC%9D%B8%E3%80%8B.+%EC%99%B8%EB%8C%80+%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC%EB%AC%B8%ED%99%94+%EC%97%B0%EA%B5%AC%EC%B4%9D%EC%84%9C&rft.pub=History+and+Culture+Research+Series+at+the+University+of+Foreign+Studies&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=%EB%82%98&rft.aufirst=%EC%98%81%EB%82%A8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encykorea.aks.ac.kr/Contents/Item/E0065743"><bdi lang="ko">후삼국시대(後三國時代)</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Korean_Culture" title="Encyclopedia of Korean Culture">Encyclopedia of Korean Culture</a> (in Korean). <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Korean_Studies" title="Academy of Korean Studies">Academy of Korean Studies</a>. Retrieved 31 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+Korean+Culture&rft.atitle=%ED%9B%84%EC%82%BC%EA%B5%AD%EC%8B%9C%EB%8C%80%28%E5%BE%8C%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%8B%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencykorea.aks.ac.kr%2FContents%2FItem%2FE0065743&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180401075436/https://www.culturecontent.com/content/contentView.do?search_div=CP_THE&search_div_id=CP_THE009&cp_code=cp0208&index_id=cp02081440&content_id=cp020814400001"><bdi lang="ko">일리천(一利川)전투</bdi></a>. 문화콘텐츠닷컴 (in Korean). Korea Creative Content Agency. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.culturecontent.com/content/contentView.do?search_div=CP_THE&search_div_id=CP_THE009&cp_code=cp0208&index_id=cp02081440&content_id=cp020814400001">the original</a> on 1 April 2018. Retrieved 31 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%EB%AC%B8%ED%99%94%EC%BD%98%ED%85%90%EC%B8%A0%EB%8B%B7%EC%BB%B4&rft.atitle=%EC%9D%BC%EB%A6%AC%EC%B2%9C%28%E4%B8%80%E5%88%A9%E5%B7%9D%29%EC%A0%84%ED%88%AC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.culturecontent.com%2Fcontent%2FcontentView.do%3Fsearch_div%3DCP_THE%26search_div_id%3DCP_THE009%26cp_code%3Dcp0208%26index_id%3Dcp02081440%26content_id%3Dcp020814400001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF이상각2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">이상각 (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LonnCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT25"><bdi lang="ko">고려사 – 열정과 자존의 오백년</bdi></a> (in Korean). 들녘. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-11-5925-024-8" title="Special:BookSources/979-11-5925-024-8"><bdi>979-11-5925-024-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 23 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%EA%B3%A0%EB%A0%A4%EC%82%AC+%E2%80%93+%EC%97%B4%EC%A0%95%EA%B3%BC+%EC%9E%90%EC%A1%B4%EC%9D%98+%EC%98%A4%EB%B0%B1%EB%85%84&rft.pub=%EB%93%A4%EB%85%98&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=979-11-5925-024-8&rft.au=%EC%9D%B4%EC%83%81%EA%B0%81&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLonnCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF장덕호2015" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">장덕호 (1 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180323092501/http://news.joins.com/article/17253437"><bdi lang="ko">한반도 중심에 터 닦으니 화합·통합의 새시대 '활짝'</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JoongAng_Ilbo" title="JoongAng Ilbo">JoongAng Ilbo</a> (in Korean). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.joins.com/article/17253437">the original</a> on 23 March 2018. Retrieved 31 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JoongAng+Ilbo&rft.atitle=%ED%95%9C%EB%B0%98%EB%8F%84+%EC%A4%91%EC%8B%AC%EC%97%90+%ED%84%B0+%EB%8B%A6%EC%9C%BC%EB%8B%88+%ED%99%94%ED%95%A9%C2%B7%ED%86%B5%ED%95%A9%EC%9D%98+%EC%83%88%EC%8B%9C%EB%8C%80+%27%ED%99%9C%EC%A7%9D%27&rft.date=2015-03-01&rft.au=%EC%9E%A5%EB%8D%95%ED%98%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.joins.com%2Farticle%2F17253437&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF박2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">박, 종기 (2015-08-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qn6TCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT59"><bdi lang="ko">고려사의 재발견: 한반도 역사상 가장 개방적이고 역동적인 500년 고려 역사를 만나다</bdi></a> (in Korean). 휴머니스트. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-89-5862-902-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-89-5862-902-3"><bdi>978-89-5862-902-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 27 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%EA%B3%A0%EB%A0%A4%EC%82%AC%EC%9D%98+%EC%9E%AC%EB%B0%9C%EA%B2%AC%3A+%ED%95%9C%EB%B0%98%EB%8F%84+%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC%EC%83%81+%EA%B0%80%EC%9E%A5+%EA%B0%9C%EB%B0%A9%EC%A0%81%EC%9D%B4%EA%B3%A0+%EC%97%AD%EB%8F%99%EC%A0%81%EC%9D%B8+500%EB%85%84+%EA%B3%A0%EB%A0%A4+%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC%EB%A5%BC+%EB%A7%8C%EB%82%98%EB%8B%A4&rft.pub=%ED%9C%B4%EB%A8%B8%EB%8B%88%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8&rft.date=2015-08-24&rft.isbn=978-89-5862-902-3&rft.aulast=%EB%B0%95&rft.aufirst=%EC%A2%85%EA%B8%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQn6TCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005266-171"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005266_171-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeeParkYoon2005">Lee, Park & Yoon 2005</a>, p. 266. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee,_Ki-baik1984[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidg2mdVwXpMzwCpgPA103_103]-172"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee,_Ki-baik1984[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidg2mdVwXpMzwCpgPA103_103]_172-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLee,_Ki-baik1984">Lee, Ki-baik 1984</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g2mdVwXpMzwC&pg=PA103">103</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKim,_Djun_Kil2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidci_iGuAAqmsCpgPA57_57]-173"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKim,_Djun_Kil2005[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidci_iGuAAqmsCpgPA57_57]_173-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKim,_Djun_Kil2005">Kim, Djun Kil 2005</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ci_iGuAAqmsC&pg=PA57">57</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrayson2013" class="citation book cs1">Grayson, James H. (2013-11-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LU78AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA79">Korea – A Religious History</a>. Routledge. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-86925-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-86925-9"><bdi>978-1-136-86925-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 20 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea+%E2%80%93+A+Religious+History&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-11-05&rft.isbn=978-1-136-86925-9&rft.aulast=Grayson&rft.aufirst=James+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLU78AQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossabi1983" class="citation book cs1">Rossabi, Morris (1983-05-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sNpD5UKmkswC&q=%22As+the+self-proclaimed+successor+to+Koguryo+and+the+protector+of+Parhae+refugees%2C+many+of+them+of+Koguryo+origin%2C+Koryo+considered+the+northern+territories+in+Manchuria+its+rightful+legacy.%22">China Among Equals: The Middle Kingdom and Its Neighbors, 10th–14th Centuries</a>. University of California Press. p. 323. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04562-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04562-0"><bdi>978-0-520-04562-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 31 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+Among+Equals%3A+The+Middle+Kingdom+and+Its+Neighbors%2C+10th%E2%80%9314th+Centuries&rft.pages=323&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1983-05-20&rft.isbn=978-0-520-04562-0&rft.aulast=Rossabi&rft.aufirst=Morris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsNpD5UKmkswC%26q%3D%2522As%2Bthe%2Bself-proclaimed%2Bsuccessor%2Bto%2BKoguryo%2Band%2Bthe%2Bprotector%2Bof%2BParhae%2Brefugees%252C%2Bmany%2Bof%2Bthem%2Bof%2BKoguryo%2Borigin%252C%2BKoryo%2Bconsidered%2Bthe%2Bnorthern%2Bterritories%2Bin%2BManchuria%2Bits%2Brightful%2Blegacy.%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssociation_of_Korean_History_Teachers2005a120–121-176"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssociation_of_Korean_History_Teachers2005a120–121_176-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAssociation_of_Korean_History_Teachers2005a">Association of Korean History Teachers 2005a</a>, pp. 120–121. </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> (in Korean) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120701103923/http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=151665">Korea</a> at <a href="/wiki/Doosan_Encyclopedia" title="Doosan Encyclopedia">Doosan Encyclopedia</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005360–361-178"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005360–361_178-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeeParkYoon2005">Lee, Park & Yoon 2005</a>, pp. 360–361. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssociation_of_Korean_History_Teachers2005a122–123-179"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssociation_of_Korean_History_Teachers2005a122–123_179-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAssociation_of_Korean_History_Teachers2005a">Association of Korean History Teachers 2005a</a>, pp. 122–123. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005309–312-180"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005309–312_180-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeeParkYoon2005">Lee, Park & Yoon 2005</a>, pp. 309–312. </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/asian/guide/guide-korean.html">"Korean Classics : Asian Collections: An Illustrated Guide (Library of Congress – Asian Division)"</a>. Library of Congress. United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161026173540/https://www.loc.gov/rr/asian/guide/guide-korean.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2016. Retrieved 19 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=Korean+Classics+%3A+Asian+Collections%3A+An+Illustrated+Guide+%28Library+of+Congress+%E2%80%93+Asian+Division%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Frr%2Fasian%2Fguide%2Fguide-korean.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/learning/timeline/item100565.html">"Gutenberg Bible"</a>. British Library. The British Library Board. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161025033159/http://www.bl.uk/learning/timeline/item100565.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2016. Retrieved 19 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Library&rft.atitle=Gutenberg+Bible&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Flearning%2Ftimeline%2Fitem100565.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/07/eak.html">"Korea, 1000–1400 A.D."</a> Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818174906/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/07/eak.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2016. Retrieved 19 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Heilbrunn+Timeline+of+Art+History&rft.atitle=Korea%2C+1000%E2%80%931400+A.D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fht%2F07%2Feak.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100213284">"Movable type – Oxford Reference"</a>. Oxford Reference. Oxford University Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161026154750/http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100213284">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2016. Retrieved 19 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Reference&rft.atitle=Movable+type+%E2%80%93+Oxford+Reference&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Foi%2Fauthority.20110803100213284&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbreyWalthall2013" class="citation book cs1">Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Anne (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QfkWAAAAQBAJ">East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History</a>. Cengage Learning. p. 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-285-52867-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-285-52867-0"><bdi>978-1-285-52867-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 19 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+Asia%3A+A+Cultural%2C+Social%2C+and+Political+History&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-285-52867-0&rft.aulast=Ebrey&rft.aufirst=Patricia+Buckley&rft.au=Walthall%2C+Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQfkWAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBullietCrossleyHeadrickHirsch2014" class="citation book cs1">Bulliet, Richard; Crossley, Pamela; Headrick, Daniel; Hirsch, Steven; Johnson, Lyman (January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E9sbCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA264">The Earth and Its Peoples, Brief: A Global History</a>. Cengage Learning. p. 264. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-285-44551-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-285-44551-9"><bdi>978-1-285-44551-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161204014520/https://books.google.com/books?id=E9sbCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA264">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2016. Retrieved 12 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Earth+and+Its+Peoples%2C+Brief%3A+A+Global+History&rft.pages=264&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2014-01&rft.isbn=978-1-285-44551-9&rft.aulast=Bulliet&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Crossley%2C+Pamela&rft.au=Headrick%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Hirsch%2C+Steven&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Lyman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE9sbCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2000" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Warren I. (2000-12-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Okjd2rDwb8IC&pg=PA107">East Asia at the Center: Four Thousand Years of Engagement with the World</a>. Columbia University Press. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-50251-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-50251-1"><bdi>978-0-231-50251-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161204045851/https://books.google.com/books?id=Okjd2rDwb8IC&pg=PA107">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2016. Retrieved 12 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+Asia+at+the+Center%3A+Four+Thousand+Years+of+Engagement+with+the+World&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2000-12-20&rft.isbn=978-0-231-50251-1&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Warren+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOkjd2rDwb8IC%26pg%3DPA107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXrZQs-6KswMCpgPA61_61]-188"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee1997[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXrZQs-6KswMCpgPA61_61]_188-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLee1997">Lee 1997</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XrZQs-6KswMC&pg=PA61">61</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowman2000" class="citation book cs1">Bowman, John (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/columbiachronolo00john">Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture</a>. Columbia University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/columbiachronolo00john/page/202">202</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-50004-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-50004-3"><bdi>978-0-231-50004-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 31 July 2016. <q>The Mongolian-Khitan invasions of the late tenth century challenge the stability of the Koryo government, but a period of prosperity follows the defeat of the Khitan in 1018..</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Columbia+Chronologies+of+Asian+History+and+Culture&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-231-50004-3&rft.aulast=Bowman&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcolumbiachronolo00john&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mongols-190">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mongols_190-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mongols_190-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mongols_190-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLee1997">Lee 1997</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XrZQs-6KswMC&pg=PA72">72</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005343–350-191"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005343–350_191-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeeParkYoon2005">Lee, Park & Yoon 2005</a>, pp. 343–350. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssociation_of_Korean_History_Teachers2005a142–145-192"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssociation_of_Korean_History_Teachers2005a142–145_192-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAssociation_of_Korean_History_Teachers2005a">Association of Korean History Teachers 2005a</a>, pp. 142–145. </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurrie2013" class="citation book cs1">Currie, Lorenzo (November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hONCAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA181">Through the Eyes of the Pack</a>. Xlibris Corporation. p. 181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4931-4516-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4931-4516-4"><bdi>978-1-4931-4516-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161203222325/https://books.google.com/books?id=hONCAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA181">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2016. Retrieved 28 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Through+the+Eyes+of+the+Pack&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=Xlibris+Corporation&rft.date=2013-11&rft.isbn=978-1-4931-4516-4&rft.aulast=Currie&rft.aufirst=Lorenzo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhONCAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">self-published source</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005351–353-194"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005351–353_194-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeeParkYoon2005">Lee, Park & Yoon 2005</a>, pp. 351–353. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssociation_of_Korean_History_Teachers2005a152–155-195"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssociation_of_Korean_History_Teachers2005a152–155_195-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAssociation_of_Korean_History_Teachers2005a">Association of Korean History Teachers 2005a</a>, pp. 152–155. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005369–370-196"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005369–370_196-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeeParkYoon2005">Lee, Park & Yoon 2005</a>, pp. 369–370. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee,_Ki-baik1984[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidg2mdVwXpMzwCq22YiSong-gyenamedhisdynastyChoson22_165]-197"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee,_Ki-baik1984[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidg2mdVwXpMzwCq22YiSong-gyenamedhisdynastyChoson22_165]_197-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLee,_Ki-baik1984">Lee, Ki-baik 1984</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g2mdVwXpMzwC&q=%22Yi+Song-gye+named+his+dynasty+Choson%22">165</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssociation_of_Korean_History_Teachers2005a160–163-199"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssociation_of_Korean_History_Teachers2005a160–163_199-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAssociation_of_Korean_History_Teachers2005a">Association of Korean History Teachers 2005a</a>, pp. 160–163. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005371–375-200"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005371–375_200-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeeParkYoon2005">Lee, Park & Yoon 2005</a>, pp. 371–375. </li> <li id="cite_note-JoseonGold-201">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JoseonGold_201-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-JoseonGold_201-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLee1997">Lee 1997</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XrZQs-6KswMC&pg=PA86">86</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hangul-202">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hangul_202-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hangul_202-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.korean.go.kr/hangeul/setting/002.html"><bdi lang="ko">알고 싶은 한글</bdi></a> [The Korean That I Want to Know]. <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Korean_Language" title="National Institute of Korean Language">National Institute of Korean Language</a>. Retrieved 4 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Institute+of+Korean+Language&rft.atitle=%EC%95%8C%EA%B3%A0+%EC%8B%B6%EC%9D%80+%ED%95%9C%EA%B8%80&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.korean.go.kr%2Fhangeul%2Fsetting%2F002.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaralambousHorne2007" class="citation book cs1">Haralambous, Yannis; Horne, P. Scott (26 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qrElYgVLDwYC&pg=PA155">Fonts & Encodings</a>. "O'Reilly Media, Inc.". p. 155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-596-10242-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-596-10242-5"><bdi>978-0-596-10242-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170117062415/https://books.google.com/books?id=qrElYgVLDwYC&pg=PA155">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2017. Retrieved 8 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fonts+%26+Encodings&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=%22O%27Reilly+Media%2C+Inc.%22&rft.date=2007-09-26&rft.isbn=978-0-596-10242-5&rft.aulast=Haralambous&rft.aufirst=Yannis&rft.au=Horne%2C+P.+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqrElYgVLDwYC%26pg%3DPA155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelin2013" class="citation book cs1">Selin, Helaine (11 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GzjpCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA505">Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Westen Cultures</a>. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 505–506. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-017-1416-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-017-1416-7"><bdi>978-94-017-1416-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161204033148/https://books.google.com/books?id=GzjpCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA505">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2016. Retrieved 27 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+the+History+of+Science%2C+Technology%2C+and+Medicine+in+Non-Westen+Cultures&rft.pages=505-506&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2013-11-11&rft.isbn=978-94-017-1416-7&rft.aulast=Selin&rft.aufirst=Helaine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGzjpCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA505&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005413–416-205"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005413–416_205-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeeParkYoon2005">Lee, Park & Yoon 2005</a>, pp. 413–416. </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> Foreword by William Haboush, in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaHyun_Kim_Haboush2016" class="citation book cs1">JaHyun Kim Haboush (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v8B1CwAAQBAJ&pg=PT9">The Great East Asian War and the Birth of the Korean Nation</a>. Columbia UP. p. ix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-54098-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-54098-8"><bdi>978-0-231-54098-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+East+Asian+War+and+the+Birth+of+the+Korean+Nation&rft.pages=ix&rft.pub=Columbia+UP&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-231-54098-8&rft.au=JaHyun+Kim+Haboush&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv8B1CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o-WlUd3cjh0C&pg=PT98">A Brief History of Korea</a>. Ewha Womans University Press. January 2005. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-89-7300-619-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-89-7300-619-9"><bdi>978-89-7300-619-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 23 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Korea&rft.pub=Ewha+Womans+University+Press&rft.date=2005-01&rft.isbn=978-89-7300-619-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do-WlUd3cjh0C%26pg%3DPT98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005421–424-208"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005421–424_208-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeeParkYoon2005">Lee, Park & Yoon 2005</a>, pp. 421–424. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005469–470-209"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005469–470_209-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeeParkYoon2005">Lee, Park & Yoon 2005</a>, pp. 469–470. </li> <li id="cite_note-Yangban-210"><a href="#cite_ref-Yangban_210-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeenstraHamilton2006" class="citation book cs1">Feenstra, Robert C.; Hamilton, Gary G. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nC1vk7tTdRE">Emergent Economies, Divergent Paths: Economic Organization and International Trade in South Korea and Taiwan</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62209-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62209-7"><bdi>978-0-521-62209-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 21 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emergent+Economies%2C+Divergent+Paths%3A+Economic+Organization+and+International+Trade+in+South+Korea+and+Taiwan&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-62209-7&rft.aulast=Feenstra&rft.aufirst=Robert+C.&rft.au=Hamilton%2C+Gary+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnC1vk7tTdRE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> Ryu Dae Young, "Treaties, Extraterritorial Rights, and American Protestant Missions in Late Joseon Korea." Korea Journal 43.1 (2003): 174–203. </li> <li id="cite_note-Religion-212"><a href="#cite_ref-Religion_212-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWessinger2016" class="citation book cs1">Wessinger, Catherine (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zgUTDAAAQBAJ">The Oxford Handbook of Millennialism</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 331–32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-061194-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-061194-1"><bdi>978-0-19-061194-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 21 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Millennialism&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=331-32&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-061194-1&rft.aulast=Wessinger&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzgUTDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-queen_min-213"><a href="#cite_ref-queen_min_213-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?_r=1&res=940CE7DC1139E033A25753C1A9679D94649ED7CF">Characteristics of Queen of Korea</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170822223055/https://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?_r=1&res=940CE7DC1139E033A25753C1A9679D94649ED7CF">Archived</a> 2017-08-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> 10 November 1895 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005391–401-214"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005391–401_214-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeeParkYoon2005">Lee, Park & Yoon 2005</a>, pp. 391–401. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssociation_of_Korean_History_Teachers2005a168–173-215"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssociation_of_Korean_History_Teachers2005a168–173_215-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAssociation_of_Korean_History_Teachers2005a">Association of Korean History Teachers 2005a</a>, pp. 168–173. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005387–389-216"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005387–389_216-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeeParkYoon2005">Lee, Park & Yoon 2005</a>, pp. 387–389. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005435–437-217"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005435–437_217-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeeParkYoon2005">Lee, Park & Yoon 2005</a>, pp. 435–437. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawley2005195f-218"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawley2005195f_218-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHawley2005">Hawley 2005</a>, p. 195f. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurnbull2002244-219"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurnbull2002244_219-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurnbull2002">Turnbull 2002</a>, p. 244. </li> <li id="cite_note-Roh_2004,_13-220"><a href="#cite_ref-Roh_2004,_13_220-0">^</a> Roh, Young-koo: "Yi Sun-shin, an Admiral Who Became a Myth", The Review of Korean Studies, Vol. 7, No. 3 (2004), p.13 </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://contents.history.go.kr/mobile/nh/view.do?levelId=nh_037_0020_0010_0010_0020">"Joseon Dynasty and Qing Dynasty: Blue Dependency"</a>. Uri history net.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Uri+history+net&rft.atitle=Joseon+Dynasty+and+Qing+Dynasty%3A+Blue+Dependency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontents.history.go.kr%2Fmobile%2Fnh%2Fview.do%3FlevelId%3Dnh_037_0020_0010_0010_0020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeth2010225-222"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeth2010225_222-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeth2010">Seth 2010</a>, p. 225. </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaryong_Kim1963" class="citation journal cs1">Haryong Kim (1963). "Problems of the Modernization of Korea: The Modernization of Korean Politics". Asiatic Research Bulletin. 6 (8): 1–6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asiatic+Research+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Problems+of+the+Modernization+of+Korea%3A+The+Modernization+of+Korean+Politics&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1-6&rft.date=1963&rft.au=Haryong+Kim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmid200272-224"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmid200272_224-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchmid2002">Schmid 2002</a>, p. 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssociation_of_Korean_History_Teachers2005b43-225"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssociation_of_Korean_History_Teachers2005b43_225-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAssociation_of_Korean_History_Teachers2005b">Association of Korean History Teachers 2005b</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF신2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">신, 명호 (20 April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zB2xAwAAQBAJ&dq=%EC%9C%A4%EC%9B%85%EB%A0%AC&pg=PT611"><bdi lang="ko">왕을 위한 변명</bdi></a> (in Korean). 김영사. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-89-349-5462-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-89-349-5462-0"><bdi>978-89-349-5462-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%EC%99%95%EC%9D%84+%EC%9C%84%ED%95%9C+%EB%B3%80%EB%AA%85&rft.pub=%EA%B9%80%EC%98%81%EC%82%AC&rft.date=2009-04-20&rft.isbn=978-89-349-5462-0&rft.aulast=%EC%8B%A0&rft.aufirst=%EB%AA%85%ED%98%B8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzB2xAwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%25EC%259C%25A4%25EC%259B%2585%25EB%25A0%25AC%26pg%3DPT611&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeritable_Records_of_Joseon_Dynasty" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script">Veritable Records of Joseon Dynasty. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sillok.history.go.kr/id/kza_13302011_001"><bdi lang="ko">러시아 공사관으로 주필을 이어하다</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/Veritable_Records_of_the_Joseon_Dynasty" title="Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty">Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty</a>. Retrieved 27 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Veritable+Records+of+the+Joseon+Dynasty&rft.atitle=%EB%9F%AC%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84+%EA%B3%B5%EC%82%AC%EA%B4%80%EC%9C%BC%EB%A1%9C+%EC%A3%BC%ED%95%84%EC%9D%84+%EC%9D%B4%EC%96%B4%ED%95%98%EB%8B%A4&rft.au=Veritable+Records+of+Joseon+Dynasty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsillok.history.go.kr%2Fid%2Fkza_13302011_001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2012" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kim, Yong Chan (October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140313001720/http://www.ritsumei.ac.jp/acd/re/k-rsc/ras/04_publications/ria_ja/36_09.pdf">"A Study of Functionality of the "Symbol" on Nationalism in Modern Korea: Activities of the Independence Club and the Independence Arch (1896–1899)"</a> (PDF). Ritsumeikan Journal of International Relations and Area Studies (in Japanese). 36: 189–205. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ritsumei.ac.jp/acd/re/k-rsc/ras/04_publications/ria_ja/36_09.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on March 13, 2014. Retrieved January 21, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ritsumeikan+Journal+of+International+Relations+and+Area+Studies&rft.atitle=A+Study+of+Functionality+of+the+%22Symbol%22+on+Nationalism+in+Modern+Korea%3A+Activities+of+the+Independence+Club+and+the+Independence+Arch+%281896%E2%80%931899%29&rft.volume=36&rft.pages=189-205&rft.date=2012-10&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Yong+Chan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ritsumei.ac.jp%2Facd%2Fre%2Fk-rsc%2Fras%2F04_publications%2Fria_ja%2F36_09.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssociation_of_Korean_History_Teachers2005b51–55-229"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssociation_of_Korean_History_Teachers2005b51–55_229-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAssociation_of_Korean_History_Teachers2005b">Association of Korean History Teachers 2005b</a>, pp. 51–55. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAssociation_of_Korean_History_Teachers2005b58–61-230"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAssociation_of_Korean_History_Teachers2005b58–61_230-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAssociation_of_Korean_History_Teachers2005b">Association of Korean History Teachers 2005b</a>, pp. 58–61. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee,_Ki-baik1984309–317-231"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee,_Ki-baik1984309–317_231-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLee,_Ki-baik1984">Lee, Ki-baik 1984</a>, pp. 309–317. </li> <li id="cite_note-hoare_pares_japanese_rule-232">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hoare_pares_japanese_rule_232-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hoare_pares_japanese_rule_232-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hoare_pares_japanese_rule_232-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoarePares1988">Hoare & Pares 1988</a>, pp. 50–67 </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.korea.net/news.do?mode=detail&guid=45163">An Jung-geun</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190101100357/http://www.korea.net/news.do?mode=detail&guid=45163">Archived</a> 2019-01-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Korea.net </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKawasaki1996" class="citation journal cs1">Kawasaki, Yutaka (July 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.murdoch.edu.au/elaw/issues/v3n2/kawasaki.html">"Was the 1910 Annexation Treaty Between Korea and Japan Concluded Legally?"