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class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Etalage"><span>Etalage</span></a></li><li id="n-categories" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Alles"><span>Categorieën</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:RecenteWijzigingen" title="Een lijst met recente wijzigingen in deze wiki. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recente wijzigingen</span></a></li><li id="n-newpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:NieuwePaginas"><span>Nieuwe artikelen</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Willekeurig" title="Een willekeurige pagina bekijken [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Willekeurige pagina</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-navigation2" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation2" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Informatie </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portaal:Gebruikersportaal" title="Informatie over het project: wat u kunt doen, waar u dingen kunt vinden"><span>Gebruikersportaal</span></a></li><li id="n-Snelcursus" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Snelcursus"><span>Snelcursus</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portaal:Hulp_en_beheer" title="Hulpinformatie over deze wiki"><span>Hulp en contact</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Hoofdpagina" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; 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Dit is echter niet verplicht." class=""><span>Account aanmaken</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:Aanmelden&returnto=Kalligrafie" title="U wordt van harte uitgenodigd om aan te melden, maar dit is niet verplicht [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Aanmelden</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Meer opties" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persoonlijke hulpmiddelen" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Persoonlijke hulpmiddelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Gebruikersmenu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_nl.wikipedia.org&uselang=nl"><span>Doneren</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:GebruikerAanmaken&returnto=Kalligrafie" title="Registreer u vooral en meld u aan. Dit is echter niet verplicht."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Account aanmaken</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:Aanmelden&returnto=Kalligrafie" title="U wordt van harte uitgenodigd om aan te melden, maar dit is niet verplicht [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Aanmelden</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pagina's voor uitgelogde redacteuren <a href="/wiki/Help:Inleiding" aria-label="Meer leren over bewerken"><span>meer lezen</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:MijnBijdragen" title="Bijdragen IP-adres [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bijdragen</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:MijnOverleg" title="Overlegpagina van de anonieme gebruiker van dit IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Overleg</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Inhoud" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Top</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Het_westen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Het_westen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Het westen</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Het_westen-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Het westen-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Het_westen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Renaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Renaissance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italiaanse_schriftboeken" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italiaanse_schriftboeken"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Italiaanse schriftboeken</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italiaanse_schriftboeken-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inktrecept" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inktrecept"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Inktrecept</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inktrecept-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Herleving_kalligrafie_in_de_19e_eeuw" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Herleving_kalligrafie_in_de_19e_eeuw"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Herleving kalligrafie in de 19e eeuw</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Herleving_kalligrafie_in_de_19e_eeuw-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literatuur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literatuur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Literatuur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literatuur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externe_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externe_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Externe links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externe_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kalligrafie</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 112 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-112" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">112 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalligrafie" title="Kalligrafie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kalligrafie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalligrafie" title="Kalligrafie – Zwitserduits" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kalligrafie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Zwitserduits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caligraf%C3%ADa" title="Caligrafía – Aragonees" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Caligrafía" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B7" title="فن الخط – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فن الخط" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B7" title="خطاط – Egyptisch Arabisch" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="خطاط" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptisch Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%80" title="কেলিগ্ৰাফী – Assamees" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কেলিগ্ৰাফী" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caligraf%C3%ADa" title="Caligrafía – Asturisch" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Caligrafía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%C9%99ttatl%C4%B1q" title="Xəttatlıq – Azerbeidzjaans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Xəttatlıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidzjaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Каллиграфия – Basjkiers" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Каллиграфия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Basjkiers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalligraphie" title="Kalligraphie – Beiers" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Kalligraphie" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Beiers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaligraf%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Kaligrafėjė – Samogitisch" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kaligrafėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Каліграфія – Belarussisch" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Каліграфія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Каліграфія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Каліграфія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="uitgelicht artikel"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Калиграфия – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Калиграфия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF" title="চারুলিপি – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চারুলিপি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaerskriverezh" title="Kaerskriverezh – Bretons" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kaerskriverezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretons" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaligrafija" title="Kaligrafija – Bosnisch" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kaligrafija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D1%8D%D1%88%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%8D" title="Уран бэшэлгэ – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Уран бэшэлгэ" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cal%C2%B7ligrafia" title="Cal·ligrafia – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cal·ligrafia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8" title="Каллиграфи – Tsjetsjeens" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Каллиграфи" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Tsjetsjeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%86%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="خۆشنووسی – Soranî" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خۆشنووسی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Soranî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Csn%C3%BChat" title="Üsnühat – Krim-Tataars" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Üsnühat" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Krim-Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaligrafie" title="Kaligrafie – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kaligrafie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaligrafi%C3%B4" title="Kaligrafiô – Kasjoebisch" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Kaligrafiô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kasjoebisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceinlythrennu" title="Ceinlythrennu – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ceinlythrennu" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalligrafi" title="Kalligrafi – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kalligrafi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Calligraphy" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalligrafie" title="Kalligrafie – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kalligrafie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Καλλιγραφία – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καλλιγραφία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Calligraphy" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaligrafio" title="Kaligrafio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kaligrafio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caligraf%C3%ADa" title="Caligrafía – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Caligrafía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalligraafia" title="Kalligraafia – Estisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kalligraafia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaligrafia" title="Kaligrafia – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kaligrafia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="خوشنویسی – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خوشنویسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalligrafia" title="Kalligrafia – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kalligrafia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calligraphie" title="Calligraphie – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Calligraphie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalligrafy" title="Kalligrafy – Fries" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kalligrafy" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callagrafa%C3%ADocht" title="Callagrafaíocht – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Callagrafaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caligraf%C3%ADa" title="Caligrafía – Galicisch" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Caligrafía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%94" title="קליגרפיה – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קליגרפיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8" title="अक्षरांकन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अक्षरांकन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy – Fijisch Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Calligraphy" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fijisch Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krasopis" title="Krasopis – Kroatisch" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Krasopis" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalligr%C3%A1fia" title="Kalligráfia – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kalligráfia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%B9%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Վայելչագրություն – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վայելչագրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaligrafi" title="Kaligrafi – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kaligrafi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaligrapia" title="Kaligrapia – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Kaligrapia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skrautskrift" title="Skrautskrift – IJslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Skrautskrift" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="IJslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calligrafia" title="Calligrafia – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Calligrafia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%B8_(%E9%80%A0%E5%BD%A2%E8%8A%B8%E8%A1%93)" title="書 (造形芸術) – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="書 (造形芸術)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaligrafi" title="Kaligrafi – Javaans" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kaligrafi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="კალიგრაფია – Georgisch" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კალიგრაფია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalligrafiya" title="Kalligrafiya – Karakalpaks" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Kalligrafiya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Karakalpaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Каллиграфия – Kazachs" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Каллиграфия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazachs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%88_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%B0_%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF(%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%AB%E0%B2%BF)" title="ಕೈ ಬರಹದ ಸುಂದರ ಶೈಲಿ(ಕ್ಯಾಲಿಗ್ರಫಿ) – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕೈ ಬರಹದ ಸುಂದರ ಶೈಲಿ(ಕ್ಯಾಲಿಗ್ರಫಿ)" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%9C%EB%8F%84_(%EC%98%88%EC%88%A0)" title="서도 (예술) – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="서도 (예술)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xwe%C5%9Fniv%C3%AEs%C3%AE" title="Xweşnivîsî – Koerdisch" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Xweşnivîsî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Koerdisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalligrafieth" title="Kalligrafieth – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kalligrafieth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Каллиграфия – Kirgizisch" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Каллиграфия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgizisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calligraphia" title="Calligraphia – Latijn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Calligraphia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latijn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaligrafija" title="Kaligrafija – Litouws" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kaligrafija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litouws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaligr%C4%81fija" title="Kaligrāfija – Lets" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kaligrāfija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Lets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaligrafi" title="Kaligrafi – Madoerees" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Kaligrafi" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madoerees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaligrafi" title="Kaligrafi – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Kaligrafi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="goed artikel"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Калиграфија – Macedonisch" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Калиграфија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%BF" title="കലിഗ്രഫി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കലിഗ്രഫി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%B3" title="Уран бичлэг – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Уран бичлэг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seni_khat" title="Seni khat – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Seni khat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BE" title="လက်ရေးလှ – Birmaans" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လက်ရေးလှ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Birmaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%90%D8%B4_%D9%86%D9%90%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="خِش نِویسی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="خِش نِویسی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalligrafie" title="Kalligrafie – Nedersaksisch" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kalligrafie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Nedersaksisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalligrafi" title="Kalligrafi – Noors - Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kalligrafi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Noors - Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalligrafi" title="Kalligrafi – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kalligrafi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calligrafia" title="Calligrafia – Occitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Calligrafia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AB%E0%A9%80" title="ਕੈਲੀਗ੍ਰਾਫੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕੈਲੀਗ੍ਰਾਫੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaligrafia" title="Kaligrafia – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kaligrafia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B7%DB%8C" title="خطاطی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="خطاطی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B7%DB%8D_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1" title="د خطاطۍ هنر – Pasjtoe" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د خطاطۍ هنر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pasjtoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caligrafia" title="Caligrafia – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Caligrafia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caligrafie" title="Caligrafie – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Caligrafie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Каллиграфия – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Каллиграфия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D2%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Каліґрафія – Roetheens" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Каліґрафія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Roetheens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A" title="خطاطي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="خطاطي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaligrafija" title="Kaligrafija – Servo-Kroatisch" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kaligrafija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Servo-Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Calligraphy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaligrafia" title="Kaligrafia – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kaligrafia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaligrafija" title="Kaligrafija – Sloveens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kaligrafija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloveens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tararunako" title="Tararunako – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Tararunako" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukurshkrimi" title="Bukurshkrimi – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bukurshkrimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaligrafija" title="Kaligrafija – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Kaligrafija" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaligrafi" title="Kaligrafi – Soendanees" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kaligrafi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Soendanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalligrafi" title="Kalligrafi – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kalligrafi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaligrafia" title="Kaligrafia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kaligrafia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="வனப்பெழுத்து – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வனப்பெழுத்து" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D3%A3" title="Хушнависӣ – Tadzjieks" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Хушнависӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tadzjieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3" title="อักษรวิจิตร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อักษรวิจิตร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaligrapiya" title="Kaligrapiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kaligrapiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaligrafi" title="Kaligrafi – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kaligrafi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Каллиграфия – Tataars" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Каллиграфия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%95%D8%AA%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%89%D9%82" title="خەتتاتلىق – Oeigoers" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="خەتتاتلىق" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Oeigoers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Каліграфія – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Каліграфія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%86_%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%B7%DB%8C" title="فن خطاطی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فن خطاطی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalligrafiya" title="Kalligrafiya – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kalligrafiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C6%B0_ph%C3%A1p" title="Thư pháp – Vietnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thư pháp" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caligrafeye" title="Caligrafeye – Waals" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Caligrafeye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Waals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaligrapiya" title="Kaligrapiya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kaligrapiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%A6%E6%B3%95" title="书法 – Wuyu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="书法" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A2" title="קאליגראפיע – Jiddisch" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קאליגראפיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Jiddisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%A6%E6%B3%95" title="书法 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="书法" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su-hoat_(g%C4%93-su%CC%8Dt)" title="Su-hoat (gē-su̍t) – Minnanyu" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Su-hoat (gē-su̍t)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnanyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%B8%E6%B3%95" title="書法 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="書法" data-language-autonym="粵語" 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data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Uiterlijk</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Uit Wikipedia, de vrije encyclopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nl" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Calligraphy.malmesbury.bible.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Calligraphy.malmesbury.bible.arp.jpg/200px-Calligraphy.malmesbury.bible.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Calligraphy.malmesbury.bible.arp.jpg/300px-Calligraphy.malmesbury.bible.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Calligraphy.malmesbury.bible.arp.jpg/400px-Calligraphy.malmesbury.bible.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1011" /></a><figcaption>Kalligrafie in 15e-eeuwse Bijbel</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Bilderbibel-Krau%C3%9F-1700-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Bilderbibel-Krau%C3%9F-1700-01.jpg/200px-Bilderbibel-Krau%C3%9F-1700-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Bilderbibel-Krau%C3%9F-1700-01.jpg/300px-Bilderbibel-Krau%C3%9F-1700-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Bilderbibel-Krau%C3%9F-1700-01.jpg/400px-Bilderbibel-Krau%C3%9F-1700-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1596" data-file-height="2338" /></a><figcaption>titelpagina</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Schedel_register.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Schedel_register.jpg/200px-Schedel_register.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Schedel_register.jpg/300px-Schedel_register.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Schedel_register.jpg/400px-Schedel_register.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="713" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Kapitaal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Kapitaal.jpg/200px-Kapitaal.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Kapitaal.jpg/300px-Kapitaal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Kapitaal.jpg/400px-Kapitaal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="409" data-file-height="602" /></a><figcaption>letter L; houtsnede 1488</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Calligrafie,_Jan_Van_De_Velde_(1605).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Calligrafie%2C_Jan_Van_De_Velde_%281605%29.jpg/200px-Calligrafie%2C_Jan_Van_De_Velde_%281605%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Calligrafie%2C_Jan_Van_De_Velde_%281605%29.jpg/300px-Calligrafie%2C_Jan_Van_De_Velde_%281605%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Calligrafie%2C_Jan_Van_De_Velde_%281605%29.jpg/400px-Calligrafie%2C_Jan_Van_De_Velde_%281605%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="879" data-file-height="626" /></a><figcaption>Simon Frisius, die wil leren schrijven met vlijt, vatte de Penne t'alder tijd, Gelijck dees figuere wijst aen, Soo sal tschrijven te beter gaen... , naar <a href="/wiki/Jan_van_de_Velde_(I)" title="Jan van de Velde (I)">Jan van den Velde</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Kalligrafie</b> (uit het <a href="/wiki/Grieks" title="Grieks">Grieks</a>: <i>καλός</i>, mooi en <i>γράφειν</i>, schrijven) is de kunst van het <b>schoonschrift</b>. In <a href="/wiki/Chinese_cultuur" title="Chinese cultuur">China</a> en <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> wordt <a href="/wiki/Chinese_kalligrafie" title="Chinese kalligrafie">Chinese kalligrafie</a> nog steeds hoog gewaardeerd, en in <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">islamitische</a> culturen bestaan talloze gekalligrafeerde versies van de <a href="/wiki/Koran" title="Koran">Koran</a> en worden gekalligrafeerde teksten uit de Koran vaak in <a href="/wiki/Tapijt" title="Tapijt">tapijten</a> verwerkt of aan de muur gehangen. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Het_westen">Het westen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalligrafie&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Het westen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalligrafie&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Het westen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Europa werd het kalligraferen aanvankelijk uitgevoerd door slaven (<a href="/wiki/Romeinse_Rijk" title="Romeinse Rijk">Romeinse Rijk</a>), later na de doorbraak van het <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">christendom</a> door <a href="/wiki/Monnik_(christendom)" title="Monnik (christendom)">monniken</a> in <a href="/wiki/Klooster_(gebouw)" title="Klooster (gebouw)">kloosters</a>. In de latere <a href="/wiki/Middeleeuwen" title="Middeleeuwen">middeleeuwen</a> ontstonden er <a href="/wiki/Gilde_(beroepsgroep)" title="Gilde (beroepsgroep)">gilden</a> voor kalligrafen en verluchters (zij maakten versieringen bij het <a href="/wiki/Letter" title="Letter">letterwerk</a>). Verschillende stijlen van kalligrafie zijn te onderscheiden, waaronder Gotisch, Romaans, Karolisch en <a href="/wiki/Beneventaans_schrift" title="Beneventaans schrift">Beneventaans</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renaissance">Renaissance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalligrafie&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Renaissance" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalligrafie&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Renaissance"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gedurende de <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">renaissance</a> omstreeks 1300 in Italië ontstaat er een beweging die probeert oude waarden te doen herleven. Wat betreft het schrift baseert men zich op de <a href="/wiki/Karolingische_minuskel" title="Karolingische minuskel">Karolingische minuskel</a>, waarvan men in die dagen dacht dat hij stamde uit de Romeinse tijd. En via <a href="/wiki/Paus" title="Paus">pauselijke</a> brieven verspreidden zich de vernieuwde schriften door heel Europa en daar buiten. </p><p>In 1420 ontwikkelde <a href="/wiki/Niccolo_Niccoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Niccolo Niccoli">Niccolo Niccoli</a> een "nieuwe" humanistische schrijfletter.