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</div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Theology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Theology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scriptures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scriptures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Scriptures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scriptures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Devi_Gita" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Devi_Gita"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Devi Gita</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Devi_Gita-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_8_Shakta_Upanishads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_8_Shakta_Upanishads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>List of 8 Shakta Upanishads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_8_Shakta_Upanishads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Principal_deities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Principal_deities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Principal deities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Principal_deities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tantric_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tantric_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Tantric traditions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tantric_traditions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tantric traditions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tantric_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vidyāpīṭha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vidyāpīṭha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Vidyāpīṭha</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vidyāpīṭha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kulamārga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kulamārga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Kulamārga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kulamārga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Worship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Worship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Worship</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Worship-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Worship subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Worship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Srikula:_family_of_Lalita_Tripura_Sundari" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Srikula:_family_of_Lalita_Tripura_Sundari"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Srikula: family of Lalita Tripura Sundari</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Srikula:_family_of_Lalita_Tripura_Sundari-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kalikula:_family_of_Kali" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kalikula:_family_of_Kali"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Kalikula: family of Kali</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kalikula:_family_of_Kali-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Festivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Navaratri" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Navaratri"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Navaratri</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Navaratri-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vasant_Panchami" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vasant_Panchami"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>Vasant Panchami</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vasant_Panchami-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diwali_and_others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diwali_and_others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.3</span> <span>Diwali and others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diwali_and_others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animal_sacrifice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animal_sacrifice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Animal sacrifice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animal_sacrifice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shaktism_versus_other_Hindu_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shaktism_versus_other_Hindu_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Shaktism versus other Hindu traditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shaktism_versus_other_Hindu_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Demography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Temples_and_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Temples_and_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Temples and influence</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Temples_and_influence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Temples and influence subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Temples_and_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jainism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jainism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Jainism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jainism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sikhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sikhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Sikhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sikhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books_and_Journals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books_and_Journals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2.1</span> <span>Books and Journals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books_and_Journals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Websites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Websites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2.2</span> <span>Websites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Websites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Shaktism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 60 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-60" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">60 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaktisme" title="Shaktisme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Shaktisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="شاكتية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شاكتية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE" title="শাক্তধৰ্ম – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="শাক্তধৰ্ম" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eaktizm" title="Şaktizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şaktizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE" title="শাক্তধর্ম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শাক্তধর্ম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Шактызм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Шактызм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF" title="शाक्त संप्रदाय – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="शाक्त संप्रदाय" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaktismo" title="Shaktismo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Shaktismo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xactisme" title="Xactisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Xactisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0aktismus" title="Šaktismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Šaktismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaktismus" title="Shaktismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Shaktismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0aktism" title="Šaktism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Šaktism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Σακτισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σακτισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaktismo" title="Shaktismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Shaktismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Caktismo" title="Ŝaktismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ŝaktismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaktismo" title="Shaktismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Shaktismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%AA%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="شاکتی‌پرستی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شاکتی‌پرستی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Shaktism" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaktisme" title="Shaktisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Shaktisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%A4%ED%81%AC%ED%8B%B0%ED%8C%8C" title="샤크티파 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="샤크티파" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF" title="शाक्त सम्प्रदाय – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शाक्त सम्प्रदाय" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0aktizam" title="Šaktizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Šaktizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakta" title="Sakta – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sakta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Aaktismo" title="Śaktismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Śaktismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="שאקטיזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שאקטיזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A5" title="ಶಾಕ್ತ ಪಂಥ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಶಾಕ್ತ ಪಂಥ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saktismus" title="Saktismus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Saktismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0aktizmas" title="Šaktizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šaktizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saktizmus" title="Saktizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Saktizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saktisma" title="Saktisma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Saktisma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ശാക്തേയം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ശാക്തേയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A5" title="शाक्त पंथ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="शाक्त पंथ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="შაკტიზმი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="შაკტიზმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%87" title="شاكتيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شاكتيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syaktisme" title="Syaktisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Syaktisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%9B%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A4_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A2%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%A1" title="ꯁꯛꯇꯤ ꯂꯥꯢꯅꯤꯡ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯁꯛꯇꯤ ꯂꯥꯢꯅꯤꯡ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaktisme" title="Shaktisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Shaktisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="शक्ति – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="शक्ति" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%82%AF%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E6%B4%BE" title="シャクティ派 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シャクティ派" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaktisme" title="Shaktisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Shaktisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="शक्ति – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="शक्ति" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%99" title="សក្តិនិកាយ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សក្តិនិកាយ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Aaktyzm" title="Śaktyzm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Śaktyzm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaktismo" title="Shaktismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Shaktismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Шактизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шактизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaktizmi" title="Shaktizmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shaktizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0aktizmus" title="Šaktizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Šaktizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0aktizam" title="Šaktizam – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Šaktizam" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaktismi" title="Shaktismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Shaktismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Shaktism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="சாக்தம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சாக்தம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Шактизм – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Шактизм" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A7%E0%B0%A8" title="శక్తి ఆరాధన – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="శక్తి ఆరాధన" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4" title="ลัทธิศักติ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ลัทธิศักติ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eaktizm" title="Şaktizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Şaktizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Шактизм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шактизм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DA%A9%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%AA" title="شکتی مت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شکتی مت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Shaktism" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E5%8A%9B%E6%B4%BE" title="性力派 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="性力派" data-language-autonym="粵語" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shakta&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakta">Shakta</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Goddess-centric sect of Hinduism</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statues_of_Vaishnavi,_Varahi,_Indrani_and_Camunda,_National_Museum,_New_Delhi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Statues_of_Vaishnavi%2C_Varahi%2C_Indrani_and_Camunda%2C_National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi.jpg/260px-Statues_of_Vaishnavi%2C_Varahi%2C_Indrani_and_Camunda%2C_National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Statues_of_Vaishnavi%2C_Varahi%2C_Indrani_and_Camunda%2C_National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi.jpg/390px-Statues_of_Vaishnavi%2C_Varahi%2C_Indrani_and_Camunda%2C_National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Statues_of_Vaishnavi%2C_Varahi%2C_Indrani_and_Camunda%2C_National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi.jpg/520px-Statues_of_Vaishnavi%2C_Varahi%2C_Indrani_and_Camunda%2C_National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4504" data-file-height="3081" /></a><figcaption>Shaktism is a goddess-centric tradition of Hinduism - relief statues of <a href="/wiki/Matrikas" title="Matrikas">Matrikas</a>: from left to right <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavi_(Matrika_goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnavi (Matrika goddess)">Vaishnavi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varahi" title="Varahi">Varahi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indrani" title="Indrani">Indrani</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chamunda" title="Chamunda">Chamunda</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Shaktism" title="Category:Shaktism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color: #FFC569; padding:0.25em;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shaktism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SriYantra_color.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/SriYantra_color.svg/120px-SriYantra_color.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/SriYantra_color.svg/250px-SriYantra_color.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="padding-bottom:0.35em; border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Shaktism" title="History of Shaktism">History</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a> (Supreme)</b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura_Sundari" title="Tripura Sundari">Lalita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrikas" title="Matrikas">Matrikas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Scriptures and texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yogini_Tantra" title="Yogini Tantra">Yogini</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakta_Upanishads" title="Shakta Upanishads">Shakta Upanishads</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Upanishad" title="Devi Upanishad">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita_Upanishad" title="Sita Upanishad">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura_Upanishad" title="Tripura Upanishad">Tripura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavatam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Mahatmya" title="Devi Mahatmya">Devi Mahatmyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalita_Sahasranama" title="Lalita Sahasranama">Lalita Sahasranama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura_Rahasya" title="Tripura Rahasya">Tripura Rahasya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalika_Purana" title="Kalika Purana">Kalika Purana</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dd><b>other texts</b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saundarya_Lahari" title="Saundarya Lahari">Saundarya Lahari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annada_Mangal" title="Annada Mangal">Annada Mangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasadi" title="Ramprasadi">Ramprasadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abirami_Antati" title="Abirami Antati">Abirami Antati</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"><hr /> <dl><dd><b>Vidya margam</b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vamachara" title="Vamachara">Vamachara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakshina" class="mw-redirect" title="Dakshina">Dakshinachara</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Kaula_(Hinduism)" title="Kaula (Hinduism)">Kula margam</a></b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shri_Vidya" title="Shri Vidya">Srikulam</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Kalikula:_family_of_Kali">Kalikulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trika" class="mw-redirect" title="Trika">Trika (Kashmir Shaivism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubjika" title="Kubjika">Kubjikamata</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Scholars</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatchandra_Ray" title="Bharatchandra Ray">Bharatchandra Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaskararaya" title="Bhaskararaya">Bhaskararaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnananda_Agamavagisha" title="Krishnananda Agamavagisha">Krishnananda Agamavagisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen">Ramprasad Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abirami_Pattar" class="mw-redirect" title="Abirami Pattar">Abhirami Bhattar</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoni" title="Yoni">Yoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundalini" title="Kundalini">Kundalini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchamakara" title="Panchamakara">Panchamakara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yantra" title="Yantra">Yantra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)">Festivals and temples</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Lakshmi Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_Puja" title="Kali Puja">Kali Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Saraswati Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teej" title="Teej">Teej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakta_pithas" title="Shakta pithas">Shakta pithas</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)">Regional variations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Shaktism" title="Caribbean Shaktism">Caribbean Shaktism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#FFC569 1px solid; border-bottom:#FFC569 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/20px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/40px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Hinduism portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0.2em;background:#FFC569;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/120px-1_Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/250px-1_Om.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="padding-bottom:0.35em; border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">Origins</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"><b>Historical</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion of the Indus Valley Civilization">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Hinduism">Vedic Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Śramaṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_religions_in_India" title="Tribal religions in India">Tribal religions in India</a></li></ul> <p><b>Traditional</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasa-Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_royal_genealogies" title="Epic-Puranic royal genealogies">Epic-Puranic royal genealogies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_chronology" title="Epic-Puranic chronology">Epic-Puranic chronology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sampradaya" title="Sampradaya">Sampradaya (traditions)</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Major Sampradaya (traditions)</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijña</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><i><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Other Sampradaya (traditions)</a></i></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Absolute Reality / Unifying Force</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other major <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devis</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Vedic Deities:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tridasha">Tridasha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adityas" title="Adityas">Adityas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudras" title="Rudras">Rudras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasus">Vasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashvins" title="Ashvins">Ashvins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigvedic_deities" title="Rigvedic deities">Other Vedic Deities</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Post-Vedic:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navadurga" title="Navadurga">Navadurga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishvakarma" title="Vishvakarma">Vishvakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Concepts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Worldview</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_cosmology" title="Hindu cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ontology</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tattva" title="Tattva">Tattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanmatras" title="Tanmatras">Subtle elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchikarana" title="Panchikarana">Panchikarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancha_Bhuta" title="Pancha Bhuta">Gross elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">Guṇas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prak%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Prakṛti">Prakṛti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Para_Brahman" title="Para Brahman">Supreme reality</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nirguna_brahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirguna brahman">Nirguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saguna_brahman" title="Saguna brahman">Saguna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saccid%C4%81nanda" title="Saccidānanda">Saccidānanda</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">God</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">God in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_and_gender_in_Hinduism" title="God and gender in Hinduism">God and gender</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārtha (meaning of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80%C5%9Brama_(stage)" title="Āśrama (stage)">Āśrama (stages of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%E1%B9%9Bhastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gṛhastha">Gṛhastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81naprastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vānaprastha">Vānaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Three_Yogas" title="Three Yogas">Three paths to liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Mokṣa-related topics:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramatman" title="Paramatman">Paramātman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Mind</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman (self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81tman_(Hinduism)" title="Anātman (Hinduism)">Anātman (non-self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_bodies_doctrine" title="Three bodies doctrine">Sūkṣma śarīra (subtle body)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antahkarana" title="Antahkarana">Antaḥkaraṇa (mental organs)</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Hinduism)" title="Prajñā (Hinduism)">Prajña (wisdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda_(Hindu_philosophy)" title="Ānanda (Hindu philosophy)">Ānanda (happiness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viveka" title="Viveka">Viveka (discernment)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairagya" title="Vairagya">Vairagya (dispassion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatva" title="Samatva">Sama (equanimity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Dama (temperance)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uparati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uparati (page does not exist)">Uparati (self-settledness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titiksha" title="Titiksha">Titiksha (forbearance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Hinduism" title="Faith in Hinduism">Shraddha (faith)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samādhāna (page does not exist)">Samadhana (concentration)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arishadvargas" title="Arishadvargas">Arishadvargas (six enemies)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahamkara" title="Ahamkara">Ahamkara (attachment)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ethics</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti śastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Achourya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjava" title="Arjava">Arjava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santosha" title="Santosha">Santosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaucha" title="Shaucha">Shaucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitahara" title="Mitahara">Mitahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources of dharma</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Epistemology</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pratyaksha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pratyaksha (page does not exist)">Pratyakṣa (perception)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anumāṇa" title="Pramana">Anumāṇa (inference)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upam%C4%81%E1%B9%87a" class="mw-redirect" title="Upamāṇa">Upamāṇa (comparison, analogy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Arthāpatti" title="Pramana">Arthāpatti (postulation, presumption)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anupalabdi" title="Pramana">Anupalabdi (non-perception, negation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabda" title="Shabda">Śabda (word, testimony)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a>, sacrifice, and charity</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arti_(Hinduism)" title="Arti (Hinduism)">Ārtī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_Hinduism" title="Prayer in Hinduism">Prarthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kīrtana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarpana" title="Tarpana">Tarpana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C4%81ya%C5%9Bcitta" title="Prāyaścitta">Prāyaścitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirtha_(Hinduism)" title="Tirtha (Hinduism)">Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatra" title="Yatra">Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthadana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matha" title="Matha">Matha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Nritta-Nritya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sev%C4%81" title="Sevā">Sevā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exorcism_in_Hinduism" title="Exorcism in Hinduism">Exorcism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Meditation</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">Dhyana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samādhāna (page does not exist)">Samādhāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nididhy%C4%81sana" title="Nididhyāsana">Nididhyāsana</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadhu" title="Sadhu">Sadhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogini" title="Yogini">Yogini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81" title="Sādhanā">Sādhanā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81ja_yoga" title="Rāja yoga">Rāja yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundalini_yoga" title="Kundalini yoga">Kundalini yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Arts</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathak" title="Kathak">Kathak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuchipudi" title="Kuchipudi">Kuchipudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_dance" title="Manipuri dance">Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohiniyattam" title="Mohiniyattam">Mohiniyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odissi" title="Odissi">Odissi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattriya" title="Sattriya">Sattriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Mela" title="Bhagavata Mela">Bhagavata Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakshagana" title="Yakshagana">Yakshagana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandiya_Raas" title="Dandiya Raas">Dandiya Raas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandav_Lila" title="Pandav Lila">Pandav Lila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaripayattu" title="Kalaripayattu">Kalaripayattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silambam" title="Silambam">Silambam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adimurai" title="Adimurai">Adimurai</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Samskara_(rite_of_passage)" title="Samskara (rite of passage)">Rites of passage</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Pumsavana Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simantonnayana" title="Simantonnayana">Simantonnayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Nāmakaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyāraṃbhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_wedding" title="Hindu wedding">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyesti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami-Dussehra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophical schools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Astika" class="mw-redirect" title="Astika">Six Astika schools</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Achintya Bheda Abheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Svabhavika_Bhedabheda" class="mw-redirect" title="Svabhavika Bhedabheda">Svabhavika Bhedabheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other schools</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Gurus, Rishi, philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">Ancient</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saptarshi" title="Saptarshi">Saptarshi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vashistha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vashistha">Vashistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashyapa" title="Kashyapa">Kashyapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atri" title="Atri">Atri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamadagni" title="Jamadagni">Jamadagni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyaya Sutras">Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishvamitra" title="Vishvamitra">Vishvamitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharadwaja" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharadwaja">Bharadwaja</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agastya" title="Agastya">Agastya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiras" title="Angiras">Angiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruni">Aruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtavakra" title="Ashtavakra">Ashtavakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanada_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanada (philosopher)">Kanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashastapada" title="Prashastapada">Prashastapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raikva" title="Raikva">Raikva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyakama_Jabala" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyakama Jabala">Satyakama Jabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yajnavalkya</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akka_Mahadevi" title="Akka Mahadevi">Akka Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allama_Prabhu" title="Allama Prabhu">Allama Prabhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">Alvars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basava" title="Basava">Basava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramdas_Kathiababa" title="Ramdas Kathiababa">Ramdas Kathiababa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Chakradhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changdev" class="mw-redirect" title="Changdev">Chāngadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eknath" title="Eknath">Eknath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangesha_Upadhyaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangesha Upadhyaya">Gangesha Upadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorakshanath" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorakshanath">Gorakshanatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridasa_Thakur" title="Haridasa Thakur">Haridasa Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hith_Harivansh_Mahaprabhu" title="Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu">Harivansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannatha_Dasa_(Odia_poet)" title="Jagannatha Dasa (Odia poet)">Jagannatha Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayanta_Bhatta" title="Jayanta Bhatta">Jayanta Bhatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayatirtha" title="Jayatirtha">Jayatīrtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiva_Goswami" title="Jiva Goswami">Jiva Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B1%C4%81ne%C5%9Bvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jñāneśvar">Jñāneśvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaka_Dasa" title="Kanaka Dasa">Kanaka Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhus%C5%ABdana_Sarasvat%C4%AB" title="Madhusūdana Sarasvatī">Madhusūdana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsyendranath" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsyendranath">Matsyendranatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morya_Gosavi" title="Morya Gosavi">Morya Gosavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukundraj" title="Mukundraj">Mukundarāja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narahari_Tirtha" title="Narahari Tirtha">Narahari Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha_Saraswati" title="Narasimha Saraswati">Narasimha Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayanars" title="Nayanars">Nayanars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarkacharya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nimbarkacharya">Nimbarkacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasacharya" title="Srinivasacharya">Srinivasacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabh%C4%81kara" title="Prabhākara">Prabhākara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purandara_Dasa" title="Purandara Dasa">Purandara Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghavendra_Swami" class="mw-redirect" title="Raghavendra Swami">Raghavendra Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunatha_Siromani" title="Raghunatha Siromani">Raghunatha Siromani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghuttama_Tirtha" title="Raghuttama Tirtha">Raghuttama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Charan_(guru)" title="Ram Charan (guru)">Ram Charan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen">Ramprasad Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidas" title="Ravidas">Ravidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupa_Goswami" title="Rupa Goswami">Rupa Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarth_Ramdas" title="Samarth Ramdas">Samarth Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyanatha_Tirtha" title="Satyanatha Tirtha">Satyanatha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddheshwar" title="Siddheshwar">Siddheshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripada_Srivallabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sripada Srivallabha">Sripada Srivallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripadaraja" title="Sripadaraja">Sripadaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surdas" title="Surdas">Surdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Sastri" title="Syama Sastri">Śyāma Śastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukaram" title="Tukaram">Tukaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyagaraja" title="Tyagaraja">Tyagaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81caspati_Mi%C5%9Bra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vācaspati Miśra">Vācaspati Miśra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadiraja_Tirtha" title="Vadiraja Tirtha">Vadiraja Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyaranya" title="Vidyaranya">Vidyaranya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasaraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyasaraja">Vyasaraja</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Modern</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktisiddhanta_Sarasvati" title="Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati">Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktivinoda_Thakur" title="Bhaktivinoda Thakur">Bhaktivinoda Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrashekarendra_Saraswati" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandrashekarendra Saraswati">Chandrashekarendra Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmayananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinmayananda">Chinmayananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaggi Vasudev">Jaggi Vasudev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnananda_Saraswati" title="Krishnananda Saraswati">Krishnananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavatar_Babaji" title="Mahavatar Babaji">Mahavatar Babaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi" title="Maharishi Mahesh Yogi">Mahesh Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigamananda_Paramahansa" title="Nigamananda Paramahansa">Nigamananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisargadatta_Maharaj" title="Nisargadatta Maharaj">Nisargadatta Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">Prabhupada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramachandra_Dattatrya_Ranade" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramachandra Dattatrya Ranade">R. D. Ranade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Rama_Tirtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Rama Tirtha">Rama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar_(spiritual_leader)" title="Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)">Ravi Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Ramdas" title="Swami Ramdas">Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Samarth" title="Swami Samarth">Samarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba" title="Sathya Sai Baba">Sathya Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sai_Baba_of_Shirdi" title="Sai Baba of Shirdi">Shirdi Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Shraddhanand" title="Swami Shraddhanand">Shraddhanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyadhyana_Tirtha" title="Satyadhyana Tirtha">Satyadhyana Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddharameshwar_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddharameshwar Maharaj">Siddharameshwar Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivananda_Saraswati" title="Sivananda Saraswati">Sivananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailanga" title="Trailanga">Trailanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U._G._Krishnamurti" title="U. G. Krishnamurti">U. G. Krishnamurti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upasni_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Upasni Maharaj">Upasni Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vethathiri_Maharishi" title="Vethathiri Maharishi">Vethathiri Maharishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Yogananda</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources and classification of scripture</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80c%C4%81ra" title="Ācāra">Ācāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmatusti" title="Atmatusti">Ātmatuṣṭi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hindu_texts" title="Timeline of Hindu texts">Timeline of Hindu texts</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Divisions</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhitapatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Samhitapatha">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Principal_Upanishads" title="Principal Upanishads">Principal Upanishads</a></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <dl><dd><i>Rigveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Yajurveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitri</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Samaveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Atharvaveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedangas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedangas">Vedangas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_metre" title="Vedic metre">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hindu scriptures">Other scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)"><i>Agama</i>s (Hinduism)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vāmana Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmanda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahma Vaivarta Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kūrma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya Purana</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas#Upaveda" title="Vedas">Upavedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhanurveda" title="Dhanurveda">Dhanurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gandharvaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandharvaveda">Gandharvaveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sthapatyaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Sthapatyaveda">Sthapatyaveda</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">samhitas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharma Shastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Artha Śastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra">Kama Sutra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samkhya_Pravachana_Sutra" title="Samkhya Pravachana Sutra">Samkhya Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charaka_Samhita" title="Charaka Samhita">Charaka Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Panchatantra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Swarodaya" title="Shiva Swarodaya">Swara yoga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_suktas_and_stutis" title="List of suktas and stutis">stutis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhashya" title="Bhashya">Bhashya</a> </div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kanakadhara_Stotra" title="Kanakadhara Stotra">Kanakadhara Stotra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Stuti" title="Shiva Stuti">Shiva Stuti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Stuti" title="Vayu Stuti">Vayu Stuti</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Tamil literature</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tiruppukal" title="Tiruppukal">Tiruppukal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kural" title="Kural">Kural</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam/Ramavataram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abirami_Antati" title="Abirami Antati">Abirami Antati</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; 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background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other related links (templates)</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Template:Hindu scriptures and texts">Hindu scriptures & texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_philosophy" title="Template:Hindu philosophy">Hindu philosphy</a></li> <li>Sampradayas (traditions) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Saivism" title="Template:Saivism">Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Vaishnavism" title="Template:Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Saktism" title="Template:Saktism">Shaktism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hinduism" title="Outline of Hinduism">Outline</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/20px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/40px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Hinduism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hinduism" title="Template:Hinduism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hinduism" title="Template talk:Hinduism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hinduism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hinduism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Shaktism</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">शाक्तसम्प्रदायः</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Sanskrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Sanskrit">romanized</a>: </small><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Śāktasampradāyaḥ</i></span>) is a major <a href="/wiki/Hindu_denomination" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu denomination">Hindu denomination</a> in which the <a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">deity</a> or <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysical</a> reality is considered metaphorically to be a woman. </p><p>Shaktism involves a galaxy of goddesses, all being regarded as different aspects, manifestations, or personifications of the divine feminine energy called <i><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></i>. It includes various modes of worship, ranging from those focused on the most worshipped <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a>, to gracious <a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a>, and the fierce <a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline of Buddhism in India">decline of Buddhism in India</a>, various <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> goddesses were combined to form the <a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Pantheon_(religion)" title="Pantheon (religion)">pantheon</a> of ten goddesses. The most common forms of the <a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a> worshipped in Shaktism include: Durga, Kali, <a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a>, Parvati, and <a href="/wiki/Tripura_Sundari" title="Tripura Sundari">Tripura Sundari</a>. Also worshipped are the various <a href="/wiki/Gramadevata" title="Gramadevata">Gramadevatas</a> across the Indian villages. </p><p>Shaktism also encompasses various <a href="/wiki/Tantra#Śaiva_and_Śākta_tantra" title="Tantra">tantric</a> sub-traditions, including Vidyapitha and <a href="/wiki/Kulam%C4%81rga" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulamārga">Kulamārga</a>. Shaktism emphasizes that intense love of the deity is more important than simple obedience, thus showing an influence of the <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavaite</a> idea of passionate relationship between <a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> as an ideal <a href="/wiki/Bhakti#Bhavas" title="Bhakti">bhava</a>. Similarly, Shaktism influenced <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a>. The goddess is considered the consort and energy (<i>shakti</i>) of the gods <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>; they have their individual shaktis, <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavi_(Matrika_goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnavi (Matrika goddess)">Vaishnavi</a> for Vishnu and <a href="/wiki/Maheshvari" class="mw-redirect" title="Maheshvari">Maheshvari</a> for Shiva, and consorts Lakshmi and <a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a>/Parvati. An adherent of Shaktism is called Shakta. In 2020, the World Religion Database (WRD) estimated that Shaktism is the <a href="/wiki/Hinduism#Demographics" title="Hinduism">third largest Hindu sect</a>, constituting about 305 million Hindus.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sruti" class="mw-redirect" title="Sruti">Sruti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smriti" class="mw-redirect" title="Smriti">Smriti</a> texts of Hinduism form an important scriptural framework in Shaktism. Scriptures such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Devi_Mahatmya" title="Devi Mahatmya">Devi Mahatmya</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Devi-Bhagavata_Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Devi-Bhagavata Purana">Devi-Bhagavata Purana</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Kalika_Purana" title="Kalika Purana">Kalika Purana</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Shakta_Upanishads" title="Shakta Upanishads">Shakta Upanishads</a> such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Devi_Upanishad" title="Devi Upanishad">Devi Upanishad</a></i> are revered. The <i>Devi Mahatmya</i> in particular, is considered in Shaktism to be as important as the <i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i>. The Devi is revered in many <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Hindu temples</a> and is worshipped during various <a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Hindu festivals</a>. The goddess-focused tradition and festivals such as the <a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a> are very popular in the eastern India. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_and_history">Origins and history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaktism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins and history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Shaktism" title="History of Shaktism">History of Shaktism</a></div> <p>The earliest archaeological evidence of what appears to be an <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a> shrine for Shakti worship were discovered in the terminal Upper Paleolithic site of Baghor I (<a href="/wiki/Baghor_stone" title="Baghor stone">Baghor stone</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Sidhi_district" title="Sidhi district">Sidhi district</a> of <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>, India. The excavations, carried out under the guidance of noted archaeologists <a href="/wiki/G._R._Sharma" title="G. R. Sharma">G. R. Sharma</a> of <a href="/wiki/Allahabad_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Allahabad University">Allahabad University</a> and <a href="/wiki/J._Desmond_Clark" title="J. Desmond Clark">J. Desmond Clark</a> of <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California</a> and assisted by <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Mark_Kenoyer" title="Jonathan Mark Kenoyer">Jonathan Mark Kenoyer</a> and J. N. Pal, dated the Baghor formation to between 9000 BC and 8000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKenoyerClarkPalSharma198388–94_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenoyerClarkPalSharma198388–94-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The origins of Shakti worship also may be traced to <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley Civilisation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2018_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2018-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the earliest evidence of reverence for the female aspect of the deity in Hinduism is this passage in chapter 10.125 of the <i><a href="/wiki/Rig_Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Rig Veda">Rig Veda</a></i>, also called the <a href="/wiki/Dev%C4%ABs%C5%ABkta" title="Devīsūkta">Devi Suktam</a> hymn:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDaniel200490_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDaniel200490-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown199826_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown199826-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>I am the Queen, the gatherer-up of treasures, most thoughtful, first of those who merit worship. Thus Gods have established me in many places with many homes to enter and abide in. Through me alone all eat the food that feeds them, – each man who sees, breathes, hears the word outspoken. They know it not, yet I reside in the essence of the Universe. Hear, one and all, the truth as I declare it. I, verily, myself announce and utter the word that Gods and men alike shall welcome. I make the man I love exceeding mighty, make him nourished, a sage, and one who knows <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>. I bend the bow for Rudra [Shiva], that his arrow may strike, and slay the hater of devotion. I rouse and order battle for the people, I created Earth and Heaven and reside as their Inner Controller. On the world's summit I bring forth sky the Father: my home is in the waters, in the ocean as Mother. Thence I pervade all existing creatures, as their Inner Supreme Self, and manifest them with my body. I created all worlds at my will, without any higher being, and permeate and dwell within them. </p><p> The eternal and infinite consciousness is I, it is my greatness dwelling in everything.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a> Sukta, <i>Rigveda 10.125.3 – 10.125.8</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDaniel200490_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDaniel200490-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown199826_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown199826-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The Vedic literature reveres various goddesses, but far less frequently than the gods <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soma_(deity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soma (deity)">Soma</a>. Yet, they are declared equivalent aspects of the neutral Brahman, of <a href="/wiki/Prajapati" title="Prajapati">Prajapati</a> and <a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The goddesses often mentioned in the Vedic layers of text include the Ushas (dawn), <a href="/wiki/V%C4%81c" title="Vāc">Vāc</a> (speech, wisdom), Sarasvati (as river), Prithivi (earth), Nirriti (annihilator), Shraddha (faith, confidence).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeltonBaumann20102600_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeltonBaumann20102600-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Goddesses such as Uma appear in the <a href="/wiki/Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Upanishad">Upanishads</a> as another aspect of divine and the knower of ultimate knowledge (Brahman), such as in section 3 and 4 of the ancient <i><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena Upanishad</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeussen1980207–208,_211–213_verses_14–28_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeussen1980207–208,_211–213_verses_14–28-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnston2014229–232_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnston2014229–232-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hymns to goddesses are in the ancient Hindu epic <i>Mahabharata</i>, particularly in the <i>Harivamsa</i> section, which was a late addition (100 to 300 CE) to the work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaxena2012139_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaxena2012139-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The archaeological and textual evidence implies, states Thomas Coburn, that the goddess had become as prominent as God in Hindu tradition by about the third or fourth century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoburn20027_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoburn20027-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The literature on Shakti theology grew in ancient India, climaxing in one of the most important texts of Shaktism called the <i><a href="/wiki/Devi_Mahatmya" title="Devi Mahatmya">Devi Mahatmya</a></i>. This text, states C. Mackenzie Brown – a professor of religion, is both a culmination of centuries of Indian ideas about the divine woman, as well as a foundation for the literature and spirituality focussed on the female transcendence in centuries that followed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaxena2012139_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaxena2012139-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Devi Mahatmya</i> is considered in Shaktism to be as important as the <i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986193_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986193-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Devi-Mahatmya</i> is not the earliest literary fragment attesting to the existence of devotion to a goddess figure, states <a href="/wiki/Thomas_B._Coburn" title="Thomas B. Coburn">Thomas B. Coburn</a> – a professor of religious studies, but "it is surely the earliest in which the object of worship is conceptualized as goddess, with a capital G".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoburn199116_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoburn199116-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theology">Theology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaktism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:50%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>[T]he central conception of Hindu philosophy is of the Absolute; that is the background of the universe. This Absolute Being, of whom we can predicate nothing, has Its <i>powers</i> spoken of as <i>She</i> — that is, the real personal God in India is She. </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">— <a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVivek2021_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVivek2021-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaharaj2020281_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaharaj2020281-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p>Shaktas conceive the goddess as the supreme, ultimate, eternal reality of all existence, or same as the Brahman concept of Hinduism. She is considered to be simultaneously the source of all creation, its embodiment and the energy that animates and governs it, and that into which everything will ultimately dissolve.