</a>. Murdoch University Journal of Law. 3 (2). Retrieved 2007-06-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Murdoch+University+Journal+of+Law&rft.atitle=Was+the+1910+Annexation+Treaty+Between+Korea+and+Japan+Concluded+Legally%3F&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.date=1996-07&rft.aulast=Kawasaki&rft.aufirst=Yutaka&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.murdoch.edu.au%2Felaw%2Fissues%2Fv3n2%2Fkawasaki.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2010/05/11/2010051101277.html">Japan's Annexation of Korea 'Unjust and Invalid'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304121002/http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2010/05/11/2010051101277.html">Archived</a> 2016-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Chosun Ilbo, 2010-05-11. Retrieved 2010-07-05. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-236">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_236-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_236-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim1962" class="citation journal cs1">Kim, C. I. Eugene (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/985211">"Japanese Rule in Korea (1905–1910): A Case Study"</a>. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 106 (1): 53–59. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-049X">0003-049X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/985211">985211</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+American+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=Japanese+Rule+in+Korea+%281905%E2%80%931910%29%3A+A+Case+Study&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=53-59&rft.date=1962&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F985211%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0003-049X&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=C.+I.+Eugene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F985211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopfner2014" class="citation book cs1">Hopfner, Jonathan (22 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EhXrBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT35">Moon Living Abroad in South Korea</a>. Avalon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61238-870-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61238-870-0"><bdi>978-1-61238-870-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moon+Living+Abroad+in+South+Korea&rft.pub=Avalon&rft.date=2014-04-22&rft.isbn=978-1-61238-870-0&rft.aulast=Hopfner&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEhXrBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJong-Wha_Lee" class="citation web cs1">Jong-Wha Lee. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://smesindia.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Korea.pdf">"ECONOMIC GROWTH AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN THE REPUBLIC OF KOREA, 1945–1992"</a> (PDF). smesindia.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161114010017/http://smesindia.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Korea.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2016-11-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=smesindia.net&rft.atitle=ECONOMIC+GROWTH+AND+HUMAN+DEVELOPMENT+IN+THE+REPUBLIC+OF+KOREA%2C+1945%E2%80%931992&rft.au=Jong-Wha+Lee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsmesindia.net%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F09%2FKorea.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoshiko_NOZAKI,_Hiromitsu_INOKUCHI_and_Kim_Tae-young" class="citation web cs1">Yoshiko NOZAKI, Hiromitsu INOKUCHI and Kim Tae-young. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070125052048/http://www.japanfocus.org/products/details/2220">"Legal Categories, Demographic Change and Japan's Korean Residents in the Long Twentieth Century"</a>. www.japanfocus.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japanfocus.org/products/details/2220">the original</a> on 25 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.japanfocus.org&rft.atitle=Legal+Categories%2C+Demographic+Change+and+Japan%27s+Korean+Residents+in+the+Long+Twentieth+Century&rft.au=Yoshiko+NOZAKI%2C+Hiromitsu+INOKUCHI+and+Kim+Tae-young&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.japanfocus.org%2Fproducts%2Fdetails%2F2220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetzler2006" class="citation book cs1">Metzler, Mark (2006-03-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=veUlDQAAQBAJ&dq=Korean+currency+abolished+by+Japanese&pg=PA53">Lever of Empire: The International Gold Standard and the Crisis of Liberalism in Prewar Japan</a>. University of California Press. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24420-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24420-7"><bdi>978-0-520-24420-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lever+of+Empire%3A+The+International+Gold+Standard+and+the+Crisis+of+Liberalism+in+Prewar+Japan&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2006-03-13&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24420-7&rft.aulast=Metzler&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DveUlDQAAQBAJ%26dq%3DKorean%2Bcurrency%2Babolished%2Bby%2BJapanese%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2009" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Young-hoon (2009). 大韓民国の物語 (Story of Republic of Korea, Lectures on "Re-acknowledging before and after the liberation). Bungeishunjū. p. 95.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%A4%A7%E9%9F%93%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%AE%E7%89%A9%E8%AA%9E+%28Story+of+Republic+of+Korea%2C+Lectures+on+%22Re-acknowledging+before+and+after+the+liberation%29&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Bungeishunj%C5%AB&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Young-hoon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> (in Korean) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120707043113/http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=722442">After the reconstruction Gyeongbok Palace of 1865–1867</a> at <a href="/wiki/Doosan_Encyclopedia" title="Doosan Encyclopedia">Doosan Encyclopedia</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPark1972" class="citation book cs1">Park, Eun-sik (1972). 朝鮮独立運動の血史 1 (The Bloody History of the Korean Independence Movement). Tōyō Bunko. p. 169.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E3%81%AE%E8%A1%80%E5%8F%B2+1+%28The+Bloody+History+of+the+Korean+Independence+Movement%29&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=T%C5%8Dy%C5%8D+Bunko&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=Eun-sik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9050797?query=march%20first%20movement&ct=">"March 1st Movement"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071211125737/https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9050797?query=march%20first%20movement&ct=">Archived</a> from the original on 2007-12-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=March+1st+Movement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-9050797%3Fquery%3Dmarch%2520first%2520movement%26ct%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee,_Ki-baik1984340–344-246">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee,_Ki-baik1984340–344_246-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee,_Ki-baik1984340–344_246-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLee,_Ki-baik1984">Lee, Ki-baik 1984</a>, pp. 340–344. </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://korea.assembly.go.kr/res/low_01_read.jsp?boardid=1000000035">Constitution of the Republic of Korea: Preamble</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120710041912/http://korea.assembly.go.kr/res/low_01_read.jsp?boardid=1000000035">Archived</a> 2012-07-10 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a>, The <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_the_Republic_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of the Republic of Korea">National Assembly of the Republic of Korea</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> "The New Korea", <a href="/wiki/Alleyne_Ireland" title="Alleyne Ireland">Alleyne Ireland</a> 1926 E.P. Dutton & Company pp.198–199 </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> "The New Korea", <a href="/wiki/Alleyne_Ireland" title="Alleyne Ireland">Alleyne Ireland</a> 1926 E.P. Dutton & Company pp.204,210–211 </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> G.H.Q. U・S Army Forces, Summation of U・S Army Military Government Activities in Korea Vol.2. No.5-16, 1946, p.32 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiyata1992[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_April_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-251"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiyata1992[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_April_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(April_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_251-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiyata1992">Miyata 1992</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> 朝鮮総督府官房文書課編 "諭告・訓示・演述総攬" 1941, p.676 </li> <li id="cite_note-Newsweek-254">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Newsweek_254-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newsweek_254-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKay_ItoiB._J._Lee2007" class="citation magazine cs1">Kay Itoi; B. J. Lee (2007-10-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsweek.com/id/48765/output/print">"Korea: A Tussle over Treasures — Who rightfully owns Korean artifacts looted by Japan?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a>. Retrieved 2008-06-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=Korea%3A+A+Tussle+over+Treasures+%E2%80%94+Who+rightfully+owns+Korean+artifacts+looted+by+Japan%3F&rft.date=2007-10-17&rft.au=Kay+Itoi&rft.au=B.+J.+Lee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fid%2F48765%2Foutput%2Fprint&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2010/01/148_36696.html">Lost treasures make trip home</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160609212755/https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2010/01/148_36696.html">Archived</a> 2016-06-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Korea Times, 2008-12-28. </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> Morgan E. Clippinger, "Problems of the Modernization of Korea: the Development of Modernized Elites Under Japanese Occupation" Asiatic Research Bulletin (1963) 6#6 pp 1–11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005581-257"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeeParkYoon2005581_257-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeeParkYoon2005">Lee, Park & Yoon 2005</a>, p. 581. </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timelines.com/perspectives/161a29f9e4be8f94fbe6e8d306d4e9a2">Cairo Conference is held</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130413142214/http://timelines.com/perspectives/161a29f9e4be8f94fbe6e8d306d4e9a2">Archived</a> 2013-04-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Timelines; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/timeline/factfiles/nonflash/a1140364.shtml">Cairo Conference</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110319223311/http://www.bbc.co.uk/ww2peopleswar/timeline/factfiles/nonflash/a1140364.shtml">Archived</a> 2011-03-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, BBC </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/wwii/yalta.asp">"The Avalon Project : Yalta (Crimea) Conference"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160202234250/http://avalon.law.yale.edu/wwii/yalta.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-02-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Avalon+Project+%3A+Yalta+%28Crimea%29+Conference&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Favalon.law.yale.edu%2Fwwii%2Fyalta.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2007107–108-260"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson2007107–108_260-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobinson2007">Robinson 2007</a>, pp. 107–108. </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/decade19.asp">"Avalon Project – A Decade of American Foreign Policy 1941–1949 – Interim Meeting of Foreign Ministers, Moscow"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090430221645/http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/decade19.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 2009-04-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Avalon+Project+%E2%80%93+A+Decade+of+American+Foreign+Policy+1941%E2%80%931949+%E2%80%93+Interim+Meeting+of+Foreign+Ministers%2C+Moscow&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Favalon.law.yale.edu%2F20th_century%2Fdecade19.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131023061108/http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/043/66/IMG/NR004366.pdf?OpenElement">"Resolution 195, UN Third General Assembly"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/043/66/IMG/NR004366.pdf?OpenElement">the original</a> (PDF) on 2013-10-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Resolution+195%2C+UN+Third+General+Assembly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdaccess-dds-ny.un.org%2Fdoc%2FRESOLUTION%2FGEN%2FNR0%2F043%2F66%2FIMG%2FNR004366.pdf%3FOpenElement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kim_p.45-263"><a href="#cite_ref-Kim_p.45_263-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2014" class="citation book cs1">Kim, Samuel S. (2014). "The Evolving Asian System". International Relations of Asia. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-2641-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-2641-8"><bdi>978-1-4422-2641-8</bdi></a>. <q>With three of the four major Cold War fault lines—divided Germany, divided Korea, divided China, and divided Vietnam—East Asia acquired the dubious distinction of having engendered the largest number of armed conflicts resulting in higher fatalities between 1945 and 1994 than any other region or sub-region. Even in Asia, while Central and South Asia produced a regional total of 2.8 million in human fatalities, East Asia's regional total is 10.4 million including the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> (1 million), the Korean War (3 million), the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> (2 million), and the <a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pol Pot</a> <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">genocide</a> in Cambodia (1 to 2 million).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Evolving+Asian+System&rft.btitle=International+Relations+of+Asia&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-2641-8&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Samuel+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cumings_p._35-264"><a href="#cite_ref-Cumings_p._35_264-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCumings2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Cumings" title="Bruce Cumings">Cumings, Bruce</a> (2011). The Korean War: A History. <a href="/wiki/Modern_Library" title="Modern Library">Modern Library</a>. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-7896-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-7896-4"><bdi>978-0-8129-7896-4</bdi></a>. <q>Various encyclopedias state that the countries involved in the three-year conflict suffered a total of more than 4 million casualties, of which at least 2 million were civilians—a higher percentage than in World War II or Vietnam. A total of 36,940 Americans lost their lives in the Korean theater; of these, 33,665 were killed in action, while 3,275 died there of nonhostile causes. Some 92,134 Americans were wounded in action, and decades later, 8,176 were still reported as missing. South Korea sustained 1,312,836 casualties, including 415,004 dead. Casualties among other UN allies totaled 16,532, including 3,094 dead. Estimated North Korean casualties numbered 2 million, including about one million civilians and 520,000 soldiers. An estimated 900,000 Chinese soldiers lost their lives in combat.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Korean+War%3A+A+History&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Modern+Library&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8129-7896-4&rft.aulast=Cumings&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGuire2010" class="citation book cs1">McGuire, James (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wealthhealthdemo00mcgu">Wealth, Health, and Democracy in East Asia and Latin America</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wealthhealthdemo00mcgu/page/n217">203</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-48622-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-48622-4"><bdi>978-1-139-48622-4</bdi></a>. <q>In Korea, war in the early 1950s cost nearly 3 million lives, including nearly a million civilian dead in South Korea.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wealth%2C+Health%2C+and+Democracy+in+East+Asia+and+Latin+America&rft.pages=203&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-139-48622-4&rft.aulast=McGuire&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwealthhealthdemo00mcgu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPainter1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_S._Painter" title="David S. Painter">Painter, David S.</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/coldwarinternati00pain">The Cold War: An International History</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/coldwarinternati00pain/page/n40">30</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-15316-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-15316-4"><bdi>978-0-415-15316-4</bdi></a>. <q>Before it ended, the Korean War cost over 3 million people their lives, including over 50,000 US servicemen and women and a much higher number of Chinese and Korean lives. The war also set in motion a number of changes that led to the militarization and intensification of the Cold War.