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Jan Tschichold - Wikipedia

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cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Werk-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Werk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Die_neue_Typographie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Die_neue_Typographie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span><i>Die neue Typographie</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Die_neue_Typographie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classicisme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classicisme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Classicisme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classicisme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lettertypen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Jan Tschichold</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. 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interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Tschichold" title="Jan Tschichold – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jan Tschichold" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Tschichold" title="Jan Tschichold – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jan Tschichold" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Tschichold" title="Jan Tschichold – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jan Tschichold" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Tschichold" title="Jan Tschichold – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Jan Tschichold" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Tschichold" title="Jan Tschichold – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jan Tschichold" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Tschichold" title="Jan Tschichold – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jan Tschichold" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Tschichold" title="Jan Tschichold – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jan Tschichold" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%85%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%89%D5%AB%D5%AD%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%A4" title="Յան Չիխոլդ – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Յան Չիխոլդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Tschichold" title="Jan Tschichold – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Jan Tschichold" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%81%E3%83%92%E3%83%A7%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88" title="ヤン・チヒョルト – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヤン・チヒョルト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BD_%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4" title="Ян Чихольд – Kazachs" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ян Чихольд" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazachs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%96%80_%EC%B9%98%ED%99%80%ED%8A%B8" title="얀 치홀트 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="얀 치홀트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Tschichold" title="Jan Tschichold – Noors - Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Jan Tschichold" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Noors - Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Tschichold" title="Jan Tschichold – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jan Tschichold" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Tschichold" title="Jan Tschichold – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jan Tschichold" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4,_%D0%AF%D0%BD" title="Чихольд, Ян – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чихольд, Ян" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Tschichold" title="Jan Tschichold – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jan Tschichold" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BD_%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4" title="Ян Чихолд – Tadzjieks" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ян Чихолд" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tadzjieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BD_%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4" title="Ян Чихольд – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ян Чихольд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%89%AC%C2%B7%E5%A5%87%E8%82%96%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7" title="扬·奇肖尔德 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="扬·奇肖尔德" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nl" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Jan_Tschichold_(1963)_by_Erling_Mandelmann.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Jan_Tschichold_%281963%29_by_Erling_Mandelmann.jpg/260px-Jan_Tschichold_%281963%29_by_Erling_Mandelmann.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Jan_Tschichold_%281963%29_by_Erling_Mandelmann.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="354" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>1963</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Jan Tschichold</b> (<a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>, <a href="/wiki/2_april" title="2 april">2 april</a> <a href="/wiki/1902" title="1902">1902</a> – <a href="/wiki/Locarno_(stad)" title="Locarno (stad)">Locarno</a>, <a href="/wiki/11_augustus" title="11 augustus">11 augustus</a> <a href="/wiki/1974" title="1974">1974</a>) was een <a href="/wiki/Duitsland" title="Duitsland">Duitse</a> <a href="/wiki/Grafisch_ontwerper" title="Grafisch ontwerper">grafisch ontwerper</a> en <a href="/wiki/Letterontwerper" title="Letterontwerper">letterontwerper</a>. Een veelgebruikt lettertype van zijn hand is de <a href="/wiki/Sabon" title="Sabon">Sabon</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leven">Leven</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Tschichold&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Leven" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Tschichold&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Leven"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jan Tschichold was de zoon van een provinciale uithangbordenmaker en genoot een opleiding als <a href="/wiki/Kalligraaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalligraaf">kalligraaf</a>. Deze artistieke achtergrond maakte hem bijzonder onder de typografen van die tijd. </p><p>Tschichold gebruikte in zijn werk juist geen handgemaakt papier en speciale lettertypen zoals toen gebruikelijk was, maar prefereerde standaard letters op commercieel, standaard formaten drukpapier. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communisme">Communisme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Tschichold&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Communisme" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Tschichold&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Communisme"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tijdens het <a href="/wiki/Nazi-Duitsland" title="Nazi-Duitsland">naziregime</a> moesten alle ontwerpers zich laten inschrijven bij het Ministerie van Cultuur, en ook alle instellingen die zich bezighielden met het <a href="/wiki/Communisme" title="Communisme">communisme</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nazi" title="Nazi">Nazimedewerkers</a> arresteerden hem en zijn vrouw in 1933, nadat posters voor de <a href="/wiki/Sovjet-Unie" title="Sovjet-Unie">Sovjet-Unie</a> in zijn flat werden gevonden, en zij dus verdacht waren van collaboratie met communisten. </p><p>Alle boeken van Tschichold werden door de <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a> in beslag genomen <i>ter bescherming van het Duitse volk</i>. Zes weken later wisten Tschichold en zijn familie te ontsnappen naar <a href="/wiki/Zwitserland" title="Zwitserland">Zwitserland</a>. Daar woonden ze de rest van hun leven. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Werk">Werk</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Tschichold&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Werk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Tschichold&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Werk"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In de jaren 1937-1938 ging hij naar <a href="/wiki/Engeland" title="Engeland">Engeland</a> op uitnodiging van de Pennrose Annual. In de jaren 1947-1949 verbleef Tschichold in Engeland waar hij de 500 paperbacks van <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a> opnieuw ging ontwerpen, samen met typograaf Ruari McLean. Hij paste hier een standaard set typografische regels toe, de zogenaamde Penguin Composition Rules. Hij gaf Penguin-boeken (met name de Pelican-serie) een eenduidig uiterlijk en gebruikte veel typografische praktijken die vandaag de dag als vanzelfsprekend gelden. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Die_neue_Typographie"><i>Die neue Typographie</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Tschichold&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Die neue Typographie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Tschichold&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Die neue Typographie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tschichold nam de modernistische ontwerpprincipes aan sinds 1923 na bezoek aan de Weimarse <a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a> expositie. Hij werd een ware vooraanstaande Modernist: eerst met een invloedrijk magazine artikel in 1925, vervolgens met een persoonlijke expositie in 1927 en bovendien met zijn meest toonaangevende werk in <i>Die neue Typographie</i>. Dit boek was een manifest voor <i>modern design</i> waarin hij alle niet tot de <a href="/wiki/Schreefloze_letter" class="mw-redirect" title="Schreefloze letter">schreefloze letter</a> behorende klassen lettertypen afkraakte. Hij sprak de voorkeur uit voor niet-gecentreerde ontwerpen op titelpagina's. Hij definieerde vele andere Modernistische design concepten. Tschichold haalde het belang van fotografie in drukwerk aan. </p><p>Hij adviseerde het gebruik van standaard papierformaten (zoals de <a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Institut_f%C3%BCr_Normung" title="Deutsches Institut für Normung">DIN</a>-A formaten) voor alle drukwerk, en legde duidelijk uit hoe effectief gebruik te maken van verschillende letterzwaartes en -groottes om zo snel en gemakkelijk informatie over te brengen. Na het boek kwam ook een serie praktische handleidingen uit, die de principes van Modernistische typografie uiteenzette, en hadden eerst een grote invloed op de Duitse drukwereld. </p><p><i>Die neue Typographie</i> geldt tot op de dag van vandaag als een standaardwerk over <a href="/wiki/Typografie" title="Typografie">typografie</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classicisme">Classicisme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Tschichold&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Classicisme" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Tschichold&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Classicisme"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hoewel <i>Die neue Typographie</i> een klassieker blijft, week Tschichold zelf vanaf 1932 steeds verder af van deze ideeën (hij noemde zijn boek later te extreem) en begaf zich in classicistische richting. Onder andere te zien in zijn lettertype Saskia uit 1932; die bevat klassieke <a href="/wiki/Romein_(lettertype)" title="Romein (lettertype)">Romeinlettervormen</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lettertypen">Lettertypen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Tschichold&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Lettertypen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Tschichold&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Lettertypen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lettertypen ontworpen door Tschichold: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architype_Tschichold" title="Architype Tschichold">Architype Tschichold</a> (1929, experimenteel)</li> <li>Transit (1931)</li> <li>Saskia (1931/1932)</li> <li>Zeus (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabon" title="Sabon">Sabon</a> (1966/1967)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografie">Bibliografie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Tschichold&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Bibliografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Tschichold&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Bibliografie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Schriften</i>: 1925 - 1974 Band 1/2. Berlijn, 1992.</li> <li><i>Die neue Typographie, Ein Handbuch für zeitgemäss Schaffende</i>, Berlijn, Verlag des Bildungsverbandes der Deutschen Buchdrucker, 1928.</li> <li><i>Typografische Entwurfstechnik</i>, Stuttgart: Akademischer Verlag Dr Fritz Wedekind &amp; Co., 1932.</li> <li><i>Schriftkunde, Schreibübungen und Skizzieren</i>, Basel 1942, 2e sterk verbeterde en sterk uitgebreide druk: Berlijn, 1951, Verlag des Druckhauses Tempelhof</li> <li><i>Ausgewählte Aufsätze über Fragen der Gestalt des Buches und der Typographie</i>, 1948.</li> <li><i>Schatzkammer der Schreibkunst</i>, Basel, 2e druk 1949.</li> <li><i>Meisterbuch der Schrift. Ein Lehrbuch mit vorbildlichen Schriften aus Vergangenheit und Gegenwart für Schriftenmaler, Graphiker, Bildhauer, Graveure, Lithographen, Verlagshersteller, Buchdrucker, Architekten und Kunstschulen</i>, Ravensburg, 1952, 2e druk 1965.</li> <li><i>Geschichte der Schrift in Bildern</i>, Hamburg, 4e druk 1961.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externe_link">Externe link</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Tschichold&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Externe link" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Tschichold&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Externe link"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tschichold.de">www.tschichold.de</a>.