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In feite was het een revival en een aanpassing van het handschrift uit de tijd van <a href="/wiki/Karel_de_Grote" title="Karel de Grote">Karel de Grote</a> dat door vele anderen in die dagen, zoals Poggio Bracciolini en Giovanni Aretino, werd gebruikt. Bij het cursief van Niccoli wordt de pen veel minder van het papier genomen, door ophalen te maken en letters diagonaal met elkaar te verbinden. Zo kon men sneller schrijven en bleef de leesbaarheid behouden. </p><p>Na de uitvinding van de <a href="/wiki/Boekdrukkunst" title="Boekdrukkunst">boekdrukkunst</a> raakte het beroep van <a href="/wiki/Kopiist" title="Kopiist">kopiist</a> langzamerhand overbodig. Maar dat gold enkel voor de productie van grotere uitgaven, waarvan veel exemplaren nodig waren. De letters die boekdrukkers gebruikten, waren nog altijd geheel gebaseerd op hun kalligrafische voorbeelden. In de begintijd van de boekdrukkunst werden uitgaven vaak verlucht met kalligrafische toevoegingen. In de <a href="/wiki/Bijbel_(christendom)" title="Bijbel (christendom)">bijbel</a> van <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Gutenberg" title="Johannes Gutenberg">Johannes Gutenberg</a> werden de initialen en andere versieringen met de hand toegevoegd. Elk exemplaar was hierdoor uniek. </p><p>Veel beroepen zoals rechters, advocaten, notarissen, bleven afhankelijk van geschreven contracten. Schrijvers van boeken, toneelstukken en muziek waren nog altijd afhankelijk van manuscripten. Bij al deze zaken staat de leesbaarheid en de herkenbaarheid van al wat geschreven is voorop. Anders zouden akten nooit als bewijs hebben kunnen dienen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italiaanse_schriftboeken">Italiaanse schriftboeken</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalligrafie&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Italiaanse schriftboeken" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalligrafie&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Italiaanse schriftboeken"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Begin zestiende eeuw ontstonden er enkele schriftboeken in Italië. Met daarin vele voorbeelden van de verschillende cursieve schriften die op dat moment in gebruik zijn. </p><p>In 1522 verscheen als eerste <i>La Operina</i>, met daarin gravures van Ugo da Carpi naar de modellen, de canselarescha, van Lodovico delgi Arrighi, bijgenaamd Vicentino,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> die schrijver was van pauselijke brieven. Een tweede boek met voorbeelden van cursieven was <i>Il modo de temperare le Penne</i>; dit boek verscheen in Venetië in 1523 als aanvulling op <i>La Operina</i>. Daarin ook aanwijzingen hoe een pen te snijden en verschillende cursieven anders dan de cancellerescha. De graveur was Eustachio Celebrino da Udene. </p><p>Hierna volgen vele andere boeken : </p> <ul><li>Giovanantonio Tagliente, <i>Lo presente libro insegna</i>, Venetië, 1524</li> <li>Ugo da Carpi, <i>Thesauro de Scrittori</i>, 1525</li> <li>Eustachio Celebrino da Udene: <i>Il modo d'imparare de scrivere lettera Merchantescha</i>, 1525</li> <li>Giovambattista Palatino, <i>Libro nuovo d'impparare a scrivere</i>, Rome, 1540</li> <li>Vespasiano Amphiareo, <i>Opera nella quale si insegna a scrivere</i>, Venetië, 1554</li> <li>Giovan Francesco Cresci, <i>Essemplare de piu sorti letteri</i>, Rome. 1560</li> <li>Giovambattista Palatino, <i>Compendio del gran volume</i>, Rome, 1566</li> <li>Augustina da Siena, <i>Opera del reverendo</i>, Venetië, 1568</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Inktrecept">Inktrecept</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalligrafie&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Inktrecept" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalligrafie&action=edit&section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Inktrecept"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In het schriftboek van Augustino da Siena is een recept te vinden, hoe <a href="/wiki/Inkt" title="Inkt">inkt</a> te maken. Goede inkt moet in oplossing blijven, en mag niet opdrogen als een vlek op de bodem van de inktfles. Goede inkt dient lange tijd kleurecht te blijven en mag ook niet na een tijd verbleken.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Neem 30 ons goede <a href="/wiki/Witte_wijn" title="Witte wijn">witte wijn</a>.</li> <li>Neem 3 ons kleine <a href="/wiki/Istri%C3%AB_(schiereiland)" title="Istrië (schiereiland)">Istrische</a> <a href="/wiki/Galnoot" class="mw-redirect" title="Galnoot">galnoten</a>, van een goed gerimpelde soort,</li> <li>Breek deze galnoten, maar maal ze niet fijngemalen tot een <a href="/wiki/Puree" title="Puree">puree</a>.</li> <li>Doe de gebroken galnoten in de wijn.</li> <li>Laat alles een twaalf dagen staan, een paar dagen meer of minder kan geen kwaad.</li> <li>Roer de galnoten in de wijn vier tot zes keer elke dag.</li> <li>Alleen de laatste dag en daarna mag er niet meer worden geroerd.</li> <li>Zeef de oplossing door een doek, om de galnoten te verwijderen.</li> <li>Voeg daarna 2 ons Romeins vitriool (<a href="/wiki/IJzer(II)sulfaat" title="IJzer(II)sulfaat">ijzer(II)-sulfaat</a>) toe, om de inkt zwart te maken.</li> <li>Roer de inkt een <i>"<a href="/wiki/Psalm_51" title="Psalm 51">Miserere</a>"</i> lang</li> <li>Week 1 ons in stukken gebroken <a href="/wiki/Arabische_gom" title="Arabische gom">Arabische gom</a>, een dag lang in witte wijn</li> <li>Om de gom beter te vermengen met de inkt</li> <li>Doe het in een fles</li> <li>Wacht daarna twee tot drie weken, tot alles perfect zwart is.</li></ul> <p>In plaats van witte wijn, kan ook gekookt <a href="/wiki/Regenwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Regenwater">regenwater</a> (of <a href="/wiki/Destillatie" title="Destillatie">gedestilleerd water</a>) worden gebruikt. </p><p>Een nadeel van deze inkt is, dat het ijzermoleculen bevat, en dit ijzer kan op den duur de papiervezels aantasten. De <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a> van de vezels onder de inkt verpulvert dan langzaam, en zo kan het hele document uiteindelijk verloren gaan. </p><p>¹Een ons is hier ongeveer 28 gram of 28 milliliter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Herleving_kalligrafie_in_de_19e_eeuw">Herleving kalligrafie in de 19e eeuw</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalligrafie&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Herleving kalligrafie in de 19e eeuw" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalligrafie&action=edit&section=5" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Herleving kalligrafie in de 19e eeuw"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sinds <a href="/wiki/1850" title="1850">1850</a> herleefde de belangstelling voor de kalligrafie. Eerst als hobby, maar allengs ontwikkelde de kalligrafie zich tot een zelfstandige kunstvorm. </p><p>Toch ging het mis met de kwaliteit van schrijven gedurende de 19e eeuw. In