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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iron_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Iron Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iron_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Classical antiquity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Greek_and_Roman_terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek_and_Roman_terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Greek and Roman terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greek_and_Roman_terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aristotle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aristotle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Aristotle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aristotle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alexandrian_chemists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alexandrian_chemists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Alexandrian chemists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alexandrian_chemists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_India_and_China_(1–500_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_India_and_China_(1–500_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Ancient India and China (1–500 CE)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_India_and_China_(1–500_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_Golden_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_Golden_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Islamic Golden Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_Golden_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Medieval China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Modern era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Idealized_model" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Idealized_model"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Idealized model</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Idealized_model-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Idealized model subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Idealized_model-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Batch_or_differential_distillation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Batch_or_differential_distillation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Batch or differential distillation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Batch_or_differential_distillation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Continuous_distillation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continuous_distillation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Continuous distillation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continuous_distillation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_improvements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_improvements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>General improvements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_improvements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laboratory_procedures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laboratory_procedures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Laboratory procedures</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Laboratory_procedures-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Laboratory procedures subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Laboratory_procedures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Simple_distillation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Simple_distillation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Simple distillation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Simple_distillation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fractional_distillation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fractional_distillation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Fractional distillation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fractional_distillation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Steam_distillation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Steam_distillation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Steam distillation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Steam_distillation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vacuum_distillation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vacuum_distillation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Vacuum distillation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vacuum_distillation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Molecular_distillation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Molecular_distillation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Molecular distillation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Molecular_distillation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Short_path_distillation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Short_path_distillation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Short path distillation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Short_path_distillation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air-sensitive_vacuum_distillation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air-sensitive_vacuum_distillation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Air-sensitive vacuum distillation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sensitive_vacuum_distillation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zone_distillation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zone_distillation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Zone distillation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zone_distillation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Closed-system_vacuum_distillation_(cryovap)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Closed-system_vacuum_distillation_(cryovap)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Closed-system vacuum distillation (cryovap)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Closed-system_vacuum_distillation_(cryovap)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Other types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Azeotropic_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Azeotropic_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Azeotropic process</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Azeotropic_process-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Azeotropic process subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Azeotropic_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Breaking_an_azeotrope_with_unidirectional_pressure_manipulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breaking_an_azeotrope_with_unidirectional_pressure_manipulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Breaking an azeotrope with unidirectional pressure manipulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breaking_an_azeotrope_with_unidirectional_pressure_manipulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pressure-swing_distillation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pressure-swing_distillation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Pressure-swing distillation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pressure-swing_distillation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Industrial process</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Industrial_process-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Industrial process subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Industrial_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Multi-effect_distillation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multi-effect_distillation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Multi-effect distillation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multi-effect_distillation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_food_processing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_food_processing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In food processing</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_food_processing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In food processing subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_food_processing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Beverages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beverages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Beverages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beverages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Distillation</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 84 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-84" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">84 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillasie" title="Distillasie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Distillasie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="تقطير – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تقطير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destilaci%C3%B3n" title="Destilación – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Destilación" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8" title="পাতন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পাতন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheng-li%C3%BB" title="Cheng-liû – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Cheng-liû" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Перагонка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Перагонка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Перагонка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Перагонка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Дестилация – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дестилация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destilacija" title="Destilacija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Destilacija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destil%C2%B7laci%C3%B3" title="Destil·lació – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Destil·lació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Дистилляци – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Дистилляци" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destilace" title="Destilace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Destilace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distyllu" title="Distyllu – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Distyllu" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destillation" title="Destillation – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Destillation" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="تقطير – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="تقطير" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destillation" title="Destillation – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Destillation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destilleerimine" title="Destilleerimine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Destilleerimine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%80%CF%8C%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BE%CE%B7" title="Απόσταξη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Απόσταξη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destilaci%C3%B3n" title="Destilación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Destilación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distilado" title="Distilado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Distilado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destilazio" title="Destilazio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Destilazio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B7%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="تقطیر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تقطیر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Distillation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Driogadh" title="Driogadh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Driogadh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destilaci%C3%B3n" title="Destilación – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Destilación" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A6%9D%EB%A5%98" title="증류 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="증류" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Թորում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թորում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8" title="आसवन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आसवन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destilacija" title="Destilacija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Destilacija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distilasi" title="Distilasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Distilasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillazione" title="Distillazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Distillazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A7" title="זיקוק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="זיקוק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distilasi" title="Distilasi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Distilasi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%A8" title="ಡಿಸ್ಟಲೇಶನ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಡಿಸ್ಟಲೇಶನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="დისტილაცია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დისტილაცია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Дистилляция – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Дистилляция" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukenekaji" title="Ukenekaji – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ukenekaji" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distilasyon" title="Distilasyon – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Distilasyon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Дистилляция – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Дистилляция" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destillatio" title="Destillatio – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Destillatio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destil%C4%81cija" title="Destilācija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Destilācija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillatioun" title="Distillatioun – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Distillatioun" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distiliacija" title="Distiliacija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Distiliacija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillazion" title="Distillazion – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Distillazion" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desztill%C3%A1ci%C3%B3" title="Desztilláció – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Desztilláció" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Дестилација – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Дестилација" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="സ്വേദനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്വേദനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8" title="उर्ध्वपतन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="उर्ध्वपतन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="تقطير – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تقطير" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyulingan" title="Penyulingan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penyulingan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%85_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Нэрэх арга – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Нэрэх арга" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destillatie" title="Destillatie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Destillatie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%92%B8%E7%95%99" title="蒸留 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="蒸留" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destillasjon" title="Destillasjon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Destillasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destillasjon" title="Destillasjon – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Destillasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destillacion" title="Destillacion – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Destillacion" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillash" title="Distillash – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Distillash" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%BE" title="ਕਸ਼ੀਦਣਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਸ਼ੀਦਣਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destillatschoon" title="Destillatschoon – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Destillatschoon" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destylacja" title="Destylacja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Destylacja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destila%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Destilação – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Destilação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distilare" title="Distilare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Distilare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Дистилляция – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дистилляция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%86%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="ආසවනය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ආසවනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Distillation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destil%C3%A1cia_(ch%C3%A9mia)" title="Destilácia (chémia) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Destilácia (chémia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destilacija" title="Destilacija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Destilacija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Дестилација – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дестилација" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destilacija" title="Destilacija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Destilacija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distilasi" title="Distilasi – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Distilasi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tislaus" title="Tislaus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tislaus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destillation" title="Destillation – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Destillation" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destilasyon" title="Destilasyon – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Destilasyon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="வடித்திறக்கல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வடித்திறக்கல்" 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.hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Distillation_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Distillation (disambiguation)">Distillation (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Distiller_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Distiller (disambiguation)">Distiller (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Distillery_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Distillery (disambiguation)">Distillery (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Distill_(album)" title="Distill (album)"><i>Distill</i> (album)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Distill_(journal)" title="Distill (journal)"><i>Distill</i> (journal)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Distillate_(motor_fuel)" title="Distillate (motor fuel)">Distillate (motor fuel)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Simple_distillation_apparatus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Simple_distillation_apparatus.svg/300px-Simple_distillation_apparatus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="398" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Simple_distillation_apparatus.svg/450px-Simple_distillation_apparatus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Simple_distillation_apparatus.svg/600px-Simple_distillation_apparatus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="392" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption><b>Laboratory model of a still.