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharyya19961_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhattacharyya19961-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeltonBaumann20102600_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeltonBaumann20102600-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a> said in Devi Upanishad, verse 2, "I am essentially Brahman".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDura2016_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDura2016-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuvm2023_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuvm2023-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuaj2022_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuaj2022-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE108u2022_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE108u2022-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar – a professor of Indian history, in Shaktism theology "Brahman is static Shakti and Shakti is dynamic Brahman."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDikshitar199977–78_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDikshitar199977–78-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shaktism views the Devi as the source, essence, and substance of everything in creation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeltonBaumann20102600_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeltonBaumann20102600-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its texts such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Devi-Bhagavata_Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Devi-Bhagavata Purana">Devi-Bhagavata Purana</a></i> states: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I am Manifest Divinity, Unmanifest Divinity, and Transcendent Divinity. I am Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva, as well as Saraswati, Lakshmi and Parvati. I am the Sun and I am the Stars, and I am also the Moon. I am all animals and birds, and I am the outcaste as well, and the thief. I am the low person of dreadful deeds, and the great person of excellent deeds. I am Female, I am Male in the form of Shiva.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>Shaktism's focus on the Divine Female does not imply a rejection of the male. It rejects masculine-feminine, male-female, soul-body, transcendent-immanent dualism, considering nature as divine. Devi is considered to be the cosmos itself – she is the embodiment of energy, matter and soul, the motivating force behind all action and existence in the material universe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaxena2012134–138,_140_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaxena2012134–138,_140-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet in Shaktism, states C. MacKenzie Brown, the cultural concepts of masculine and the feminine as they exist among practitioners of Shaktism are aspects of the divine, transcendent reality.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1991217_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1991217-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Hindu iconography, the cosmic dynamic of male-female or masculine-feminine interdependence and equivalence, is expressed in the half-Shakti, half-Shiva deity known as <a href="/wiki/Ardhanari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ardhanari">Ardhanari</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYadav2001_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYadav2001-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:303px;max-width:303px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:137px;max-width:137px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ardhanari.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Ardhanari.jpg/250px-Ardhanari.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Ardhanari.jpg/330px-Ardhanari.jpg 2x" data-file-width="447" data-file-height="764" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:God_marriage_AS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/God_marriage_AS.jpg/160px-God_marriage_AS.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/God_marriage_AS.jpg/240px-God_marriage_AS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/God_marriage_AS.jpg/320px-God_marriage_AS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="417" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">In Shakta theology, the female and male are interdependent realities, represented with <a href="/wiki/Ardhanarishvara" title="Ardhanarishvara">Ardhanarishvara</a> icon. Left: A 5th century art work representing this idea at the <a href="/wiki/Elephanta_Caves" title="Elephanta Caves">Elephanta Caves</a>; Right: a painting of Ardhanarishvara.</div></div></div></div> <p>The philosophical premise in many Shakta texts, states professor of Religious Studies June McDaniel, is syncretism of <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a> schools of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu philosophy</a>, called <i>Shaktadavaitavada</i> (literally, the path of nondualistic Shakti).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDaniel200489–91_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDaniel200489–91-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Hindu monk <a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a>, remarked thus; about being an actual Shakti worshipper: "Do you know who is the real "Shakti-worshipper"? It is he who knows that God is the omnipresent force in the universe and sees in women the manifestation of that Force."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVivek2021a_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVivek2021a-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shakta-universalist <a href="/wiki/Sri_Ramakrishna" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Ramakrishna">Sri Ramakrishna</a>, one of the most influential figures of the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Hindu reform movements</a>, believed that all Hindu goddesses are manifestations of the same <a href="/wiki/Mother_goddess" title="Mother goddess">mother goddess</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2005826_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2005826-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 18th-century Shakta <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">bhakti</a> poems and songs were composed by two Bengal court poets, <a href="/wiki/Bharatchandra_Ray" title="Bharatchandra Ray">Bharatchandra Ray</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen">Ramprasad Sen</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2005826_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2005826-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Tamil collection <a href="/wiki/Abhirami_Anthadhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhirami Anthadhi">Abhirami Anthadhi</a> was composed by Abhirami Bhattar.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal2014_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2014-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scriptures">Scriptures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaktism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Scriptures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The important scriptures of Shaktism include the <i><a href="/wiki/Shakta_Upanishads" title="Shakta Upanishads">Shakta Upanishads</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrishna_Warrier1999ix–x_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrishna_Warrier1999ix–x-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as Shakta-oriented <a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Upa Puranic literature</a> such as the <i>Devi Purana</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Kalika_Purana" title="Kalika Purana">Kalika Purana</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharyya1996164_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhattacharyya1996164-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <i><a href="/wiki/Lalita_sahasranama" class="mw-redirect" title="Lalita sahasranama">Lalita Sahasranama</a></i> (from the <i><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmanda Purana</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDikshitar19991–36_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDikshitar19991–36-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown19988,_17,_10,_21,_320_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown19988,_17,_10,_21,_320-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Tripura_Upanishad" title="Tripura Upanishad">Tripura Upanishad</a></i> is historically the most complete introduction to Shakta Tantrism,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooks1990xiii–xiv_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks1990xiii–xiv-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> distilling into its 16 verses almost every important topic in Shakta Tantra tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooks1990xvi_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks1990xvi-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with the <i>Tripura Upanishad</i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Tripuratapini_Upanishad" title="Tripuratapini Upanishad">Tripuratapini Upanishad</a></i> has attracted scholarly <a href="/wiki/Bhasya" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhasya">bhasya</a> (commentary) in the second half of 2nd-millennium, such as the work of <a href="/wiki/Bhaskararaya" title="Bhaskararaya">Bhaskararaya</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooks199037–38_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks199037–38-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Ramanand.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooks1990221_with_note_64_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks1990221_with_note_64-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These texts link the Shakti <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a> tradition as a Vedic attribute,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDasgupta19963_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasgupta19963-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however this link has been contested by scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooks1990xiii–xiv,_xvi,_21_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks1990xiii–xiv,_xvi,_21-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUrban19971–38_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUrban19971–38-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scriptures such as the Devi Mahatmya, <a href="/wiki/Devi-Bhagavata_Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Devi-Bhagavata Purana">Devi-Bhagavata Purana</a>, Kalika Purana, and Shakta Upanishads like the <a href="/wiki/Devi_Upanishad" title="Devi Upanishad">Devi Upanishad</a> are particularly revered.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2014399_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2014399-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Devi_Gita">Devi Gita</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaktism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Devi Gita"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The seventh book of the <i>Srimad Devi-Bhagavatam</i> presents the theology of Shaktism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986170_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986170-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This book is called <i><a href="/wiki/Devi_Gita" title="Devi Gita">Devi Gita</a></i>, or the "Song of the Goddess".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986170_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986170-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown19981–2,_85–98_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown19981–2,_85–98-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The goddess explains she is the Brahman that created the world, asserting the Advaita premise that spiritual liberation occurs when one fully comprehends the identity of one's soul and the Brahman.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986170_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986170-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown199812–17_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown199812–17-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This knowledge, asserts the goddess, comes from detaching self from the world and meditating on one's own soul.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986170_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986170-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPintchman2015131–138_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPintchman2015131–138-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Devi Gita</i>, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i>, is a condensed philosophical treatise.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1990179–198_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1990179–198-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It presents the divine female as a powerful and compassionate creator, pervader and protector of the universe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown19981–3_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown19981–3-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She is presented in the opening chapter of the <i>Devi Gita</i> as the benign and beautiful world-mother, called <i>Bhuvaneshvari</i> (literally, ruler of the universe).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPintchman201426–28_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPintchman201426–28-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1990179–198_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1990179–198-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thereafter, the text presents its theological and philosophical teachings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown19981–3_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown19981–3-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176" /><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="; color: #202122;background-color: #FFE0BB;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p><b>The soul and the Goddess</b> </p> <div class="poem"> <p>My sacred syllable ह्रीम्] transcends,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> the distinction of name and named,<br /> beyond all dualities.<br /> It is whole, infinite <a href="/wiki/Satcitananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Satcitananda">being, consciousness and bliss</a>.<br /> One should meditate on that reality,<br /> within the flaming light of consciousness.<br /> Fixing the mind upon me,<br /> as the Goddess transcending all space and time,<br /> One quickly merges with me by realizing,<br /> the oneness of the soul and Brahman. </p> </div> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—<i>Devi Gita</i>, Transl: Lynn Foulston, Stuart Abbott<br /><i>Devibhagavata Purana</i>, Book 7<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoulstonAbbott200974–75_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoulstonAbbott200974–75-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p>The <i>Devi Gita</i> describes the Devi (or goddess) as "universal, cosmic energy" resident within each individual. It thus weaves in the terminology of <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a> school of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu philosophy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown19981–3_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown19981–3-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text is suffused with <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a> ideas, wherein nonduality is emphasized, all dualities are declared as incorrect, and interconnected oneness of all living beings' souls with Brahman is held as the liberating knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown19981–3,_12–17_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown19981–3,_12–17-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPintchman20159,_34,_89–90,_131–138_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPintchman20159,_34,_89–90,_131–138-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoulstonAbbott200915–16_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoulstonAbbott200915–16-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, adds Tracy Pintchman – a professor of Religious Studies and Hinduism, <i>Devi Gita</i> incorporates Tantric ideas giving the Devi a form and motherly character rather than the gender-neutral concept of Adi Shankara's Advaita Vedanta.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPintchman20149–10_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPintchman20149–10-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_8_Shakta_Upanishads">List of 8 Shakta Upanishads</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaktism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: List of 8 Shakta Upanishads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto;"> <caption>List of the Shakta Upanishads according to <a href="/wiki/Muktik%C4%81" title="Muktikā">Muktikā</a> anthology<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </caption> <tbody><tr style="text-align: center;"> <th width="220px" style="background"><b>Title</b> </th> <th width="60px"><b>Muktika serial #</b> </th> <th width="150px"><b>Attached Veda</b> </th> <th width="300px"><b>Period of creation</b> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td width="120px"><i><a href="/wiki/Sita_Upanishad" title="Sita Upanishad">Sita Upanishad</a></i> </td> <td>45 </td> <td width="40px"><a href="/wiki/Atharva_Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Atharva Veda">Atharva Veda</a> </td> <td width="200px">At least 10,000 Years Before </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td width="120px"><i><a href="/wiki/Tripuratapini_Upanishad" title="Tripuratapini Upanishad">Tripuratapini Upanishad</a></i> </td> <td>80 </td> <td width="40px">Atharva Veda </td> <td width="200px">At least 10,000 Years Before </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td width="120px"><i><a href="/wiki/Devi_Upanishad" title="Devi Upanishad">Devi Upanishad</a></i> </td> <td>81 </td> <td width="40px">Atharva Veda </td> <td width="200px">At least 10,000 Years Before </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td width="120px"><i><a href="/wiki/Tripura_Upanishad" title="Tripura Upanishad">Tripura Upanishad</a></i> </td> <td>82 </td> <td width="40px"><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a> </td> <td width="200px">At least 10,000 Years Before </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td width="120px"><i><a href="/wiki/Bhavana_Upanishad" title="Bhavana Upanishad">Bhavana Upanishad</a></i> </td> <td>84 </td> <td width="40px">Atharva Veda </td> <td width="200px">At least 10,000 Years Before </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td width="120px"><i><a href="/wiki/Saubhagyalakshmi_Upanishad" title="Saubhagyalakshmi Upanishad">Saubhagyalakshmi Upanishad</a></i> </td> <td>105 </td> <td width="40px">Rigveda </td> <td width="200px">Unknown </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td width="120px"><i><a href="/wiki/Sarasvati-rahasya_Upanishad" title="Sarasvati-rahasya Upanishad">Sarasvati-rahasya Upanishad</a></i> </td> <td>106 </td> <td width="40px"><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Yajurveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Krishna Yajurveda">Krishna Yajurveda</a> </td> <td width="200px">At least 10,000 Years Before </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td width="120px"><i><a href="/wiki/Bahvricha_Upanishad" title="Bahvricha Upanishad">Bahvricha Upanishad </a></i> </td> <td>107 </td> <td width="40px">Rigveda </td> <td width="200px">At least 10,000 Years Before </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Principal_deities">Principal deities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaktism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Principal deities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shaktism is a goddess-centric tradition of Hinduism,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996174–176_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996174–176-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> involving many goddesses, all being regarded as various aspects, manifestations, or personifications of the same supreme goddess <a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier201030,_114–116,_233–245_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier201030,_114–116,_233–245-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeltonBaumann20102600–2602_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeltonBaumann20102600–2602-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shaktas approach the Devi in many forms; however, they are all considered to be but diverse aspects of the one supreme goddess.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley1987_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley1987-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKali2003149_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKali2003149-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The primary Devi form worshiped by a Shakta devotee is his or her <i><a href="/wiki/Ishta-deva" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishta-deva">ishta-devi</a></i>, that is a personally selected Devi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMonaghan201126,_94_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMonaghan201126,_94-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The selection of this deity can depend on many factors such as family tradition, regional practice, guru lineage, and personal resonance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley1987102–104_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley1987102–104-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Durga_Loro_Jonggrang_copy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Durga_Loro_Jonggrang_copy.jpg/250px-Durga_Loro_Jonggrang_copy.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Durga_Loro_Jonggrang_copy.jpg/330px-Durga_Loro_Jonggrang_copy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Durga_Loro_Jonggrang_copy.jpg/500px-Durga_Loro_Jonggrang_copy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="1086" /></a><figcaption>A 9th-century Durga Shakti idol, victorious over demon Mahishasura, at the Shiva temple, <a href="/wiki/Prambanan" title="Prambanan">Prambanan</a>, Indonesia<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOoi20041101–1102_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOoi20041101–1102-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Some forms of the goddess are widely known in the Hindu world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenberg2008254–256_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenberg2008254–256-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The common goddesses of Shaktism, popular in the Hindu thought at least by about mid 1st-millennium CE, include Parvati, Durga, Kali, <a href="/wiki/Yogamaya" title="Yogamaya">Yogamaya</a>, Lakshmi, Saraswati, <a href="/wiki/Gayatri" title="Gayatri">Gayatri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley19871–5_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley19871–5-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeltonBaumann20102600_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeltonBaumann20102600-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Eastern part of India, after the <a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline of Buddhism in India">decline of Buddhism in India</a>, various <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> goddesses were combined to form the <a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Pantheon_(religion)" title="Pantheon (religion)">pantheon</a> of ten goddesses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanderson201480_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson201480-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rarer forms of Devi found among tantric Shakta are the <a href="/wiki/Mahavidyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavidyas">Mahavidyas</a>, particularly Tripura Sundari, <a href="/wiki/Bhuvaneshvari" title="Bhuvaneshvari">Bhuvaneshvari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tara_(Devi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tara (Devi)">Tara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhairavi" title="Bhairavi">Bhairavi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chhinnamasta" title="Chhinnamasta">Chhinnamasta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhumavati" title="Dhumavati">Dhumavati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bagalamukhi" title="Bagalamukhi">Bagalamukhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matangi" title="Matangi">Matangi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kamalatmika" title="Kamalatmika">Kamala</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley1987161–165_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley1987161–165-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley1998-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other major goddess groups include the <i><a href="/wiki/Matrikas" title="Matrikas">Sapta-Matrika</a></i> ("Seven Mothers"), "who are the energies of different major Gods, and described as assisting the great Shakta Devi in her fight with demons", and the 64 <i><a href="/wiki/Yogini" title="Yogini">Yoginis</a></i>. The eight forms of the goddess Lakshmi, <a href="/wiki/Ashtalakshmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashtalakshmi">Ashtalakshmi</a>; and the nine forms of goddess Durga, the <a href="/wiki/Navadurga" title="Navadurga">Navadurgas</a>, which are mainly worshipped during the <a href="/wiki/Navratri" class="mw-redirect" title="Navratri">Navaratri</a> festival.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharyya1996126_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhattacharyya1996126-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also worshipped regularly are the numerous <a href="/wiki/Gramadevata" title="Gramadevata">Gramadevatas</a> across the Indian villages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharma200065_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharma200065-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tantric_traditions">Tantric traditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaktism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Tantric traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Goddess_Worshiped_by_Rishi_Chyavana.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/The_Goddess_Worshiped_by_Rishi_Chyavana.jpeg/260px-The_Goddess_Worshiped_by_Rishi_Chyavana.jpeg" decoding="async" width="260" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/The_Goddess_Worshiped_by_Rishi_Chyavana.jpeg/390px-The_Goddess_Worshiped_by_Rishi_Chyavana.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/The_Goddess_Worshiped_by_Rishi_Chyavana.jpeg/520px-The_Goddess_Worshiped_by_Rishi_Chyavana.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="5500" /></a><figcaption>A sage worships <a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Devi</a>, an 18th-century painting from the <i>Tantrik Devi Series</i>, Punjab, India</figcaption></figure> <p>Sub-traditions of Shaktism include "Tantra", which refers to techniques, practices and ritual grammar involving <i><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantra</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Yantra" title="Yantra">yantra</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Nyasa_(ritual)" title="Nyasa (ritual)">nyasa</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">mudra</a></i> and certain elements of traditional <a href="/wiki/Kundalini_yoga" title="Kundalini yoga">kundalini yoga</a>, typically practiced under the guidance of a qualified <a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">guru</a> after due initiation (<i><a href="/wiki/Diksha" title="Diksha">diksha</a></i>) and oral instruction to supplement various written sources.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooks199047–72_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks199047–72-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarperBrown201248,_117,_40–53_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarperBrown201248,_117,_40–53-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There has been a historic debate between Shakta theologians on whether its tantric practices are Vedic or non-Vedic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooks1990xii_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks1990xii-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooks1990xiii–xiv,_xvi,_21_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks1990xiii–xiv,_xvi,_21-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUrban19971–38_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUrban19971–38-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The roots of Shakta Tantrism are unclear, probably ancient and independent of the Vedic tradition of Hinduism. The interaction between Vedic and Tantric traditions trace back to at least the sixth century,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooks1990xii_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks1990xii-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the surge in Tantra tradition developments during the late medieval period, states Geoffrey Samuel, were a means to confront and cope with Islamic invasions and political instability in and after the 14th century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamuel201060–61,_87–88,_351–356_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamuel201060–61,_87–88,_351–356-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Notable Shakta <a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">tantras</a> are <i>Saradatilaka Tantra</i> of Lakshmanadesika (11th century), <i>Kali Tantra</i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 15th century</span>), <a href="/wiki/Yogini_Tantra" title="Yogini Tantra">Yogini Tantra</a>, Sarvanandanatha's <i>Sarvolassa Tantra</i>, Brahmananda Giri's <i>Saktananda Tarangini</i> with <i>Tararahasya</i> and Purnananda Giri's <i>Syamarahasya</i> with <i>Sritattvacintamani</i> (16th century), Krishananda Agamavagisa's <i>Tantrasara</i> and Raghunatna Tarkavagisa Bhattacarya <i>Agamatattvavilasa</i> (17th century), as well as works of Bhaskaracharya (18th century).