Engeland ontstond in het begin van de 20ste eeuw een beweging om het schrijfonderwijs aan jonge kinderen op de lagere school op een hoger plan te brengen. Onder het motto: "Jong geleerd is oud gedaan." De motor van dit alles vormden onder andere <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Johnston&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Johnston (de pagina bestaat niet)">Edward Johnston</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Fairbank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfred Fairbank (de pagina bestaat niet)">Alfred Fairbank</a> en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marion_Richardson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marion Richardson (de pagina bestaat niet)">Marion Richardson</a>. Met het oefenen naar voorbeelden op zogenaamde 'writing-cards' werden de kinderen aangemoedigd tot creativiteit in een <a href="/wiki/Lopend_schrift" class="mw-redirect" title="Lopend schrift">lopend schrift</a>. </p><p>Vaak wordt bij het kalligraferen gebruikgemaakt van een 'brede pen', een pen die in dwarse richting een smalle, maar in lengterichting een brede streep trekt. De brede pen is afgeleid van de vorm van de <a href="/wiki/Rietpen" title="Rietpen">rietpen</a> (gebruikt op <a href="/wiki/Papyrus_(schrift)" title="Papyrus (schrift)">papyrus</a> tot ongeveer <a href="/wiki/300" title="300">300 na Chr.</a>) en de <a href="/wiki/Ganzenveer" title="Ganzenveer">ganzenveer</a> (gebruikt op <a href="/wiki/Perkament" title="Perkament">perkament</a> en <a href="/wiki/Vellum" title="Vellum">vellum</a>, vanaf ongeveer <a href="/wiki/300" title="300">300</a>) die een vergelijkbaar schrijfgedrag heeft, maar veel vaker in de <a href="/wiki/Inkt" title="Inkt">inkt</a> moet worden gedoopt, en waarvan de lijn meer varieert met de hoeveelheid inkt die er nog op zit. Tegenwoordig wordt ook wel de trekpen als schrijfgereedschap gebruikt. Veelgebruikte inktsoorten zijn <a href="/wiki/Oost-Indische_inkt" title="Oost-Indische inkt">Oost-Indische inkt</a> en lichtechte gepigmenteerde inkten die watervast opdrogen. </p><p>Door kalligrafen veel gebruikte <a href="/wiki/Letter" title="Letter">lettertypen</a> zijn: de Romeinse <a href="/wiki/Kapitaal_(typografie)" title="Kapitaal (typografie)">kapitaal</a>, de middeleeuwse <a href="/wiki/Unciaal" title="Unciaal">unciaal</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Karolingische_minuskel" title="Karolingische minuskel">Karolingische minuskel</a> (en de <a href="/wiki/Gotisch_schrift" title="Gotisch schrift">gotische</a> varianten daarvan), de <a href="/wiki/Cursief" title="Cursief">cursief</a> (italic) en het <a href="/wiki/Kanselarijschrift" title="Kanselarijschrift">kanselarijschrift</a>. </p><p>In Nederland bevinden zich de belangrijkste (historische) collecties op het gebied van de kalligrafie in de <a href="/wiki/Koninklijke_Bibliotheek_(Nederland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Koninklijke Bibliotheek (Nederland)">Koninklijke Bibliotheek</a> in Den Haag en in de Bibliotheek van de <a href="/wiki/Universiteit_van_Amsterdam" title="Universiteit van Amsterdam">Universiteit van Amsterdam</a>. De <a href="/wiki/Universiteitsbibliotheek_van_Amsterdam" title="Universiteitsbibliotheek van Amsterdam">Universiteitsbibliotheek van Amsterdam</a> beheert ook het <a href="/w/index.php?title=Schriftmuseum_J.A._Dortmond&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schriftmuseum J.A. Dortmond (de pagina bestaat niet)">Schriftmuseum J.A. Dortmond</a>. </p><p>Aan de Haagse <a href="/wiki/Koninklijke_Academie_van_Beeldende_Kunsten_(Den_Haag)" title="Koninklijke Academie van Beeldende Kunsten (Den Haag)">Koninklijke Academie van Beeldende Kunsten</a> vormt het schrijven een wezenlijk onderdeel van de opleiding tot <a href="/wiki/Letterontwerper" title="Letterontwerper">letterontwerper</a>. De gevolgde methode is ontwikkeld door Edward Johnston, de ontwerper van het Underground type. <a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Noordzij" title="Gerrit Noordzij">Gerrit Noordzij</a> ontdekte Johnstons boek in 1955, waarin deze uitlegt dat schrijven, illumineren en lettering van wezenlijk belang zijn voor de typografie en de graphic designer. </p><p>Een toegepaste vorm van kalligrafie is <a href="/wiki/Stripboekbelettering" title="Stripboekbelettering">stripboekbelettering</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="China">China</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalligrafie&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Bewerk dit kopje: China" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalligrafie&action=edit&section=6" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: China"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="hatnote" style="margin-bottom:0.5em; padding:0.5em 0 0.5em 1.6em; font-size:95%;" role="note"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/15px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/23px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/30px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> <i>Zie <a href="/wiki/Chinese_kalligrafie" title="Chinese kalligrafie">Chinese kalligrafie</a> voor het hoofdartikel over dit onderwerp.</i></div> <p>De Chinese kalligrafie staat sinds 2009 vermeld op de <a href="/wiki/Lijst_van_meesterwerken_van_het_orale_en_immateri%C3%ABle_erfgoed_van_de_mensheid" class="mw-redirect" title="Lijst van meesterwerken van het orale en immateriële erfgoed van de mensheid">lijst van meesterwerken van het orale en immateriële erfgoed van de mensheid</a> van <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Islam">Islam</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalligrafie&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Islam" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalligrafie&action=edit&section=7" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Islam"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Containing_calligraphies_ascribed_to_%C5%9Eeyh_Hamdullah_-_Murakka_(calligraphic_album)_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Containing_calligraphies_ascribed_to_%C5%9Eeyh_Hamdullah_-_Murakka_%28calligraphic_album%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/200px-Containing_calligraphies_ascribed_to_%C5%9Eeyh_Hamdullah_-_Murakka_%28calligraphic_album%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Containing_calligraphies_ascribed_to_%C5%9Eeyh_Hamdullah_-_Murakka_%28calligraphic_album%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/300px-Containing_calligraphies_ascribed_to_%C5%9Eeyh_Hamdullah_-_Murakka_%28calligraphic_album%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Containing_calligraphies_ascribed_to_%C5%9Eeyh_Hamdullah_-_Murakka_%28calligraphic_album%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/400px-Containing_calligraphies_ascribed_to_%C5%9Eeyh_Hamdullah_-_Murakka_%28calligraphic_album%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2601" data-file-height="1743" /></a><figcaption>Kalligrafie toegeschreven aan sjeik Hamdullah (gestorven 1526), werkzaam aan het Ottomaanse hof</figcaption></figure> <p>In de islam geldt een verbod op het afbeelden van <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a>, de profeet <a href="/wiki/Mohammed" title="Mohammed">Mohammed</a> en heiligen. In plaats van portretten werden daarom kalligrafische composities met hun namen gemaakt. Verder werd kalligrafie toegepast voor handgeschreven korans, gebedenboeken, <a href="/wiki/Soera" title="Soera">soera</a>'s, heiligennamen, gedichten en spreuken. </p><p>Ook in het <a href="/wiki/Ottomaanse_Rijk" title="Ottomaanse Rijk">Ottomaanse Rijk</a> stond kalligrafie in hoog aanzien. Het was de enige Ottomaanse kunst die zich ontwikkelde zonder enige westerse invloed omdat het ging om een religieuze en traditionalistische kunst. Aan het hof van de Ottomaanse sultans waren kalligrafen werkzaam en ook enkele sultans, zoals <a href="/wiki/Ahmet_III" title="Ahmet III">Ahmet III</a>, waren bedreven kalligrafen.