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<li id="toc-Before_the_modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Before_the_modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Before the modern era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Before_the_modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Modern era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_millwrights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_millwrights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Modern millwrights</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_millwrights-sublist" class="cdx-button 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Craftsman or tradesman engaged with the erection of machinery</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Millwright</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Occupation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Occupation type</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Skilled_trades" class="mw-redirect" title="Skilled trades">Vocational</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Activity sectors</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">Construction</a><br />Industrial manufacturing</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Description</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Competencies</th><td class="infobox-data">Patience, steady hand, ability to read plans, physically strong</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Education required</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Training_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial Training Institute">Industrial Training Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apprenticeship" title="Apprenticeship">Apprenticeship</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Fields of<br />employment</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Construction<br />Industrial manufacturing</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related jobs</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Machinist" title="Machinist">Machinist</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maintenance_Technician&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maintenance Technician (page does not exist)">Maintenance Technician</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>millwright</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Master_craftsman" title="Master craftsman">craftsman</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tradesperson" title="Tradesperson">skilled tradesman</a> who installs, dismantles, maintains, repairs, reassembles, and moves machinery in factories, power plants, and construction sites.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i>millwright</i> (also known as <i>industrial mechanic</i><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is mainly used in the United States, Canada and <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> to describe members belonging to a particular trade. Other countries use different terms to describe tradesmen engaging in similar activities. Related but distinct crafts include <a href="/wiki/Machinist" title="Machinist">machinists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mechanic" title="Mechanic">mechanics</a> and mechanical fitters. </p><p>As the name suggests, the original function of a millwright was the construction of <a href="/wiki/Gristmill" title="Gristmill">flour mills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sawmill" title="Sawmill">sawmills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paper_mill" title="Paper mill">paper mills</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fulling" title="Fulling">fulling mills</a> powered by <a href="/wiki/Watermill" title="Watermill">water</a> or <a href="/wiki/Windmill" title="Windmill">wind</a>, made mostly of wood with a limited number of metal parts.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the use of these structures originates in antiquity, millwrighting could arguably be considered one of the oldest engineering trades and the forerunner of modern mechanical engineering.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In modern usage, a millwright is engaged with the erection of machinery. This includes such tasks as leveling, aligning, and installing machinery on foundations or base plates, or setting, leveling, and aligning <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">electric motors</a> or other power sources such as turbines with the equipment, which millwrights typically connect with some type of <a href="/wiki/Coupling" title="Coupling">coupling</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millwright&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Before_the_modern_era">Before the modern era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millwright&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Before the modern era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Originally, millwrights were specialized <a href="/wiki/Carpentry" title="Carpentry">carpenters</a> who completely designed and constructed mills. Having a working knowledge of <a href="/wiki/Drive_shaft" title="Drive shaft">drive shafts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bearing_(mechanical)" title="Bearing (mechanical)">bearings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gear_train" title="Gear train">gearing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belt_(mechanical)" title="Belt (mechanical)">mechanical belts</a>, they executed every type of engineering operation in the construction of these mills. They designed the patterns of the water wheel systems, carved their gear mechanisms, and finally erected the mill machines.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a> millwrights invented the two main components of watermills, the waterwheel and toothed gearing. Greeks, along with the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Romans</a>, were the first to operate undershot, overshot and breastshot waterwheel mills.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Muslim millwrights adopted the Greek watermill technology from the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, where it had been applied for centuries in those provinces conquered by the Muslims. They used several solutions to achieve the maximum output from watermills, by either mounting them to <a href="/wiki/Pier" title="Pier">piers</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bridge" title="Bridge">bridges</a> to take advantage of the increased flow or by using a shipmill, a type of watermill powered by water wheels mounted on the sides of ships <a href="/wiki/Mooring" title="Mooring">moored</a> in <a href="/wiki/Midstream" title="Midstream">midstream</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Medieval Europe, millwrights built the first industrial mills which introduced new innovative uses of waterpower. A survey of the types introduced in Western Europe was conducted by Adam Robert Lucas.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In China, in the late 14th century, the millwrights were known as <i>jiang</i> and <i>kong</i> (a special term for artisan-engineers) and existed at an early age. They learned their craft on the shop floor, in a kind of apprenticeship scheme.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/William_Fairbairn" title="William Fairbairn">Sir William Fairbairn</a>, a millwright of the late 19th century, wrote in his "Treatise on Mills and Millwork", "...the millwright of the late centuries was an itinerant engineer and mechanic of high reputation. He could handle the axe, the hammer, and the plane with equal skill and precision...he could set out and cut in the furrows of a millstone with an accuracy equal or superior to that of the miller himself."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millwright&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Modern era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The introduction of the steam engine and the increasing importance of iron and steel changed the global industrial landscape. It created specialisation and the birth of new trades (<a href="/wiki/Turning" title="Turning">turners</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fitter_(occupation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fitter (occupation)">fitters</a>, machine makers, and <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_engineering" title="Mechanical engineering">mechanical engineers</a>). It also changed the traditional job of the millwright. </p><p>As James F. Hobart wrote in his book <i>Millwrighting</i>, "The ancient type of millwright has passed away. He has gone with the old time carpenter and obsolete shoemaker - the former with 500 pounds of molding planes and woodworking tools, the latter with nothing but pegging and sewing awls, hammer, and knife..."