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2005827_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2005827-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vidyāpīṭha"><span id="Vidy.C4.81p.C4.AB.E1.B9.ADha"></span>Vidyāpīṭha</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaktism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Vidyāpīṭha"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Vidyāpīṭha is subdivided into Vāmatantras, Yāmalatantras, and Śaktitantras.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanderson201435,_37_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson201435,_37-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kulamārga"><span id="Kulam.C4.81rga"></span>Kulamārga</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaktism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Kulamārga"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Kulam%C4%81rga" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulamārga">Kulamārga</a> preserves some of the distinctive features of the <a href="/wiki/K%C4%81p%C4%81lika" class="mw-redirect" title="Kāpālika">Kāpālika</a> tradition, from which it is derived.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanderson20144–5,_11,_57_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson20144–5,_11,_57-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is subdivided into four subcategories of texts based on the goddesses Kuleśvarī, Kubjikā, Kālī and Tripurasundarī respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanderson201457–65_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson201457–65-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Trika" class="mw-redirect" title="Trika">Trika</a> texts are closely related to the Kuleśvarī texts and can be considered as part of the Kulamārga.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESanderson201459–60,_68_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESanderson201459–60,_68-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Worship">Worship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaktism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Worship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adi_Devi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Adi_Devi.jpg/220px-Adi_Devi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Adi_Devi.jpg/330px-Adi_Devi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Adi_Devi.jpg/440px-Adi_Devi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="916" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A modern depiction of the Divine Mother as the supreme divine ultimate reality encompassing all divinities.</figcaption></figure> <p>Shaktism encompasses a nearly endless variety of beliefs and practices – from animism to philosophical speculation of the highest order – that seek to access the Shakti (Divine Energy or Power) that is believed to be the Devi's nature and form.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESubramuniyaswami20021211_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESubramuniyaswami20021211-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its two largest and most visible schools are the <i>Srikula</i> (family of <i>Tripura Sundari</i>), strongest in <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>, and the <i>Kalikula</i> (family of <i>Kali</i>), which prevails in northern and eastern India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESubramuniyaswami20021211_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESubramuniyaswami20021211-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Srikula:_family_of_Lalita_Tripura_Sundari">Srikula: family of Lalita Tripura Sundari</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaktism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Srikula: family of Lalita Tripura Sundari"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Srikula</i> (family of <i>Sri</i>) tradition (<i><a href="/wiki/Sampradaya" title="Sampradaya">sampradaya</a></i>) focuses worship on Devi in the form of the goddess <i>Lalita-Tripura Sundari</i>. Rooted in first-millennium. Srikula became a force in South India no later than the seventh century, and is today the prevalent form of Shaktism practiced in South Indian regions such as <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> and Tamil areas of <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooks1992back_cover_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks1992back_cover-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lalita_sm.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Lalita_sm.JPG/250px-Lalita_sm.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Lalita_sm.JPG/330px-Lalita_sm.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Lalita_sm.JPG/500px-Lalita_sm.JPG 2x" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="882" /></a><figcaption>Sri Lalita-Tripurasundari enthroned with her left foot upon the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Chakra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Chakra">Sri Chakra</a>, holding her traditional symbols, the sugarcane bow, flower arrows, noose and goad</figcaption></figure> <p>The Srikula's best-known school is <a href="/wiki/Shri_Vidya" title="Shri Vidya">Srividya</a>, "one of Shakta Tantrism's most influential and theologically sophisticated movements." Its central symbol, the <i><a href="/wiki/Sri_Chakra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Chakra">Sri Chakra</a></i>, is probably the most famous visual image in all of Hindu Tantric tradition. Its literature and practice is perhaps more systematic than that of any other Shakta sect.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooks1990xiii_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks1990xiii-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Srividya largely views the goddess as "benign [<i>saumya</i>] and beautiful [<i>saundarya</i>]" (in contrast to Kalikula's focus on "terrifying [<i>ugra</i>] and horrifying [<i>ghora</i>]" Goddess forms such as Kali or Durga). In Srikula practice, moreover, every aspect of the goddess – whether malignant or gentle – is identified with Lalita.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooks199259–60_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks199259–60-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sri_Yantra_Correct_Colors_Johari_1974.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Sri_Yantra_Correct_Colors_Johari_1974.jpg/250px-Sri_Yantra_Correct_Colors_Johari_1974.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Sri_Yantra_Correct_Colors_Johari_1974.jpg/330px-Sri_Yantra_Correct_Colors_Johari_1974.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Sri_Yantra_Correct_Colors_Johari_1974.jpg/500px-Sri_Yantra_Correct_Colors_Johari_1974.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1507" data-file-height="1515" /></a><figcaption>The Sri Chakra, also known as the Shri Yantra, is a mystical diagram used in Shaktism.</figcaption></figure> <p>Srikula adepts most often worship Lalita using the abstract <i>Sri Chakra</i> <a href="/wiki/Yantra" title="Yantra">yantra</a>, which is regarded as her subtle form. The Sri Chakra can be visually rendered either as a two-dimensional diagram (whether drawn temporarily as part of the worship ritual, or permanently engraved in metal) or in the three-dimensional, pyramidal form known as the <i>Sri Meru</i>. It is not uncommon to find a <i>Sri Chakra</i> or <i>Sri Meru</i> installed in South Indian temples, because – as modern practitioners assert – "there is no disputing that this is the highest form of Devi and that some of the practice can be done openly. But what you see in the temples is not the <i>srichakra</i> worship you see when it is done privately."<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Srividya <i><a href="/wiki/Parampara" class="mw-redirect" title="Parampara">paramparas</a></i> can be further broadly subdivided into two streams, the <i><a href="/wiki/Kaula_(Hinduism)" title="Kaula (Hinduism)">Kaula</a></i> (a <i><a href="/wiki/Vamachara" title="Vamachara">vamamarga</a></i> practice) and the <i>Samaya</i> (a <i><a href="/wiki/Dakshinachara" title="Dakshinachara">dakshinamarga</a></i> practice). The <i>Kaula</i> or <i>Kaulachara</i>, first appeared as a coherent ritual system in the 8th century in central India,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2003219_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2003219-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its most revered theorist is the 18th-century philosopher <a href="/wiki/Bhaskararaya" title="Bhaskararaya">Bhaskararaya</a>, widely considered "the best exponent of Shakta philosophy."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharyya1996209_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhattacharyya1996209-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Samaya</i> or <i>Samayacharya</i> finds its roots in the work of the 16th-century commentator Lakshmidhara, and is "fiercely puritanical [in its] attempts to reform Tantric practice in ways that bring it in line with high-caste <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">brahmanical</a> norms."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooks199028_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks199028-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Samaya practitioners explicitly deny being either Shakta or Tantric, though scholars argues that their cult remains technically both.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooks199028_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks199028-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Samaya-Kaula division marks "an old dispute within Hindu Tantrism".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooks199028_90-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks199028-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kalikula:_family_of_Kali">Kalikula: family of Kali</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaktism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Kalikula: family of Kali"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Kalikula</i> (Family of <i>Kali</i>) form of Shaktism is most dominant in northeastern India, and is most widely prevalent in <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>. The goddesses Kubjika, Kulesvari, <a href="/wiki/Chamunda" title="Chamunda">Chamunda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chandi" title="Chandi">Chandi</a>, Shamshan Kali (goddess of the cremation ground), Dakshina Kali, and Siddheshwari are worshipped in the region of Bengal to protect against disease and smallpox as well as ill omens. <i>Kalikula</i> lineages focus upon the Devi as the source of wisdom (<i>vidya</i>) and liberation (<i><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a></i>). The tantric part generally stands "in opposition to the brahmanic tradition," which they view as "overly conservative and denying the experiential part of religion."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDanieln.d._91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDanieln.d.-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_-_Kali_as_the_Supreme_Deity_-_Walters_W897.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Indian_-_Kali_as_the_Supreme_Deity_-_Walters_W897.jpg/250px-Indian_-_Kali_as_the_Supreme_Deity_-_Walters_W897.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Indian_-_Kali_as_the_Supreme_Deity_-_Walters_W897.jpg/330px-Indian_-_Kali_as_the_Supreme_Deity_-_Walters_W897.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Indian_-_Kali_as_the_Supreme_Deity_-_Walters_W897.jpg/500px-Indian_-_Kali_as_the_Supreme_Deity_-_Walters_W897.jpg 2x" data-file-width="911" data-file-height="1391" /></a><figcaption>Kali as the supreme deity worshiped by Indra, Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva</figcaption></figure> <p>The main deities of the Kalikula tradition are <i>Kali</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Chandi" title="Chandi">Chandi</a></i>, <i>Bheema</i> and <i>Durga</i>. Other goddesses that enjoy veneration are <i>Tara</i> and all the other <i><a href="/wiki/Mahavidyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahavidyas">Mahavidyas</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Kaumari" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaumari">Kaumari</a> as well as regional goddesses such as <i><a href="/wiki/Manasa" title="Manasa">Manasa</a></i>, the snake goddesses, <i>Ṣaṣṭī</i>, the protectress of children, <i><a href="/wiki/Shitala" title="Shitala">Śītalā</a></i>, the smallpox goddess, and <i><a href="/wiki/Um%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Umā">Umā</a></i> (the Bengali name for Parvati) — all of them, again, considered aspects of the Divine Mother.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2005826_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2005826-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDanieln.d._91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDanieln.d.-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kali_lithograph.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Kali_lithograph.jpg/250px-Kali_lithograph.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Kali_lithograph.jpg/330px-Kali_lithograph.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Kali_lithograph.jpg/500px-Kali_lithograph.jpg 2x" data-file-width="664" data-file-height="894" /></a><figcaption>Kali in her <i>Dakshina Kali</i> form</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> devi is mainly worshipped as the goddess Bhavani. She is one of the important Hindu deities in Nepal. Two major centers of Shaktism in West Bengal are <a href="/wiki/Kalighat" title="Kalighat">Kalighat</a> where the skull of Kali is believed to be worshipped along with her 25 forms. The kali ghat temple is located in <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tarapith" title="Tarapith">Tarapith</a> in <a href="/wiki/Birbhum_district" title="Birbhum district">Birbhum district</a>. In Calcutta, emphasis is on devotion (<i>bhakti</i>) to the goddess as <i>Kali</i>. Where the goddess (Kali) is seen as the destroyer of evil; </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>She is "the loving mother who protects her children and whose fierceness guards them. She is outwardly frightening – with dark skin, pointed teeth, and a necklace of skulls – but inwardly beautiful. She can guarantee a good rebirth or great religious insight, and her worship is often communal – especially at festivals, such as <i>Kali Puja</i> and <i>Durga Puja</i>. Worship may involve contemplation of the devotee's union with or love of the goddess, visualization of her form, chanting [of her] <i>mantras</i>, prayer before her image or <i>yantra</i>, and giving [of] offerings."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDanieln.d._91-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDanieln.d.-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>At Tarapith, Devi's manifestation as <i>Tara</i> ("She Who Saves") or <i>Ugratara</i> ("Fierce Tara") is ascendant, as the goddess who gives liberation (<i>kaivalyadayini</i>). [...] The forms of <i>sadhana</i> performed here are more <i><a href="/wiki/Yogic" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogic">yogic</a></i> and <i>tantric</i> than devotional, and they often involve sitting alone at the [cremation] ground, surrounded by ash and bone. There are <a href="/wiki/Shamanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Shamanic">shamanic</a> elements associated with the Tarapith tradition, including "conquest of the Goddess, exorcism, trance, and control of spirits."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDanieln.d._91-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDanieln.d.-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The philosophical and devotional underpinning of all such ritual, however, remains a pervasive vision of the Devi as supreme, absolute divinity. As expressed by the 19th-century saint <a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a>, one of the most influential figures in modern Bengali Shaktism: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Kali is none other than Brahman. That which is called Brahman is really Kali. She is the Primal Energy. When that Energy remains inactive, I call It Brahman, and when It creates, preserves, or destroys, I call It Shakti or Kali. What you call Brahman I call Kali. Brahman and Kali are not different. They are like fire and its power to burn: if one thinks of fire one must think of its power to burn. If one recognizes Kali one must also recognize Brahman; again, if one recognizes Brahman one must recognize Kali. Brahman and Its Power are identical. It is Brahman whom I address as Shakti or Kali.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENikhilananda2000734_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENikhilananda2000734-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals">Festivals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaktism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Festivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shaktas celebrate most major Hindu festivals, as well as a huge variety of local, temple- or deity-specific observances. A few of the more important events are listed below:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPattanaik2000103–109_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPattanaik2000103–109-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996174–176_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996174–176-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Navaratri">Navaratri</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaktism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Navaratri"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a></div> <p>The most important Shakta festival is <i><a href="/wiki/Navratri" class="mw-redirect" title="Navratri">Navaratri</a></i> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Festival of Nine Nights</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), also known as "Sharad Navaratri" because it falls during the Hindu season of <a href="/wiki/Sharad_(Indian_season)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharad (Indian season)">Sharad</a> (September/October/November). This is the festival that worships the <a href="/wiki/Navadurgas" class="mw-redirect" title="Navadurgas">Navadurgas</a>, forms of <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a>. This festival – often taken together with the following tenth day, known as <i>Dusshera</i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami</a></i> – celebrates the goddess Durga's victory over a series of powerful demons described in the <i><a href="/wiki/Devi_Mahatmya" title="Devi Mahatmya">Devi Mahatmya</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley198795–115_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley198795–115-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>, the last four days of Navaratri are called Durga Puja, and mark one episode in particular: Durga's iconic slaying of <a href="/wiki/Mahishasura" title="Mahishasura">Mahishasura</a> (lit., the "Buffalo Demon").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2005826_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2005826-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDurgapuja2007_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurgapuja2007-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Durga Puja also became the main religio-cultural celebration within the Bengal diaspora in the West (together with Kali and <a href="/wiki/Saraswati_Pooja" class="mw-redirect" title="Saraswati Pooja">Sarasvati</a> Pujas, if a community enough big and rich).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2005830_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2005830-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Hindus of all denominations celebrate the autumn Navratri festival, Shaktas also celebrate two additional Navratris – one in the spring and one in the summer. The spring festival is known as <i>Vasanta Navaratri</i> or <i>Chaitra Navatri</i>, and celebrated in the Hindu month of <a href="/wiki/Chaitra" title="Chaitra">Chaitra</a> (March/April). Srividya lineages dedicate this festival to Devi's form as the goddess Tripura Sundari. The summer festival is called <i>Ashada Navaratri</i>, as it is held during the Hindu month of <a href="/wiki/Ashadha" title="Ashadha">Ashadha</a> (June/July). The <a href="/wiki/Vaishno_Devi" title="Vaishno Devi">Vaishno Devi</a> temple in <a href="/wiki/Jammu" title="Jammu">Jammu</a>, with Vaishno Devi considered an aspect of Durga, celebrates Navaratri.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley198795–115_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley198795–115-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWadley2004103–104_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWadley2004103–104-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Ashada Navaratri</i>, on the other hand, is considered particularly auspicious for devotees of the boar-headed Goddess <a href="/wiki/Varahi" title="Varahi">Varahi</a>, one of the seven Matrikas named in the <i>Devi Mahatmya</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESrinivasan2007_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESrinivasan2007-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vasant_Panchami">Vasant Panchami</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaktism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Vasant Panchami"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></div><p>Vasant Panchami is dedicated to Goddess Saraswati, the goddess of arts, skills, intelligence, knowledge, and wisdom. She is the consort of Lord Brahma, the creator. </p><p>She is mainly worshipped by students in schools and colleges in India. She was one of the significant deities of Vedic India, where she was worshipped in Gurukuls in ancient times. She embodies sound and voice itself. Vasant Panchami is primarily celebrated in February. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diwali_and_others">Diwali and others</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaktism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Diwali and others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi_Puja" title="Lakshmi Puja">Lakshmi Puja</a> is a part of Durga Puja celebrations by Shaktas, where Laksmi symbolizes the goddess of abundance and autumn harvest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley198733_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley198733-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lakshmi's biggest festival, however, is <i><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></i> (or <i>Deepavali</i>; the "Festival of Lights"), a major Hindu holiday celebrated across India and in Nepal as Tihar. In North India, Diwali marks the beginning of the traditional New Year, and is held on the night of the new moon in the Hindu month of <a href="/wiki/Kartika_(month)" title="Kartika (month)">Kartik</a> (usually October or November). Shaktas (and many non-Shaktas) celebrate it as another Lakshmi Puja, placing small oil lamps outside their homes and praying for the goddess's blessings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiwali2007_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiwali2007-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diwali coincides with the celebration of <a href="/wiki/Kali_Puja" title="Kali Puja">Kali Puja</a>, popular in Bengal,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2005826_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2005826-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some Shakta traditions focus their worship on Devi as Parvati rather than Lakshmi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalipooja2007_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalipooja2007-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:India_Meenakshi_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/India_Meenakshi_Temple.jpg/250px-India_Meenakshi_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/India_Meenakshi_Temple.jpg/330px-India_Meenakshi_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/India_Meenakshi_Temple.jpg/500px-India_Meenakshi_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1996" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Gopuram" title="Gopuram">gopuram</a> (tower) of the <a href="/wiki/Meenakshi_Amman_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Meenakshi Amman Temple">Meenakshi Amman Temple</a>, a Shakta temple at Madurai, Tamil Nadu, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></figcaption></figure> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Jagaddhatri" title="Jagaddhatri">Jagaddhatri</a> Puja</i> is celebrated on the last four days of the Navaratis, following Kali Puja. It is very similar to Durga Puja in its details and observance, and is especially popular in Bengal and some other parts of Eastern India. <i><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Gauri</a> Puja</i> is performed on the fifth day after <a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a>, during <a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a> Puja in Western India, to celebrate the arrival of Gauri, Mother of Ganesha where she brings her son back home.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Major Shakta temple festivals are <i>Meenakshi Kalyanam</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ambubachi_Mela" title="Ambubachi Mela">Ambubachi Mela</a></i>. The <i>Meenakshi Kalyanam</i> is a part of the <a href="/wiki/Chithirai_Thiruvizha" class="mw-redirect" title="Chithirai Thiruvizha">Chithirai Thiruvizha</a> festival in <a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a> around April/May, one of the largest festivals in South India, celebrating the wedding of goddess <a href="/wiki/Minakshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Minakshi">Meenakshi</a> (Parvati) and Shiva. The festival is one where both the Vaishnava and Shaiva communities join the celebrations, because Vishnu gives away his sister Parvati in marriage to Shiva.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2006112–113_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2006112–113-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Ambubachi_Mela" title="Ambubachi Mela">Ambubachi Mela</a></i> or Ameti is a celebration of the menstruation of the goddess, by hundreds of thousands of devotees, in a festival held in June/July (during the monsoon season) at <a href="/wiki/Kamakhya_Temple" title="Kamakhya Temple">Kamakhya Temple</a>, Guwahati, Assam. Here the Devi is worshiped in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Yoni" title="Yoni">yoni</a>-like stone, and the site is one of Shakta Pitha or pilgrimage sites in Shaktism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal2010184_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2010184-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animal_sacrifice">Animal sacrifice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaktism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Animal sacrifice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shakti tradition practices animal sacrifice to revere goddesses such as Kali in many parts of India but particularly in the eastern and Himalayan states of India and Nepal. This is either an actual animal, or a vegetable or sweet dish substitute considered equivalent to the animal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2011204–205_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2011204–205-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many cases, Shakti devotees consider animal sacrifice distasteful, and practice alternate means of expressing devotion while respecting the views of others in their tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKatznelsonJones2010343_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKatznelsonJones2010343-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:288px;max-width:288px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:82px;max-width:82px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Durga_slaying_the_Buffalo_demon_Mahisuramardini_LACMA_M.70.42.8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Durga_slaying_the_Buffalo_demon_Mahisuramardini_LACMA_M.70.42.8.jpg/80px-Durga_slaying_the_Buffalo_demon_Mahisuramardini_LACMA_M.70.42.8.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Durga_slaying_the_Buffalo_demon_Mahisuramardini_LACMA_M.70.42.8.jpg/120px-Durga_slaying_the_Buffalo_demon_Mahisuramardini_LACMA_M.70.42.8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Durga_slaying_the_Buffalo_demon_Mahisuramardini_LACMA_M.70.42.8.jpg/160px-Durga_slaying_the_Buffalo_demon_Mahisuramardini_LACMA_M.70.42.8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="982" data-file-height="1767" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Immolation_Sacrifice,_Mouh_Boli,_Durga_Puja.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Immolation_Sacrifice%2C_Mouh_Boli%2C_Durga_Puja.jpg/250px-Immolation_Sacrifice%2C_Mouh_Boli%2C_Durga_Puja.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Immolation_Sacrifice%2C_Mouh_Boli%2C_Durga_Puja.jpg/330px-Immolation_Sacrifice%2C_Mouh_Boli%2C_Durga_Puja.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Immolation_Sacrifice%2C_Mouh_Boli%2C_Durga_Puja.jpg/500px-Immolation_Sacrifice%2C_Mouh_Boli%2C_Durga_Puja.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2584" data-file-height="1858" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">In Shakti mythology, Durga slays an evil buffalo demon (left, 18th century statue).