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cold+War%3A+An+International+History&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-415-15316-4&rft.aulast=Painter&rft.aufirst=David+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcoldwarinternati00pain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewy_pp._450-453-267"><a href="#cite_ref-Lewy_pp._450-453_267-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewy1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Guenter_Lewy" title="Guenter Lewy">Lewy, Guenter</a> (1980). <a href="/wiki/America_in_Vietnam" title="America in Vietnam">America in Vietnam</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 450–453. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-987423-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-987423-1"><bdi>978-0-19-987423-1</bdi></a>. <q>For the Korean War the only hard statistic is that of American military deaths, which included 33,629 battle deaths and 20,617 who died of other causes. The North Korean and Chinese Communists never published statistics of their casualties. The number of South Korean military deaths has been given as in excess of 400,000; the South Korean Ministry of Defense puts the number of killed and missing at 281,257. Estimates of communist troops killed are about one-half million. The total number of Korean civilians who died in the fighting, which left almost every major city in North and South Korea in ruins, has been estimated at between 2 and 3 million. This adds up to almost 1 million military deaths and a possible 2.5 million civilians who were killed or died as a result of this extremely destructive conflict. The proportion of civilians killed in the major wars of this century (and not only in the major ones) has thus risen steadily. It reached about 42 percent in World War II and may have gone as high as 70 percent in the Korean War. ... we find that the ratio of civilian to military deaths [in Vietnam] is not substantially different from that of World War II and is well below that of the Korean War.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America+in+Vietnam&rft.pages=450-453&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-19-987423-1&rft.aulast=Lewy&rft.aufirst=Guenter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pagina12.com.ar-268"><a href="#cite_ref-pagina12.com.ar_268-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pagina12.com.ar/104906-corea-del-sur-no-es-un-milagro">"Corea del Sur no es un milagro | Un Estado muy fuerte, industrialización, extrema flexibilización laboral y conglomerados familiares. El papel de EE.UU"</a>. 30 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Corea+del+Sur+no+es+un+milagro+%26%23124%3B+Un+Estado+muy+fuerte%2C+industrializaci%C3%B3n%2C+extrema+flexibilizaci%C3%B3n+laboral+y+conglomerados+familiares.+El+papel+de+EE.UU&rft.date=2018-03-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pagina12.com.ar%2F104906-corea-del-sur-no-es-un-milagro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Korea&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surveys">Surveys</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Korea&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Surveys">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAssociation_of_Korean_History_Teachers2005a" class="citation book cs1">Association of Korean History Teachers (2005a). Korea through the Ages, Vol. 1 Ancient. Seoul: <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Korean_Studies" title="Academy of Korean Studies">Academy of Korean Studies</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-89-7105-545-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-89-7105-545-8"><bdi>978-89-7105-545-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea+through+the+Ages%2C+Vol.+1+Ancient&rft.place=Seoul&rft.pub=Academy+of+Korean+Studies&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-89-7105-545-8&rft.au=Association+of+Korean+History+Teachers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAssociation_of_Korean_History_Teachers2005b" class="citation book cs1">Association of Korean History Teachers (2005b). Korea through the Ages, Vol. 2 Modern. Seoul: <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Korean_Studies" title="Academy of Korean Studies">Academy of Korean Studies</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-89-7105-546-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-89-7105-546-5"><bdi>978-89-7105-546-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea+through+the+Ages%2C+Vol.+2+Modern&rft.place=Seoul&rft.pub=Academy+of+Korean+Studies&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-89-7105-546-5&rft.au=Association+of+Korean+History+Teachers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuzo2002" class="citation book cs1">Buzo, Adrian (2002). The Making of Modern Korea. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Modern+Korea&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Buzo&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Cha, Victor, and Ramon Pacheco Pardo. Korea: A New History of South and North (Yale UP, 2023).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCumings2005" class="citation book cs1">Cumings, Bruce (2005). Korea's Place in the Sun: A Modern History (2nd ed.). W W Norton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea%27s+Place+in+the+Sun%3A+A+Modern+History&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=W+W+Norton&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Cumings&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEckertLee1990" class="citation book cs1">Eckert, Carter J.; Lee, Ki-Baik (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780962771309">Korea, old and new: a history</a>. Korea Institute Series. Published for the Korea Institute, Harvard University by Ilchokak. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9627713-0-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9627713-0-9"><bdi>978-0-9627713-0-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea%2C+old+and+new%3A+a+history&rft.series=Korea+Institute+Series&rft.pub=Published+for+the+Korea+Institute%2C+Harvard+University+by+Ilchokak&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-9627713-0-9&rft.aulast=Eckert&rft.aufirst=Carter+J.&rft.au=Lee%2C+Ki-Baik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780962771309&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrayson1989" class="citation book cs1">Grayson, James Huntley (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/koreareligioushi0000gray">Korea: a religious history</a>. Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-826186-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-826186-5"><bdi>978-0-19-826186-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea%3A+a+religious+history&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-19-826186-5&rft.aulast=Grayson&rft.aufirst=James+Huntley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkoreareligioushi0000gray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoarePares1988" class="citation book cs1">Hoare, James; Pares, Susan (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/koreaintroductio00hoar">Korea: an introduction</a>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7103-0299-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7103-0299-1"><bdi>978-0-7103-0299-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea%3A+an+introduction&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-7103-0299-1&rft.aulast=Hoare&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Pares%2C+Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkoreaintroductio00hoar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHwang2010" class="citation book cs1">Hwang, Kyung-moon (2010). A History of Korea, An Episodic Narrative. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 328. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-36453-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-36453-0"><bdi>978-0-230-36453-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Korea%2C+An+Episodic+Narrative&rft.pages=328&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-230-36453-0&rft.aulast=Hwang&rft.aufirst=Kyung-moon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Jager, Sheila Miyoshi. The Other Great Game: The Opening of Korea and the Birth of Modern East Asia (Harvard University Press, 2023). ISBN 9780674983397</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim,_Djun_Kil2005" class="citation book cs1">Kim, Djun Kil (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ci_iGuAAqmsC">The History of Korea</a>. Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-03853-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-03853-2"><bdi>978-0-313-03853-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 20 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Korea&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-313-03853-2&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Djun+Kil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dci_iGuAAqmsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofkorea0000kimc">Via Internet Archive</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim,_Djun_Kil2014" class="citation book cs1">Kim, Djun Kil (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IgxvBAAAQBAJ">The History of Korea</a> (2nd ed.). ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-582-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-582-4"><bdi>978-1-61069-582-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/890146633">890146633</a>. Retrieved 21 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Korea&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F890146633&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-582-4&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Djun+Kil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIgxvBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim,_Jinwung2012" class="citation book cs1">Kim, Jinwung (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QFPsi3IK8gcC">A History of Korea: From "Land of the Morning Calm" to States in Conflict</a>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-00078-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-00078-1"><bdi>978-0-253-00078-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 15 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Korea%3A+From+%22Land+of+the+Morning+Calm%22+to+States+in+Conflict&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-253-00078-1&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Jinwung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQFPsi3IK8gcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Korea National University of Education. Atlas of Korean History (2008)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee1997" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Kenneth B. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XrZQs-6KswMC">Korea and East Asia: The Story of a Phoenix</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-95823-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-95823-7"><bdi>978-0-275-95823-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea+and+East+Asia%3A+The+Story+of+a+Phoenix&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-275-95823-7&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXrZQs-6KswMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee,_Ki-baik1984" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Ki-baik (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g2mdVwXpMzwC">A New History of Korea</a>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-61576-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-61576-2"><bdi>978-0-674-61576-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+History+of+Korea&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-674-61576-2&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Ki-baik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg2mdVwXpMzwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeParkYoon2005" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Hyun-hee; Park, Sung-soo; Yoon, Nae-hyun (2005). New History of Korea. Paju: Jimoondang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-89-88095-85-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-89-88095-85-0"><bdi>978-89-88095-85-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+History+of+Korea&rft.place=Paju&rft.pub=Jimoondang&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-89-88095-85-0&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Hyun-hee&rft.au=Park%2C+Sung-soo&rft.au=Yoon%2C+Nae-hyun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiCribb2016" class="citation book cs1">Li, Narangoa; Cribb, Robert (2016). Historical Atlas of Northeast Asia, 1590-2010: Korea, Manchuria, Mongolia, Eastern Siberia. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-16070-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-16070-4"><bdi>978-0-231-16070-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Atlas+of+Northeast+Asia%2C+1590-2010%3A+Korea%2C+Manchuria%2C+Mongolia%2C+Eastern+Siberia&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-231-16070-4&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Narangoa&rft.au=Cribb%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNahm2005" class="citation book cs1">Nahm, Andrew C. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/panoramaof5000ye0000nahm">A Panorama of 5000 Years: Korean History</a> (2nd revised ed.). Seoul: Hollym International Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-930878-68-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-930878-68-9"><bdi>978-0-930878-68-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Panorama+of+5000+Years%3A+Korean+History&rft.place=Seoul&rft.edition=2nd+revised&rft.pub=Hollym+International+Corporation&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-930878-68-9&rft.aulast=Nahm&rft.aufirst=Andrew+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpanoramaof5000ye0000nahm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNahmHoare2004" class="citation book cs1">Nahm, Andrew C.; Hoare, James (2004). Historical dictionary of the Republic of Korea. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-4949-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-4949-5"><bdi>978-0-8108-4949-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+dictionary+of+the+Republic+of+Korea&rft.place=Lanham&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-4949-5&rft.aulast=Nahm&rft.aufirst=Andrew+C.&rft.au=Hoare%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson1993" class="citation book cs1">Nelson, Sarah M. (1993). The archaeology of Korea. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 1013. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-40783-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-40783-0"><bdi>978-0-521-40783-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+archaeology+of+Korea&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=1013&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-521-40783-0&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Sarah+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPark2022" class="citation book cs1">Park, Eugene Y. (2022) (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=34169">Korea: A History</a>. Stanford: Stanford University Press. p. 432. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-503-62984-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-503-62984-4"><bdi>978-1-503-62984-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea%3A+A+History&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pages=432&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-503-62984-4&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=Eugene+Y.+%282022%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sup.org%2Fbooks%2Ftitle%2F%3Fid%3D34169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersonMargulies2009" class="citation book cs1">Peterson, Mark; Margulies, Phillip (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ByIo1D9RY40C">A Brief History of Korea</a>. Infobase Publishing. p. 328. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2738-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2738-5"><bdi>978-1-4381-2738-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Korea&rft.pages=328&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-2738-5&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Margulies%2C+Phillip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DByIo1D9RY40C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPratt2007" class="citation book cs1">Pratt, Keith (2007). Everlasting Flower: A History of Korea. Reaktion Books. p. 320. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-335-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-335-2"><bdi>978-1-86189-335-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Everlasting+Flower%3A+A+History+of+Korea&rft.pages=320&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-86189-335-2&rft.aulast=Pratt&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2007" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Michael Edson (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/koreastwentieth00robi">Korea's twentieth-century odyssey</a>. Honolulu: U of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3174-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-3174-5"><bdi>978-0-8248-3174-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea%27s+twentieth-century+odyssey&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pub=U+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-3174-5&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Michael+Edson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkoreastwentieth00robi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeth2006" class="citation book cs1">Seth, Michael J. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qe4PoOd89XIC">A Concise History of Korea: From the Neolithic Period Through the Nineteenth Century</a>. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-4005-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-4005-7"><bdi>978-0-7425-4005-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 21 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Korea%3A+From+the+Neolithic+Period+Through+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-4005-7&rft.aulast=Seth&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQe4PoOd89XIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeth2010" class="citation book cs1">Seth, Michael J. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historykoreafrom00seth">A History of Korea: From Antiquity to the Present</a>. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historykoreafrom00seth/page/n540">520</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6716-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6716-0"><bdi>978-0-7425-6716-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Korea%3A+From+Antiquity+to+the+Present&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pages=520&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-6716-0&rft.aulast=Seth&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistorykoreafrom00seth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeth2011" class="citation book cs1">Seth, Michael J. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historykoreafrom00seth">A History of Korea: From Antiquity to the Present</a>. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6715-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6715-3"><bdi>978-0-7425-6715-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/644646716">644646716</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Korea%3A+From+Antiquity+to+the+Present&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F644646716&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-6715-3&rft.aulast=Seth&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistorykoreafrom00seth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSin2005" class="citation book cs1">Sin, Hyong-sik (2005). A Brief History of Korea. The Spirit of Korean Cultural Roots. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Seoul: <a href="/wiki/Ewha_Womans_University" title="Ewha Womans University">Ewha Womans University</a> Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-89-7300-619-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-89-7300-619-9"><bdi>978-89-7300-619-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Korea&rft.place=Seoul&rft.series=The+Spirit+of+Korean+Cultural+Roots&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Ewha+Womans+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-89-7300-619-9&rft.aulast=Sin&rft.aufirst=Hyong-sik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Korea&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Historiography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEm2013" class="citation book cs1">Em, Henry H. (2013). The Great Enterprise: Sovereignty and Historiography in Modern Korea. Duke University Press. p. 272. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-5372-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-5372-0"><bdi>978-0-8223-5372-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Enterprise%3A+Sovereignty+and+Historiography+in+Modern+Korea&rft.pages=272&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-5372-0&rft.aulast=Em&rft.aufirst=Henry+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> Examines how Korean national ambitions have shaped the work of the country's historians.</li> <li>Hong Sung-gi. "Trends in Western historiography on Korea," Korea Journal (1999) 39#3 pp 377</li> <li>Kim, Han Kyo. Studies on Korea: A Scholar's Guide (1980); 458pp comprehensive guide; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-0673-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-0673-5">0-8248-0673-5</a></li> <li>Kim, Duol, and Ki-Joo Park. "A Cliometric Revolution in the Economic History of Korea: A Critical Review," Australian Economic History Review (2012) 52#1 pp 85–95,</li> <li>Kim, Hieyoon. "Living with a Postcolonial Conundrum: Yi Yŏngil and Korean Film Historiography." Journal of Asian Studies 78.3 (2019): 601–620.</li> <li>Michael, K. I. M. "Cosmopolitanism, Nationalism, and Transnationalism in Korean History." Journal of Contemporary Korean Studies 1#1 (2014): 15–34. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academia.edu/download/37067218/Kim__Cosmopolitainism_and_Transnationalism.pdf">online</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍]</li> <li>Xu, Stella. Reconstructing ancient Korean history: the formation of Korean-ness in the shadow of history (Lexington Books, 2016).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuh2010" class="citation journal cs1">Yuh, Leighanne (2010). "The Historiography of Korea in the United States". International Journal of Korean History. 15#2: 127–144.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Korean+History&rft.atitle=The+Historiography+of+Korea+in+the+United+States&rft.volume=15%232&rft.pages=127-144&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Yuh&rft.aufirst=Leighanne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/download/57492699/US_historiography.pdf">online</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Korea&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Primary sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2010" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Peter H. (2010) [1993]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZU1uLvWyRJYC">Sourcebook of Korean Civilization: Volume 1: From Early Times to the Sixteenth Century</a>. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-51529-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-51529-0"><bdi>978-0-231-51529-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sourcebook+of+Korean+Civilization%3A+Volume+1%3A+From+Early+Times+to+the+Sixteenth+Century&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-231-51529-0&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Peter+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZU1uLvWyRJYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2010" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Peter H. (2010) [1996]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N66XyMJ_sNsC">Sourcebook of Korean Civilization: Volume 2: From the Seventeenth Century to the Modern</a>. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-51530-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-51530-6"><bdi>978-0-231-51530-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sourcebook+of+Korean+Civilization%3A+Volume+2%3A+From+the+Seventeenth+Century+to+the+Modern&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-231-51530-6&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Peter+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN66XyMJ_sNsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_books_used_in_this_page">Other books used in this page</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Korea&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Other books used in this page">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaKim2012" class="citation journal cs1">Cha, M. S.; Kim, N. N. (2012). "Korea's first industrial revolution, 1911–1940". Explorations in Economic History. 49 (1): 60–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.eeh.2011.09.003">10.1016/j.eeh.2011.09.003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Explorations+in+Economic+History&rft.atitle=Korea%27s+first+industrial+revolution%2C+1911%E2%80%931940&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=60-74&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.eeh.2011.09.003&rft.aulast=Cha&rft.aufirst=M.+S.&rft.au=Kim%2C+N.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnor2002" class="citation book cs1">Connor, Mary E. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/koreasglobalstud0000conn/page/307">The Koreas, A global studies handbook</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/koreasglobalstud0000conn/page/307">307</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-277-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-277-6"><bdi>978-1-57607-277-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Koreas%2C+A+global+studies+handbook&rft.pages=307&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-277-6&rft.aulast=Connor&rft.aufirst=Mary+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkoreasglobalstud0000conn%2Fpage%2F307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCwiertka2012" class="citation book cs1">Cwiertka, Katarzyna J. (2012). Cuisine, Colonialism, and Cold War: Food in Twentieth-Century Korea. Reaktion Books and University of Chicago Press. p. 237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-025-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-025-2"><bdi>978-1-78023-025-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cuisine%2C+Colonialism%2C+and+Cold+War%3A+Food+in+Twentieth-Century+Korea&rft.pages=237&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books+and+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-78023-025-2&rft.aulast=Cwiertka&rft.aufirst=Katarzyna+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> Scholarly study of how food reflects Korea's history</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawley2005" class="citation book cs1">Hawley, Samuel (2005). The Imjin War. Japan's Sixteenth-Century Invasion of Korea and Attempt to Conquer China. The Royal Asiatic Society, Korea Branch, Seoul. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-89-954424-2-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-89-954424-2-5"><bdi>978-89-954424-2-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Imjin+War.+Japan%27s+Sixteenth-Century+Invasion+of+Korea+and+Attempt+to+Conquer+China&rft.pub=The+Royal+Asiatic+Society%2C+Korea+Branch%2C+Seoul&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-89-954424-2-5&rft.aulast=Hawley&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHulbert2014" class="citation book cs1">Hulbert, H. B. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WdusAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA73">The History of Korea</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-84941-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-84941-4"><bdi>978-1-317-84941-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Korea&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-84941-4&rft.aulast=Hulbert&rft.aufirst=H.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWdusAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimVogel2011" class="citation book cs1">Kim, Byung-Kook; Vogel, Ezra F., eds. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/parkchungheeerat00kimb">The Park Chung Hee Era: The Transformation of South Korea</a>. Harvard University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/parkchungheeerat00kimb/page/n752">744</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-05820-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-05820-0"><bdi>978-0-674-05820-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Park+Chung+Hee+Era%3A+The+Transformation+of+South+Korea&rft.pages=744&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-674-05820-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fparkchungheeerat00kimb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"> Studies of on modernization under Park, 1961–1979.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim,_Chong_Ik_EugeneHan-Kyo_Kim1967" class="citation book cs1">Kim, Chong Ik Eugene; Han-Kyo Kim (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fiSgjPJgJ_MC&pg=PA53">Korea and the Politics of Imperialism, 1876-1910</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea+and+the+Politics+of+Imperialism%2C+1876-1910&rft.date=1967&rft.au=Kim%2C+Chong+Ik+Eugene&rft.au=Han-Kyo+Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfiSgjPJgJ_MC%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee1963" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Chong-Sik (1963). The Politics of Korean Nationalism. University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Korean+Nationalism&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Chong-Sik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeePatterson1986" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Yur-Bok; Patterson, Wayne (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904050230/https://www.questia.com/read/97608442/one-hundred-years-of-korean-american-relations-1882-1982">One Hundred Years of Korean-American Relations, 1882–1982</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/read/97608442/one-hundred-years-of-korean-american-relations-1882-1982">the original</a> on September 4, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Hundred+Years+of+Korean-American+Relations%2C+1882%E2%80%931982&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Yur-Bok&rft.au=Patterson%2C+Wayne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Fread%2F97608442%2Fone-hundred-years-of-korean-american-relations-1882-1982&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeHaSorensen2013" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Hong-yung; Ha, Yong-Chool; Sorensen, Clark W., eds. (2013). Colonial Rule and Social Change in Korea, 1910–1945. U of Washington Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-99216-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-99216-7"><bdi>978-0-295-99216-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonial+Rule+and+Social+Change+in+Korea%2C+1910%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=U+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-295-99216-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmid2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andre_Schmid_(academic)" title="Andre Schmid (academic)">Schmid, Andre</a> (2002). Korea Between Empires, 1895–1919. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12538-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12538-3"><bdi>978-0-231-12538-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea+Between+Empires%2C+1895%E2%80%931919&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-231-12538-3&rft.aulast=Schmid&rft.aufirst=Andre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmid2013" class="citation book cs1">Schmid, Andre (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lVgaAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA269">Korea Between Empires</a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-50630-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-50630-4"><bdi>978-0-231-50630-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea+Between+Empires&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-231-50630-4&rft.aulast=Schmid&rft.aufirst=Andre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlVgaAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStark2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Miriam_T._Stark" class="mw-redirect" title="Miriam T. Stark">Stark, Miriam T.</a> (2005). Archaeology Of Asia. Boston: Blackwell Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-0212-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-0212-4"><bdi>978-1-4051-0212-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology+Of+Asia&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-0212-4&rft.aulast=Stark&rft.aufirst=Miriam+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStark2008" class="citation book cs1">Stark, Miriam T. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z4_bT2SJ-HUC">Archaeology of Asia</a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5303-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5303-4"><bdi>978-1-4051-5303-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology+of+Asia&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-5303-4&rft.aulast=Stark&rft.aufirst=Miriam+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz4_bT2SJ-HUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurnbull2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Turnbull_(historian)" title="Stephen Turnbull (historian)">Turnbull, Stephen</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/samuraiinvasionj0000turn">Samurai Invasion. Japan's Korean War 1592–98</a>. London: Cassell & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-35948-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-304-35948-6"><bdi>978-0-304-35948-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Samurai+Invasion.+Japan%27s+Korean+War+1592%E2%80%9398&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Cassell+%26+Co&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-304-35948-6&rft.aulast=Turnbull&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsamuraiinvasionj0000turn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2012" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Hugh Dyson (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GBvRs-za0CIC">East Asia: A New History</a>. AuthorHouse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4772-6517-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4772-6517-8"><bdi>978-1-4772-6517-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 4 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+Asia%3A+A+New+History&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4772-6517-8&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Hugh+Dyson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGBvRs-za0CIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYang1999" class="citation book cs1">Yang, Sung-chul (1999). The North and South Korean political systems: A comparative analysis. Seoul: Hollym. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56591-105-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56591-105-5"><bdi>978-1-56591-105-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+North+and+South+Korean+political+systems%3A+A+comparative+analysis&rft.place=Seoul&rft.pub=Hollym&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-56591-105-5&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Sung-chul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="C/J/K_books">C/J/K books</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Korea&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: C/J/K books">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByeon_Tae-seop_(변태섭)1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Byeon Tae-seop (변태섭) (1999). 韓國史通論 (Hanguksa tongnon) (Outline of Korean history), 4th ed (in Korean). Seoul: Samyeongsa. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-89-445-9101-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-89-445-9101-3"><bdi>978-89-445-9101-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E9%9F%93%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%B2%E9%80%9A%E8%AB%96+%28Hanguksa+tongnon%29+%28Outline+of+Korean+history%29%2C+4th+ed&rft.place=Seoul&rft.pub=Samyeongsa&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-89-445-9101-3&rft.au=Byeon+Tae-seop+%28%EB%B3%80%ED%83%9C%EC%84%AD%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYamawaki1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Yamawaki, Keizo (1994). Japan and Foreign Laborers: Chinese and Korean Laborers in the late 1890s and early 1920s (近代日本と外国人労働者―1890年代後半と1920年代前半における中国人・朝鮮人労働者問題) (in Japanese). Tokyo: Akashi-shoten (明石書店). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-7503-0568-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-7503-0568-4"><bdi>978-4-7503-0568-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japan+and+Foreign+Laborers%3A+Chinese+and+Korean+Laborers+in+the+late+1890s+and+early+1920s+%28%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%81%A8%E5%A4%96%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E5%8A%B4%E5%83%8D%E8%80%85%E2%80%951890%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3%E5%BE%8C%E5%8D%8A%E3%81%A81920%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3%E5%89%8D%E5%8D%8A%E3%81%AB%E3%81%8A%E3%81%91%E3%82%8B%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E3%83%BB%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E4%BA%BA%E5%8A%B4%E5%83%8D%E8%80%85%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C%29&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pub=Akashi-shoten+%28%E6%98%8E%E7%9F%B3%E6%9B%B8%E5%BA%97%29&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-4-7503-0568-4&rft.aulast=Yamawaki&rft.aufirst=Keizo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiyata1992" class="citation book cs1">Miyata, Setsuko (1992). Creating Surnames and Changing Given Names (創氏改名). Tokyo: Akashi-shoten (明石書店). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-7503-0406-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-7503-0406-9"><bdi>978-4-7503-0406-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creating+Surnames+and+Changing+Given+Names+%28%E5%89%B5%E6%B0%8F%E6%94%B9%E5%90%8D%29&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pub=Akashi-shoten+%28%E6%98%8E%E7%9F%B3%E6%9B%B8%E5%BA%97%29&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-4-7503-0406-9&rft.aulast=Miyata&rft.aufirst=Setsuko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee_Young-hoon_(이영훈)2019" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Lee_Young-hoon" title="Lee Young-hoon">Lee Young-hoon</a> (이영훈) (2019). <a href="/wiki/Anti-Japan_Tribalism" title="Anti-Japan Tribalism">Anti-Japan Tribalism</a> (in Korean). Miraesa (미래사). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-89-7087-326-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-89-7087-326-8"><bdi>978-89-7087-326-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anti-Japan+Tribalism&rft.pub=Miraesa+%28%EB%AF%B8%EB%9E%98%EC%82%AC%29&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-89-7087-326-8&rft.au=Lee+Young-hoon+%28%EC%9D%B4%EC%98%81%ED%9B%88%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoe_Ki-ho_(최기호)2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Choe Ki-ho (최기호) (2007). 日韓併合 : 歴史再検証 : 韓民族を救った「日帝36年」の真実(The Japanese annexation of Korea:Reverification of history:The truth of 36 years lasted "Ilje Gangjeom-gi" that rescued Korean) (in Japanese). Shōdensha. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-396-31435-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-396-31435-4"><bdi>978-4-396-31435-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%97%A5%E9%9F%93%E4%BD%B5%E5%90%88+%3A+%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2%E5%86%8D%E6%A4%9C%E8%A8%BC+%3A+%E9%9F%93%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E3%82%92%E6%95%91%E3%81%A3%E3%81%9F%E3%80%8C%E6%97%A5%E5%B8%9D36%E5%B9%B4%E3%80%8D%E3%81%AE%E7%9C%9F%E5%AE%9F%28The+Japanese+annexation+of+Korea%3AReverification+of+history%3AThe+truth+of+36+years+lasted+%22Ilje+Gangjeom-gi%22+that+rescued+Korean%29&rft.pub=Sh%C5%8Ddensha&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-4-396-31435-4&rft.au=Choe+Ki-ho+%28%EC%B5%9C%EA%B8%B0%ED%98%B8%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlleyne_Ireland1926" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alleyne_Ireland" title="Alleyne Ireland">Alleyne Ireland</a> (1926). The New Korea. New York E.P. Dutton & company. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00085A9QC">B00085A9QC</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Korea&rft.pub=New+York+E.P.+Dutton+%26+company&rft.date=1926&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB00085A9QC%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.au=Alleyne+Ireland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Trumbull_Ladd1908" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Trumbull_Ladd" title="George Trumbull Ladd">George Trumbull Ladd</a> (1908). In Korea with Marquis Ito. New York : C. Scribner's Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Korea+with+Marquis+Ito&rft.pub=New+York+%3A+C.+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1908&rft.au=George+Trumbull+Ladd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO_Sonfa2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/O_Sonfa" class="mw-redirect" title="O Sonfa">O Sonfa</a> (2015). Getting over it! : why Korea needs to stop bashing Japan. Tokyo: Tachibana Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Getting+over+it%21+%3A+why+Korea+needs+to+stop+bashing+Japan&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pub=Tachibana+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.au=O+Sonfa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Korea&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Congress2016" class="citation book cs1">United States Congress (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ybmFuqReAqUC&pg=PA6">North Korea: A Country Study</a>. Nova Science Publishers. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59033-443-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59033-443-0"><bdi>978-1-59033-443-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=North+Korea%3A+A+Country+Study&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Nova+Science+Publishers&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-59033-443-0&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DybmFuqReAqUC%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dd>"Han Chinese built four commanderies, or local military units, to rule the peninsula as far south as the Han River, with a core area at Lolang (Nangnang in Korean), near present-day P'yongyang. It is illustrative of the relentlessly different historiography practiced in North Korea and South Korea, as well as both countries' dubious projection backward of Korean nationalism, that North Korean historians denied that the Lolang district was centered in Korea and placed it northwest of the peninsula, possibly near Beijing."</dd></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnor2003" class="citation book cs1">Connor, Edgar V. (2003). Korea: Current Issues and Historical Background. Nova Science Publishers. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59033-443-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59033-443-0"><bdi>978-1-59033-443-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea%3A+Current+Issues+and+Historical+Background&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Nova+Science+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-59033-443-0&rft.aulast=Connor&rft.aufirst=Edgar+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dd>"They place it northwest of the peninsula, possibly near Beijing, in order to de-emphasize China's influence on ancient Korean history."</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFKim,_Jinwung2012">Kim, Jinwung 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QFPsi3IK8gcC&pg=PA18">18</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>"Immediately after destroying Wiman Chosŏn, the Han empire established administrative units to rule large territories in the northern Korean peninsula and southern Manchuria."</dd></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyung2000" class="citation book cs1">Hyung, Hyung Il (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QxztLeLoVkQC&pg=PA129">Constructing "Korean" Origins</a>. Harvard University Press. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00244-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00244-9"><bdi>978-0-674-00244-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constructing+%22Korean%22+Origins&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-674-00244-9&rft.aulast=Hyung&rft.aufirst=Hyung+Il&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQxztLeLoVkQC%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dd>"When material evidence from the Han commandery site excavated during the colonial period began to be reinterpreted by Korean nationalist historians as the first full-fledged "foreign" occupation in Korean history, Lelang's location in the heart of the Korean peninsula became particularly irksome because the finds seemed to verify Japanese colonial theories concerning the dependency of Korean civilization on China."</dd></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyung2000" class="citation book cs1">Hyung, Hyung Il (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QxztLeLoVkQC&pg=PA128">Constructing "Korean" Origins</a>. Harvard University Press. p. 128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00244-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00244-9"><bdi>978-0-674-00244-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constructing+%22Korean%22+Origins&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-674-00244-9&rft.aulast=Hyung&rft.aufirst=Hyung+Il&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQxztLeLoVkQC%26pg%3DPA128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dd>"At present, the site of Lelang and surrounding ancient Han Chinese remains are situated in the North Korean capital of Pyongyang. Although North Korean scholars have continued to excavate Han dynasty tombs in the postwar period, they have interpreted them as manifestations of the Kochoson or the Koguryo kingdom."</dd></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXu2007" class="citation book cs1">Xu, Stella Yingzi (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YFYVwaS8N58C&pg=PA223">That glorious ancient history of our nation</a>. University of California, Los Angeles. p. 223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-549-44036-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-549-44036-9"><bdi>978-0-549-44036-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=That+glorious+ancient+history+of+our+nation&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=University+of+California%2C+Los+Angeles&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-549-44036-9&rft.aulast=Xu&rft.aufirst=Stella+Yingzi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYFYVwaS8N58C%26pg%3DPA223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dd>"Lelang Commandery was crucial to understanding the early history of Korea, which lasted from 108 BCE to 313 CE around the Pyongyang area. However, because of its nature as a Han colony and the exceptional attention paid to it by Japanese colonial scholars for making claims of the innate heteronomy of Koreans, post 1945 Korean scholars intentionally avoided the issue of Lelang."</dd></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee1996" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Peter H. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N66XyMJ_sNsC&pg=PA227">Sourcebook of Korean Civilization: Volume 2: From the Seventeenth Century to the Modern</a>. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-07912-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-07912-9"><bdi>978-0-231-07912-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sourcebook+of+Korean+Civilization%3A+Volume+2%3A+From+the+Seventeenth+Century+to+the+Modern&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=227&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-231-07912-9&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Peter+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN66XyMJ_sNsC%26pg%3DPA227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Korea" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dd>"But when Emperor Wu conquered Choson, all the small barbarian tribes in the northeastern region were incorporated into the established Han commanderies because of the overwhelming military might of Han China."</dd></dl> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> modern historians including Graff consider such a figure greatly exaggerated[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> Literally "old Joseon", the term was first coined in the 13th century AD to differentiate the ancient kingdom from <a href="/wiki/Wiman_Joseon" title="Wiman Joseon">Wiman Joseon</a> and is now used to differentiate it from the Joseon dynasty. </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Park_Eun-sik" title="Park Eun-sik">Park Eun-sik</a> stated this amount is no more than hearsay and an inexact reasoning. </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> However, the change of their given names was voluntary </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Korea&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:History_of_Korea" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:History of Korea">History of Korea</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/History_of_Korea#Q713414" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:History of Korea">History of Korea</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.go.kr/">the National Institute of Korean History.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140213042851/http://www.koreanhistory.or.kr/eng/index.jsp">Korean History online</a>, Korean History Information Center</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.koreaorbit.com/history-of-korea/history-of-korea-dynasties.html">Timeline of Korean Dynasties</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kyujanggak.snu.ac.kr/kiks/index.do">Kyujanggak Archive</a>, pdf files of Korean classics in their original written classical Chinese</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hawaii.edu/korea/biblio/BiblioOpen.html">Korean History :Bibliography</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110630001159/http://www.hawaii.edu/korea/biblio/BiblioOpen.html">Archived</a> 2011-06-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Center for Korean Studies, University of Hawaii at Manoa</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rki.kbs.co.kr/english/korea/korea_history_detail.htm">History of Korea</a>, KBS World</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2374">History of Corea, Ancient and Modern; with Description of Manners and Customs, Language and Geography</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Ross_(missionary)" title="John Ross (missionary)">John Ross</a>, 1891</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Index_of_Korea-related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Korea_topics" title="Template:Korea topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Korea_topics" title="Template talk:Korea topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Korea_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Korea topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Index_of_Korea-related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Index of Korea-related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History_of_Korea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History of Korea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Korea" title="Military history of Korea">Military history of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Korea" title="List of monarchs of Korea">List of monarchs of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Korean_history" title="Timeline of Korean history">Timeline of Korean history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chronology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gojoseon" title="Gojoseon">Gojoseon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dangun_Joseon" class="mw-redirect" title="Dangun Joseon">Dangun Joseon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gija_Joseon" title="Gija Joseon">Gija Joseon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wiman_Joseon" title="Wiman Joseon">Wiman Joseon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jin_(Korean_state)" title="Jin (Korean state)">Jin (Korean state)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto%E2%80%93Three_Kingdoms_period" title="Proto–Three Kingdoms period">Proto–Three Kingdoms of Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buyeo" title="Buyeo">Buyeo</a> / <a href="/wiki/Okjeo" title="Okjeo">Okjeo</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ye" title="Eastern Ye">Dongye</a> / <a href="/wiki/Samhan" title="Samhan">Samhan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Four_Commanderies_of_Han" title="Four Commanderies of Han">Four Commanderies of Han</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea" title="Three Kingdoms of Korea">Three Kingdoms of Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a> / <a href="/wiki/Baekje" title="Baekje">Baekje</a> / <a href="/wiki/Silla" title="Silla">Silla</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gaya_confederacy" title="Gaya confederacy">Gaya confederacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_States_period" title="Northern and Southern States period">North–South States Period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Silla" class="mw-redirect" title="United Silla">Later Silla</a> / <a href="/wiki/Balhae" title="Balhae">Balhae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Three_Kingdoms" title="Later Three Kingdoms">Later Three