</b><br /><br /><b>1:</b> The heat source to boil the mixture<br /><b>2:</b> round-bottom flask containing the mixture to be boiled<br /><b>3:</b> the head of the still<br /><b>4:</b> mixture boiling-point thermometer<br /><b>5:</b> the condenser of the still<br /><b>6:</b> the cooling-water inlet of the condenser<br /><b>7:</b> the cooling-water outlet of the condenser<br /><b>8:</b> the distillate-receiving flask<br /><b>9:</b> vacuum pump and gas inlet<br /><b>10:</b> the receiver of the still<br /><b>11:</b> the heat control for heating the mixture<br /><b>12:</b> stirring mechanism speed control<br /><b>13:</b> stirring mechanism and heating plate<br /><b>14:</b> heating bath (oil/sand) for the flask<br /><b>15:</b> the stirring mechanism (not shown, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Boiling_chips" class="mw-redirect" title="Boiling chips">boiling chips</a> or mechanical stirring machine)<br /><b>16:</b> the distillate-cooling water bath.<sup id="cite_ref-Harwood_Moody_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harwood_Moody-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 141–143">: 141–143 </span></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Distillation</b>, also <b>classical distillation</b>, is the process of <a href="/wiki/Separation_process" title="Separation process">separating</a> the component substances of a liquid <a href="/wiki/Mixture" title="Mixture">mixture</a> of two or more chemically discrete substances; the separation process is realized by way of the selective <a href="/wiki/Boiling" title="Boiling">boiling</a> of the mixture and the <a href="/wiki/Condensation" title="Condensation">condensation</a> of the vapors in a <a href="/wiki/Still" title="Still">still</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dry_distillation" title="Dry distillation">Dry distillation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thermolysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermolysis">thermolysis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pyrolysis" title="Pyrolysis">pyrolysis</a>) is the heating of solid materials to produce gases that condense either into <a href="/wiki/Fluid" title="Fluid">fluid</a> products or into solid products. The term <i>dry distillation</i> includes the separation processes of <a href="/wiki/Destructive_distillation" title="Destructive distillation">destructive distillation</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Cracking_(chemistry)" title="Cracking (chemistry)">chemical cracking</a>, breaking down large <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbon</a> molecules into smaller hydrocarbon molecules. Moreover, a partial distillation results in partial separations of the mixture's components, which process yields nearly-pure components; partial distillation also realizes partial separations of the mixture to increase the concentrations of selected components. In either method, the separation process of distillation exploits the differences in the <a href="/wiki/Relative_volatility" title="Relative volatility">relative volatility</a> of the component substances of the heated mixture. </p><p>In the industrial applications of classical distillation, the term <i>distillation</i> is used as a <a href="/wiki/Unit_operation" title="Unit operation">unit of operation</a> that identifies and denotes a process of physical separation, not a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">chemical reaction</a>; thus an industrial installation that produces <a href="/wiki/Distilled_beverages" class="mw-redirect" title="Distilled beverages">distilled beverages</a>, is a distillery of <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">alcohol</a>. These are some applications of the chemical separation process that is distillation: </p> <ul><li>Distilling <a href="/wiki/Fermentation_in_food_processing" title="Fermentation in food processing">fermented</a> products to yield alcoholic beverages with a high content by volume of <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethyl alcohol</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desalination" title="Desalination">Desalination</a> to produce potable water and for medico-industrial applications.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crude_oil_stabilisation" title="Crude oil stabilisation">Crude oil stabilisation</a>, a partial distillation to reduce the vapor pressure of crude oil, which thus is safe to store and to transport, and thereby reduces the volume of atmospheric emissions of volatile <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbons</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractional_distillation" title="Fractional distillation">Fractional distillation</a> used in the midstream operations of an <a href="/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">oil refinery</a> for producing <a href="/wiki/Fuel" title="Fuel">fuels</a> and chemical <a href="/wiki/Raw_material" title="Raw material">raw materials</a> for livestock feed.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Cryogenic <a href="/wiki/Air_separation" title="Air separation">Air separation</a> into the component gases — <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a> — for use as <a href="/wiki/Industrial_gas" title="Industrial gas">industrial gases</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_synthesis" title="Chemical synthesis">Chemical synthesis</a> to separate impurities and unreacted materials.</li></ul> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distillation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iron_Age">Iron Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distillation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Iron Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early evidence of distillation was found on <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> tablets dated <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1200 <a href="/wiki/BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="BCE">BCE</a></span> describing perfumery operations. The tablets provided textual evidence that an early, primitive form of distillation was known to the <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonians</a> of ancient <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_antiquity">Classical antiquity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distillation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Classical antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Greek_and_Roman_terminology">Greek and Roman terminology</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distillation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Greek and Roman terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to British chemist T. Fairley, neither the Greeks nor the Romans had any term for the modern concept of distillation. Words like "distill" would have referred to something else, in most cases a part of some process unrelated to what now is known as distillation. In the words of Fairley and German chemical engineer Norbert Kockmann respectively: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Latin "distillo," from de-stillo, from stilla, a drop, referred to the dropping of a liquid by human or artificial means, and was applied to any process where a liquid was separated in drops. To distil in the modern sense could only be expressed in a roundabout manner.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Distillation had a broader meaning in ancient and medieval times because nearly all purification and separation operations were subsumed under the term <i>distillation</i>, such as filtration, crystallization, extraction, sublimation, or mechanical pressing of oil.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>According to Dutch chemical historian <a href="/wiki/Robert_Jacobus_Forbes" title="Robert Jacobus Forbes">Robert J. Forbes</a>, the word <i>distillare</i> (to drip off) when used by the Romans, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, was "never used in our sense".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aristotle">Aristotle</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distillation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Aristotle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> knew that water condensing from evaporating seawater is fresh:<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I have proved by experiment that salt water evaporated forms fresh, and the vapour does not, when it condenses, condense into sea water again.</p></blockquote> <p>Letting seawater evaporate and condense into freshwater can not be called "distillation" for distillation involves boiling, but the experiment may have been an important step towards distillation.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alexandrian_chemists">Alexandrian chemists</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distillation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Alexandrian chemists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Desalination#History" title="Desalination">Desalination § History</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Distilled_water#History" title="Distilled water">Distilled water § History</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zosimos_distillation_equipment.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Zosimos_distillation_equipment.jpg/220px-Zosimos_distillation_equipment.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Zosimos_distillation_equipment.jpg/330px-Zosimos_distillation_equipment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Zosimos_distillation_equipment.jpg/440px-Zosimos_distillation_equipment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="991" /></a><figcaption>Distillation equipment used by the 3rd century alchemist <a href="/wiki/Zosimos_of_Panopolis" title="Zosimos of Panopolis">Zosimos of Panopolis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Greek">Byzantine Greek</a> manuscript <i>Parisinus graces.</i><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure><p>Early evidence of distillation has been found related to <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemists</a> working in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandria, Egypt">Alexandria</a> in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman Egypt</a> in the 1st century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 57, 89">: 57, 89 </span></sup> </p><p>Distilled water has been in use since at least <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 200 CE</span>, when <a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Aphrodisias" title="Alexander of Aphrodisias">Alexander of Aphrodisias</a> described the process.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Work on distilling other liquids continued in early <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Egypt">Byzantine Egypt</a> under <a href="/wiki/Zosimus_of_Panopolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Zosimus of Panopolis">Zosimus of Panopolis</a> in the 3rd century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_India_and_China_(1–500_CE)"><span id="Ancient_India_and_China_.281.E2.80.93500_CE.29"></span>Ancient India and China (1–500 CE)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distillation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ancient India and China (1–500 CE)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Distillation was practiced in the ancient <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, which is evident from baked clay <a href="/wiki/Retort" title="Retort">retorts</a> and receivers found at <a href="/wiki/Taxila" title="Taxila">Taxila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaikhan_Dheri" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaikhan Dheri">Shaikhan Dheri</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Charsadda" title="Charsadda">Charsadda</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rang_Mahal,_Sri_Ganganagar" title="Rang Mahal, Sri Ganganagar">Rang Mahal</a> in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> dating to the early centuries of the <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Frank_Raymond_Allchin" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Raymond Allchin">Frank Raymond Allchin</a> says these terracotta distill tubes were "made to imitate bamboo".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These "<a href="/wiki/Gandhara" title="Gandhara">Gandhara</a> stills" were only capable of producing very weak <a href="/wiki/Liquor" title="Liquor">liquor</a>, as there was no efficient means of collecting the vapors at low heat.<sup id="cite_ref-habib_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-habib-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Distillation in China may have begun at the earliest during the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Han">Eastern Han</a> dynasty (1st–2nd century CE).<sup id="cite_ref-Haw_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haw-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic_Golden_Age">Islamic Golden Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distillation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Islamic Golden Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fractional_distillation#History" title="Fractional distillation">Fractional distillation § History</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Liquor#History_of_distillation" title="Liquor">Liquor § History of distillation</a></div> <p>Medieval <a href="/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemy and chemistry in the medieval Islamic world">Muslim chemists</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Hayyan" title="Jabir ibn Hayyan">Jābir ibn Ḥayyān</a> (Latin: Geber, ninth century) and <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Razi" title="Abu Bakr al-Razi">Abū Bakr al-Rāzī</a> (Latin: Rhazes, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 865–925</span>) experimented extensively with the distillation of various substances. The <a href="/wiki/Fractional_distillation" title="Fractional distillation">fractional distillation</a> of organic substances plays an important role in the works attributed to Jābir, such as in the <a href="/wiki/Seventy_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventy Books"><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Kitāb al-Sabʿīn</i></span></a> ('The Book of Seventy'), translated into Latin by <a href="/wiki/Gerard_of_Cremona" title="Gerard of Cremona">Gerard of Cremona</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1114–1187</span>) under the title <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Liber de septuaginta</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Jabirian experiments with fractional distillation of animal and vegetable substances, and to a lesser degree also of mineral substances, is the main topic of the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">De anima in arte alkimiae</i></span>, an originally Arabic work falsely attributed to <a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a> that was translated into Latin and would go on to form the most important alchemical source for <a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1220–1292</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The distillation of <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">wine</a> is attested in Arabic works attributed to <a href="/wiki/Al-Kindi" title="Al-Kindi">al-Kindī</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 801–873 CE</span>) and to <a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">al-Fārābī</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 872–950</span>), and in the 28th book of <a href="/wiki/Al-Zahrawi" title="Al-Zahrawi">al-Zahrāwī</a>'s (Latin: Abulcasis, 936–1013) <i><span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Al-Tasrif" title="Al-Tasrif">Kitāb al-Taṣrīf</a></i></span></i> (later translated into Latin as <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Liber servatoris</i></span></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the twelfth century, recipes for the production of <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">aqua ardens</i></span></i> ("burning water", i.e., ethanol) by distilling wine with <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">salt</a> started to appear in a number of Latin works, and by the end of the thirteenth century it had become a widely known substance among Western European chemists.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The works of <a href="/wiki/Taddeo_Alderotti" title="Taddeo Alderotti">Taddeo Alderotti</a> (1223–1296) describe a method for concentrating alcohol involving repeated distillation through a water-cooled still, by which an alcohol purity of 90% could be obtained.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_China">Medieval China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distillation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Medieval China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The distillation of beverages began in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Song_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Song dynasty">Southern Song</a> (10th–13th century) and <a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin</a> (12th–13th century) dynasties, according to archaeological evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-Haw_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haw-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A still was found in an archaeological site in Qinglong, <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a> province, China, dating back to the 12th century. Distilled beverages were common during the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> (13th–14th century).<sup id="cite_ref-Haw_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haw-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distillation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Modern era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1500, German alchemist <a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Brunschwig" title="Hieronymus Brunschwig">Hieronymus Brunschwig</a> published <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Liber_de_arte_distillandi_de_simplicibus" title="Liber de arte distillandi de simplicibus">Liber de arte distillandi de simplicibus</a></i></span></i> (<i>The Book of the Art of Distillation out of Simple Ingredients</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the first book solely dedicated to the subject of distillation, followed in 1512 by a much expanded version. Right after that, in 1518, the oldest surviving distillery in Europe, <a href="/wiki/The_Green_Tree_Distillery" title="The Green Tree Distillery">The Green Tree Distillery</a>, was founded.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1651, <a href="/wiki/John_French_(doctor)" class="mw-redirect" title="John French (doctor)">John French</a> published <i>The Art of Distillation</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the first major English compendium on the practice, but it has been claimed<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that much of it derives from Brunschwig's work. This includes diagrams with people in them showing the industrial rather than bench scale of the operation. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hieronymus_Brunschwig_Liber_de_arte_Distillandi_CHF_AQ13x3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Hieronymus_Brunschwig_Liber_de_arte_Distillandi_CHF_AQ13x3.jpg/220px-Hieronymus_Brunschwig_Liber_de_arte_Distillandi_CHF_AQ13x3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Hieronymus_Brunschwig_Liber_de_arte_Distillandi_CHF_AQ13x3.jpg/330px-Hieronymus_Brunschwig_Liber_de_arte_Distillandi_CHF_AQ13x3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Hieronymus_Brunschwig_Liber_de_arte_Distillandi_CHF_AQ13x3.jpg/440px-Hieronymus_Brunschwig_Liber_de_arte_Distillandi_CHF_AQ13x3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3744" data-file-height="5616" /></a><figcaption>Hieronymus Brunschwig's <i>Liber de arte Distillandi de Compositis</i> (Strassburg, 1512) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/podcast/the-alchemical-quest">Science History Institute</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:My_retort.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/My_retort.jpg/220px-My_retort.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/My_retort.jpg/330px-My_retort.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/My_retort.jpg/440px-My_retort.jpg 2x" data-file-width="485" data-file-height="276" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Retort" title="Retort">retort</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Distillation_by_Retort.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Distillation_by_Retort.png/220px-Distillation_by_Retort.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Distillation_by_Retort.png/330px-Distillation_by_Retort.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Distillation_by_Retort.png/440px-Distillation_by_Retort.png 2x" data-file-width="522" data-file-height="342" /></a><figcaption>Distillation</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UkrainianVodkaStill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/UkrainianVodkaStill.jpg/220px-UkrainianVodkaStill.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/UkrainianVodkaStill.jpg/330px-UkrainianVodkaStill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/UkrainianVodkaStill.jpg/440px-UkrainianVodkaStill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4768" data-file-height="1816" /></a><figcaption>Old Ukrainian vodka still</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dorf_Lore_-_Schnaps-Destillation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Dorf_Lore_-_Schnaps-Destillation.jpg/220px-Dorf_Lore_-_Schnaps-Destillation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Dorf_Lore_-_Schnaps-Destillation.jpg/330px-Dorf_Lore_-_Schnaps-Destillation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Dorf_Lore_-_Schnaps-Destillation.jpg/440px-Dorf_Lore_-_Schnaps-Destillation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="939" data-file-height="616" /></a><figcaption>Simple liqueur distillation in <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></figcaption></figure> <p>As <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemy</a> evolved into the science of <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, vessels called <a href="/wiki/Retort" title="Retort">retorts</a> became used for distillations. Both <a href="/wiki/Alembic" title="Alembic">alembics</a> and retorts are forms of <a href="/wiki/Laboratory_glassware" title="Laboratory glassware">glassware</a> with long necks pointing to the side at a downward angle to act as air-cooled <a href="/wiki/Condenser_(heat_transfer)" title="Condenser (heat transfer)">condensers</a> to <a href="/wiki/Condensation" title="Condensation">condense</a> the distillate and let it drip downward for collection. Later, copper alembics were invented. Riveted joints were often kept tight by using various mixtures, for instance a dough made of rye flour.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These alembics often featured a cooling system around the beak, using cold water, for instance, which made the condensation of alcohol more efficient. These were called <a href="/wiki/Pot_still" title="Pot still">pot stills</a>. Today, the retorts and pot stills have been largely supplanted by more efficient distillation methods in most industrial processes. However, the pot still is still widely used for the elaboration of some fine alcohols, such as <a href="/wiki/Cognac_(drink)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognac (drink)">cognac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotch_whisky" title="Scotch whisky">Scotch whisky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_whiskey" title="Irish whiskey">Irish whiskey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tequila" title="Tequila">tequila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rum" title="Rum">rum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cacha%C3%A7a" title="Cachaça">cachaça</a>, and some <a href="/wiki/Vodka" title="Vodka">vodkas</a>. Pot stills made of various materials (wood, clay, stainless steel) are also used by <a href="/wiki/Rum-runner" class="mw-redirect" title="Rum-runner">bootleggers</a> in various countries. Small pot stills are also sold for use in the domestic production<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of flower water or <a href="/wiki/Essential_oils" class="mw-redirect" title="Essential oils">essential oils</a>. </p><p>Early forms of distillation involved batch processes using one vaporization and one condensation. Purity was improved by further distillation of the condensate. Greater volumes were processed by simply repeating the distillation. Chemists reportedly carried out as many as 500 to 600 distillations in order to obtain a pure compound.<sup id="cite_ref-Othmer_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Othmer-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 19th century, the basics of modern techniques, including pre-heating and <a href="/wiki/Reflux" title="Reflux">reflux</a>, were developed.<sup id="cite_ref-Othmer_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Othmer-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1822, Anthony Perrier developed one of the first continuous stills, and then, in 1826, Robert Stein improved that design to make his <a href="/wiki/Column_still" title="Column still">patent still</a>. In 1830, <a href="/wiki/Aeneas_Coffey" title="Aeneas Coffey">Aeneas Coffey</a> got a patent for improving the design even further.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coffey's continuous still may be regarded as the <a href="/wiki/Archetype" title="Archetype">archetype</a> of modern petrochemical units. The French engineer Armand Savalle developed his steam regulator around 1846.<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 323">: 323 </span></sup> In 1877, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Solvay" title="Ernest Solvay">Ernest Solvay</a> was granted a U.S. Patent for a tray column for <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> distillation,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the same and subsequent years saw developments in this theme for oils and spirits. </p><p>With the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering">chemical engineering</a> as a discipline at the end of the 19th century, scientific rather than empirical methods could be applied. The developing <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> industry in the early 20th century provided the impetus for the development of accurate design methods, such as the <a href="/wiki/McCabe%E2%80%93Thiele_method" title="McCabe–Thiele method">McCabe–Thiele method</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Thiele" title="Ernest Thiele">Ernest Thiele</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fenske_equation" title="Fenske equation">Fenske equation</a>. The first industrial plant in the United States to use distillation as a means of ocean desalination opened in <a href="/wiki/Freeport,_Texas" title="Freeport, Texas">Freeport, Texas</a> in 1961 with the hope of bringing <a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">water security</a> to the region.<sup id="cite_ref-Transcript_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Transcript-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The availability of powerful computers has allowed direct <a href="/wiki/Computer_simulation" title="Computer simulation">computer simulations</a> of distillation columns. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distillation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The application of distillation can roughly be divided into four groups: <a href="#Laboratory_scale_distillation">laboratory scale</a>, <a href="#Industrial_distillation">industrial distillation</a>, distillation of herbs for perfumery and medicinals (<a href="/wiki/Herbal_distillate" title="Herbal distillate">herbal distillate</a>), and <a href="#Distillation_in_food_processing">food processing</a>. The latter two are distinctively different from the former two in that distillation is not used as a true purification method but more to transfer all <a href="/wiki/Volatility_(chemistry)" title="Volatility (chemistry)">volatiles</a> from the source materials to the distillate in the processing of beverages and herbs. </p><p>The main difference between laboratory scale distillation and industrial distillation are that laboratory scale distillation is often performed on a batch basis, whereas industrial distillation often occurs continuously. In <a href="/wiki/Batch_distillation" title="Batch distillation">batch distillation</a>, the composition of the source material, the vapors of the distilling compounds, and the distillate change during the distillation. In batch distillation, a still is charged (supplied) with a batch of feed mixture, which is then separated into its component fractions, which are collected sequentially from most volatile to less volatile, with the bottoms – remaining least or non-volatile fraction – removed at the end. The still can then be recharged and the process repeated. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Continuous_distillation" title="Continuous distillation">continuous distillation</a>, the source materials, vapors, and distillate are kept at a constant composition by carefully replenishing the source material and removing fractions from both vapor and liquid in the system. This results in a more detailed control of the separation process. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Idealized_model">Idealized model</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distillation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Idealized model"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">boiling point</a> of a liquid is the temperature at which the <a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure">vapor pressure</a> of the liquid equals the pressure around the liquid, enabling bubbles to form without being crushed. A special case is the <a href="/wiki/Normal_boiling_point" class="mw-redirect" title="Normal boiling point">normal boiling point</a>, where the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the ambient <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_pressure" title="Atmospheric pressure">atmospheric pressure</a>. </p><p>It is a misconception that in a liquid mixture at a given pressure, each component boils at the boiling point corresponding to the given pressure, allowing the vapors of each component to collect separately and purely. However, this does not occur, even in an idealized system. Idealized models of distillation are essentially governed by <a href="/wiki/Raoult%27s_law" title="Raoult's law">Raoult's law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dalton%27s_law" title="Dalton's law">Dalton's law</a> and assume that <a href="/wiki/Vapor%E2%80%93liquid_equilibrium" title="Vapor–liquid equilibrium">vapor–liquid equilibria</a> are attained. </p><p>Raoult's law states that the vapor pressure of a solution is dependent on 1) the vapor pressure of each chemical component in the solution and 2) the fraction of solution each component makes up, a.k.a. the <a href="/wiki/Mole_fraction" title="Mole fraction">mole fraction</a>. This law applies to <a href="/wiki/Ideal_solution" title="Ideal solution">ideal solutions</a>, or solutions that have different components but whose molecular interactions are the same as or very similar to pure solutions. </p><p>Dalton's law states that the total pressure is the sum of the partial pressures of each individual component in the mixture. When a multi-component liquid is heated, the vapor pressure of each component will rise, thus causing the total vapor pressure to rise. When the total vapor pressure reaches the pressure surrounding the liquid, <a href="/wiki/Boiling" title="Boiling">boiling</a> occurs and liquid turns to gas throughout the bulk of the liquid. A mixture with a given composition has one boiling point at a given pressure when the components are mutually soluble. A mixture of constant composition does not have multiple boiling points. </p><p>An implication of one boiling point is that lighter components never cleanly "boil first". At boiling point, all volatile components boil, but for a component, its percentage in the vapor is the same as its percentage of the total vapor pressure. Lighter components have a higher partial pressure and, thus, are concentrated in the vapor, but heavier volatile components also have a (smaller) partial pressure and necessarily vaporize also, albeit at a lower concentration in the vapor. Indeed, batch distillation and fractionation succeed by varying the composition of the mixture. In batch distillation, the batch vaporizes, which changes its composition; in fractionation, liquid higher in the fractionation column contains more lights and boils at lower temperatures. Therefore, starting from a given mixture, it appears to have a boiling range instead of a boiling point, although this is because its composition changes: each intermediate mixture has its own, singular boiling point. </p><p>The idealized model is accurate in the case of chemically similar liquids, such as <a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">benzene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toluene" title="Toluene">toluene</a>. In other cases, severe deviations from Raoult's law and Dalton's law are observed, most famously in the mixture of ethanol and water. These compounds, when heated together, form an <a href="/wiki/Azeotrope" title="Azeotrope">azeotrope</a>, which is when the vapor phase and liquid phase contain the same composition. Although there are <a href="/wiki/Computational_chemistry" title="Computational chemistry">computational methods</a> that can be used to estimate the behavior of a mixture of arbitrary components, the only way to obtain accurate <a href="/wiki/Vapor%E2%80%93liquid_equilibrium" title="Vapor–liquid equilibrium">vapor–liquid equilibrium</a> data is by measurement. </p><p>It is not possible to completely purify a mixture of components by distillation, as this would require each component in the mixture to have a zero <a href="/wiki/Partial_pressure" title="Partial pressure">partial pressure</a>. If ultra-pure products are the goal, then further <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_chemicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Separation of chemicals">chemical separation</a> must be applied. When a binary mixture is vaporized and the other component, e.g., a salt, has zero partial pressure for practical purposes, the process is simpler. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Batch_or_differential_distillation">Batch or differential distillation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distillation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Batch or differential distillation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BatchDistill.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/BatchDistill.svg/220px-BatchDistill.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/BatchDistill.svg/330px-BatchDistill.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/BatchDistill.svg/440px-BatchDistill.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="260" /></a><figcaption>A batch still showing the separation of A and B.</figcaption></figure> <p>Heating an ideal mixture of two volatile substances, A and B, with A having the higher volatility, or lower boiling point, in a batch distillation setup (such as in an apparatus depicted in the opening figure) until the mixture is boiling results in a vapor above the liquid that contains a mixture of A and B. The ratio between A and B in the vapor will be different from the ratio in the liquid. The ratio in the liquid will be determined by how the original mixture was prepared, while the ratio in the vapor will be enriched in the more volatile compound, A (due to Raoult's Law, see above). The vapor goes through the condenser and is removed from the system. This, in turn, means that the ratio of compounds in the remaining liquid is now different from the initial ratio (i.e., more enriched in B than in the starting liquid). </p><p>The result is that the ratio in the liquid mixture is changing, becoming richer in component B. This causes the boiling point of the mixture to rise, which results in a rise in the temperature in the vapor, which results in a changing ratio of A : B in the gas phase (as distillation continues, there is an increasing proportion of B in the gas phase). This results in a slowly changing ratio of A : B in the distillate. </p><p>If the difference in vapour pressure between the two components A and B is large – generally expressed as the difference in boiling points – the mixture in the beginning of the distillation is highly enriched in component A, and when component A has distilled off, the boiling liquid is enriched in component B. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Continuous_distillation">Continuous distillation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distillation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Continuous distillation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Continuous_distillation" title="Continuous distillation">Continuous distillation</a></div> <p>Continuous distillation is an ongoing distillation in which a liquid mixture is continuously (without interruption) fed into the process and separated fractions are removed continuously as output streams occur over time during the operation. Continuous distillation produces a minimum of two output fractions, including at least one <a href="/wiki/Volatility_(chemistry)" title="Volatility (chemistry)">volatile</a> distillate fraction, which has boiled and been separately captured as a vapor and then condensed to a liquid. There is always a bottoms (or residue) fraction, which is the least volatile residue that has not been separately captured as a condensed vapor. </p><p>Continuous distillation differs from batch distillation in the respect that concentrations should not change over time. Continuous distillation can be run at a <a href="/wiki/Steady_state" title="Steady state">steady state</a> for an arbitrary amount of time. For any source material of specific composition, the main variables that affect the purity of products in continuous distillation are the reflux ratio and the number of theoretical equilibrium stages, in practice determined by the number of trays or the height of packing. Reflux is a flow from the condenser back to the column, which generates a recycle that allows a better separation with a given number of trays. Equilibrium stages are ideal steps where compositions achieve vapor–liquid equilibrium, repeating the separation process and allowing better separation given a reflux ratio. A column with a high reflux ratio may have fewer stages, but it refluxes a large amount of liquid, giving a wide column with a large holdup. Conversely, a column with a low reflux ratio must have a large number of stages, thus requiring a taller column. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_improvements">General improvements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distillation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: General improvements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both batch and continuous distillations can be improved by making use of a <a href="/wiki/Fractionating_column" title="Fractionating column">fractionating column</a> on top of the distillation flask. The column improves separation by providing a larger surface area for the vapor and condensate to come into contact. This helps it remain at equilibrium for as long as possible. The column can even consist of small subsystems ('trays' or 'dishes') which all contain an enriched, boiling liquid mixture, all with their own vapor–liquid equilibrium. </p><p>There are differences between laboratory-scale and industrial-scale fractionating columns, but the principles are the same. Examples of laboratory-scale fractionating columns (in increasing efficiency) include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Condenser_(laboratory)#Air_condenser" title="Condenser (laboratory)">Air condenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigreux_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Vigreux column">Vigreux column</a> (usually laboratory scale only)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packed_bed" title="Packed bed">Packed column</a> (packed with glass beads, metal pieces, or other chemically inert material)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinning_band_distillation" title="Spinning band distillation">Spinning band distillation</a> system.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Laboratory_procedures">Laboratory procedures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distillation&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Laboratory procedures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Laboratory scale distillations are almost exclusively run as batch distillations. The device used in distillation, sometimes referred to as a <i><a href="/wiki/Still" title="Still">still</a></i>, consists at a minimum of a reboiler or <i>pot</i> in which the source material is heated, a condenser in which the heated <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">vapor</a> is cooled back to the liquid <a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">state</a>, and a receiver in which the concentrated or purified liquid, called the distillate, is collected. Several laboratory scale techniques for distillation exist (see also <a href="/wiki/Category:Distillation" title="Category:Distillation">distillation types</a>). </p><p>A completely sealed distillation apparatus could experience extreme and rapidly varying internal pressure, which could cause it to burst open at the joints. Therefore, some path is usually left open (for instance, at the receiving flask) to allow the internal pressure to equalize with atmospheric pressure. Alternatively, a <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_pump" title="Vacuum pump">vacuum pump</a> may be used to keep the apparatus at a lower than atmospheric pressure. If the substances involved are air- or moisture-sensitive, the connection to the atmosphere can be made through one or more <a href="/wiki/Drying_tube" title="Drying tube">drying tubes</a> packed with materials that scavenge the undesired air components, or through <a href="/wiki/Bubbler" class="mw-redirect" title="Bubbler">bubblers</a> that provide a movable liquid barrier. Finally, the entry of undesired air components can be prevented by pumping a low but steady flow of suitable inert gas, like <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>, into the apparatus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Simple_distillation">Simple distillation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distillation&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Simple distillation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Simple_distillation_apparatus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Simple_distillation_apparatus.svg/300px-Simple_distillation_apparatus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="398" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Simple_distillation_apparatus.svg/450px-Simple_distillation_apparatus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Simple_distillation_apparatus.svg/600px-Simple_distillation_apparatus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="392" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>Schematic of a simple distillation setup.</figcaption></figure> <p>In simple distillation, the vapor is immediately channeled into a condenser. Consequently, the distillate is not pure but rather its composition is identical to the composition of the vapors at the given temperature and pressure. That concentration follows <a href="/wiki/Raoult%27s_law" title="Raoult's law">Raoult's law</a>. </p><p>As a result, simple distillation is effective only when the liquid boiling points differ greatly (rule of thumb is 25 °C)<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or when separating liquids from non-volatile solids or oils. For these cases, the vapor pressures of the components are usually different enough that the distillate may be sufficiently pure for its intended purpose. </p><p>A cutaway schematic of a simple distillation operation is shown at right. The starting liquid 15 in the boiling flask 2 is heated by a combined <a href="/wiki/Hotplate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotplate">hotplate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_stirrer" title="Magnetic stirrer">magnetic stirrer</a> 13 via a <a href="/wiki/Silicone_oil" title="Silicone oil">silicone oil</a> bath (orange, 14). The vapor flows through a short <a href="/wiki/Vigreux_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Vigreux column">Vigreux column</a> 3, then through a <a href="/wiki/Liebig_condenser" title="Liebig condenser">Liebig condenser</a> 5, is cooled by water (blue) that circulates through ports 6 and 7. The condensed liquid drips into the receiving flask 8, sitting in a cooling bath (blue, 16). The adapter 10 has a connection 9 that may be fitted to a vacuum pump. The components are connected by <a href="/wiki/Ground_glass_joint" title="Ground glass joint">ground glass joints</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fractional_distillation">Fractional distillation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distillation&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Fractional distillation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fractional_distillation" title="Fractional distillation">Fractional distillation</a></div> <p>For many cases, the boiling points of the components in the mixture will be sufficiently close that <a href="/wiki/Raoult%27s_law" title="Raoult's law">Raoult's law</a> must be taken into consideration. Therefore, fractional distillation must be used to separate the components by repeated vaporization-condensation cycles within a packed fractionating column. This separation, by successive distillations, is also referred to as rectification.<sup id="cite_ref-Perry_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the solution to be purified is heated, its vapors rise to the <a href="/wiki/Fractionating_column" title="Fractionating column">fractionating column</a>. As it rises, it cools, condensing on the condenser walls and the surfaces of the packing material. Here, the condensate continues to be heated by the rising hot vapors; it vaporizes once more. However, the composition of the fresh vapors is determined once again by Raoult's law. Each vaporization-condensation cycle (called a <i><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_plate" title="Theoretical plate">theoretical plate</a></i>) will yield a purer solution of the more volatile component.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In reality, each cycle at a given temperature does not occur at exactly the same position in the fractionating column; <i>theoretical plate</i> is thus a concept rather than an accurate description. </p><p>More theoretical plates lead to better separations. A <a href="/wiki/Spinning_band_distillation" title="Spinning band distillation">spinning band distillation</a> system uses a spinning band of <a href="/wiki/Polytetrafluoroethylene" title="Polytetrafluoroethylene">Teflon</a> or metal to force the rising vapors into close contact with the descending condensate, increasing the number of theoretical plates.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Steam_distillation">Steam distillation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distillation&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Steam distillation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Steam_distillation" title="Steam distillation">Steam distillation</a></div> <p>Like <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_distillation" title="Vacuum distillation">vacuum distillation</a>, steam distillation is a method for distilling compounds which are heat-sensitive.<sup id="cite_ref-Harwood_Moody_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harwood_Moody-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 151–153">: 151–153 </span></sup> The temperature of the steam is easier to control than the surface of a <a href="/wiki/Heating_element" title="Heating element">heating element</a> and allows a high rate of heat transfer without heating at a very high temperature. This process involves bubbling steam through a heated mixture of the raw material. By Raoult's law, some of the target compound will vaporize (in accordance with its partial pressure). The vapor mixture is cooled and condensed, usually yielding a layer of oil and a layer of water. </p><p>Steam distillation of various <a href="/wiki/Aroma" class="mw-redirect" title="Aroma">aromatic</a> herbs and flowers can result in two products: an <a href="/wiki/Essential_oil" title="Essential oil">essential oil</a> as well as a watery <a href="/wiki/Herbal_distillate" title="Herbal distillate">herbal distillate</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Essential_oils" class="mw-redirect" title="Essential oils">essential oils</a> are often used in perfumery and <a href="/wiki/Aromatherapy" title="Aromatherapy">aromatherapy</a> while the watery distillates have many applications in <a href="/wiki/Aromatherapy" title="Aromatherapy">aromatherapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Food_processing" title="Food processing">food processing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skin_care" title="Skin care">skin care</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vacuum_distillation_of_DMSO_at_70C.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Vacuum_distillation_of_DMSO_at_70C.jpg/220px-Vacuum_distillation_of_DMSO_at_70C.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Vacuum_distillation_of_DMSO_at_70C.jpg/330px-Vacuum_distillation_of_DMSO_at_70C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Vacuum_distillation_of_DMSO_at_70C.jpg/440px-Vacuum_distillation_of_DMSO_at_70C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_sulfoxide" title="Dimethyl sulfoxide">Dimethyl sulfoxide</a> usually boils at 189<span class="nowrap"> </span>°C. Under a vacuum, it distills off into the receiver at only 70<span class="nowrap"> </span>°C.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Perkin_triangle_distillation_apparatus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Perkin_triangle_distillation_apparatus.svg/220px-Perkin_triangle_distillation_apparatus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Perkin_triangle_distillation_apparatus.svg/330px-Perkin_triangle_distillation_apparatus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Perkin_triangle_distillation_apparatus.svg/440px-Perkin_triangle_distillation_apparatus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="472" data-file-height="698" /></a><figcaption>Perkin triangle distillation setup <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ol><li>Stirrer bar/anti-bumping granules</li><li>Still pot</li><li>Fractionating column</li><li>Thermometer/Boiling point temperature</li><li>Teflon tap 1</li><li>Cold finger</li><li>Cooling water out</li><li>Cooling water in</li><li>Teflon tap 2</li><li>Vacuum/gas inlet</li><li>Teflon tap 3</li><li>Still receiver</li></ol></div></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vacuum_distillation">Vacuum distillation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distillation&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Vacuum distillation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_distillation" title="Vacuum distillation">Vacuum distillation</a></div> <p>Some compounds have very high boiling points. To boil such compounds, it is often better to lower the pressure at which such compounds are boiled instead of increasing the temperature. Once the pressure is lowered to the vapor pressure of the compound (at the given temperature), boiling and the rest of the distillation process can commence. This technique is referred to as vacuum distillation and it is commonly found in the laboratory in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Rotary_evaporator" title="Rotary evaporator">rotary evaporator</a>. </p><p>This technique is also very useful for compounds which boil beyond their <a href="/wiki/Decomposition_temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Decomposition temperature">decomposition temperature</a> at atmospheric pressure and which would therefore be decomposed by any attempt to boil them under atmospheric pressure. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Molecular_distillation">Molecular distillation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distillation&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Molecular distillation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Molecular_distillation" title="Molecular distillation">Molecular distillation</a> is vacuum distillation below the pressure of 0.01 <a href="/wiki/Torr" title="Torr">torr</a>. 0.01 torr is one order of magnitude above <a href="/wiki/Hard_vacuum" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard vacuum">high vacuum</a>, where fluids are in the <a href="/wiki/Free_molecular_flow" title="Free molecular flow">free molecular flow</a> regime, i.e., the <a href="/wiki/Mean_free_path" title="Mean free path">mean free path</a> of molecules is comparable to the size of the equipment. The gaseous phase no longer exerts significant pressure on the substance to be evaporated, and consequently, rate of evaporation no longer depends on pressure. That is, because the continuum assumptions of fluid dynamics no longer apply, mass transport is governed by molecular dynamics rather than fluid dynamics. Thus, a short path between the hot surface and the cold surface is necessary, typically by suspending a hot plate covered with a film of feed next to a cold plate with a line of sight in between. Molecular distillation is used industrially for purification of oils. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Short_path_distillation">Short path distillation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distillation&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Short path distillation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Short-path_distillation" title="Short-path distillation">Short-path distillation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Short_path_distillation_apparatus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Short_path_distillation_apparatus.svg/220px-Short_path_distillation_apparatus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Short_path_distillation_apparatus.svg/330px-Short_path_distillation_apparatus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Short_path_distillation_apparatus.svg/440px-Short_path_distillation_apparatus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>Short path vacuum distillation apparatus with vertical condenser (cold finger), to minimize the distillation path; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist" style="display:inline;"><ol style="display:inline;"><li>Still pot with stirrer bar/anti-bumping granules</li><li>Cold finger – bent to direct condensate</li><li>Cooling water out</li><li>cooling water in</li><li>Vacuum/gas inlet</li><li>Distillate flask/distillate.</li></ol></div></figcaption></figure> <p>Short path distillation is a distillation technique that involves the distillate travelling a short distance, often only a few centimeters, and is normally done at reduced pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-Harwood_Moody_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harwood_Moody-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 150">: 150 </span></sup> A classic example would be a distillation involving the distillate travelling from one glass bulb to another, without the need for a condenser separating the two chambers. This technique is often used for compounds which are unstable at high temperatures or to purify small amounts of compound. The advantage is that the heating temperature can be considerably lower (at reduced pressure) than the boiling point of the liquid at standard pressure, and the distillate only has to travel a short distance before condensing. A short path ensures that little compound is lost on the sides of the apparatus. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kugelrohr_apparatus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kugelrohr apparatus (page does not exist)">Kugelrohr apparatus</a> is a kind of short path distillation method which often contains multiple chambers to collect distillate fractions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air-sensitive_vacuum_distillation">Air-sensitive vacuum distillation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distillation&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Air-sensitive vacuum distillation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some compounds have high boiling points as well as being <a href="/wiki/Air_sensitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Air sensitive">air sensitive</a>. A simple vacuum distillation system as exemplified above can be used, whereby the vacuum is replaced with an inert gas after the distillation is complete. However, this is a less satisfactory system if one desires to collect fractions under a reduced pressure. To do this a "cow" or "pig" adaptor can be added to the end of the condenser, or for better results or for very air sensitive compounds a <a href="/wiki/Perkin_triangle" title="Perkin triangle">Perkin triangle</a> apparatus can be used. </p><p>The Perkin triangle has means via a series of glass or <a href="/wiki/Polytetrafluoroethylene" title="Polytetrafluoroethylene">Teflon</a> taps to allows fractions to be isolated from the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Still" title="Still">still</a>, without the main body of the distillation being removed from either the vacuum or heat source, and thus can remain in a state of <a href="/wiki/Reflux" title="Reflux">reflux</a>. To do this, the sample is first isolated from the vacuum by means of the taps, the vacuum over the sample is then replaced with an inert gas (such as <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> or <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a>) and can then be stoppered and removed. A fresh collection vessel can then be added to the system, evacuated and linked back into the distillation system via the taps to collect a second fraction, and so on, until all fractions have been collected. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zone_distillation">Zone distillation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distillation&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Zone distillation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zone distillation is a distillation process in a long container with partial melting of refined matter in moving liquid zone and condensation of vapor in the solid phase at condensate pulling in cold area. The process is worked in theory. When zone heater is moving from the top to the bottom of the container then solid condensate with irregular impurity distribution is forming. Then most pure part of the condensate may be extracted as product. The process may be iterated many times by moving (without turnover) the received condensate to the bottom part of the container on the place of refined matter. The irregular impurity distribution in the condensate (that is efficiency of purification) increases with the number of iterations. Zone distillation is the distillation analog of zone recrystallization. Impurity distribution in the condensate is described by known equations of zone recrystallization – with the replacement of the distribution co-efficient k of crystallization - for the separation factor α of distillation.