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuller200483_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller200483-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Right: A buffalo about to be sacrificed by a villager during Durga puja festival. The buffalo sacrifice practice, however, is rare in contemporary India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuller2004141_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller2004141-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>, animal sacrifices are performed at Shakti temples, particularly to mark the legend of goddess Durga slaying the buffalo demon. This involves slaying of a <a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">goat</a> or a male <a href="/wiki/Water_buffalo" title="Water buffalo">water buffalo</a>. Animal sacrifice is also an essential component as part of the <a href="/wiki/Kaula_(Hinduism)" title="Kaula (Hinduism)">Kaula</a> <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">tantra</a> school of Shaktism. This practice is rare among Hindus, outside this region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuller200483_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller200483-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Bengal, the animal sacrifice ritual follows the guidelines as seen in texts such as <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahanirvana_Tantra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahanirvana Tantra (page does not exist)">Mahanirvana Tantra</a></i>. This ritual includes selecting the animal, then a priest offers a prayer to the animal, then recites the <a href="/wiki/Gayatri_Mantra" title="Gayatri Mantra">Gayatri Mantra</a> in its ear before killing it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2011205_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2011205-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">meat</a> of the sacrificed animal is then cooked and eaten by the Shakta devotees.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuller200483_106-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuller200483-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Nepal, animal sacrifice <i>en masse</i> occurs during the three-day-long <a href="/wiki/Gadhimai_festival" title="Gadhimai festival">Gadhimai festival</a>. In 2009 it was speculated that more than 250,000 animals were sacrificed during this event.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELang2009_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELang2009-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShrestha2009_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShrestha2009-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Odisha, during the <a href="/wiki/Bali_Jatra" title="Bali Jatra">Bali Jatra</a>, Shakti devotees sacrifice male goats to the goddess <a href="/wiki/Samaleswari" class="mw-redirect" title="Samaleswari">Samaleswari</a> in her temple in <a href="/wiki/Sambalpur" title="Sambalpur">Sambalpur</a>, Orissa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPfefferBehera1997312_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPfefferBehera1997312-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajput</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a> worship their weapons and horses on <a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navratri</a>, and formerly offered a sacrifice of a <a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">goat</a> to a goddess revered as Kuldevi – a practice that continues in some places.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarlan200345,_55,_58–59_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarlan200345,_55,_58–59-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitelErndl200077_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitelErndl200077-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ritual requires slaying of the animal with a single stroke. In the past this ritual was considered a <a href="/wiki/Rite_of_passage" title="Rite of passage">rite of passage</a> into manhood and readiness as a warrior. The ritual is directed by a priest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarlan199261,_88_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarlan199261,_88-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Kuldevi</i> among these Rajput communities is a warrior-pativrata guardian goddess, with local legends tracing reverence for her during Rajput-Muslim wars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarlan1992107–108_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarlan1992107–108-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Animal sacrifice of a buffalo or goat, particularly during smallpox epidemics, has been practiced in parts of <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>. The sacrificed animal is dedicated to a goddess, and is probably related to the myth of goddess Kali in <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>, but in <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, the typical goddess is <a href="/wiki/Renuka" title="Renuka">Renuka</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Alf_Hiltebeitel" title="Alf Hiltebeitel">Alf Hiltebeitel</a> – a professor of Religions, History and Human Sciences, these ritual animal sacrifices, with some differences, mirrors goddess - related ritual animal sacrifice found in <a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh" title="Gilgamesh">Gilgamesh</a> epic and in texts of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egyptian</a>, Minoan and Greek sources.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel1980187–195,_211–214_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHiltebeitel1980187–195,_211–214-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 19th century through the early 20th century, Indian laborers were shipped by the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> into colonial mining and plantations operations in the Indian ocean and the Caribbean regions. These included a significant amount of Shakta devotees. While instances of Shakta animal sacrifice during Kali puja in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Caribbean islands">Caribbean islands</a> were recorded between 1850s to 1920s, these were relatively uncommon when compared to other rituals such as temple prayers, community dancing and fire walking.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylorCase2013285–288_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylorCase2013285–288-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shaktism_versus_other_Hindu_traditions">Shaktism versus other Hindu traditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaktism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Shaktism versus other Hindu traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The tantra practices are secretive, subject to speculations and criticism. Scholars variously attribute such criticism to ignorance, misunderstanding or sectarian bias on the part of some observers, as well as unscrupulous practices by some Shaktas. These are some of the reasons many Hindus question the relevance and historicity of Tantra to their tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2003262_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2003262-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUrban19971–38_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUrban19971–38-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The emphasis in Shaktism that love of the deity is more important than obedience shows an influence of the <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavaite</a> idea of passionate relationship between <a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> as an ideal <a href="/wiki/Bhakti#Bhavas" title="Bhakti">bhava</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDaniel200411_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDaniel200411-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, Shaktism influenced <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a>. The goddess is considered the consort and energy (<i>shakti</i>) of the gods <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>; they have their individual shaktis, <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavi_(Matrika_goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnavi (Matrika goddess)">Vaishnavi</a> for Vishnu and <a href="/wiki/Maheshvari" class="mw-redirect" title="Maheshvari">Maheshvari</a> for Shiva, and consorts <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a>/<a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKinsley1987156_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKinsley1987156-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1849_engraving_of_%22the_Hindoo_Goddess_Karle%22.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/1849_engraving_of_%22the_Hindoo_Goddess_Karle%22.JPG/250px-1849_engraving_of_%22the_Hindoo_Goddess_Karle%22.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/1849_engraving_of_%22the_Hindoo_Goddess_Karle%22.JPG/330px-1849_engraving_of_%22the_Hindoo_Goddess_Karle%22.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/1849_engraving_of_%22the_Hindoo_Goddess_Karle%22.JPG/500px-1849_engraving_of_%22the_Hindoo_Goddess_Karle%22.JPG 2x" data-file-width="557" data-file-height="471" /></a><figcaption>"The Hindoo Goddess Kali", an illustration from <i>Dr. Scudder's Tales for Little Readers About the Heathen</i>, by Dr. John Scudder (London, 1849)</figcaption></figure> <p>Beyond tantra, the Shakta sub-traditions subscribe to various philosophies, are similar in some aspects and differ in others. These traditions compare with Vaishnavism, Shaivism and <a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a> as follows: </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Comparison of Shaktism with other traditions </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnava Traditions</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaiva Traditions</a></th> <th style="background:#fc9;">Shakta Traditions</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smarta Traditions</a></th> <th>References </th></tr> <tr> <td>Scriptural authority</td> <td>Vedas and Upanishads</td> <td>Vedas and Upanishads</td> <td>Vedas, Upanishads and Tantras</td> <td>Vedas and Upanishads</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2006474_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2006474-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDhavamony199932–34_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDhavamony199932–34-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Supreme deity</td> <td>God Vishnu</td> <td>God Shiva</td> <td>Goddess Devi</td> <td>None</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonda1970_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonda1970-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPartridge2013182_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPartridge2013182-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Creator</td> <td>Vishnu</td> <td>Shiva</td> <td>Devi</td> <td>Brahman principle</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonda1970_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonda1970-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta201365–71_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta201365–71-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatar</a></td> <td>Key concept</td> <td>Minor</td> <td>Significant</td> <td>Minor</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2006474_121-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2006474-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEng2008221_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEng2008221-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDhavamony200263_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDhavamony200263-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Monastic</a> life</td> <td>Accepts</td> <td>Recommends</td> <td>Accepts</td> <td>Recommends</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2006474_121-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesRyan2006474-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPhillips1995332_note_68_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips1995332_note_68-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlivelle19924–18_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlivelle19924–18-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rituals, <a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></td> <td>Affirms</td> <td>Affirms<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996162–167_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996162–167-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaivas2017_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaivas2017-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunavalli200783_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunavalli200783-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Affirms</td> <td>Optional<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrakash199856–57_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrakash199856–57-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrazier2013_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrazier2013-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a> and Vegetarianism</td> <td>Affirms</td> <td>Recommends,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996162–167_130-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996162–167-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Optional</td> <td>Optional</td> <td>Recommends, recommends Optional</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKemmererNocella201127–36_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKemmererNocella201127–36-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimoons1998182–183_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimoons1998182–183-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maya_(illusion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya (illusion)">Maya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></td> <td>Affirms</td> <td>Affirms</td> <td>Affirms</td> <td>Affirms</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonda1970_123-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonda1970-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Metaphysics</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> (Vishnu) and <a href="/wiki/Atman_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atman (Hinduism)">Atman</a> (Soul, Self)</td> <td>Brahman (Shiva), Atman</td> <td>Brahman (Devi), Atman</td> <td>Brahman, Atman</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonda1970_123-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonda1970-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">Epistemology</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana</a>)</td> <td>1. Perception<br />2. Inference<br />3. Reliable testimony</td> <td>1. Perception<br />2. Inference<br />3. Reliable testimony<br />4. Self-evident<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESivaraman1973336–340_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESivaraman1973336–340-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>1. Perception<br />2. Inference<br />3. Reliable testimony</td> <td>1. Perception<br />2. Inference<br />3. Comparison and analogy<br />4. Postulation, derivation<br />5. Negative/cognitive proof<br />6. Reliable testimony</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimes1996238_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimes1996238-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996225_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996225-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutsche2000245–248_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutsche2000245–248-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Philosophy</td> <td>Dvaita, qualified advaita, advaita, Visishtadvaita</td> <td>Dvaita, qualified advaita, advaita</td> <td>Shakti-advaita, <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></td> <td>Advaita</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDaniel2004177–225_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDaniel2004177–225-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Salvation<br />(<a href="/wiki/Soteriology" title="Soteriology">Soteriology</a>)</td> <td>Videhamukti, Yoga,<br />champions householder life</td> <td>Jivanmukta,<br /><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Charya</a>-<a href="/wiki/Kriy%C4%81" title="Kriyā">Kriyā</a>-<a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a>-<a href="/wiki/Jnana" class="mw-redirect" title="Jnana">Jnana</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurleyHurley20125_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurleyHurley20125-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Bhakti, Tantra, Yoga</td> <td>Jivanmukta, Advaita, Yoga,<br />champions monastic life</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkoog199663–84,_236–239_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkoog199663–84,_236–239-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrasad2008375_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrasad2008375-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demography">Demography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaktism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Demography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is no census data available on demographic history or trends for Shaktism or other traditions within Hinduism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPew2012_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPew2012-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Estimates vary on the relative number of adherents in Shaktism compared to other traditions of Hinduism. According to a 2010 estimate by Johnson and Grim, the Shaktism tradition is the smaller group with about 30 million or 3.2% of Hindus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnsonGrim2013400_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnsonGrim2013400-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a 2020 estimate by the World Religion Database (WRD), hosted at Boston University’s Institute on Culture, Religion and World Affairs (CURA), Shaktism is the <a href="/wiki/Hinduism#Demographics" title="Hinduism">third largest Hindu sect</a>, constituting about 305 million Hindus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston2024_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston2024-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Adherents of Shaktism are referred to as Shaktas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerriam2023_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerriam2023-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large shakta communities are particularly found in eastern states, such as <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand">Jharkhand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a> with substantial communities also existing in <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jammu" title="Jammu">Jammu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> and Central India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZeidan2024_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeidan2024-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdisha2018_150-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdisha2018-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In West Bengal Shaktas belong to the upper <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">castes</a> as well as lowest castes and tribes, while the lower middle castes are <a href="/wiki/Vaishnava" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava">Vaishnavas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2005826_29-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott2005826-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gavin Flood states that Shaivism and Shaktism traditions are difficult to separate, as many Shaiva Hindus revere the goddess Shakti regularly.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The denominations of Hinduism, states Julius Lipner, are unlike those found in major religions of the world, because Hindu denominations are fuzzy with individuals revering gods and goddesses <a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">henotheistically</a>, with many Shaiva and Vaishnava adherents recognizing Sri (Lakshmi), Parvati, Saraswati and other aspects of the goddess Devi. Similarly, Shakta Hindus revere Shiva and goddesses such as Parvati (such as Durga, <a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a> and others) and Saraswati important in Shaiva and Vaishnava traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipner2009371–375_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELipner2009371–375-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Temples_and_influence">Temples and influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaktism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Temples and influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Category:Shakti_temples" title="Category:Shakti temples">List of Shakti Temples</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shakti_Peethas" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakti Peethas">Shakti Peethas</a></div> <p>Shakta temples are found all over South Asia. Many towns, villages and geographic landmarks are named for various forms of the Devi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPattanaik2000110–114_153-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPattanaik2000110–114-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major pilgrimage sites of Shaktism are called "<a href="/wiki/Shakti_Peethas" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakti Peethas">Shakti Peethas</a>", literally "Seats of the Devi". These vary from 4 to 51.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharyya1996171_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhattacharyya1996171-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night 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style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Shaktism"><img alt="Shaktism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:39.715%;left:17.838%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Shaktism"><img alt="Shaktism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:43.083%;left:15.759%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Shaktism"><img alt="Shaktism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:41.908%;left:63.656%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Shaktism"><img alt="Shaktism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:44.053%;left:27.429%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Shaktism"><img alt="Shaktism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:57.231%;left:44.844%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Shaktism"><img alt="Shaktism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:28.718%;left:54.688%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Shaktism"><img alt="Shaktism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:52.667%;left:21.563%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Shaktism"><img alt="Shaktism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:46.615%;left:69.115%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Shaktism"><img alt="Shaktism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:16.615%;left:28.969%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Jwala Ji"><img alt="Jwala Ji" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Jwala_Ji" class="mw-redirect" title="Jwala Ji">Jwala Ji</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:75.875%;left:39.698%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Shaktism"><img alt="Shaktism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:42.554%;left:64.75%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Shaktism"><img alt="Shaktism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:90.529%;left:32.941%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kanyakumari"><img alt="Kanyakumari" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Kanyakumari" title="Kanyakumari">Kanyakumari</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:33.785%;left:67.906%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Shaktism"><img alt="Shaktism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:19.795%;left:44.727%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Manasarovar"><img alt="Manasarovar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Lake_Manasarovar" title="Lake Manasarovar">Manasarovar</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:33.193%;left:59.13%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Shaktism"><img alt="Shaktism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:85.846%;left:39.896%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Shaktism"><img alt="Shaktism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:40.615%;left:65.062%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Shaktism"><img alt="Shaktism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:30.124%;left:57.339%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Shaktism"><img alt="Shaktism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:45.744%;left:77.135%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Shaktism"><img alt="Shaktism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:36.599%;left:56.895%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Shaktism"><img alt="Shaktism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:37.077%;left:46.406%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Shaktism"><img alt="Shaktism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:23.182%;left:30.741%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Shaktism"><img alt="Shaktism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:41.692%;left:64.594%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Shaktism"><img alt="Shaktism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:36.88%;left:-4.64%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Shaktism"><img alt="Shaktism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:38.776%;left:77.723%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Shaktism"><img alt="Shaktism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:90.292%;left:32.703%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Shaktism"><img alt="Shaktism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:45.538%;left:73.021%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Shaktism"><img alt="Shaktism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:41.2%;left:65%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Shaktism"><img alt="Shaktism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:42.985%;left:76.5%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Shaktism"><img alt="Shaktism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:40.615%;left:65.062%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Shaktism"><img alt="Shaktism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:37.594%;left:49.863%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Shaktism"><img alt="Shaktism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:41.2%;left:65%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Shaktism"><img alt="Shaktism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:46.769%;left:65.375%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Shaktism"><img alt="Shaktism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:30.523%;left:33.438%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Shaktism"><img alt="Shaktism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:54.447%;left:58.807%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Puri"><img alt="Puri" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/20px-Blue_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:6px"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Puri" title="Puri">Puri</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:55.938%;left:55.563%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Shaktism"><img alt="Shaktism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/20px-Blue_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:46.092%;left:66.694%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kolkata"><img alt="Kolkata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/20px-Blue_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:6px"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a></b></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:34.873%;left:77.205%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Guwahati"><img alt="Guwahati" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Blue_pog.svg/20px-Blue_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="9" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:6px;left:-3em"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Guwahati" title="Guwahati">Guwahati</a></b></div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:India_location_map.svg" title="File:India location map.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>The map depicts location of Shakti Peethas in South Asia, major (blue) and minor (red).</div></div></div> <p>Some Shakta temples are also found in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott1998281–305_155-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott1998281–305-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> include the <i>Kali Mandir</i> in <a href="/wiki/Laguna_Beach,_California" title="Laguna Beach, California">Laguna Beach, California</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalimandir2016_156-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalimandir2016-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Sri_Rajarajeswari_Peetam" title="Sri Rajarajeswari Peetam">Sri Rajarajeswari Peetam</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESrividya2016_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESrividya2016-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <i><a href="/wiki/Srividya" title="Srividya">Srividya</a></i> temple in rural <a href="/wiki/Rush,_New_York" title="Rush, New York">Rush, New York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDempsey2006_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDempsey2006-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminists</a> and participants in <a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a> spirituality who are attracted to Goddess worship", suggest Shaktism is a "symbol of wholeness and healing, associated especially with repressed female power and sexuality."