Kingdoms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taebong" title="Taebong">Taebong</a> / <a href="/wiki/Later_Baekje" title="Later Baekje">Later Baekje</a> / <a href="/wiki/Silla" title="Silla">Silla</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Korea under Japanese rule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea">Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Military_Government_in_Korea" title="United States Army Military Government in Korea">United States Army Military Government in Korea</a> / <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Civil_Administration" title="Soviet Civil Administration">Soviet Civil Administration</a> / <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Korea" title="History of South Korea">History of South Korea</a> / <a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Korea" title="History of North Korea">History of North Korea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography_of_Korea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Korea" title="Geography of Korea">Geography of Korea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_North_Korea" title="Template:Borders of North Korea">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korean Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of Korea">List of islands of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Korea" title="List of lakes of Korea">List of lakes of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Korea" title="List of mountains in Korea">List of mountains in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Korea" title="List of rivers of Korea">List of rivers of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Korea" title="Provinces of Korea">Provinces of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Korea" title="Regions of Korea">Regions of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_South_Korea" title="Geology of South Korea">Geology of South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floods_in_Korea" title="Floods in Korea">Floods in Korea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_North_Korea" title="Geography of North Korea">Geography of North Korea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_North_Korea" title="Administrative divisions of North Korea">Administrative divisions of North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_North_Korea" title="List of cities in North Korea">List of cities in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_cities_of_North_Korea" title="Special cities of North Korea">Special cities of North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_North_Korea" title="Geology of North Korea">Geology of North Korea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_South_Korea" title="Geography of South Korea">Geography of South Korea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_South_Korea" title="Administrative divisions of South Korea">Administrative divisions of South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_South_Korea" title="Environment of South Korea">Environment of South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_South_Korea" title="List of cities in South Korea">List of cities in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_special_cities_of_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="List of special cities of South Korea">List of special cities of South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_South_Korea" title="List of World Heritage Sites in South Korea">List of World Heritage Sites in South Korea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Politics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North Korea</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_North_Korea" title="Constitution of North Korea">Constitution of North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_North_Korea" title="Foreign relations of North Korea">Foreign relations of North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="North Korea–South Korea relations">Relations with South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_North_Korea" title="Government of North Korea">Government of North Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_(North_Korean_title)" title="Supreme Leader (North Korean title)">Supreme Leader of North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_North_Korea" title="List of heads of state of North Korea">Heads of state of North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_North_Korea" title="Premier of North Korea">Premier of North Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_North_Korea" title="Human rights in North Korea">Human rights in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_People%27s_Army" title="Korean People's Army">Korean People's Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_North_Korea" title="Law of North Korea">Law of North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_North_Korea" title="Politics of North Korea">Politics of North Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_North_Korea" title="Elections in North Korea">Elections in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_North_Korea#Political_parties_and_elections" title="Politics of North Korea">Politics of North Korea#Political parties and elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Workers' Party of Korea">Workers' Party of Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea">General Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Politburo of the Workers' Party of Korea">Politburo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Secretariat of the Workers' Party of Korea">Secretariat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Affairs_Commission_of_North_Korea" title="State Affairs Commission of North Korea">State Affairs Commission of North Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_State_Affairs_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the State Affairs Commission">President of State Affairs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="North Korea and weapons of mass destruction">North Korea and weapons of mass destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Assembly" title="Supreme People's Assembly">Supreme People's Assembly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Korea</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Korea" title="Constitution of South Korea">Constitution of South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_South_Korea" title="Foreign relations of South Korea">Foreign relations of South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="North Korea–South Korea relations">Relations with North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_South_Korea" title="Government of South Korea">Government of South Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Korea" title="President of South Korea">President of South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_South_Korea" title="Prime Minister of South Korea">Prime Minister of South Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_South_Korea" title="Human rights in South Korea">Human rights in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_Armed_Forces" title="Republic of Korea Armed Forces">Republic of Korea Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_South_Korea" title="Politics of South Korea">Politics of South Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_South_Korea" title="Elections in South Korea">Elections in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_elections_in_South_Korea" title="Presidential elections in South Korea">Presidential elections in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_elections_in_South_Korea" title="Legislative elections in South Korea">Legislative elections in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_South_Korea" title="List of political parties in South Korea">List of political parties in South Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="South Korea and weapons of mass destruction">South Korea and weapons of mass destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(South_Korea)" title="National Assembly (South Korea)">National Assembly (South Korea)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_South_Korea" title="Judiciary of South Korea">Judiciary of South Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Korea" title="Supreme Court of Korea">Supreme Court of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Korea" title="Constitutional Court of Korea">Constitutional Court of Korea</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Economy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_North_Korea" title="Economy of North Korea">Economy of North Korea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_North_Korea" title="Automotive industry in North Korea">Automotive industry in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_North_Korea" title="Energy in North Korea">Energy in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_North_Korea" title="Telecommunications in North Korea">Telecommunications in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_North_Korea" title="Tourism in North Korea">Tourism in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_North_Korea" title="Transport in North Korea">Transport in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_won" title="North Korean won">North Korean won</a> (currency)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_North_Korea" title="Agriculture in North Korea">Agriculture in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_famine" class="mw-redirect" title="North Korean famine">North Korean famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangmadang" title="Jangmadang">Jangmadang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_North_Korea" title="Mining in North Korea">Mining in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rason_Special_Economic_Zone" title="Rason Special Economic Zone">Rason Special Economic Zone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_Korea" title="Economy of South Korea">Economy of South Korea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_South_Korea" title="Automotive industry in South Korea">Automotive industry in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality_in_South_Korea" title="Economic inequality in South Korea">Economic inequality in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_South_Korea" title="Energy in South Korea">Energy in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_South_Korea" title="Telecommunications in South Korea">Telecommunications in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_South_Korea" title="Tourism in South Korea">Tourism in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_South_Korea" title="Transport in South Korea">Transport in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korean_won" title="South Korean won">South Korean won</a> (currency)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaebol" title="Chaebol">Chaebol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_services_in_South_Korea" title="Financial services in South Korea">Financial services in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_South_Korea" title="Fishing industry in South Korea">Fishing industry in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle_on_the_Han_River" title="Miracle on the Han River">Miracle on the Han River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_South_Korea" title="Science and technology in South Korea">Science and technology in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_South_Korea" title="Squatting in South Korea">Squatting in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_South_Korea" title="Trade unions in South Korea">Trade unions in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">1997 Asian financial crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Demographics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Demographics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koreans" title="Koreans">Koreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_North_Korea" title="Demographics of North Korea">Demographics of North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_South_Korea" title="Demographics of South Korea">Demographics of South Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aging_of_South_Korea" title="Aging of South Korea">Aging of South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_South_Korea" title="Gender inequality in South Korea">Gender inequality in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_birth_rate_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Low birth rate in South Korea">Low birth rate in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_adoption_of_South_Korean_children" title="International adoption of South Korean children">International adoption of South Korean children</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreatown" title="Koreatown">Koreatown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_name" title="Korean name">Korean name</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture_of_Korea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Korea" title="Culture of Korea">Culture of Korea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Korea" title="Cinema of Korea">Cinema of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_cuisine" title="Korean cuisine">Korean cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization_in_South_Korea" title="Globalization in South Korea">Globalization in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_martial_arts" title="Korean martial arts">Korean martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_mythology" title="Korean mythology">Korean mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_philosophy" title="Korean philosophy">Korean philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Religion in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ssireum" title="Ssireum">Ssireum</a> (wrestling)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_sword" title="Korean sword">Korean sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_tea_ceremony" title="Korean tea ceremony">Korean tea ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattooing_in_South_Korea" title="Tattooing in South Korea">Tattooing in South Korea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Korean_art" title="Korean art">Korean art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_architecture" title="Korean architecture">Korean architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_calligraphy" title="Korean calligraphy">Korean calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_drama" title="Korean drama">Korean drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_literature" title="Korean literature">Korean literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_music_of_Korea" title="Traditional music of Korea">Traditional music of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_painting" title="Korean painting">Korean painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_pottery_and_porcelain" title="Korean pottery and porcelain">Korean pottery and porcelain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_North_Korea" title="Culture of North Korea">Culture of North Korea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_North_Korea" title="Education in North Korea">Education in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_literature" title="North Korean literature">North Korean literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Korea" title="Religion in North Korea">Religion in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_North_Korea" title="Smoking in North Korea">Smoking in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_North_Korea" title="Sport in North Korea">Sport in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arirang_Mass_Games" title="Arirang Mass Games">Arirang Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_North_Korea" title="Propaganda in North Korea">Propaganda in North Korea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_South_Korea" title="Culture of South Korea">Culture of South Korea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_South_Korea" title="Education in South Korea">Education in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Korea" title="Religion in South Korea">Religion in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_South_Korea" title="Smoking in South Korea">Smoking in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_South_Korea" title="Sport in South Korea">Sport in South Korea</a></li> <li>Cultural icons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Wave" title="Korean Wave">Korean Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-pop" title="K-pop">K-pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Marriage in South Korea">Marriage in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_South_Korea" title="Mass media in South Korea">Media of South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_South_Korea" title="Sexuality in South Korea">Sexuality in South Korea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Asia" title="Template:History of Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Asia" title="Template talk:History of Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asia" title="History of Asia">History of Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan" title="History of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Armenia" title="History of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Azerbaijan" title="History of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bahrain" title="History of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bangladesh" title="History of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bhutan" title="History of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brunei" title="History of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cambodia" title="History of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Cyprus" title="History of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_East_Timor" title="History of East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt" title="History