</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67837862">.mw-parser-output .navigatie{position:relative;clear:both;overflow:auto;margin:1em auto -0.5em;padding:2px;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;font-size:87%}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-bewerken{margin-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-bewerken .mw-ui-icon::before{background-size:0.9em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-links,.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-rechts{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-rechts{right:2px}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-groot{float:right;padding-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-titel{background-color:#ddeef8;padding:2px 5.5em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-inhoud{padding:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-inhoud p:first-child{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .navigatie 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class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90600820">90600820</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Biblioteca Nacional de España">Biblioteca Nacional de España</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&amp;authority_id=XX981113">XX981113</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque nationale de France</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12018908t">cb12018908t</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12018908t">(data)</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Cat%C3%A0leg_d%27autoritats_de_noms_i_t%C3%ADtols_de_Catalunya" title="Catàleg d&#39;autoritats de noms i títols de Catalunya">Catàleg d'autoritats de noms i títols de Catalunya</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058520183206706">981058520183206706</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/CiNii" title="CiNii">CiNii</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA03160604?l=en">DA03160604</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">Gemeinsame Normdatei</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118624350">118624350</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Historisch_woordenboek_van_Zwitserland" title="Historisch woordenboek van Zwitserland">Historisch woordenboek van Zwitserland</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/032504">032504</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International Standard Name Identifier">International Standard Name Identifier</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isni.org/isni/0000000368650782">0000 0003 6865 0782</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/KulturNav" title="KulturNav">KulturNav</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/27367c49-0ec7-422e-8dc9-74a4acb995b4">27367c49-0ec7-422e-8dc9-74a4acb995b4</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">Library of Congress Control Number</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n50011738">n50011738</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Nationale_Bibliotheek_van_Letland" title="Nationale Bibliotheek van Letland">Nationale Bibliotheek van Letland</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&amp;local_base=lnc10&amp;doc_number=000217264&amp;P_CON_LNG=ENG">000217264</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheek_van_het_Japanse_parlement" title="Bibliotheek van het Japanse parlement">Bibliotheek van het Japanse parlement</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00686435">00686435</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Nationale_Bibliotheek_van_Tsjechi%C3%AB" title="Nationale Bibliotheek van Tsjechië">Nationale Bibliotheek van Tsjechië</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&amp;local_base=aut&amp;ccl_term=ica=xx0034734&amp;CON_LNG=ENG">xx0034734</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Nationale_Bibliotheek_van_Isra%C3%ABl" title="Nationale Bibliotheek van Israël">Nationale Bibliotheek van Israël</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&amp;local_base=NLX10&amp;find_code=UID&amp;request=987007269016005171">987007269016005171</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Nationale_Bibliotheek_van_Polen" title="Nationale Bibliotheek van Polen">Nationale Bibliotheek van Polen</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/a0000002692624">a0000002692624</a></span></li><li><b><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property:P1006" class="extiw" title="d:Property:P1006">Nederlandse Thesaurus van Auteursnamen</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068412657">068412657</a></span></li><li><b><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23892012" class="extiw" title="d:Q23892012">PIC</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pic.nypl.org/constituents/337329">337329</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/RKD-Nederlands_Instituut_voor_Kunstgeschiedenis" title="RKD-Nederlands Instituut voor Kunstgeschiedenis">RKD-Nederlands Instituut voor Kunstgeschiedenis</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/nl/explore/artists/243429">243429</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Istituto_Centrale_per_il_Catalogo_Unico" title="Istituto Centrale per il Catalogo Unico">Istituto Centrale per il Catalogo Unico</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/opacsbn/opac/iccu/scheda_authority.jsp?bid=UBOV054848">UBOV054848</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/LIBRIS" title="LIBRIS">LIBRIS</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/auth/209225">209225</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/SIKART" title="SIKART">SIKART</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sikart.ch/KuenstlerInnen.aspx?id=4025470&amp;lng=en">4025470</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/SNAC" title="SNAC">SNAC</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6rx9n8t">w6rx9n8t</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_universitaire_de_documentation" title="Système universitaire de documentation">Système universitaire de documentation</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/031235271">031235271</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Trove" title="Trove">Trove</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/995048">995048</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Union_List_of_Artist_Names" title="Union List of Artist Names">Union List of Artist Names</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&amp;role=&amp;nation=&amp;subjectid=500125556">500125556</a></span></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">Virtual International Authority File</a>:</b> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/34468682">34468682</a></span></li><li><b></b> <b><a href="/wiki/WorldCat" title="WorldCat">WorldCat</a></b> (via VIAF): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/34468682">34468682</a></li></ul></div></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐84d8f4b96‐kmq9z Cached time: 20241115103630 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.074 seconds Real time usage: 0.093 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 88/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 8628/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 0/2097152 bytes Highest expansion 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