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott1998281–305_155-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott1998281–305-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaktism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There has been a significant sharing of ideas, ritual grammar and concepts between Tantric Buddhism (<a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> tradition) found in Nepal and Tibet and the Tantric Shakta tradition of Hinduism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeltonBaumann20102599_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeltonBaumann20102599-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal2010332_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2010332-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both movements cherish female deities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeul2012119_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeul2012119-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Miranda_E._Shaw" title="Miranda E. Shaw">Miranda Shaw</a>, "the confluence of Buddhism and Shaktism is such that Tantric Buddhism could properly be called Shakta Buddhism".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaxena2012137_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaxena2012137-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Aurangabad_Caves" title="Aurangabad Caves">Aurangabad Caves</a> about 100 kilometers from the <a href="/wiki/Ellora_Caves" title="Ellora Caves">Ellora Caves</a>, dated to the 6th to 7th century CE, show Buddhist Matrikas (mother goddesses of Shaktism) next to the Buddha.<sup id="cite_ref-Brancaccio_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brancaccio-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other goddesses in these caves include Durga. The goddess iconography in these Buddhist caves is close, but not identical to the Hindu Shakta tradition. The "seven Goddess mothers" are found in other Buddhist caves and literature, such as their discussion in the Buddhist text <i>Manjusrimulakalpa</i> and <i>Vairocanabhisambodhi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brancaccio_163-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brancaccio-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrayOverbey201647–48_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrayOverbey201647–48-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:610px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize thumbimage" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:India_settentrionale,_saptamatrika,_X_sec.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Matrika – mother goddesses – are found in both Shakta-Hinduism and Vajrayana-Buddhism."><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/India_settentrionale%2C_saptamatrika%2C_X_sec.JPG/600px-India_settentrionale%2C_saptamatrika%2C_X_sec.JPG" decoding="async" width="600" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/India_settentrionale%2C_saptamatrika%2C_X_sec.JPG/900px-India_settentrionale%2C_saptamatrika%2C_X_sec.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/India_settentrionale%2C_saptamatrika%2C_X_sec.JPG/1200px-India_settentrionale%2C_saptamatrika%2C_X_sec.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2436" data-file-height="798" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:India_settentrionale,_saptamatrika,_X_sec.JPG" title="File:India settentrionale, saptamatrika, X sec.JPG"> </a></div><i><a href="/wiki/Matrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrika">Matrika</a></i> – mother goddesses – are found in both Shakta-Hinduism and Vajrayana-Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeul2012119–123_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeul2012119–123-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts2011715_166-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2011715-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jainism">Jainism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaktism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Jainism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, ideas similar to Shaktism tradition are found, such as the Vidyadevis and the Shasanadevis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal2010332_160-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2010332-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sikhism">Sikhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaktism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sikhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The secondary scripture of Sikhs, <i><a href="/wiki/Dasam_Granth" title="Dasam Granth">Dasam Granth</a></i> attributed to <a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a>, includes numerous sections on Shakta goddesses, particularly <a href="/wiki/Chandi" title="Chandi">Chandi</a> – the fierce warrior form of the Hindu goddess.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERinehart201171,_107–110_167-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERinehart201171,_107–110-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Nikky-Guninder Kaur Singh – a professor of Religious Studies, the stories about goddess Durga in the <i>Dasam Granth</i> are reworkings of ancient Shakti mythologies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsberg200337–38_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsberg200337–38-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A significant part of this Sikh scripture is based on the teachings in the Shakta text <i>Devi Mahatmya</i> found in the <i><a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya Purana</a></i> of Hinduism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinghFenech2014139_169-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinghFenech2014139-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaktism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palden_Lhamo" title="Palden Lhamo">Palden Lhamo</a> – Female Tibetan Buddhist deity</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> – Trinity of chief goddesses in Hinduism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Shaktism" title="Caribbean Shaktism">Caribbean Shaktism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaktism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Srimad Devi Bhagavatam</i>, VII.33.13-15, cited in Brown 1991<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1991186_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1991186-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ह्रीम् is pronounced as hrīm, it is a tantric mantra bīja, and it identifies a "Shakti".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERigopoulos199872_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERigopoulos199872-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooks199294_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks199294-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A senior member of Guru Mandali, Madurai, November 1984, cited in Brooks 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrooks199256_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrooks199256-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaktism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaktism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/List-of-religious-populations">"List of religious populations | Largest Religions, Smallest Religions, Lists, Data, & Overview | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=List+of+religious+populations+%7C+Largest+Religions%2C+Smallest+Religions%2C+Lists%2C+Data%2C+%26+Overview+%7C+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FList-of-religious-populations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaktism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKenoyerClarkPalSharma198388–94-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKenoyerClarkPalSharma198388–94_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKenoyerClarkPalSharma1983">Kenoyer et al. 1983</a>, pp. 88–94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh2018-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh2018_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSingh2018">Singh 2018</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDaniel200490-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDaniel200490_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDaniel200490_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDaniel2004">McDaniel 2004</a>, p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown199826-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown199826_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown199826_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown1998">Brown 1998</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist" style="display:inline;"><ul style="display:inline;"><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;display:inline; margin:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Rig_Veda/Mandala_10/Hymn_125">"The Rig Veda/Mandala 10/Hymn 125"</a>. Translated by Ralph T.H. Griffith.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Rig+Veda%2FMandala+10%2FHymn+125&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FThe_Rig_Veda%2FMandala_10%2FHymn_125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaktism" class="Z3988"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom:.5em; display:block;;margin-top:.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/ऋग्वेद:_सूक्तं_१०.१२५">"for Sanskrit original see: ऋग्वेद: सूक्तं १०.१२५"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=for+Sanskrit+original+see%3A+%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%3A+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82+%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A6.%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%AB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsa.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2F%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%3A_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A6.%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%AB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaktism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeltonBaumann20102600-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeltonBaumann20102600_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeltonBaumann20102600_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeltonBaumann20102600_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeltonBaumann20102600_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeltonBaumann2010">Melton & Baumann 2010</a>, p. 2600.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeussen1980207–208,_211–213_verses_14–28-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeussen1980207–208,_211–213_verses_14–28_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeussen1980">Deussen 1980</a>, pp. 207–208, 211–213 verses 14–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnston2014229–232-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnston2014229–232_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnston2014">Johnston 2014</a>, pp. 229–232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaxena2012139-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaxena2012139_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaxena2012139_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaxena2012">Saxena 2012</a>, p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoburn20027-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoburn20027_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoburn2002">Coburn 2002</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986193-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986193_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRocher1986">Rocher 1986</a>, p. 193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoburn199116-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoburn199116_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCoburn1991">Coburn 1991</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVivek2021-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a 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class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuvm2023">Duvm 2023</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuaj2022-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuaj2022_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuaj2022">Duaj 2022</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE108u2022-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE108u2022_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREF108u2022">108u 2022</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDikshitar199977–78-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDikshitar199977–78_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDikshitar1999">Dikshitar 1999</a>, pp. 77–78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1991186-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1991186_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown1991">Brown 1991</a>, p. 186.</span> </li> 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href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDanieln.d._91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDanieln.d._91-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDanieln.d._91-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDanieln.d.">McDaniel n.d</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFMcDanieln.d. 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class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKemmererNocella201127–36_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKemmererNocella2011">Kemmerer & Nocella 2011</a>, pp. 27–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimoons1998182–183-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimoons1998182–183_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimoons1998">Simoons 1998</a>, pp. 182–183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESivaraman1973336–340-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESivaraman1973336–340_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSivaraman1973">Sivaraman 1973</a>, pp. 336–340.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimes1996238-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimes1996238_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrimes1996">Grimes 1996</a>, p. 238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood1996225-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood1996225_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlood1996">Flood 1996</a>, p. 225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeutsche2000245–248-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeutsche2000245–248_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeutsche2000">Deutsche 2000</a>, pp. 245–248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDaniel2004177–225-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDaniel2004177–225_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDaniel2004">McDaniel 2004</a>, pp. 177–225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurleyHurley20125-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurleyHurley20125_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHurleyHurley2012">Hurley & Hurley 2012</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkoog199663–84,_236–239-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkoog199663–84,_236–239_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSkoog1996">Skoog 1996</a>, pp. 63–84, 236–239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrasad2008375-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrasad2008375_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrasad2008">Prasad 2008</a>, p. 375.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPew2012-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPew2012_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPew2012">Pew 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnsonGrim2013400-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnsonGrim2013400_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnsonGrim2013">Johnson & Grim 2013</a>, p. 400.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston2024-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston2024_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPreston2024">Preston 2024</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerriam2023-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerriam2023_148-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMerriam2023">Merriam 2023</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeidan2024-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZeidan2024_149-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZeidan2024">Zeidan 2024</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdisha2018-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOdisha2018_150-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOdisha2018">Odisha 2018</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlood2008">Flood 2008</a>, p. 200: "it is often impossible to meaningfully distinguish between Saiva and Sakta traditions".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELipner2009371–375-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELipner2009371–375_152-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLipner2009">Lipner 2009</a>, pp. 371–375.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPattanaik2000110–114-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPattanaik2000110–114_153-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPattanaik2000">Pattanaik 2000</a>, pp. 110–114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhattacharyya1996171-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBhattacharyya1996171_154-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBhattacharyya1996">Bhattacharyya 1996</a>, p. 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDermott1998281–305-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott1998281–305_155-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDermott1998281–305_155-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDermott1998">McDermott 1998</a>, pp. 281–305.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalimandir2016-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKalimandir2016_156-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKalimandir2016">Kalimandir 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESrividya2016-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESrividya2016_157-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSrividya2016">Srividya 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDempsey2006-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDempsey2006_158-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDempsey2006">Dempsey 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeltonBaumann20102599-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeltonBaumann20102599_159-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeltonBaumann2010">Melton & Baumann 2010</a>, p. 2599.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2010332-160"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal2010332_160-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal2010332_160-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDalal2010">Dalal 2010</a>, p. 332.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeul2012119-161"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeul2012119_161-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeul2012">Keul 2012</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaxena2012137-162"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaxena2012137_162-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaxena2012">Saxena 2012</a>, p. 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brancaccio-163"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brancaccio_163-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brancaccio_163-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrancaccio2010">Brancaccio 2010</a>, p. 21, 202–207: "To the right of the main Buddha image, carved out of the wall of the sanctum, is an ensemble of seven female images".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrayOverbey201647–48-164"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrayOverbey201647–48_164-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrayOverbey2016">Gray & Overbey 2016</a>, pp. 47–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeul2012119–123-165"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeul2012119–123_165-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeul2012">Keul 2012</a>, pp. 119–123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoberts2011715-166"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoberts2011715_166-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoberts2011">Roberts 2011</a>, p. 715.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERinehart201171,_107–110-167"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERinehart201171,_107–110_167-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRinehart2011">Rinehart 2011</a>, pp. 71, 107–110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElsberg200337–38-168"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElsberg200337–38_168-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElsberg2003">Elsberg 2003</a>, pp. 37–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESinghFenech2014139-169"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinghFenech2014139_169-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSinghFenech2014">Singh & Fenech 2014</a>, p. 139.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaktism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Books_and_Journals">Books and Journals</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaktism&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Books and Journals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBhattacharyya1996" class="citation book cs1">Bhattacharyya, N. N. (1996) [1974]. <i>History of the Sakta Religion</i> (2nd ed.). New Delhi: <a href="/wiki/Munshiram_Manoharlal_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers">Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Sakta+Religion&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Munshiram+Manoharlal+Publishers&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Bhattacharyya&rft.aufirst=N.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaktism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrooks1990" class="citation book cs1">Brooks, Douglas Renfrew (1990). <i>The Secret of the Three Cities: An Introduction to Hindu Shakta Tantrism</i>. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Chicago_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Chicago Press">The University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-07569-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-07569-3"><bdi>978-0-226-07569-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secret+of+the+Three+Cities%3A+An+Introduction+to+Hindu+Shakta+Tantrism&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-226-07569-3&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=Douglas+Renfrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaktism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrooks1992" class="citation book cs1">Brooks, Douglas Renfrew (1992). <i>Auspicious Wisdom: The Texts and Traditions of Srividya Shakta Tantrism in South India</i>. Albany: <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="State University of New York Press">State University of New York Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1146-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1146-9"><bdi>978-0-7914-1146-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Auspicious+Wisdom%3A+The+Texts+and+Traditions+of+Srividya+Shakta+Tantrism+in+South+India&rft.place=Albany&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-1146-9&rft.aulast=Brooks&rft.aufirst=Douglas+Renfrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaktism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrown1991" class="citation book cs1">Brown, C. MacKenzie (1991). <i>The Triumph of the Goddess: The Canonical Models and Theological Issues of the Devi-Bhagavata Purana</i>. SUNY Series in Hindu Studies. State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0364-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0364-8"><bdi>978-0-7914-0364-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Triumph+of+the+Goddess%3A+The+Canonical+Models+and+Theological+Issues+of+the+Devi-Bhagavata+Purana&rft.series=SUNY+Series+in+Hindu+Studies&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-0364-8&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=C.+MacKenzie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaktism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrancaccio2010" class="citation book cs1">Brancaccio, Pia (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m_4pXm7dD78C&pg=PA206"><i>The Buddhist Caves at Aurangabad: Transformations in Art and Religion</i></a>. Brill Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18525-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18525-8"><bdi>978-90-04-18525-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Buddhist+Caves+at+Aurangabad%3A+Transformations+in+Art+and+Religion&rft.pub=Brill+Academic&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-04-18525-8&rft.aulast=Brancaccio&rft.aufirst=Pia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm_4pXm7dD78C%26pg%3DPA206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaktism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrown1998" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Cheever Mackenzie (1998). <i>The Devi Gita: The Song of the Goddess: A Translation, Annotation, and Commentary</i>. Albany: State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3939-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3939-5"><bdi>978-0-7914-3939-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Devi+Gita%3A+The+Song+of+the+Goddess%3A+A+Translation%2C+Annotation%2C+and+Commentary&rft.place=Albany&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-3939-5&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Cheever+Mackenzie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaktism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCoburn1991" class="citation book cs1">Coburn, Thomas B. (1991). <i>Encountering the Goddess: A translation of the Devi-Mahatmya and a Study of Its Interpretation</i>. State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0791404463" title="Special:BookSources/0791404463"><bdi>0791404463</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encountering+the+Goddess%3A+A+translation+of+the+Devi-Mahatmya+and+a+Study+of+Its+Interpretation&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0791404463&rft.aulast=Coburn&rft.aufirst=Thomas+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaktism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCoburn2002" class="citation book cs1">Coburn, Thomas B. (2002). <i>Devī Māhātmya, The Crystallization of the Goddess Tradition</i>. South Asia Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0557-7" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0557-7"><bdi>81-208-0557-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dev%C4%AB+M%C4%81h%C4%81tmya%2C+The+Crystallization+of+the+Goddess+Tradition&rft.pub=South+Asia+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=81-208-0557-7&rft.aulast=Coburn&rft.aufirst=Thomas+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaktism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDasgupta1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Dasgupta, S (1996). <i>Journal of the Indian Musicological Society</i>. Vol. <span class="nowrap">27–</span>28. Indian Musicological Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+the+Indian+Musicological+Society&rft.pub=Indian+Musicological+Society&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Dasgupta&rft.aufirst=S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaktism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDempsey2006" class="citation book cs1">Dempsey, Corinne G. (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/goddesslivesinup00cori"><i>The Goddess Lives in Upstate New York: Breaking Convention and Making Home at a North American Hindu Temple</i></a></span>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Goddess+Lives+in+Upstate+New+York%3A+Breaking+Convention+and+Making+Home+at+a+North+American+Hindu+Temple&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Dempsey&rft.aufirst=Corinne+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgoddesslivesinup00cori&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaktism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDikshitar1999" class="citation book cs1">Dikshitar, V. R. Ramachandra (1999) [1942]. <i>The Lalita Cult</i>. Delhi: <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lalita+Cult&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Dikshitar&rft.aufirst=V.+R.+Ramachandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaktism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDhavamony1999" class="citation book cs1">Dhavamony, Mariasusai (1999). <i>Hindu Spirituality</i>. Gregorian Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-7652-818-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-7652-818-7"><bdi>978-88-7652-818-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Spirituality&rft.pub=Gregorian+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-88-7652-818-7&rft.aulast=Dhavamony&rft.aufirst=Mariasusai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaktism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDhavamony2002" class="citation book cs1">Dhavamony, Mariasusai (2002). <i>Hindu-Christian Dialogue: Theological Soundings and Perspectives</i>. Rodopi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-420-1510-1" title="Special:BookSources/90-420-1510-1"><bdi>90-420-1510-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu-Christian+Dialogue%3A+Theological+Soundings+and+Perspectives&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=90-420-1510-1&rft.aulast=Dhavamony&rft.aufirst=Mariasusai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaktism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDeutsche2000" class="citation book cs1">Deutsche, Eliott (2000). Perrett, Roy (ed.). <i>Philosophy of Religion : Indian Philosophy Vol 4</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0815336112" title="Special:BookSources/978-0815336112"><bdi>978-0815336112</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophy+of+Religion+%3A+Indian+Philosophy+Vol+4&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0815336112&rft.aulast=Deutsche&rft.aufirst=Eliott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaktism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDeussen1980" class="citation book cs1">Deussen, Paul (1980). <i>Sixty Upaniṣads of the Veda, Part 1</i>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1468-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1468-4"><bdi>978-81-208-1468-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sixty+Upani%E1%B9%A3ads+of+the+Veda%2C+Part+1&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1468-4&rft.aulast=Deussen&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaktism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDalal2010" class="citation book cs1">Dalal, Roshen (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pNmfdAKFpkQC&pg=PA184"><i>The Religions of India: A Concise Guide to Nine Major Faiths</i></a>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-341517-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-341517-6"><bdi>978-0-14-341517-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Religions+of+India%3A+A+Concise+Guide+to+Nine+Major+Faiths&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-14-341517-6&rft.aulast=Dalal&rft.aufirst=Roshen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpNmfdAKFpkQC%26pg%3DPA184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaktism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDalal2014" class="citation book cs1">Dalal, Roshen (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zrk0AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT105"><i>Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide</i></a>. Penguin UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788184752779" title="Special:BookSources/9788184752779"><bdi>9788184752779</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism%3A+An+Alphabetical+Guide&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9788184752779&rft.aulast=Dalal&rft.aufirst=Roshen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzrk0AwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaktism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEng2008" class="citation book cs1">Eng, Lai Ah (2008). <i>Religious Diversity in Singapore</i>. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-230-754-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-230-754-5"><bdi>978-981-230-754-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Diversity+in+Singapore&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies%2C+Singapore&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-981-230-754-5&rft.aulast=Eng&rft.aufirst=Lai+Ah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaktism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFElsberg2003" class="citation book cs1">Elsberg, Constance Waeber (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bU8rmpdIwWYC&pg=PA37"><i>Graceful Women: Gender and Identity in an American Sikh Community</i></a>. University of Tennessee Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57233-214-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57233-214-0"><bdi>978-1-57233-214-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Graceful+Women%3A+Gender+and+Identity+in+an+American+Sikh+Community&rft.pub=University+of+Tennessee+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57233-214-0&rft.aulast=Elsberg&rft.aufirst=Constance+Waeber&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbU8rmpdIwWYC%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaktism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFuller2004" class="citation book cs1">Fuller, Christopher John (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.princeton.edu/titles/7823.html"><i>The camphor flame: popular Hinduism and society in India</i></a> (Revised and Expanded ed.). Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12048-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12048-5"><bdi>978-0-691-12048-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+camphor+flame%3A+popular+Hinduism+and+society+in+India&rft.edition=Revised+and+Expanded&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-691-12048-5&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=Christopher+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress.princeton.edu%2Ftitles%2F7823.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaktism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFlood2008" class="citation book cs1">Flood, Gavin (2008). <i>The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism</i>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-99868-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-99868-7"><bdi>978-0-470-99868-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+Hinduism&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-470-99868-7&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaktism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFlood1996" class="citation book cs1">Flood, Gavin D. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KpIWhKnYmF0C&pg=PA82"><i>An Introduction to Hinduism</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43878-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-43878-0"><bdi>978-0-521-43878-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Hinduism&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-521-43878-0&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Gavin+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKpIWhKnYmF0C%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaktism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrazier2013" class="citation journal cs1">Frazier, J. (2013). "Bhakti in Hindu Cultures". <i>The Journal of Hindu Studies</i>. <b>6</b> (2). Oxford University Press: <span class="nowrap">101–</span>113. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjhs%2Fhit028">10.1093/jhs/hit028</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Hindu+Studies&rft.atitle=Bhakti+in+Hindu+Cultures&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E101-%3C%2Fspan%3E113&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjhs%2Fhit028&rft.aulast=Frazier&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaktism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFoulstonAbbott2009" class="citation book cs1">Foulston, Lynn; Abbott, Stuart (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hindugoddessesbe0000foul"><i>Hindu Goddesses: Beliefs and Practices</i></a></span>. Sussex Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902210-43-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-902210-43-8"><bdi>978-1-902210-43-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Goddesses%3A+Beliefs+and+Practices&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-902210-43-8&rft.aulast=Foulston&rft.aufirst=Lynn&rft.au=Abbott%2C+Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhindugoddessesbe0000foul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaktism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrimes1996" class="citation book cs1">Grimes, John A. (1996). <i>A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English</i>. State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791430675" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791430675"><bdi>978-0791430675</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+Dictionary+of+Indian+Philosophy%3A+Sanskrit+Terms+Defined+in+English&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0791430675&rft.aulast=Grimes&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaktism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrayOverbey2016" class="citation book cs1">Gray, David B.; Overbey, Ryan Richard (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OJWCCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA47"><i>Tantric Traditions in Transmission and Translation</i></a>. 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Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4742-8080-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4742-8080-8"><bdi>978-1-4742-8080-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Visnuism+and+Sivaism%3A+A+Comparison&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-1-4742-8080-8&rft.aulast=Gonda&rft.aufirst=Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaktism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGupta2013" class="citation book cs1">Gupta, Sanjukta (2013). <i>Advaita Vedanta and Vaisnavism: The Philosophy of Madhusudana Sarasvati</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-15774-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-15774-7"><bdi>978-1-134-15774-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advaita+Vedanta+and+Vaisnavism%3A+The+Philosophy+of+Madhusudana+Sarasvati&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-134-15774-7&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Sanjukta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaktism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreenberg2008" class="citation book cs1">Greenberg, Yudit Kornberg (2008). <i>Encyclopedia of Love in World Religions</i>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-980-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-980-1"><bdi>978-1-85109-980-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Love+in+World+Religions&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-980-1&rft.aulast=Greenberg&rft.aufirst=Yudit+Kornberg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaktism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarlan1992" class="citation book cs1">Harlan, Lindsey (1992). <i>Religion and Rajput Women</i>. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-07339-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-07339-8"><bdi>0-520-07339-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Rajput+Women&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+California&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-520-07339-8&rft.aulast=Harlan&rft.aufirst=Lindsey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaktism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHiltebeitelErndl2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alf_Hiltebeitel" title="Alf Hiltebeitel">Hiltebeitel, Alf</a>; Erndl, Kathleen M. (2000). <i>Is the Goddess a Feminist?: the Politics of South Asian Goddesses</i>. New York University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-3619-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-3619-7"><bdi>978-0-8147-3619-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Is+the+Goddess+a+Feminist%3F%3A+the+Politics+of+South+Asian+Goddesses&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-3619-7&rft.aulast=Hiltebeitel&rft.aufirst=Alf&rft.au=Erndl%2C+Kathleen+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaktism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHiltebeitel1980" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alf_Hiltebeitel" title="Alf Hiltebeitel">Hiltebeitel, Alf</a> (February 1980). "Rāma and Gilgamesh: the sacrifices of the water buffalo and the bull of heaven". <i>History of Religions</i>. <b>19</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">187–</span>223. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F462845">10.1086/462845</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1062467">1062467</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162925746">162925746</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Religions&rft.atitle=R%C4%81ma+and+Gilgamesh%3A+the+sacrifices+of+the+water+buffalo+and+the+bull+of+heaven&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E187-%3C%2Fspan%3E223&rft.date=1980-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162925746%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1062467%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F462845&rft.aulast=Hiltebeitel&rft.aufirst=Alf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaktism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHurleyHurley2012" class="citation book cs1">Hurley, Leigh; Hurley, Phillip (2012). <i>Tantra, Yoga of Ecstasy: the Sadhaka's Guide to Kundalinin and the Left-Hand Path</i>. Maithuna Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780983784722" title="Special:BookSources/9780983784722"><bdi>9780983784722</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tantra%2C+Yoga+of+Ecstasy%3A+the+Sadhaka%27s+Guide+to+Kundalinin+and+the+Left-Hand+Path&rft.pub=Maithuna+Publications&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780983784722&rft.aulast=Hurley&rft.aufirst=Leigh&rft.au=Hurley%2C+Phillip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaktism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarlan2003" class="citation book cs1">Harlan, Lindsey (2003). <i>The goddesses' henchmen gender in Indian hero worship</i>. Oxford [u.a.]: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195154269" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195154269"><bdi>978-0195154269</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+goddesses%27+henchmen+gender+in+Indian+hero+worship&rft.place=Oxford+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0195154269&rft.aulast=Harlan&rft.aufirst=Lindsey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaktism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarperBrown2012" class="citation book cs1">Harper, Katherine Anne; Brown, Robert L. (2012). <i>The Roots of Tantra</i>. State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-8890-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-8890-4"><bdi>978-0-7914-8890-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roots+of+Tantra&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-8890-4&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Katherine+Anne&rft.au=Brown%2C+Robert+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaktism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohnston2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Johnston_(Theosophist)" title="Charles Johnston (Theosophist)">Johnston, Charles</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.universaltheosophy.com/pdf-library/Kena%20Upanishad_Johnston.pdf"><i>The Mukhya Upanishads: Books of Hidden Wisdom, (1920–1931)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (reprint ed.). Kshetra Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4959-4653-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4959-4653-0"><bdi>978-1-4959-4653-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mukhya+Upanishads%3A+Books+of+Hidden+Wisdom%2C+%281920%E2%80%931931%29&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Kshetra+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4959-4653-0&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.universaltheosophy.com%2Fpdf-library%2FKena%2520Upanishad_Johnston.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaktism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohnsonGrim2013" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Todd M; Grim, Brian J (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SAzizViY30EC"><i>The World's Religions in Figures: An Introduction to International Religious Demography</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118323038" title="Special:BookSources/9781118323038"><bdi>9781118323038</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191209194251/https://books.google.com/books?id=SAzizViY30EC">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Religions+in+Figures%3A+An+Introduction+to+International+Religious+Demography&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781118323038&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Todd+M&rft.au=Grim%2C+Brian+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSAzizViY30EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaktism" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://media.johnwiley.com.au/product_data/excerpt/47/04706745/0470674547-196.pdf">Chapter 1: Global Religious Populations</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131020100448/http://media.johnwiley.com.au/product_data/excerpt/47/04706745/0470674547-196.pdf">Archived</a> 20 October 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJonesRyan2006" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Constance; Ryan, James D. (2006). <i>Encyclopedia of Hinduism</i>. Infobase Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7564-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7564-5"><bdi>978-0-8160-7564-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-7564-5&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Constance&rft.au=Ryan%2C+James+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaktism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJonesRyan2014" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Constance; Ryan, James (2014). <i>Encyclopedia of Hinduism</i>. Infobase Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816054589" title="Special:BookSources/978-0816054589"><bdi>978-0816054589</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0816054589&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Constance&rft.au=Ryan%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaktism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKatznelsonJones2010" class="citation book cs1">Katznelson, Ira; Jones, Gareth Stedman (2010). <i>Religion and the Political Imagination</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-49317-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-49317-8"><bdi>978-1-139-49317-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+the+Political+Imagination&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-139-49317-8&rft.aulast=Katznelson&rft.aufirst=Ira&rft.au=Jones%2C+Gareth+Stedman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaktism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKemmererNocella2011" class="citation book cs1">Kemmerer, Lisa; Nocella, Anthony J. (2011). <i>Call to Compassion: Reflections on Animal Advocacy from the World's Religions</i>. Lantern. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59056-281-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59056-281-9"><bdi>978-1-59056-281-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Call+to+Compassion%3A+Reflections+on+Animal+Advocacy+from+the+World%27s+Religions&rft.pub=Lantern&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-59056-281-9&rft.aulast=Kemmerer&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft.au=Nocella%2C+Anthony+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaktism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKali2003" class="citation book cs1">Kali, Davadatta (2003). <i>In Praise of the Goddess: The Devimahatmya and Its Meaning</i>. Berwick, ME: Nicolas-Hays. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8120829530" title="Special:BookSources/8120829530"><bdi>8120829530</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Praise+of+the+Goddess%3A+The+Devimahatmya+and+Its+Meaning&rft.place=Berwick%2C+ME&rft.pub=Nicolas-Hays&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=8120829530&rft.aulast=Kali&rft.aufirst=Davadatta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaktism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKinsley1987" class="citation book cs1">Kinsley, David (1987). <i>Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition</i>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0394-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0394-7"><bdi>978-81-208-0394-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Goddesses%3A+Visions+of+the+Divine+Feminine+in+the+Hindu+Religious+Tradition&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0394-7&rft.aulast=Kinsley&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaktism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKinsley1998" class="citation book cs1">Kinsley, David (1998). <i>Tantric Visions of the Divine Feminine: The Ten Mahavidyas</i>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1523-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1523-0"><bdi>978-81-208-1523-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tantric+Visions+of+the+Divine+Feminine%3A+The+Ten+Mahavidyas&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1523-0&rft.aulast=Kinsley&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaktism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKrishna_Warrier1999" class="citation book cs1">Krishna Warrier, A. J. (1999) [1967]. <i>The <span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Sākta Upaniṣads</i></span></i>. The Adyar Library and Research Center, Library Series. Vol. 89 (3rd. ed.). Chennai: Vasanta Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+%3Cspan+title%3D%22International+Alphabet+of+Sanskrit+transliteration%22%3E%3Ci+lang%3D%22sa-Latn%22%3ES%C4%81kta+Upani%E1%B9%A3ads%3C%2Fi%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.place=Chennai&rft.series=The+Adyar+Library+and+Research+Center%2C+Library+Series&rft.edition=3rd.&rft.pub=Vasanta+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Krishna+Warrier&rft.aufirst=A.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaktism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKeul2012" class="citation book cs1">Keul, István (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=38gxbEft3-4C&pg=PA119"><i>Transformations and Transfer of Tantra in Asia and Beyond</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-025811-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-025811-0"><bdi>978-3-11-025811-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transformations+and+Transfer+of+Tantra+in+Asia+and+Beyond&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3-11-025811-0&rft.aulast=Keul&rft.aufirst=Istv%C3%A1n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D38gxbEft3-4C%26pg%3DPA119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaktism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKlostermaier2010" class="citation book cs1">Klostermaier, Klaus K. (2010). <i>A Survey of Hinduism</i> (third ed.). State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-8011-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-8011-3"><bdi>978-0-7914-8011-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Survey+of+Hinduism&rft.edition=third&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-8011-3&rft.aulast=Klostermaier&rft.aufirst=Klaus+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaktism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKenoyerClarkPalSharma1983" class="citation book cs1">Kenoyer, J.M.; Clark, J.D.; Pal, J.N.; Sharma, G.R. 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ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-204-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-204-3"><bdi>978-1-59884-204-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religions+of+the+World%3A+A+Comprehensive+Encyclopedia+of+Beliefs+and+Practices&rft.edition=second&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-204-3&rft.aulast=Melton&rft.aufirst=J.+Gordon&rft.au=Baumann%2C+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv2yiyLLOj88C%26pg%3DPA2600&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaktism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaharaj2020" class="citation book cs1">Maharaj, Ayon (2020). 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Concept Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170226420" title="Special:BookSources/9788170226420"><bdi>9788170226420</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Society%3A+Developmental+issues%2C+transition%2C+and+change&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9788170226420&rft.aulast=Pfeffer&rft.aufirst=Georg&rft.au=Behera%2C+Deepak+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTZOvYPBrxl0C%26pg%3DPA312&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaktism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPartridge2013" class="citation book cs1">Partridge, Christopher (2013). <i>Introduction to World Religions</i>. Fortress Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-9970-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-9970-3"><bdi>978-0-8006-9970-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+World+Religions&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8006-9970-3&rft.aulast=Partridge&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaktism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPhillips1995" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, Stephen H (1995). <i>Classical Indian Metaphysics</i>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0812692983" title="Special:BookSources/978-0812692983"><bdi>978-0812692983</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+Indian+Metaphysics&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0812692983&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Stephen+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaktism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPrakash1998" class="citation book cs1">Prakash, Prem (1998). <i>The Yoga of Spiritual Devotion: A Modern Translation of the Narada Bhakti Sutras</i>. Inner Traditions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89281-664-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89281-664-4"><bdi>978-0-89281-664-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yoga+of+Spiritual+Devotion%3A+A+Modern+Translation+of+the+Narada+Bhakti+Sutras&rft.pub=Inner+Traditions&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-89281-664-4&rft.aulast=Prakash&rft.aufirst=Prem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaktism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPrasad2008" class="citation book cs1">Prasad, Rajendra (2008). <i>A Conceptual-analytic Study of Classical Indian Philosophy of Morals</i>. Concept. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-544-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-544-5"><bdi>978-81-8069-544-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Conceptual-analytic+Study+of+Classical+Indian+Philosophy+of+Morals&rft.pub=Concept&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-8069-544-5&rft.aulast=Prasad&rft.aufirst=Rajendra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaktism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRocher1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ludo_Rocher" title="Ludo Rocher">Rocher, Ludo</a> (1986). <i>The Puranas</i>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3447025225" title="Special:BookSources/978-3447025225"><bdi>978-3447025225</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Puranas&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-3447025225&rft.aulast=Rocher&rft.aufirst=Ludo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaktism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2011" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Peter Alan (2011). <i>Mahamudra and Related Instructions: Core Teachings of the Kagyu Schools</i>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86171-444-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86171-444-5"><bdi>978-0-86171-444-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mahamudra+and+Related+Instructions%3A+Core+Teachings+of+the+Kagyu+Schools&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-86171-444-5&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Peter+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaktism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRinehart2011" class="citation book cs1">Rinehart, Robin (2011). <i>Debating the Dasam Granth</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-984247-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-984247-6"><bdi>978-0-19-984247-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Debating+the+Dasam+Granth&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-984247-6&rft.aulast=Rinehart&rft.aufirst=Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaktism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRigopoulos1998" class="citation book cs1">Rigopoulos, Antonio (1998). <i>Dattatreya: The Immortal Guru, Yogin, and Avatara: A Study of the Transformative and Inclusive Character of a Multi-faceted Hindu Deity</i>. State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3696-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3696-7"><bdi>978-0-7914-3696-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dattatreya%3A+The+Immortal+Guru%2C+Yogin%2C+and+Avatara%3A+A+Study+of+the+Transformative+and+Inclusive+Character+of+a+Multi-faceted+Hindu+Deity&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-3696-7&rft.aulast=Rigopoulos&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaktism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSubramuniyaswami2002" class="citation book cs1">Subramuniyaswami, Satguru Sivaya (2002) [1999]. <i>Merging with Siva: Hinduism's Contemporary Metaphysics</i> (2nd ed.). Hawaii: Himalayan Academy. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-945497-99-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-945497-99-8"><bdi>978-0-945497-99-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merging+with+Siva%3A+Hinduism%27s+Contemporary+Metaphysics&rft.place=Hawaii&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Himalayan+Academy&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-945497-99-8&rft.aulast=Subramuniyaswami&rft.aufirst=Satguru+Sivaya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaktism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSimoons1998" class="citation book cs1">Simoons, Frederick J. (1998). <i>Plants of Life, Plants of Death</i>. University of Wisconsin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-15904-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-15904-7"><bdi>978-0-299-15904-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plants+of+Life%2C+Plants+of+Death&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-299-15904-7&rft.aulast=Simoons&rft.aufirst=Frederick+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaktism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSamuel2010" class="citation book cs1">Samuel, Geoffrey (2010). <i>Tantric Revisionings</i>. 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-564441-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-564441-8"><bdi>978-0-19-564441-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+Hindu+Thought%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-564441-8&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Arvind&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgDmUToaeMJ0C%26dq%3Dgramadevata%2Bhinduism%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaktism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSaxena2012" class="citation book cs1">Saxena, N. B. (2012). Fulkerson, Mary McClintock; Briggs, Sheila (eds.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of Feminist Theology</i>. 