of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(country)" title="History of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indonesia" title="History of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iraq" title="History of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan" title="History of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jordan" title="History of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kazakhstan" title="History of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Korea" title="History of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Korea" title="History of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kuwait" title="History of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="History of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Laos" title="History of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanon" title="History of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malaysia" title="History of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Maldives" title="History of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mongolia" title="History of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Myanmar" title="History of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nepal" title="History of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oman" title="History of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pakistan" title="History of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines" title="History of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Qatar" title="History of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Singapore" title="History of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sri_Lanka" title="History of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Syria" title="History of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tajikistan" title="History of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Thailand" title="History of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkey" title="History of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkmenistan" title="History of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="History of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Uzbekistan" title="History of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vietnam" title="History of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yemen" title="History of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Abkhazia" title="History of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="History of the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Taiwan" title="History of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hong_Kong" title="History of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Macau" title="History of Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q713414#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85073026">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11962916f">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11962916f">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00573693">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KSH1998005947">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007545964405171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Korea&oldid=1257921655">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Korea&oldid=1257921655</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Korea" title="Category:History of Korea">History of Korea</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Korean-language_sources_(ko)" title="Category:Articles with Korean-language sources (ko)">Articles with Korean-language sources (ko)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_archiveis_links" title="Category:Webarchive template archiveis links">Webarchive template archiveis links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_July_2024" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from July 2024">Articles with dead external links from July 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Korean-language_script_(ko)" title="Category:CS1 uses Korean-language script (ko)">CS1 uses Korean-language script (ko)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_accuracy_disputes" title="Category:All accuracy disputes">All accuracy disputes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Accuracy_disputes_from_December_2017" title="Category:Accuracy disputes from December 2017">Accuracy disputes from December 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Korean-language_sources_(ko)" title="Category:CS1 Korean-language sources (ko)">CS1 Korean-language sources (ko)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_April_2018" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from April 2018">Articles with dead external links from April 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Japanese-language_sources_(ja)" title="Category:CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)">CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_April_2022" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2022">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2018" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2018">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Korean-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Korean-language text">Articles containing Korean-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_self-published_sources" title="Category:All articles with self-published sources">All articles with self-published sources</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_self-published_sources_from_December_2017" title="Category:Articles with self-published sources from December 2017">Articles with self-published sources from December 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2024">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_May_2024" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from May 2024">Articles with dead external links from May 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_July_2023" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from July 2023">Articles with dead external links from July 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 November 2024, at 07:24 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Korea&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-688fc9465-dnwbz","wgBackendResponseTime":194,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.917","walltime":"3.232","ppvisitednodes":{"value":33661,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":589274,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":29311,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":56,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":739173,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2738.409 1 -total"," 37.35% 1022.709 2 Template:Reflist"," 30.73% 841.386 140 Template:Cite_book"," 13.72% 375.737 92 Template:Sfn"," 6.37% 174.557 6 Template:Navbox"," 6.18% 169.352 1 Template:History_of_Asia"," 6.10% 166.925 1 Template:Asia_topic"," 6.00% 164.419 2 Template:Korean"," 5.23% 143.163 4 Template:Lang"," 5.12% 140.264 56 Template:Iso2country"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.734","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":17803073,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAdams1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlleyne_Ireland1926\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAssociation_of_Korean_History_Teachers2005a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAssociation_of_Korean_History_Teachers2005b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaumer2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBedeski2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBowman2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBullietCrossleyHeadrickHirsch2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuswellLopez2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuzo2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFByeon_Tae-seop_(변태섭)1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChaKim2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChandraEckertLeeLew1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCharles_Roger_Tennant1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChoe_Ki-ho_(최기호)2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChŏngSmithMetropolitan_Museum_of_Art_(New_York,_N.Y.)1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen2000\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFConnor2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConnor2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCumings2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCumings2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurrie2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCwiertka2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuBois2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEbreyWalthall2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEbreyWalthallPalais2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEbreyWalthallPalais2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEckertLee1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEm2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmbree1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeenstraHamilton2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGardner2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorge_Trumbull_Ladd1908\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGernet1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrant2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrayson1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrayson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrenet2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHall1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHan\u0026#039;guk_Kyowŏn_Taehakkyo2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaralambousHorne2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaryong_Kim1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHawley2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoarePares1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHopfner2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHopfner2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHulbert2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHwang2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHyung2000\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFInjaeMillerJinhoonHyun-Hae2014\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFInternational1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsabella_Bird2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaHyun_Kim_Haboush2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeong2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJong-Wha_Lee\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKawasaki1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKay_ItoiB._J._Lee2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKim,_Chong_Ik_EugeneHan-Kyo_Kim1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKim,_Djun_Kil2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKim,_Djun_Kil2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKim,_Jinwung2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKim1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKim2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKim2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKimVogel2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKitagawa2013\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKotkinWolff2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaet1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee,_Ki-baik1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee2010\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLeeHaSorensen2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeeParkYoon2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeePatterson1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee_Young-hoon_(이영훈)2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeffman2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeffmanLewisAtiyah2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewy1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiCribb2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLibrary2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacGregor2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMason\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGuire2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcIntireBurns2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMetzler2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiyata1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMunGreen2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMyungki2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNahm2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNahmHoare2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNelson1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNikaido2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO_Sonfa2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPainter1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPark1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPark2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPetersonMargulies2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoceski2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPratt2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRandel2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReischauer1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRingWatsonSchellinger2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobertsWestad2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoss2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRossabi1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmid2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmid2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSelin2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeth2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeth2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeth2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSin2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStark2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStark2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSu-il2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_National_Folk_Museum_of_Korea_(South_Korea)2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTucker2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurnbull2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_States_Congress2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVeritable_Records_of_Joseon_Dynasty\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalker2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWells2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWessinger2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWuChia2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFXu2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYamawaki1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYang1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYiPakYun2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoshiko_NOZAKI,_Hiromitsu_INOKUCHI_and_Kim_Tae-young\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYu2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYuh2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF김\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF나2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF박2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF신2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF이상각2014\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREF장덕호2015\"] = 1,\n [\"Modern\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 140,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 24,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Culture of Korea\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:History Of Korea\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 5,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 17,\n [\"History of Asia\"] = 1,\n [\"History of Korea\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Ill\"] = 1,\n [\"In lang\"] = 9,\n [\"Korea topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Korean\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 22,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 4,\n [\"Refend\"] = 4,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 4,\n [\"Self-published inline\"] = 2,\n [\"Self-published source\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 92,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 3,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 24,\n [\"Wikisource\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikivoyage\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","480","24.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","320","16.0"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","140","7.0"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","140","7.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","100","5.0"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","80","4.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","60","3.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","60","3.0"],["type","60","3.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::setTTL","40","2.0"],["[others]","520","26.0"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-dcdv2","timestamp":"20241125142959","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"History of Korea","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Korea","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q713414","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q713414","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-04-10T16:44:45Z","dateModified":"2024-11-17T07:24:55Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/4d\/Gyeongbokgung_Palace.png","headline":"aspect of history"}</script> </body> </html>