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Closed-system_vacuum_distillation_(cryovap)"><span id="Closed-system_vacuum_distillation_.28cryovap.29"></span>Closed-system vacuum distillation (cryovap)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distillation&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Closed-system vacuum distillation (cryovap)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Non-condensable gas can be expelled from the apparatus by the vapor of relatively volatile co-solvent, which spontaneously evaporates during initial pumping, and this can be achieved with regular oil or diaphragm pump.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_types">Other types</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distillation&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Other types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The process of <a href="/wiki/Reactive_distillation" title="Reactive distillation">reactive distillation</a> involves using the reaction vessel as the still. In this process, the product is usually significantly lower boiling than its reactants. As the product is formed from the reactants, it is vaporized and removed from the reaction mixture. This technique is an example of a continuous vs. a batch process; advantages include less downtime to charge the reaction vessel with starting material, and less workup. Distillation "over a reactant" could be classified as a reactive distillation. It is typically used to remove volatile impurity from the distillation feed. For example, a little <a href="/wiki/Lime_(material)" title="Lime (material)">lime</a> may be added to remove carbon dioxide from water followed by a second distillation with a little <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a> added to remove traces of ammonia.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalytic_distillation" title="Catalytic distillation">Catalytic distillation</a> is the process by which the reactants are catalyzed while being distilled to continuously separate the products from the reactants. This method is used to assist equilibrium reactions in reaching completion.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pervaporation" title="Pervaporation">Pervaporation</a> is a method for the separation of mixtures of liquids by partial vaporization through a non-porous <a href="/wiki/Artificial_membrane" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial membrane">membrane</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extractive_distillation" title="Extractive distillation">Extractive distillation</a> is defined as distillation in the presence of a miscible, high boiling, relatively non-volatile component, the solvent, that forms no <a href="/wiki/Azeotrope" title="Azeotrope">azeotrope</a> with the other components in the mixture.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_evaporation" title="Flash evaporation">Flash evaporation</a> (or partial evaporation) is the partial <a href="/wiki/Vaporization" title="Vaporization">vaporization</a> that occurs when a saturated liquid stream undergoes a reduction in pressure by passing through a throttling <a href="/wiki/Valve" title="Valve">valve</a> or other throttling device. This process is one of the simplest unit operations, being equivalent to a distillation with only one equilibrium stage.</li> <li>Codistillation is distillation which is performed on mixtures in which the two compounds are not miscible. In the laboratory, the <a href="/wiki/Dean-Stark_apparatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Dean-Stark apparatus">Dean-Stark apparatus</a> is used for this purpose to remove water from synthesis products. The Bleidner apparatus is another example with two refluxing solvents.</li> <li>Membrane distillation is a type of distillation in which vapors of a mixture to be separated are passed through a membrane, which selectively permeates one component of mixture. Vapor pressure difference is the driving force. It has potential applications in seawater desalination and in removal of organic and inorganic components.</li></ul> <p>The unit process of <a href="/wiki/Evaporation" title="Evaporation">evaporation</a> may also be called "distillation": </p> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Rotary_evaporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotary evaporation">rotary evaporation</a> a vacuum distillation apparatus is used to remove bulk <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvents</a> from a sample. Typically the vacuum is generated by a <a href="/wiki/Aspirator_(pump)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspirator (pump)">water aspirator</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Membrane_pump" class="mw-redirect" title="Membrane pump">membrane pump</a>.</li> <li>In a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kugelrohr_apparatus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kugelrohr apparatus (page does not exist)">Kugelrohr apparatus</a> a short path distillation apparatus is typically used (generally in combination with a (high) vacuum) to distill high boiling (> 300 °C) compounds. The apparatus consists of an oven in which the compound to be distilled is placed, a receiving portion which is outside of the oven, and a means of rotating the sample. The vacuum is normally generated by using a high vacuum pump.</li></ul> <p>Other uses: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dry_distillation" title="Dry distillation">Dry distillation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Destructive_distillation" title="Destructive distillation">destructive distillation</a>, despite the name, is not truly distillation, but rather a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">chemical reaction</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Pyrolysis" title="Pyrolysis">pyrolysis</a> in which solid substances are heated in an inert or <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">reducing</a> atmosphere and any volatile fractions, containing high-boiling liquids and products of pyrolysis, are collected. The destructive distillation of <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a> to give <a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">methanol</a> is the root of its common name – <i>wood alcohol</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeze_distillation" class="mw-redirect" title="Freeze distillation">Freeze distillation</a> is an analogous method of purification using <a href="/wiki/Freezing" title="Freezing">freezing</a> instead of evaporation. It is not truly distillation, but a <a href="/wiki/Recrystallization_(chemistry)" title="Recrystallization (chemistry)">recrystallization</a> where the product is the <a href="/wiki/Mother_liquor" title="Mother liquor">mother liquor</a>, and does not produce products equivalent to distillation. This process is used in the production of <a href="/wiki/American-style_lager#Ice_beer" class="mw-redirect" title="American-style lager">ice beer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ice_wine" title="Ice wine">ice wine</a> to increase ethanol and <a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">sugar</a> content, respectively. It is also used to produce <a href="/wiki/Applejack_(beverage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Applejack (beverage)">applejack</a>. Unlike distillation, freeze distillation concentrates poisonous congeners rather than removing them; As a result, many countries prohibit such applejack as a health measure. Also, distillation by evaporation can separate these since they have different boiling points.</li> <li>Distillation by filtration: In early alchemy and chemistry, otherwise known as natural philosophy, a form of "distillation" by capillary filtration was known as a form of distillation at the time. In this, a series of cups or bowls were set upon a stepped support with a "wick" of cotton or felt-like material, which had been wetted with water or a clear liquid with each step dripping down through the wetted cloth through capillary action in succeeding steps, creating a "purification" of the liquid, leaving solid materials behind in the upper bowls and purifying the succeeding product through capillary action through the moistened cloth. This was called "distillatio" by filtration by those using the method.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Azeotropic_process">Azeotropic process</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distillation&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Azeotropic process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Azeotropic_distillation" title="Azeotropic distillation">Azeotropic distillation</a></div> <p>Interactions between the components of the solution create properties unique to the solution, as most processes entail non-ideal mixtures, where <a href="/wiki/Raoult%27s_law" title="Raoult's law">Raoult's law</a> does not hold. Such interactions can result in a constant-boiling <b><a href="/wiki/Azeotrope" title="Azeotrope">azeotrope</a></b> which behaves as if it were a pure compound (i.e., boils at a single temperature instead of a range). At an azeotrope, the solution contains the given component in the same proportion as the vapor, so that evaporation does not change the purity, and distillation does not result in separation. For example, 95.6% <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a> (by mass) in water forms an azeotrope at 78.1 °C. </p><p>If the azeotrope is not considered sufficiently pure for use, there exist some techniques to break the azeotrope to give a more pure distillate. These techniques are known as <b>azeotropic distillation</b>. Some techniques achieve this by "jumping" over the azeotropic composition (by adding another component to create a new azeotrope, or by varying the pressure). Others work by chemically or physically removing or sequestering the impurity. For example, to purify ethanol beyond 95%, a drying agent (or <a href="/wiki/Desiccant" title="Desiccant">desiccant</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Potassium_carbonate" title="Potassium carbonate">potassium carbonate</a>) can be added to convert the soluble water into insoluble <a href="/wiki/Water_of_crystallization" title="Water of crystallization">water of crystallization</a>. <a href="/wiki/Molecular_sieve" title="Molecular sieve">Molecular sieves</a> are often used for this purpose as well. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Miscibility" title="Miscibility">Immiscible</a> liquids, such as water and <a href="/wiki/Toluene" title="Toluene">toluene</a>, easily form azeotropes. Commonly, these azeotropes are referred to as a low boiling azeotrope because the boiling point of the azeotrope is lower than the boiling point of either pure component. The temperature and composition of the azeotrope is easily predicted from the vapor pressure of the pure components, without use of Raoult's law. The azeotrope is easily broken in a distillation set-up by using a liquid–liquid separator (a decanter) to separate the two liquid layers that are condensed overhead. Only one of the two liquid layers is refluxed to the distillation set-up. </p><p>High boiling azeotropes, such as a 20 percent by weight mixture of <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a> in water, also exist. As implied by the name, the boiling point of the azeotrope is greater than the boiling point of either pure component. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breaking_an_azeotrope_with_unidirectional_pressure_manipulation">Breaking an azeotrope with unidirectional pressure manipulation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distillation&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Breaking an azeotrope with unidirectional pressure manipulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The boiling points of components in an azeotrope overlap to form a band. By exposing an azeotrope to a vacuum or positive pressure, it is possible to bias the boiling point of one component away from the other by exploiting the differing vapor pressure curves of each; the curves may overlap at the azeotropic point, but are unlikely to remain identical further along the pressure axis to either side of the azeotropic point. When the bias is great enough, the two boiling points no longer overlap and so the azeotropic band disappears. </p><p>This method can remove the need to add other chemicals to a distillation, but it has two potential drawbacks. </p><p>Under negative pressure, power for a vacuum source is needed and the reduced boiling points of the distillates requires that the condenser be run cooler to prevent distillate vapors being lost to the vacuum source. Increased cooling demands will often require additional energy and possibly new equipment or a change of coolant. </p><p>Alternatively, if positive pressures are required, standard glassware can not be used, energy must be used for pressurization and there is a higher chance of side reactions occurring in the distillation, such as decomposition, due to the higher temperatures required to effect boiling. </p><p>A unidirectional distillation will rely on a pressure change in one direction, either positive or negative. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pressure-swing_distillation">Pressure-swing distillation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distillation&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Pressure-swing distillation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Azeotrope#Pressure_swing_distillation" title="Azeotrope">Azeotrope § Pressure swing distillation</a></div> <p>Pressure-swing distillation is essentially the same as the unidirectional distillation used to break azeotropic mixtures, but here both <a href="/wiki/Azeotrope#Pressure_swing_distillation" title="Azeotrope">positive and negative pressures may be employed</a>. </p><p>This improves the selectivity of the distillation and allows a chemist to optimize distillation by avoiding extremes of pressure and temperature that waste energy. This is particularly important in commercial applications. </p><p>One example of the application of pressure-swing distillation is during the industrial purification of <a href="/wiki/Ethyl_acetate" title="Ethyl acetate">ethyl acetate</a> after its catalytic synthesis from <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Industrial_process">Industrial process</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distillation&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Industrial process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colonne_distillazione.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Colonne_distillazione.jpg/220px-Colonne_distillazione.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Colonne_distillazione.jpg/330px-Colonne_distillazione.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Colonne_distillazione.jpg/440px-Colonne_distillazione.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1609" data-file-height="2120" /></a><figcaption>Typical industrial distillation towers</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Continuous_distillation" title="Continuous distillation">Continuous distillation</a></div> <p>Large scale industrial distillation applications include both batch and continuous fractional, vacuum, azeotropic, extractive, and steam distillation. The most widely used industrial applications of continuous, steady-state fractional distillation are in <a href="/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">petroleum refineries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petrochemical" title="Petrochemical">petrochemical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chemical_plant" title="Chemical plant">chemical plants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural gas processing">natural gas processing</a> plants. </p><p>To control and optimize such industrial distillation, a standardized laboratory method, ASTM D86, is established. This test method extends to the atmospheric distillation of petroleum products using a laboratory batch distillation unit to quantitatively determine the boiling range characteristics of petroleum products. </p><p>Industrial distillation<sup id="cite_ref-Perry_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kister_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kister-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is typically performed in large, vertical cylindrical columns known as distillation towers or distillation columns with diameters ranging from about 0.65 to 16 metres (2 ft 2 in to 52 ft 6 in) and heights ranging from about 6 to 90 metres (20 to 295 ft) or more. When the process feed has a diverse composition, as in distilling <a href="/wiki/Crude_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Crude oil">crude oil</a>, liquid outlets at intervals up the column allow for the withdrawal of different <i>fractions</i> or products having different <a href="/wiki/Boiling_points" class="mw-redirect" title="Boiling points">boiling points</a> or boiling ranges. The "lightest" products (those with the lowest boiling point) exit from the top of the columns and the "heaviest" products (those with the highest boiling point) exit from the bottom of the column and are often called the bottoms. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Continuous_Binary_Fractional_Distillation.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Continuous_Binary_Fractional_Distillation.PNG/220px-Continuous_Binary_Fractional_Distillation.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Continuous_Binary_Fractional_Distillation.PNG/330px-Continuous_Binary_Fractional_Distillation.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Continuous_Binary_Fractional_Distillation.PNG/440px-Continuous_Binary_Fractional_Distillation.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1736" data-file-height="2552" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of a typical industrial distillation tower</figcaption></figure> <p>Industrial towers use <a href="/wiki/Reflux" title="Reflux">reflux</a> to achieve a more complete separation of products. Reflux refers to the portion of the condensed overhead liquid product from a distillation or fractionation tower that is returned to the upper part of the tower as shown in the schematic diagram of a typical, large-scale industrial distillation tower. Inside the tower, the downflowing reflux liquid provides cooling and condensation of the upflowing vapors thereby increasing the efficiency of the distillation tower. The more reflux that is provided for a given number of <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_plate" title="Theoretical plate">theoretical plates</a>, the better the tower's separation of lower boiling materials from higher boiling materials. Alternatively, the more reflux that is provided for a given desired separation, the fewer the number of theoretical plates required. <a href="/wiki/Chemical_engineer" title="Chemical engineer">Chemical engineers</a> must choose what combination of reflux rate and number of plates is both economically and physically feasible for the products purified in the distillation column. </p><p>Such industrial fractionating towers are also used in <a href="/wiki/Cryogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryogenic">cryogenic</a> <a href="/wiki/Air_separation" title="Air separation">air separation</a>, producing <a href="/wiki/Liquid_oxygen" title="Liquid oxygen">liquid oxygen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liquid_nitrogen" title="Liquid nitrogen">liquid nitrogen</a>, and high purity <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a>. Distillation of <a href="/wiki/Chlorosilane" title="Chlorosilane">chlorosilanes</a> also enables the production of high-purity <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a> for use as a <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductor</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:Bubble_Cap_Trays.