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatuur">Literatuur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalligrafie&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Literatuur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalligrafie&action=edit&section=8" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Literatuur"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Edward Johnston, <i>Writing & Illuminating & Lettering</i>, 1906, illustraties: Johnston & Rooke. Dover Publications. <span class="ISBN"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/0-486-28534-0" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/0-486-28534-0">ISBN 0-486-28534-0</a></span></li> <li>Edward Johnston, <i>A book of Sample Scripts</i>, Victoria and Albert Museum, Londen, (facsimile uitgave van origineel uit 1914)</li> <li>Edward Johnston, <i>Manuscript & Inscription Letters, A portfolio for schoold and classes and for the use of craftsmen.</i>, met vijf platen van <a href="/wiki/Eric_Gill" title="Eric Gill">A.E.R. Gill</a>, John Hogg, Londen, 1909</li> <li><i>Tributes to Edward Johnston</i>, met toestemming van de Society of Scribes & Illuminators, privately printed at the Maidstone College of Art, 1948</li> <li>Priscilla Johnston, <i>Edward Johnston</i> Faber & Faber, 1959</li> <li>Edward Johnston, <i>Formal Penmanship and other papers. Editied by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heather_Child&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heather Child (de pagina bestaat niet)">Heather Child</a></i>, Lund Humfries Publishers, Londen, (1971), SBN 85331 405 5</li> <li>Rudolf Larisch, <i>Über Zierschriften im Dienste der Kunst</i>. 1899. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opacplus.bsb-muenchen.de/search?oclcno=36410735">gedigitaliseerde uitgave</a></li> <li>Rudolf Larisch, <i>Beispiele künstlerischer Schrift</i>. 5 Folgen, 1900–26</li> <li>Rudolf Larisch, <i>Über Leserlichkeit von ornamentalen Schriften</i>, Verlag Schroll & Co, Wien (1904) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goobipr2.uni-weimar.de/viewer/ppnresolver?id=PPN632946539">gedigitaliseerde uitgave</a></li> <li>Rudolf Larisch, <i>Unterricht in ornamentaler Schrift</i>, Osterreich. Staatsdrukkerei, Wenen, (1926) (neunte veraenterde Auflage 1926) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goobipr2.uni-weimar.de/viewer/ppnresolver?id=PPN632946709">gedigitaliseerde uitgave</a></li> <li>Rudolf Larisch, <i>Der Kajak und seine Arten</i>, 1918 (Nachdruck 2007)</li> <li>Prof. Anna Simons, Dr. Eberhard Hölscher, <i>Edward Johnston und die englische Schriftkunst</i>, Verlag für die Schriftkunde Heinze & Blanckertz, Berlin-Leipzig, Monographien künstlerischer Schrift, Band 1</li> <li>John Howard Benson & Arthur Graham Carey, <i>The Elements of Lettering</i>, John Stevens, Newport, Roade Island, 1940</li> <li>John Howard Benson, <i>The first writing book, Arrighi's Operina</i>, Oxford University Press, Londen, 1955</li> <li>John R. Biggs, <i>The Craft of Lettering</i>, Blandfort Press ltd., Londen, 1961</li> <li>John R. Biggs, <i>The Craft of the Pen</i>, Blandfort Press ltd., Londen, 1961</li> <li>John R. Biggs, <i>The Craft of Woodcuts</i>, Blandfort Press ltd, Londen, 1963</li> <li>C. G. Crump & E. F. Jacob, <i>The Legacy of the middle ages</i>, At the Clarendon Press, Oxford (1e uitgave, 1926)</li> <li>Roger Fry, E. A. Lowe, <i>English Handwriting (S.P.E. Tract No. XXIII) with Thirty-four facsimile plates, and artistic & paleographical criticisms</i>, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1926, <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/65851261">65851261</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Koch" title="Rudolf Koch">Rudolf Koch</a>, <i>Die Offenbacher Schrift. Eine Anweisung zum Schreiben einer deutschen und einer lateinischen Schrift von Rudolf Koch</i>. Heintze & Blanckertz, Berlijn 1928 (<a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Rudolf_Koch_Die_Offenbacher_Schrift_1928.pdf">PDF</a>)</li> <li>Rudolf Koch, <i>Das Schreib-büchlein, eine Anleitung zum Schreiben von Rudof Koch met Holzschnitten von Fritz Kredel, erschienen im Baerenreiter-Verlag zu Kassel-WilhelmsHoehe</i>, 1930</li> <li>Hewitt Graily, <i>Lettering for Students and Craftsmen</i>, Londen: Seeley, Service & Co, 1930</li> <li>Alfred Fairbank, <i>A Handwriting Manual</i>, Leicester, The Dryad Press, 1932</li> <li>Alfred Fairbank, <i>The Dryad Writing cards</i>, The Dryad Press, Leicester, 1932</li> <li>Alfred Fairbank & Bruce Dickens, <i>The italic hand in Tudor Cambridge</i>, Cambridge Bibliographica Society, Monograph 5, Bowes & Bowes, Londen, 1962</li> <li>A. S. Osley (editor), <i>Calligraphy and Paleography, Essays presented to Alfred Fairbank on his 70th birthday</i>, October House Inc. New York, 1965.</li> <li>Marion Richardson, <i>Writing and writing patterns, Teacher’s book</i>, University of London Press, Londen, 1935</li> <li>Marion Richardson, <i>Writing and writing patterns, Book I, II, III, IV, V + writing cards</i>, University of London Press, Londen, 1935</li> <li>Rosemary Sassoon, <i>Marion Richardson : her life and her contribution to handwriting </i>, Bristol (2011), <span class="ISBN"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/978-1-8415-0543-5" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/978-1-8415-0543-5">ISBN 978-1-8415-0543-5</a></span></li> <li>Alfred Fairbank, Rober Bridges (editor), <i>English Handwriting (S.P.E. Tract No. XXVIII) Continued from Tract XXIII with Thirty-one Additional Plates</i>, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1932</li> <li>Alfred Fairbank, <i>A Roman script for schools</i>, Ginn & Co, Londen</li> <li>Alfred Fairbank, C.G. Holme; Eberhard Holscher, Anna Simons, Percy J. Smith, & R. Haughton James, <i>Lettering Of To-Day</i>, The Studio limited, Studio Publications inc. Londen, New York, 1937</li> <li>Alfred Fairbank, <i>A book of Scripts</i>, Penguin Books, Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England, 1e editie: 1949</li> <li>Alfred Fairbank, Bertold Wolpe, <i>Renaissance Handwriting, An Anthology of Italic Scripts</i>, Faber and Faber Limited, 24 Russell Square, Londen, 1960</li> <li>Alfred Fairbank & R.W. Hunt, <i>Humanistic Script of the fifteenth and sixteenth century</i>, Bodleaian Library, Oxford, 1960</li> <li>Alfred Fairbank, Bruce Dickins, <i>The Italic Hand in Tudor Cambridge: Forty-one Examples.</i>, Bowes & Bowes, Londen, Cambridge Bibliographycal Society, monograph no. 5, 1962</li> <li>Alfred Fairbank, <i>Augustino Da Siena</i>, D.R. Godine, Boston USA, 1975</li> <li>Paul Standard, <i>Arrighi's Running Hand: A Study of Chancery Cursive, Including a Facsimile of the 1522 "Operina" with Side by Side Translation & an Explanatory Supplement to Help Beginners in the Italic Hand</i>, Taplinger Pub Co, 1979</li> <li>W. Bogtman, <i>Het Nederlandsche Handschriift in 1600</i>, W. Bogtman, Haarlem, 1933</li> <li>J. Ligter, <i>Alphabet constructies voor schrift-lithografie</i>, Amsterdamsche Grafische School, 1934</li> <li>Erhardt D. Stiebner, Walter Leonhard, <i>Bruckmann's Handbuch der Schrift</i>, Bruckmann, München, 1992, <span class="ISBN"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/3765425648" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/3765425648">ISBN 3765425648</a></span></li> <li>Eugen Nerdinger, <i>Buchstabenbuch. Schriftenentwicklung, Formbedingungen, Schrifttechnik, Schriftsammlung.