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University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-09433-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-09433-0"><bdi>978-0-252-09433-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Caribbean+Religions%3A+Volume+1%3A+A+-+L&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-252-09433-0&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft.au=Case%2C+Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXOyYCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaktism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUrban1997" class="citation journal cs1">Urban, Hugh (1997). 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Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-11127-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-11127-7"><bdi>0-253-11127-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Raja+Nal+and+the+Goddess%3A+The+North+Indian+Epic+Dhola+in+Performance&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-253-11127-7&rft.aulast=Wadley&rft.aufirst=Susan+Snow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaktism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWhite2003" class="citation book cs1">White, David Gordon (2003). <i>Kiss of the Yogini: "Tantric Sex" in its South Asian Contexts</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Durga+Puja&rft.date=2024-01-20&rft.aulast=Zeidan&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FDurga-Puja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaktism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Websites">Websites</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaktism&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Websites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVivek2021" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231024053814/http://www.ramakrishnavivekananda.info/vivekananda/volume_9/lectures_and_discourses/the_women_of_india.htm">"Complete-Works/Volume 9/Lectures and Discourses/THE WOMEN OF INDIA"</a>. <i>ramakrishnavivekananda.info</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ramakrishnavivekananda.info&rft.atitle=Complete-Works%2FVolume+9%2FLectures+and+Discourses%2FTHE+WOMEN+OF+INDIA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ramakrishnavivekananda.info%2Fvivekananda%2Fvolume_9%2Flectures_and_discourses%2Fthe_women_of_india.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaktism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVivek2021a" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231024053535/https://www.ramakrishnavivekananda.info/vivekananda/volume_5/epistles_first_series/006_haripada.htm">"Complete-Works/Volume 5/Epistles-First Series"</a>. <i>ramakrishnavivekananda.info</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ramakrishnavivekananda.info&rft.atitle=Complete-Works%2FVolume+5%2FEpistles-First+Series&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ramakrishnavivekananda.info%2Fvivekananda%2Fvolume_5%2Fepistles_first_series%2F006_haripada.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaktism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDura2016" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230620055717/https://bharatabharati.in/2016/10/10/devi-upanishad-rishi-atharvan-3/">"Devi Upanishad – Rishi Atharvan"</a>. 10 October 2016. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.srividya.org&rft.atitle=SriVidya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.srividya.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaktism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSrinivasan2007" class="citation news cs1">Srinivasan, G. (4 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071114233110/http://www.hindu.com/2007/07/24/stories/2007072456270200.htm">"Regaling Varahi with different 'alankarams' in 'Ashada Navaratri'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindu.com/2007/07/24/stories/2007072456270200.htm">the original</a> on 14 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hindu+sacrifice+of+250%2C000+animals+begins&rft.date=2009-11-24&rft.aulast=Lang&rft.aufirst=Olivia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2009%2Fnov%2F24%2Fhindu-sacrifice-gadhimai-festival-nepal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaktism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPreston2024" class="citation web cs1">Preston, Charles (2 July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/List-of-religious-populations">"List of religious populations | Largest Religions, Smallest Religions, Lists, Data, & Overview | Britannica"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN.com&rft.atitle=Ritual+animal+slaughter+begins+in+Nepal&rft.date=2009-11-24&rft.aulast=Shrestha&rft.aufirst=Manesh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2009%2FWORLD%2Fasiapcf%2F11%2F24%2Fnepal.animal.sacrifice%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaktism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaktism&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChatterji1968" class="citation journal cs1">Chatterji, Usha (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.studiesincomparativereligion.com/uploads/ArticlePDFs/74.pdf">"Shakta and Shakti"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Studies in Comparative Religion</i>. <b>2</b> (4).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Comparative+Religion&rft.atitle=Shakta+and+Shakti&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Chatterji&rft.aufirst=Usha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.studiesincomparativereligion.com%2Fuploads%2FArticlePDFs%2F74.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaktism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKinsley1978" class="citation journal cs1">Kinsley, David (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1463045">"The Portrait of the Goddess in the Devī-māhātmya"</a>. <i>Journal of the American Academy of Religion</i>. <b>XLVI</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">489–</span>506. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjaarel%2FXLVI.4.489">10.1093/jaarel/XLVI.4.489</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1463045">1463045</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Academy+of+Religion&rft.atitle=The+Portrait+of+the+Goddess+in+the+Dev%C4%AB-m%C4%81h%C4%81tmya&rft.volume=XLVI&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E489-%3C%2Fspan%3E506&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjaarel%2FXLVI.4.489&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1463045%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kinsley&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1463045&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaktism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKoester1929" class="citation journal cs1">Koester, Hans (1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-JSS/shakti.htm">"The Indian Religion of the Goddess Shakti"</a>. <i>Journal of the Siam Society</i>. <b>23</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Siam+Society&rft.atitle=The+Indian+Religion+of+the+Goddess+Shakti&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E18&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Koester&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fccbs.ntu.edu.tw%2FFULLTEXT%2FJR-JSS%2Fshakti.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShaktism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shaktism&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Shaktism" title="Template:Shaktism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Shaktism" title="Template talk:Shaktism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shaktism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Shaktism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shaktism175" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shaktism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Shaktism" title="History of Shaktism">History</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navadurga" title="Navadurga">Navadurga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahakali" title="Mahakali">Mahakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadrakali" title="Bhadrakali">Bhadrakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses">More</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Debi_Durga_Sculpture_by_Sandalwood_Murshidabad_WB_30_01_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Debi_Durga_Sculpture_by_Sandalwood_Murshidabad_WB_30_01_2018.jpg/120px-Debi_Durga_Sculpture_by_Sandalwood_Murshidabad_WB_30_01_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Debi_Durga_Sculpture_by_Sandalwood_Murshidabad_WB_30_01_2018.jpg/250px-Debi_Durga_Sculpture_by_Sandalwood_Murshidabad_WB_30_01_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3162" data-file-height="3632" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Matrikas" title="Matrikas">Matrikas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmani_(Matrika)" title="Brahmani (Matrika)">Brahmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maheshvari" class="mw-redirect" title="Maheshvari">Maheshvari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaumari" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaumari">Kaumari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavi_(Matrika_goddess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnavi (Matrika goddess)">Vaishnavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varahi" title="Varahi">Varahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indrani_(Matrika)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indrani (Matrika)">Indrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamunda" title="Chamunda">Chamunda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Mahavidya)" title="Tara (Mahavidya)">Tara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura_Sundari" title="Tripura Sundari">Tripura Sundari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhuvaneshvari" title="Bhuvaneshvari">Bhuvaneshvari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhairavi" title="Bhairavi">Bhairavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhinnamasta" title="Chhinnamasta">Chhinnamasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhumavati" title="Dhumavati">Dhumavati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagalamukhi" title="Bagalamukhi">Bagalamukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matangi" title="Matangi">Matangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamalatmika" title="Kamalatmika">Kamalatmika</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Navadurga" title="Navadurga">Navadurga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shailaputri" title="Shailaputri">Shailaputri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharini" title="Brahmacharini">Brahmacharini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandraghanta" title="Chandraghanta">Chandraghanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushmanda" title="Kushmanda">Kushmanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandamata" title="Skandamata">Skandamata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyayani" title="Katyayani">Katyayani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaratri" title="Kalaratri">Kalaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahagauri" title="Mahagauri">Mahagauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhidhatri" title="Siddhidhatri">Siddhidhatri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shakta_pithas" title="Shakta pithas">Shakta pithas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vimala_Temple" title="Vimala Temple">Bimala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalighat_Kali_Temple" title="Kalighat Kali Temple">Kalighat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamakhya_Temple" title="Kamakhya Temple">Kamakhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taratarini_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Taratarini Temple">Taratarini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulja_Bhavani_Temple" title="Tulja Bhavani Temple">Tulja Bhavani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahalakshmi_Temple,_Kolhapur" title="Mahalakshmi Temple, Kolhapur">Mahalakshmi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Shakta_pithas" title="Category:Shakta pithas">More...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Mahatmya" title="Devi Mahatmya">Devi Mahatmya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devi-Bhagavata_Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Devi-Bhagavata Purana">Devi-Bhagavata Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalika_Purana" title="Kalika Purana">Kalika Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakta_Upanishads" title="Shakta Upanishads">Shakta Upanishads</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sita_Upanishad" title="Sita Upanishad">Sita Upanishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripuratapini_Upanishad" title="Tripuratapini Upanishad">Tripuratapini Upanishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Upanishad" title="Devi Upanishad">Devi Upanishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripura_Upanishad" title="Tripura Upanishad">Tripura Upanishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavana_Upanishad" title="Bhavana Upanishad">Bhavana Upanishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saubhagyalakshmi_Upanishad" title="Saubhagyalakshmi Upanishad">Saubhagyalakshmi Upanishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarasvati-rahasya_Upanishad" title="Sarasvati-rahasya Upanishad">Sarasvati-rahasya Upanishad</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Regional variations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Shaktism" title="Caribbean Shaktism">Caribbean Shaktism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="15px&#124;link=Aum_Hinduism_14px_topics723" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindudharma" title="Template:Hindudharma"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindudharma" title="Template talk:Hindudharma"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindudharma" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindudharma"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="15px&#124;link=Aum_Hinduism_14px_topics723" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aum" title="Aum"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/20px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/40px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HinduSwastika.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/20px-HinduSwastika.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/40px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="145" /></a></span> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li>Index</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Hinduism">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Atman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārthas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Asteya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparigraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparigraha">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Āstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81bh%C4%81vika_Bhed%C4%81bheda" class="mw-redirect" title="Svābhāvika Bhedābheda">Svābhāvika Bhedābheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Nāstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Hindu "Om" symbol"><img alt="Hindu "Om" symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/120px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/250px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="507" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_chant" title="Vedic chant">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitrayaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Upaveda">Upavedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Dhanurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natyaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Sthapatyaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedanga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitisara" title="Nitisara">Nitisara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmaśāstra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81radasm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Nāradasmṛti">Nāradasmṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%81j%C3%B1avalkya_Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Yājñavalkya Smṛti">Yājñavalkya Smṛti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhashita" title="Subhashita">Subhashita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandham" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandham">Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugal">Thiruppugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirukkural" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirukkural">Thirukkural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhirami_Antati" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhirami Antati">Abhirami Antati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedarthasamgraha" title="Vedarthasamgraha">Vedarthasamgraha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods" title="Category:Hindu gods"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Goddesses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrika">Matrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashthi" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naivedhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Naivedhya">Naivedhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Hinduism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthatana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sanskara_(rite_of_passage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskara (rite of passage)">Sanskaras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Namakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyarambha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaah" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivaah">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyeshti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Varnashrama</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashrama_(stage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashrama (stage)">Ashrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grihastha" title="Grihastha">Grihastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaprastha" title="Vanaprastha">Vanaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li>New Year <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_Padwa" title="Gudi Padwa">Gudi Padwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahela_Baishakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahela Baishakh">Pahela Baishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela" title="Haridwar Kumbh Mela">Haridwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashik-Trimbakeshwar_Simhastha" title="Nashik-Trimbakeshwar Simhastha">Nashik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayag_Kumbh_Mela" title="Prayag Kumbh Mela">Prayag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujjain_Simhastha" title="Ujjain Simhastha">Ujjain</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teej" title="Teej">Teej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_festivals" title="Template:Hindu festivals">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaste" title="Namaste">Namaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bindi (decoration)">Bindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka">Tilaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus#Etymology" title="Hindus">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Hindus" title="Lists of Hindus">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Anti-Hindu sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Hinduism" title="Criticism of Hinduism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Hindu gurus and sants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_studies" title="Hindu studies">Hindu studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_other_religions" title="Hinduism and other religions">Relations with other religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Hinduism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Hinduism">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jainism and Hinduism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Theosophy" title="Hinduism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">Hinduism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu temples">Hindu temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples" title="List of Hindu temples">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Architecture</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/20px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/40px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hinduism" title="Outline of Hinduism">Outline</a><br /> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/20px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/40px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" 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control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q849345#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4179345-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119461410">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f7fb46f7f-clphj","wgBackendResponseTime":269,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.865","walltime":"2.600","ppvisitednodes":{"value":21300,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":465521,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":22349,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":15,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":7,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":399776,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":500},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1657.365 1 -total"," 25.85% 428.454 201 Template:Sfn"," 19.88% 329.532 80 Template:Cite_book"," 8.53% 141.292 20 Template:Cite_web"," 7.30% 120.928 2 Template:Reflist"," 5.72% 94.727 1 Template:Langx"," 5.55% 92.028 2 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 4.91% 81.423 1 Template:Saktism"," 4.25% 70.425 1 Template:Shakti_Peethas_Map"," 4.14% 68.548 1 Template:Location_map+"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.153","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19519112,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREF108u2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBhattacharyya1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrancaccio2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrooks1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrooks1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChatterji1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoburn1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoburn2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalal2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalal2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDasgupta1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDempsey2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeussen1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeutsche2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDhavamony1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDhavamony2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDikshitar1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiwali2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuaj2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDura2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDurgapuja2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuvm2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElsberg2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEng2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlood1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlood2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoulstonAbbott2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrazier2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFuller2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGonda1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrayOverbey2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenberg2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrimes1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGupta2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarlan1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarlan2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarperBrown2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHiltebeitel1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHiltebeitelErndl2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHurleyHurley2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnsonGrim2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnston2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonesRyan2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonesRyan2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKali2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKalimandir2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKalipooja2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKatznelsonJones2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKemmererNocella2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKenoyerClarkPalSharma1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeul2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKinsley1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKinsley1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKinsley1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlostermaier2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoester1929\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrishna_Warrier1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLang2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLipner2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaharaj2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDaniel2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDermott1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDermott2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDermott2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeltonBaumann2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMerriam2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMonaghan2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMunavalli2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNikhilananda2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOdisha2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlivelle1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOoi2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPartridge2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPattanaik2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPew2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPfefferBehera1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillips1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPintchman2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPintchman2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrakash1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrasad2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPreston2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRigopoulos1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRinehart2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRocher1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamuel2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanderson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaxena2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaivas2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharma2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShrestha2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimoons1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinghFenech2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSivaraman1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkoog1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSrinivasan2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSrividya2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSubramuniyaswami2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylorCase2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUrban1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVivek2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVivek2021a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWadley2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYadav2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZeidan2024\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 4,\n [\"Annotated link\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 4,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 80,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 20,\n [\"Cite work\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 3,\n [\"Emdash\"] = 1,\n [\"EngvarB\"] = 1,\n [\"Further-text\"] = 1,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 2,\n [\"Hindudharma\"] = 1,\n [\"Hinduism\"] = 1,\n [\"IAST\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Lit\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 4,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 2,\n [\"Multiref2\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 2,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Saktism\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 201,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 15,\n [\"Shakti Peethas Map\"] = 1,\n [\"Shaktism\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Wide image\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\nno target: CITEREFBrown1990\nno target: CITEREFBrown1990\nno target: CITEREFMcDanieln.d.\nno target: CITEREFMcDanieln.d.\nno target: CITEREFMcDanieln.d.\nno target: CITEREFMcDanieln.d.\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-78ddc69454-ml422","timestamp":"20250410105016","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Shaktism","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shaktism","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q849345","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q849345","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-05-12T19:50:29Z","dateModified":"2025-04-10T10:49:21Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/8b\/Statues_of_Vaishnavi%2C_Varahi%2C_Indrani_and_Camunda%2C_National_Museum%2C_New_Delhi.jpg","headline":"Goddess-centric sect of Hinduism"}</script> </body> </html>