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Bubble_Cap_Trays.PNG" decoding="async" width="320" height="290" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="290" /></a><figcaption>Section of an industrial distillation tower showing detail of trays with bubble caps</figcaption></figure> <p>Design and operation of a distillation tower depends on the feed and desired products. Given a simple, binary component feed, analytical methods such as the <a href="/wiki/McCabe%E2%80%93Thiele_method" title="McCabe–Thiele method">McCabe–Thiele method</a><sup id="cite_ref-Perry_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SeaderHenley_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SeaderHenley-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the <a href="/wiki/Fenske_equation" title="Fenske equation">Fenske equation</a><sup id="cite_ref-Perry_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perry-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> can be used. For a multi-component feed, <a href="/wiki/Simulation" title="Simulation">simulation</a> models are used both for design and operation. Moreover, the efficiencies of the vapor–liquid contact devices (referred to as "plates" or "trays") used in distillation towers are typically lower than that of a theoretical 100% efficient <a href="/wiki/Equilibrium_stage" class="mw-redirect" title="Equilibrium stage">equilibrium stage</a>. Hence, a distillation tower needs more trays than the number of theoretical vapor–liquid equilibrium stages. A variety of models have been postulated to estimate tray efficiencies. </p><p>In modern industrial uses, a packing material is used in the column instead of trays when low pressure drops across the column are required. Other factors that favor packing are: vacuum systems, smaller diameter columns, corrosive systems, systems prone to foaming, systems requiring low liquid holdup, and batch distillation. Conversely, factors that favor <a href="/wiki/Plate_column" title="Plate column">plate columns</a> are: presence of solids in feed, high liquid rates, large column diameters, complex columns, columns with wide feed composition variation, columns with a chemical reaction, absorption columns, columns limited by foundation weight tolerance, low liquid rate, large turn-down ratio and those processes subject to process surges. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vacuum_Column.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Vacuum_Column.jpg" decoding="async" width="183" height="328" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="183" data-file-height="328" /></a><figcaption>Large-scale, industrial vacuum distillation column<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>This packing material can either be random or dumped packing (25–76 millimetres (1–3 in) wide) such as <a href="/wiki/Raschig_ring" title="Raschig ring">Raschig rings</a> or <a href="/wiki/Structured_packing" title="Structured packing">structured sheet metal</a>. Liquids tend to wet the surface of the packing and the vapors pass across this wetted surface, where <a href="/wiki/Mass_transfer" title="Mass transfer">mass transfer</a> takes place. Unlike conventional tray distillation in which every tray represents a separate point of vapor–liquid equilibrium, the vapor–liquid equilibrium curve in a packed column is continuous. However, when modeling packed columns, it is useful to compute a number of "theoretical stages" to denote the separation efficiency of the packed column with respect to more traditional trays. Differently shaped packings have different surface areas and void space between packings. Both these factors affect packing performance. </p><p>Another factor in addition to the packing shape and surface area that affects the performance of random or structured packing is the liquid and vapor distribution entering the packed bed. The number of <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_plate" title="Theoretical plate">theoretical stages</a> required to make a given separation is calculated using a specific vapor to liquid ratio. If the liquid and vapor are not evenly distributed across the superficial tower area as it enters the packed bed, the liquid to vapor ratio will not be correct in the packed bed and the required separation will not be achieved. The packing will appear to not be working properly. The <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_plate" title="Theoretical plate">height equivalent to a theoretical plate</a> (HETP) will be greater than expected. The problem is not the packing itself but the mal-distribution of the fluids entering the packed bed. Liquid mal-distribution is more frequently the problem than vapor. The design of the liquid distributors used to introduce the feed and reflux to a packed bed is critical to making the packing perform to it maximum efficiency. Methods of evaluating the effectiveness of a liquid distributor to evenly distribute the liquid entering a packed bed can be found in references.<sup id="cite_ref-Moore_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Spiegel_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spiegel-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Considerable work has been done on this topic by Fractionation Research, Inc. (commonly known as FRI).<sup id="cite_ref-Kunesh_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kunesh-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multi-effect_distillation">Multi-effect distillation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distillation&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Multi-effect distillation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The goal of multi-effect distillation is to increase the <a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">energy efficiency</a> of the process, for use in desalination, or in some cases one stage in the production of <a href="/wiki/Ultrapure_water" title="Ultrapure water">ultrapure water</a>. The number of effects is inversely proportional to the kW·h/m<sup>3</sup> of water recovered figure and refers to the volume of water recovered per unit of energy compared with single-effect distillation. One effect is roughly 636 kW·h/m<sup>3</sup>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multi-stage_flash_distillation" title="Multi-stage flash distillation">Multi-stage flash distillation</a> can achieve more than 20 effects with thermal energy input, as mentioned in the article.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor_compression_evaporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Vapor compression evaporation">Vapor compression evaporation</a> – Commercial large-scale units can achieve around 72 effects with electrical energy input, according to manufacturers.</li></ul> <p>There are many other types of multi-effect distillation processes, including one referred to as simply multi-effect distillation (MED), in which multiple chambers, with intervening heat exchangers, are employed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_food_processing">In food processing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distillation&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: In food processing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beverages">Beverages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distillation&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Beverages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Distilled_beverage" class="mw-redirect" title="Distilled beverage">Distilled beverage</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrate</a>-containing plant materials are allowed to ferment, producing a dilute solution of ethanol in the process. Spirits such as <a href="/wiki/Whiskey" class="mw-redirect" title="Whiskey">whiskey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rum" title="Rum">rum</a> are prepared by distilling these dilute solutions of ethanol. Components other than ethanol, including water, esters, and other alcohols, are collected in the condensate, which account for the flavor of the beverage. Some of these beverages are then stored in barrels or other containers to acquire more flavor compounds and characteristic flavors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distillation&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Retort-in-operation-early-chemistry.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chemistry in its beginnings used retorts as laboratory equipment exclusively for distillation processes."><img alt="Chemistry in its beginnings used retorts as laboratory equipment exclusively for distillation processes." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Retort-in-operation-early-chemistry.png/120px-Retort-in-operation-early-chemistry.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Retort-in-operation-early-chemistry.png/180px-Retort-in-operation-early-chemistry.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Retort-in-operation-early-chemistry.png/240px-Retort-in-operation-early-chemistry.png 2x" data-file-width="241" data-file-height="183" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chemistry in its beginnings used <a href="/wiki/Retort" title="Retort">retorts</a> as <a href="/wiki/Laboratory_equipment" class="mw-redirect" title="Laboratory equipment">laboratory equipment</a> exclusively for distillation processes.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Distillation_of_dry_and_oxygen-free_toluene.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A simple set-up to distill dry and oxygen-free toluene."><img alt="A simple set-up to distill dry and oxygen-free toluene." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Distillation_of_dry_and_oxygen-free_toluene.jpg/120px-Distillation_of_dry_and_oxygen-free_toluene.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Distillation_of_dry_and_oxygen-free_toluene.jpg/180px-Distillation_of_dry_and_oxygen-free_toluene.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Distillation_of_dry_and_oxygen-free_toluene.jpg/240px-Distillation_of_dry_and_oxygen-free_toluene.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> A simple set-up to distill dry and oxygen-free <a href="/wiki/Toluene" title="Toluene">toluene</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vacuum_Column.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Diagram of an industrial-scale vacuum distillation column as commonly used in oil refineries"><img alt="Diagram of an industrial-scale vacuum distillation column as commonly used in oil refineries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Vacuum_Column.png/77px-Vacuum_Column.png" decoding="async" width="77" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Vacuum_Column.png/116px-Vacuum_Column.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Vacuum_Column.png/155px-Vacuum_Column.png 2x" data-file-width="285" data-file-height="442" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Diagram of an industrial-scale vacuum distillation column as commonly used in <a href="/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">oil refineries</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rotavapor.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A rotary evaporator is able to distill solvents more quickly at lower temperatures through the use of a vacuum."><img alt="A rotary evaporator is able to distill solvents more quickly at lower temperatures through the use of a vacuum." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Rotavapor.jpg/81px-Rotavapor.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Rotavapor.jpg/122px-Rotavapor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Rotavapor.jpg/162px-Rotavapor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="948" data-file-height="1401" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Rotary_evaporator" title="Rotary evaporator">rotary evaporator</a> is able to distill solvents more quickly at lower temperatures through the use of a <a href="/wiki/Vacuum" title="Vacuum">vacuum</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Semi-microscale_distillation.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Distillation using semi-microscale apparatus. The jointless design eliminates the need to fit pieces together. The pear-shaped flask allows the last drop of residue to be removed, compared with a similarly sized round-bottom flask. The small holdup volume prevents losses. A "pig" is used to channel the various distillates into three receiving flasks. If necessary the distillation can be carried out under vacuum using the vacuum adapter at the pig."><img alt="Distillation using semi-microscale apparatus. The jointless design eliminates the need to fit pieces together. The pear-shaped flask allows the last drop of residue to be removed, compared with a similarly sized round-bottom flask. The small holdup volume prevents losses. A "pig" is used to channel the various distillates into three receiving flasks. If necessary the distillation can be carried out under vacuum using the vacuum adapter at the pig." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Semi-microscale_distillation.jpg/90px-Semi-microscale_distillation.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Semi-microscale_distillation.jpg/135px-Semi-microscale_distillation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Semi-microscale_distillation.jpg/180px-Semi-microscale_distillation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Distillation using semi-microscale apparatus. The jointless design eliminates the need to fit pieces together. The pear-shaped flask allows the last drop of residue to be removed, compared with a similarly sized <a href="/wiki/Round-bottom_flask" title="Round-bottom flask">round-bottom flask</a>. The small holdup volume prevents losses. A "pig" is used to channel the various distillates into three receiving flasks. If necessary the distillation can be carried out under vacuum using the vacuum adapter at the pig.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distillation&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_distillation_of_crude_oil" title="Atmospheric distillation of crude oil">Atmospheric distillation of crude oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clyssus" title="Clyssus">Clyssus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fragrance_extraction" title="Fragrance extraction">Fragrance extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-temperature_distillation" title="Low-temperature distillation">Low-temperature distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microdistillery" title="Microdistillery">Microdistillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sublimation_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sublimation (chemistry)">Sublimation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixon_rings" title="Dixon rings">Dixon rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Random_column_packing" title="Random column packing">Random column packing</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distillation&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Harwood_Moody-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harwood_Moody_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harwood_Moody_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harwood_Moody_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHarwoodMoody1990" class="citation book cs1">Harwood, Laurence M.; Moody, Christopher J. (1 January 1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/experimentalorga00harw"><i>Experimental Organic Chemistry: Principles and Practice</i></a></span> (Illustrated ed.). Blackwell Scientific Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-632-02016-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-632-02016-4"><bdi>978-0-632-02016-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/88007680">88007680</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/18816225">18816225</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL2032038M">2032038M</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107313989" class="extiw" title="d:Q107313989">Q107313989</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2021</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Experimental+Organic+Chemistry%3A+Principles+and+Practice&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=Blackwell+Scientific+Publications&rft.date=1990-01-01&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F18816225&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F88007680&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL2032038M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-632-02016-4&rft.aulast=Harwood&rft.aufirst=Laurence+M.&rft.au=Moody%2C+Christopher+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fexperimentalorga00harw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistillation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schaschke, C., 2014. A Dictionary of Chemical Engineering. Oxford University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">2019. Distillation: The Historical Symbol of Chemical Engineering. The University of Toledo. URL <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.utoledo.edu/engineering/chemical-engineering/distillation.html">https://www.utoledo.edu/engineering/chemical-engineering/distillation.html</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414230219/https://www.utoledo.edu/engineering/chemical-engineering/distillation.html">Archived</a> 14 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">2017. Products made from petroleum. Ranken Energy Corporation. URL <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.ranken-energy.com/index.php/products-made-from-petroleum/">https://www.ranken-energy.com/index.php/products-made-from-petroleum/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210416193229/https://www.ranken-energy.com/index.php/products-made-from-petroleum/">Archived</a> 16 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevey1959" class="citation book cs1">Levey, Martin (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=76ILAQAAIAAJ"><i>Chemistry and Chemical Technology in Ancient Mesopotamia</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>. p. 36. <q>As already mentioned, the textual evidence for Sumero-Babylonian distillation is disclosed in a group of Akkadian tablets describing perfumery operations, dated ca. 1200 B.C.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+and+Chemical+Technology+in+Ancient+Mesopotamia&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Levey&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D76ILAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistillation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFairley1907" class="citation journal cs1">Fairley, T. (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/j.2050-0416.1907.tb02205.x">"The Early History of Distillation"</a>. <i>Journal of the Institute of Brewing</i>. <b>13</b> (6): 559–582. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.2050-0416.1907.tb02205.x">10.1002/j.2050-0416.1907.tb02205.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Institute+of+Brewing&rft.atitle=The+Early+History+of+Distillation&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=559-582&rft.date=1907&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fj.2050-0416.1907.tb02205.x&rft.aulast=Fairley&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fj.2050-0416.1907.tb02205.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistillation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKockmann2014" class="citation book cs1">Kockmann, Norbert (2014). "History of Distillation". In Andrzej, Górak; Sorensen, Eva (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/43754849"><i>Distillation: Fundamentals and Principles</i></a>. Academic Press. pp. 1–43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-12-386547-2.00001-6">10.1016/B978-0-12-386547-2.00001-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-386547-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-386547-2"><bdi>978-0-12-386547-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=History+of+Distillation&rft.btitle=Distillation%3A+Fundamentals+and+Principles&rft.pages=1-43&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-12-386547-2.00001-6&rft.isbn=978-0-12-386547-2&rft.aulast=Kockmann&rft.aufirst=Norbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F43754849&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistillation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForbes1948" class="citation book cs1">Forbes, R. J. (1948) [Reprinted 1970]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XeqWOkKYn28C"><i>A Short History of the Art of Distillation: From the Beginnings Up to the Death of Cellier Blumenthal</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">BRILL</a>. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-00617-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-00617-1"><bdi>978-90-04-00617-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+the+Art+of+Distillation%3A+From+the+Beginnings+Up+to+the+Death+of+Cellier+Blumenthal&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1948&rft.isbn=978-90-04-00617-1&rft.aulast=Forbes&rft.aufirst=R.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXeqWOkKYn28C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistillation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAristotle.1952" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2">Aristotle. (1952) [c. 340 BC]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aristotle0000hdpl/page/n7/mode/2up"><i>Meteorologica</i></a> (in Ancient Greek and English). Translated by Lee, H. D. P. Harvard University Press. pp. 2.3, 358b.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meteorologica&rft.pages=2.3%2C+358b&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1952&rft.au=Aristotle.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faristotle0000hdpl%2Fpage%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistillation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForbes1948" class="citation book cs1">Forbes, R. J. (1948) [Reprinted 1970]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XeqWOkKYn28C"><i>A Short History of the Art of Distillation: From the Beginnings Up to the Death of Cellier Blumenthal</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">BRILL</a>. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-00617-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-00617-1"><bdi>978-90-04-00617-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+the+Art+of+Distillation%3A+From+the+Beginnings+Up+to+the+Death+of+Cellier+Blumenthal&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1948&rft.isbn=978-90-04-00617-1&rft.aulast=Forbes&rft.aufirst=R.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXeqWOkKYn28C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistillation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGildemeister,_E.Hoffman,_Fr.translated_by_Edward_Kremers1913" class="citation book cs1">Gildemeister, E.; Hoffman, Fr.; translated by Edward Kremers (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=earQAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Volatile Oils</i></a>. Vol. 1. New York: Wiley. p. 203.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Volatile+Oils&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=203&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1913&rft.au=Gildemeister%2C+E.&rft.au=Hoffman%2C+Fr.&rft.au=translated+by+Edward+Kremers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DearQAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistillation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryan_H._BunchAlexander_Hellemans2004" class="citation book cs1">Bryan H. Bunch; Alexander Hellemans (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780618221233/page/88"><i>The History of Science and Technology</i></a></span>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780618221233/page/88">88</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-22123-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-22123-3"><bdi>978-0-618-22123-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Science+and+Technology&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-618-22123-3&rft.au=Bryan+H.+Bunch&rft.au=Alexander+Hellemans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780618221233%2Fpage%2F88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistillation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Marcelin_Berthelot" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcelin Berthelot">Berthelot, Marcelin</a> (1887–1888) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/collectiondesanc01bert"><i>Collection des anciens alchimistes grecs</i></a>. 3 vol., Paris, p. 161</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forbes-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Forbes_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forbes_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForbes1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Jacobus_Forbes" title="Robert Jacobus Forbes">Forbes, Robert J.</a> (1 December 1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XeqWOkKYn28C"><i>A Short History of the Art of Distillation: From the Beginnings up to the Death of Cellier Blumenthal</i></a> (2nd ed.). Leiden: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-00617-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-00617-1"><bdi>978-90-04-00617-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/71879886">71879886</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1060799375">1060799375</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL13686623M">13686623M</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q107312970" class="extiw" title="d:Q107312970">Q107312970</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+the+Art+of+Distillation%3A+From+the+Beginnings+up+to+the+Death+of+Cellier+Blumenthal&rft.place=Leiden&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=1970-12-01&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1060799375&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F71879886&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL13686623M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-90-04-00617-1&rft.aulast=Forbes&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXeqWOkKYn28C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistillation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1945" class="citation journal cs1">Taylor, F. (1945). "The evolution of the still". <i>Annals of Science</i>. <b>5</b> (3): 185. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00033794500201451">10.1080/00033794500201451</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Science&rft.atitle=The+evolution+of+the+still&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=185&rft.date=1945&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00033794500201451&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistillation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerthelot1893" class="citation journal cs1">Berthelot, M. P. E. M. (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IisDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA85">"The Discovery of Alcohol and Distillation"</a>. <i>The Popular Science Monthly</i>. <b>XLIII</b>: 85–94. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171129151553/https://books.google.com/books?id=IisDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA85">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Popular+Science+Monthly&rft.atitle=The+Discovery+of+Alcohol+and+Distillation&rft.volume=XLIII&rft.pages=85-94&rft.date=1893&rft.aulast=Berthelot&rft.aufirst=M.+P.+E.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIisDAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistillation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_(archaeologist)" title="John Marshall (archaeologist)">John Marshall</a>, <i>Taxila</i>, <b>2</b>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IOnUugEACAAJ&q=water-condensers&pg=PA420">420</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221213050510/https://books.google.com/books?id=IOnUugEACAAJ&newbks=0&lpg=PP1&vq=water-condensers&pg=PA420">Archived</a> 13 December 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 1951</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frank Raymond Allchin, "India: the ancient home of distillation?" <i>Man</i>, New Series <b>14</b>:1:55-63 (1979) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.samorini.it/doc1/alt_aut/ad/allchin-india-the-ancient-home-of-distillation.pdf">full text</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191220212010/https://www.samorini.it/doc1/alt_aut/ad/allchin-india-the-ancient-home-of-distillation.pdf">Archived</a> 20 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Javed Husain, "The So-Called 'Distillery' at Shaikhan Dheri - A Case Study", <i>Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society</i> <b>41</b>:3:289-314 (Jul 1, 1993)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frank Raymond Allchin, "India: the ancient home of distillation?" <i>Man</i>, New Series <b>14</b>:1:55-63 (1979) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.samorini.it/doc1/alt_aut/ad/allchin-india-the-ancient-home-of-distillation.pdf">full text</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191220212010/https://www.samorini.it/doc1/alt_aut/ad/allchin-india-the-ancient-home-of-distillation.pdf">Archived</a> 20 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-habib-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-habib_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Irfan_Habib" title="Irfan Habib">Habib, Irfan</a> (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K8kO4J3mXUAC&pg=PA55"><i>Economic History of Medieval India, 1200–1500</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Pearson_Education" title="Pearson Education">Pearson Education</a>. p. 55. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788131727911" title="Special:BookSources/9788131727911">9788131727911</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haw-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Haw_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haw_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Haw_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaw,_Stephen_G.2012" class="citation book cs1">Haw, Stephen G. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DSfvfr8VQSEC&pg=PA148">"Wine, women and poison"</a>. <i>Marco Polo in China</i>. Routledge. pp. 147–148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-27542-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-27542-7"><bdi>978-1-134-27542-7</bdi></a>. <q>The earliest possible period seems to be the Eastern Han dynasty ... the most likely period for the beginning of true distillation of spirits for drinking in China is during the Jin and Southern Song dynasties</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wine%2C+women+and+poison&rft.btitle=Marco+Polo+in+China&rft.pages=147-148&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-134-27542-7&rft.au=Haw%2C+Stephen+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDSfvfr8VQSEC%26pg%3DPA148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistillation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKraus1942–1943" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Kraus_(Arabist)" title="Paul Kraus (Arabist)">Kraus, Paul</a> (1942–1943). <i>Jâbir ibn Hayyân: Contribution à l'histoire des idées scientifiques dans l'Islam. I. Le corpus des écrits jâbiriens. II. Jâbir et la science grecque</i>. Cairo: Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783487091150" title="Special:BookSources/9783487091150"><bdi>9783487091150</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/468740510">468740510</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J%C3%A2bir+ibn+Hayy%C3%A2n%3A+Contribution+%C3%A0+l%27histoire+des+id%C3%A9es+scientifiques+dans+l%27Islam.+I.+Le+corpus+des+%C3%A9crits+j%C3%A2biriens.+II.+J%C3%A2bir+et+la+science+grecque&rft.place=Cairo&rft.pub=Institut+Fran%C3%A7ais+d%27Arch%C3%A9ologie+Orientale&rft.date=1942%2F1943&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F468740510&rft.isbn=9783487091150&rft.aulast=Kraus&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistillation" class="Z3988"></span> Vol. II, p. 5. On the attribution of the Latin translation to Gerard of Cremona, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnett2001" class="citation journal cs1">Burnett, Charles (2001). "The Coherence of the Arabic-Latin Translation Program in Toledo in the Twelfth Century". <i>Science in Context</i>. <b>14</b> (1–2): 249–288. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0269889701000096">10.1017/S0269889701000096</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143006568">143006568</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+in+Context&rft.atitle=The+Coherence+of+the+Arabic-Latin+Translation+Program+in+Toledo+in+the+Twelfth+Century&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=249-288&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0269889701000096&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143006568%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Burnett&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistillation" class="Z3988"></span> p. 280; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoureau2020" class="citation journal cs1">Moureau, Sébastien (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2078.1/211340">"Min al-kīmiyāʾ ad alchimiam. The Transmission of Alchemy from the Arab-Muslim World to the Latin West in the Middle Ages"</a>. <i>Micrologus</i>. <b>28</b>: 87–141. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2078.1%2F211340">2078.1/211340</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Micrologus&rft.atitle=Min+al-k%C4%ABmiy%C4%81%CA%BE+ad+alchimiam.+The+Transmission+of+Alchemy+from+the+Arab-Muslim+World+to+the+Latin+West+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.volume=28&rft.pages=87-141&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2078.1%2F211340&rft.aulast=Moureau&rft.aufirst=S%C3%A9bastien&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F2078.1%2F211340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistillation" class="Z3988"></span> pp. 106, 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_R._Newman" title="William R. Newman">Newman, William R.</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gdLk3YPZiLEC&pg=PA35">"Alchemy, Assaying, and Experiment"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Frederic_L._Holmes" title="Frederic L. Holmes">Holmes, Frederic L.</a>; Levere, Trevor H. (eds.). <i>Instruments and Experimentation in the History of Chemistry</i>. Cambridge: MIT Press. pp. 35–54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262082822" title="Special:BookSources/9780262082822"><bdi>9780262082822</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alchemy%2C+Assaying%2C+and+Experiment&rft.btitle=Instruments+and+Experimentation+in+the+History+of+Chemistry&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=35-54&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780262082822&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=William+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgdLk3YPZiLEC%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistillation" class="Z3988"></span> p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-Hassan2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Y._al-Hassan" title="Ahmad Y. al-Hassan">al-Hassan, Ahmad Y.</a> (2009). "Alcohol and the Distillation of Wine in Arabic Sources from the 8th Century". <i>Studies in al-Kimya': Critical Issues in Latin and Arabic Alchemy and Chemistry</i>. Hildesheim: Georg Olms Verlag. pp. 283–298.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alcohol+and+the+Distillation+of+Wine+in+Arabic+Sources+from+the+8th+Century&rft.btitle=Studies+in+al-Kimya%27%3A+Critical+Issues+in+Latin+and+Arabic+Alchemy+and+Chemistry&rft.place=Hildesheim&rft.pages=283-298&rft.pub=Georg+Olms+Verlag&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=al-Hassan&rft.aufirst=Ahmad+Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistillation" class="Z3988"></span> (same content also available on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history-science-technology.com/notes/notes7.html">the author's website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151229003135/http://www.history-science-technology.com/notes/notes7.html">Archived</a> 29 December 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>); cf. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerthelotHoudas1893" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Marcellin_Berthelot" title="Marcellin Berthelot">Berthelot, Marcellin</a>; Houdas, Octave V. (1893). <i>La Chimie au Moyen Âge</i>. Vol. I–III. Paris: Imprimerie nationale.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Chimie+au+Moyen+%C3%82ge&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Imprimerie+nationale&rft.date=1893&rft.aulast=Berthelot&rft.aufirst=Marcellin&rft.au=Houdas%2C+Octave+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistillation" class="Z3988"></span> vol. I, pp. 141, 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMulthauf1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Multhauf" title="Robert P. Multhauf">Multhauf, Robert P.</a> (1966). <i>The Origins of Chemistry</i>. London: Oldbourne. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782881245947" title="Special:BookSources/9782881245947"><bdi>9782881245947</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Chemistry&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Oldbourne&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=9782881245947&rft.aulast=Multhauf&rft.aufirst=Robert+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistillation" class="Z3988"></span> pp. 204–206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmyard1957" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_John_Holmyard" title="Eric John Holmyard">Holmyard, Eric John</a> (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7Bt-kwKRUzUC&pg=PA51"><i>Alchemy</i></a>. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-26298-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-26298-7"><bdi>978-0-486-26298-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alchemy&rft.place=Harmondsworth&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1957&rft.isbn=978-0-486-26298-7&rft.aulast=Holmyard&rft.aufirst=Eric+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7Bt-kwKRUzUC%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistillation" class="Z3988"></span> pp. 51–52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraunschweig1500" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Braunschweig" class="mw-redirect" title="Hieronymus Braunschweig">Braunschweig, Hieronymus</a> (1500). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bildsuche.digitale-sammlungen.de/index.html?c=viewer&bandnummer=bsb00031146&pimage=7&v=2p&nav=&l=de"><i>Liber de arte distillandi de simplicibus</i></a> [<i>The Book of the Art of Distillation out of Simple Ingredients</i>] (in German).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liber+de+arte+distillandi+de+simplicibus&rft.date=1500&rft.aulast=Braunschweig&rft.aufirst=Hieronymus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbildsuche.digitale-sammlungen.de%2Findex.html%3Fc%3Dviewer%26bandnummer%3Dbsb00031146%26pimage%3D7%26v%3D2p%26nav%3D%26l%3Dde&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistillation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boredpanda.com/these-are-5-oldest-companies-in-europe-even-heard-of-any-of-them/">"These Are 5 Oldest Companies In Europe. Ever Heard Of Any Of Them?"</a>. <i>Bored Panda</i>. 28 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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London: Richard Cotes.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Distillation&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Richard+Cotes&rft.date=1651&rft.aulast=French&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.levity.com%2Falchemy%2Fjfren_ar.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistillation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Distillation". <i>Industrial & Engineering Chemistry</i>. <b>28</b> (6): 677. 1936. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fie50318a015">10.1021/ie50318a015</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Industrial+%26+Engineering+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Distillation&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=677&rft.date=1936&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fie50318a015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistillation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121104173651/http://www.copper-alembic.com/manufacturing/specs_sealing.php">"Sealing Technique"</a>. <i>copper-alembic</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.copper-alembic.com/manufacturing/specs_sealing.php">the original</a> on 4 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=copper-alembic&rft.atitle=Sealing+Technique&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.copper-alembic.com%2Fmanufacturing%2Fspecs_sealing.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistillation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.essentialoil.com/alembic5.html">Traditional Alembic Pot Still</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061121163501/https://www.essentialoil.com/alembic5.html">Archived</a> 21 November 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, accessed 16 November 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Othmer-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Othmer_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Othmer_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Othmer, D. F. (1982) "Distillation – Some Steps in its Development", in W. F. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+History+Institute&rft.atitle=Making+the+Deserts+Bloom%3A+Harnessing+nature+to+deliver+us+from+drought%2C+Distillations+Podcast+and+transcript%2C+Episode+239&rft.date=2019-03-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencehistory.org%2Fdistillations%2Fpodcast%2Fmaking-the-deserts-bloom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistillation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080908000656/http://www.iupac.org/didac/Didac%20Eng/Didac05/Content/ST07.htm">ST07 Separation of liquid–liquid mixtures (solutions)</a>, DIDAC by <a href="/wiki/IUPAC" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC">IUPAC</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perry-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Perry_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perry_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perry_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perry_39-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerry,_Robert_H.Green,_Don_W.1984" class="citation book cs1">Perry, Robert H.; Green, Don W. 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(2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://j-pm.imet-db.ru/?archive&a=1573">"Разработка перспективных схем зонной дистилляции"</a> [Design of advanced processes of zone distillation]. <i>Perspectivnye Materialy</i> (in Russian) (7): 68–72.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Perspectivnye+Materialy&rft.atitle=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC+%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=68-72&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Kravchenko&rft.aufirst=A.+I.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fj-pm.imet-db.ru%2F%3Farchive%26a%3D1573&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistillation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolesnichenkoGoloverdaKolesnichenko2020" class="citation journal cs1">Kolesnichenko, I.V.; Goloverda, G.Z.; Kolesnichenko, V.L. 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(1992). <a href="/wiki/Distillation_Design" title="Distillation Design"><i>Distillation Design</i></a> (1st ed.). McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-034909-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-034909-4"><bdi>978-0-07-034909-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Distillation+Design&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-07-034909-4&rft.au=Kister%2C+Henry+Z.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistillation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SeaderHenley-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SeaderHenley_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeader,_J._D.Henley,_Ernest_J.1998" class="citation book cs1">Seader, J. 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Resources.schoolscience.co.uk. Retrieved on 2014-04-20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moore-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Moore_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moore, F., Rukovena, F. (August 1987) <i>Random Packing, Vapor and Liquid Distribution: Liquid and gas distribution in commercial packed towers</i>, Chemical Plants & Processing, Edition Europe, pp. 11–15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spiegel-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Spiegel_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpiegel2006" class="citation journal cs1">Spiegel, L (2006). 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"Commercial scale experiments that provide insight on packed tower distributors". <i>Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research</i>. <b>26</b> (9): 1845. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fie00069a021">10.1021/ie00069a021</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Industrial+%26+Engineering+Chemistry+Research&rft.atitle=Commercial+scale+experiments+that+provide+insight+on+packed+tower+distributors&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1845&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fie00069a021&rft.aulast=Kunesh&rft.aufirst=John+G.&rft.au=Lahm%2C+Lawrence&rft.au=Yanagi%2C+Takashi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistillation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distillation&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllchin1979" class="citation journal cs1">Allchin, F. R. (March 1979). "India: The Ancient Home of Distillation?". <i>Man</i>. <b>14</b> (1): 55–63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2801640">10.2307/2801640</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2801640">2801640</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Man&rft.atitle=India%3A+The+Ancient+Home+of+Distillation%3F&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=55-63&rft.date=1979-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2801640&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2801640%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Allchin&rft.aufirst=F.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistillation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeankoplis2003" class="citation book cs1">Geankoplis, Christie John (2003). <i>Transport Processes and Separation Process Principles</i> (4th ed.). Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-101367-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-101367-4"><bdi>978-0-13-101367-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transport+Processes+and+Separation+Process+Principles&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-13-101367-4&rft.aulast=Geankoplis&rft.aufirst=Christie+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistillation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Needham, Joseph (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JvLroG7r2MYC"><i>Science and Civilisation in China</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-08573-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-08573-X">0-521-08573-X</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distillation&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/distillation" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/distillation">distillation</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Distillation" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Distillation">Distillation</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.extension.purdue.edu/extmedia/AE/AE-117.html">Alcohol distillation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.members.tripod.com/historycheme/h_distill.html">Case Study: Petroleum Distillation</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cheric.org/research/kdb/hcvle/hcvle.php">"Binary Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Data"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(searchable database)</span>. Chemical Engineering Research Information Center<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Binary+Vapor-Liquid+Equilibrium+Data&rft.pub=Chemical+Engineering+Research+Information+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cheric.org%2Fresearch%2Fkdb%2Fhcvle%2Fhcvle.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADistillation" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Distillation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Distillation" title="Template:Distillation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Distillation" title="Template talk:Distillation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Distillation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Distillation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Distillation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Distillation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raoult%27s_law" title="Raoult's law">Raoult's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalton%27s_law" title="Dalton's law">Dalton's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflux" title="Reflux">Reflux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenske_equation" title="Fenske equation">Fenske equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCabe%E2%80%93Thiele_method" title="McCabe–Thiele method">McCabe–Thiele method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_plate" title="Theoretical plate">Theoretical plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partial_pressure" title="Partial pressure">Partial pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor%E2%80%93liquid_equilibrium" title="Vapor–liquid equilibrium">Vapor–liquid equilibrium</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Simple_distillation_apparatus.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Simple distillation apparatus"><img alt="Simple distillation apparatus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Simple_distillation_apparatus.svg/75px-Simple_distillation_apparatus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Simple_distillation_apparatus.svg/113px-Simple_distillation_apparatus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Simple_distillation_apparatus.svg/150px-Simple_distillation_apparatus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="392" data-file-height="520" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industrial processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batch_distillation" title="Batch distillation">Batch distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_distillation" title="Continuous distillation">Continuous distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractionating_column" title="Fractionating column">Fractionating column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinning_cone" title="Spinning cone">Spinning cone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laboratory methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alembic" title="Alembic">Alembic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kugelrohr" title="Kugelrohr">Kugelrohr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotary_evaporator" title="Rotary evaporator">Rotary evaporator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinning_band_distillation" title="Spinning band distillation">Spinning band distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Still" title="Still">Still</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azeotropic_distillation" title="Azeotropic distillation">Azeotropic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalytic_distillation" title="Catalytic distillation">Catalytic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destructive_distillation" title="Destructive distillation">Destructive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_distillation" title="Dry distillation">Dry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extractive_distillation" title="Extractive distillation">Extractive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractional_distillation" title="Fractional distillation">Fractional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactive_distillation" title="Reactive distillation">Reactive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt-effect_distillation" title="Salt-effect distillation">Salt-effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_distillation" title="Steam distillation">Steam-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_distillation" title="Vacuum distillation">Vacuum-based</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Separation_processes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Separation_processes" title="Template:Separation processes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Separation_processes" title="Template talk:Separation processes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Separation_processes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Separation processes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Separation_processes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Separation_process" title="Separation process">Separation processes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sorption" title="Sorption">Absorption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acid%E2%80%93base_extraction" title="Acid–base extraction">Acid–base extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adsorption" title="Adsorption">Adsorption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatography" title="Chromatography">Chromatography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-flow_filtration" title="Cross-flow filtration">Cross-flow filtration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystallization" title="Crystallization">Crystallization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclonic_separation" title="Cyclonic separation">Cyclonic separation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decantation" title="Decantation">Decantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialysis_(chemistry)" title="Dialysis (chemistry)">Dialysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolved_air_flotation" title="Dissolved air flotation">Dissolved air flotation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drying" title="Drying">Drying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrochromatography" title="Electrochromatography">Electrochromatography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrofiltration" title="Electrofiltration">Electrofiltration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraction_(chemistry)" title="Extraction (chemistry)">Extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filtration" title="Filtration">Filtration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flocculation" title="Flocculation">Flocculation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Froth_flotation" title="Froth flotation">Froth flotation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity_separation" title="Gravity separation">Gravity separation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaching_(chemistry)" title="Leaching (chemistry)">Leaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid%E2%80%93liquid_extraction" title="Liquid–liquid extraction">Liquid–liquid extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroextraction" title="Electroextraction">Electroextraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microfiltration" title="Microfiltration">Microfiltration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmosis" title="Osmosis">Osmosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(chemistry)" title="Precipitation (chemistry)">Precipitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recrystallization_(chemistry)" title="Recrystallization (chemistry)">Recrystallization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_osmosis" title="Reverse osmosis">Reverse osmosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedimentation_(water_treatment)" title="Sedimentation (water treatment)">Sedimentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-phase_extraction" title="Solid-phase extraction">Solid-phase extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sublimation_(phase_transition)" title="Sublimation (phase transition)">Sublimation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultrafiltration" title="Ultrafiltration">Ultrafiltration</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ChemSepProcDiagram.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Separation process schematic"><img alt="Separation process schematic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/ChemSepProcDiagram.svg/81px-ChemSepProcDiagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="81" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/ChemSepProcDiagram.svg/122px-ChemSepProcDiagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/ChemSepProcDiagram.svg/162px-ChemSepProcDiagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="658" data-file-height="510" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Devices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/API_oil%E2%80%93water_separator" title="API oil–water separator">API oil–water separator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_filter" title="Belt filter">Belt filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrifuge" title="Centrifuge">Centrifuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_filter" title="Depth filter">Depth filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_precipitator" title="Electrostatic precipitator">Electrostatic precipitator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporator" title="Evaporator">Evaporator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filter_press" title="Filter press">Filter press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fractionating_column" title="Fractionating column">Fractionating column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leachate" title="Leachate">Leachate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixer-settler" title="Mixer-settler">Mixer-settler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_skimmer" title="Protein skimmer">Protein skimmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_sand_filter" title="Rapid sand filter">Rapid sand filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotary_vacuum-drum_filter" title="Rotary vacuum-drum filter">Rotary vacuum-drum filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrubber" title="Scrubber">Scrubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinning_cone" title="Spinning cone">Spinning cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Still" title="Still">Still</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sublimation_apparatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sublimation apparatus">Sublimation apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_ceramic_filter" title="Vacuum ceramic filter">Vacuum ceramic filter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multiphase<br /> systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aqueous_two-phase_system" title="Aqueous two-phase system">Aqueous two-phase system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azeotrope" title="Azeotrope">Azeotrope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutectic_system" title="Eutectic system">Eutectic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unit_operation" title="Unit operation">Unit operation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101017#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th 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class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Distillation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119348119">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00575036">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="destilace"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph228473&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007557956505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span 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