</i>, Callway Munchen 1955</li> <li>Oscar Ogg, <i>Three classics of Italian Calligraphy, an unabridged reissue of the writing books of Arrighi, Tagliente and Palatino</i>, Bover Publications, New York, 1953</li> <li>Oscar Ogg, <i>The 26 Letters</i>, E.M. Hale and Company, Eau Claire, Winconsin, VS, 1963</li> <li>Heinrich Hussmann, <i>Uber die Schrift. Aufzeichnungen aus meinem Vorlesungen.</i>, Guido Pressler Verlag, Wiesbaden, 1977</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Tschichold" title="Jan Tschichold">Jan Tschichold</a>, <i>Schriftkunde, Schreibübungen und Skizzieren für Setzer</i>, Basel, Schwabe 1942</li> <li>Jan Tschichold, <i>Geschichte der Schrift in Bildern</i>, Dr. Ernst Hauswedell & Co., Hamburg, 1961</li> <li>Jan Tschichold, <i>Meisterbuch der Schrift, ein Lehrbuch mit vorbildlichen Schriften aus Vergangenheit und Gegenwart für Schriftenmaler Graphiker Bildhauer-Gravüre Lithographen Verlaghersteller Buchdrucker Architecten und Kunstschulen</i>, Otto Maier Verlag, Ravensburg, 1952</li> <li>Jan Tschichold, <i>Treasures of alphabets and lettering</i>, Omega Books, Hertfordshire, 1985</li> <li>Tom Gourdie, <i>Italic Handwriting</i>, A Studio Publication, Londen/New York 1955</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Morison" title="Stanley Morison">Stanley Morison</a>, <i>The Calligraphy of Ludovico degli Arrigahi</i>, Parijs, 1929</li> <li>Stanley Morison & John Dreyfus, <i>Letterforms, typographical and scriptorial</i>, Nattali & Maurice, Londen, 1968</li> <li>Jan Schalkwijk, <i>De kunst van het Letter-schrijven</i>, Druk: Vegron B.V., Den Haag, 1980</li> <li>Timon Stevens, <i>Kalligrafie van A tot Z, een leidraad voor het schrijven en tekenen van letters en teksten</i>, Cantecleer BV., De Bilt, 1982</li> <li>Fons van der Linden, <i>Over letters & schrift en de beginselen van het schrijven</i>, 1983</li> <li>drs. B. N. Leverland, <i>Zo schreven onze voorouders, Nederlands schrift tussen 1450 en 1700</i>, Centraal bureau voor Genealogie, 's Gravenhage, 1984</li> <li>Karina Meister, <i>Kalligrafie: een persoonlijke visie</i>, 1989</li> <li>Sepp Jakob, Donatus Leicher, <i>Schrift und Symbol In Stein, Holz und Metall</i>, Callwey, G, 1984, <span class="ISBN"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/3766706896" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/3766706896">ISBN 3766706896</a></span></li> <li>Mels van Beusekom, <i>Kreatieve Kalligrafie, voor links- en rechtshandigen</i>, La Rivière & Voorhoeve, Kampen, 1988</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_E._Blokland" title="Frank E. Blokland">Frank E. Blokland</a>, <i>Kalligraferen: de kunst van het schoonschrijven</i> 1990</li> <li>Julius de Goede, <i>Kalligraferen in Cursiefschrift</i>, Cantecleer, De Bilt, 1991, <span class="ISBN"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/90_213_0938_6" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/90 213 0938 6">ISBN 90 213 0938 6</a></span></li> <li>Ton Croiset van Uchelen, <i>Vive la plume: schrijfmeesters en pennekunst in de Republiek</i>, 2005. Uitg. t.g.v. de tentoonstelling <i>Pennekunst. Vier eeuwen schoonschrijven in Nederland</i>, gehouden in de UB Amsterdam van 23 september t/m 23 december 2005</li> <li>Berthold Wolpe, <i>A Newe Booke of Copies, 1574, A facsimile of a unique Elizabethan Writing Book in the Bodleian Library, Oxford</i>, Lion and Unicorn Press, Londen, 1955</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Noordzij" title="Gerrit Noordzij">Gerrit Noordzij</a>, <i>The stroke: theory of writing</i> 2005</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externe_links">Externe links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalligrafie&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Externe links" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalligrafie&action=edit&section=9" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Externe links"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060913221626/http://www.verenigingmercator.nl/">Vereniging Mercator</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scriptores.nl/">Scriptores, Nederlands-Vlaamse Vereniging voor kalligrafen</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100416084223/http://www.kalligrafia.be/">Kalligrafia, de Vlaamse Vereniging ter bevordering van de kalligrafie</a></li></ul> <div class="interProject commons mw-list-item" style="display:none;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Calligraphy#mw-subcategories" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Calligraphy">Mediabestanden</a></div> <div class="interProjectTemplate interProject-groot toccolours" style="display:flex; gap:1em; align-items:center; clear:both; margin:1em 0 -0.5em 0;"> <div style="min-width:max-content;"><span class="noviewer noresize" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/25px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/38px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/50px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div>Zie de categorie <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Calligraphy#mw-subcategories" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></b></i> van <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> voor mediabestanden over dit onderwerp.</div> </div> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div><span style="font-weight:bold">Bronnen, noten en/of referenties</span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Berthold L. Ullman, <i>The Origin and Development of Humanistic Script</i>, Rome, 1960</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Frederic Warde, <i>The Calligraphic Models of Ludovico delgi Arrighi surnamed Vincentino</i>, Officina Bodoni, Paijs, (1926)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alfred Fairbank, Augustion da Siena<i>, David R. Godine, Boston, (1975), pag. 11-13</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alfred Fairbank, Augustion da Siena<i>, David R. Godine, Boston, (1975), p. 20-21</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mehmet Baha Tanman, De wereld van het goddelijke, in Anatolia, een verhaal van 12.000 jaar, Lannoo, <span class="ISBN"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/978_94_014_3002_9" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/978 94 014 3002 9">ISBN 978 94 014 3002 9</a></span>, p. 199-200</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Overgenomen van "<a dir="ltr" href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalligrafie&oldid=68417793">https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalligrafie&oldid=68417793</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Alles" title="Categorie:Alles">Categorie</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Kalligrafie" title="Categorie:Kalligrafie">Kalligrafie</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Deze pagina is voor het laatst bewerkt op 22 nov 2024 om 16:20.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">De tekst is beschikbaar onder de licentie <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.nl">Creative Commons Naamsvermelding/Gelijk delen</a>, er kunnen aanvullende voorwaarden van toepassing zijn. 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