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through the 20th century, the trade adapted to the change. Modern millwrights work with <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> and other materials and must often combine the skills of other mechanical trades in order to successfully install industrial machinery or to assemble machines from pre-fabricated parts. Modern millwrights must also be able to read <a href="/wiki/Blueprint" title="Blueprint">blueprints</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Schematic" title="Schematic">schematics</a> to aid them in the construction of complex systems. Millwrights are frequently <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">unionized</a>, with estimated numbers of around 45% in the US.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_millwrights">Modern millwrights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millwright&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Modern millwrights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_characteristics">General characteristics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millwright&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: General characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Millwrights install, maintain, repair and troubleshoot stationary industrial machinery and mechanical equipment in sites such as factories, production plants and recreational facilities. However, the exact duties of a millwright vary depending on whether they are unionized or not, with union rules typically being more restrictive than non-union situations, which may have their own <a href="/wiki/Job_description" title="Job description">job description</a>. </p><p>On a typical job millwrights:<sup id="cite_ref-tradesecrets_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tradesecrets-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>read diagrams and schematic drawings and service manuals to determine work procedures</li> <li>operate rigging equipment and dollies to place heavy machinery and parts</li> <li>fit bearings, align gears and shafts, attach motors, and connect couplings and belts to precise tolerances</li> <li>align and test equipment, and make any necessary adjustments</li> <li>perform predictive and operational procedures</li> <li>repair or replace defective parts</li> <li>service and repair hydraulic and pneumatic systems</li> <li>may do some welding (when not structural) and tack welding (a weld that is adequate in size to temporarily hold components in place until it can be completely welded by a registered apprentice welder or a journeyman welder when it is structural) and fabrication as well as maintain an inventory of replacement parts.</li> <li>may install concrete for supports or flooring as needed.</li></ul> <p>Modern standards of practice for millwrights also require working: </p> <ul><li>within precise limits or standards of accuracy</li> <li>at heights without fear</li> <li>using of logical step-by-step procedures in work</li> <li>planning, solving problems and decision-making based on quantifiable information.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Areas_of_specialty">Areas of specialty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millwright&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Areas of specialty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Millwrights by nature of their profession have to be extremely well versed in many aspects of construction/demobilization. They may install a <a href="/wiki/Conveyor_system" title="Conveyor system">conveyor system</a> at an airport one week and the following week work at an <a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">industrial wastewater treatment</a> plant. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Power_industry">Power industry</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millwright&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Power industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Millwrights in the power generation industry can assemble, set, align and balance <a href="/wiki/Turbine" title="Turbine">turbines</a> or rotors, as well as install pumps, valves, cranes, fans, and travelling screens. Millwrights also perform critical lifts involving major components to be flown level at up to and within .005 inch (5 thousandths of an inch). Because of their training and expertise, Millwrights are generally chosen to work on tasks associated with flying and setting heavy machinery. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Training_and_education">Training and education</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millwright&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Training and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Millwrights are also in demand as teachers for vocational programs, both at the high school level and in post-secondary institutions. Many high schools feature fabrication courses that include metal work, where the experience of a qualified millwright is valuable. Often, these millwrights are paid a premium based on their years of field experience.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Training">Training</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millwright&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Training"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Millwrights must have a good understanding of <a href="/wiki/Fluid_mechanics" title="Fluid mechanics">fluid mechanics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hydraulics" title="Hydraulics">hydraulics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pneumatics" title="Pneumatics">pneumatics</a>), and all of the components involved in these processes, such as <a href="/wiki/Valve" title="Valve">valves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_(engine)" title="Cylinder (engine)">cylinders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pump" title="Pump">pumps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Compressor" title="Compressor">compressors</a>. </p><p>They are also trained to work with a wide array of precision tools, such as <a href="/wiki/Calipers" title="Calipers">calipers</a>, micrometers, dial indicators, levels, gauge blocks, and optical and laser alignment tooling. </p><p>Most millwrights are educated through <a href="/wiki/Apprenticeship" title="Apprenticeship">apprenticeship</a> programs where they receive a combination of classroom education along with a good deal of on-the-job training. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>, the term of apprenticeship for a millwright is four years (four 12-month periods) including a minimum of 1560 hours of on-the-job training and eight weeks of technical training each year.<sup id="cite_ref-tradesecrets_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tradesecrets-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within the Steelworkers Union, known as the United Steelworkers or USW, the largest Industrial Union in North America, there is also a mix of both classroom and on-the-job training. Upon successful completion of required testing in blueprints, hydraulics, pneumatics, rigging, pipefitting, welding, burning, gears, couplings, and other various types of mechanical fasteners and machinery, as well as mobile equipment and other heavy machinery. A typical millwright serves a 4- year apprenticeship before becoming a journeyman. </p><p>Apprentices are usually paid a percentage of the average millwright's wage, and this percentage increases with experience. </p><p>A typical training course, to qualify as a millwright, may include, among others, the following:<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaft_alignment" title="Shaft alignment">Shaft alignment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigging_(material_handling)" title="Rigging (material handling)">Rigging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welding" title="Welding">Welding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machining" title="Machining">Machining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_wiring" title="Electrical wiring">Electrical wiring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">Steel</a> fabrication</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conveyor_system" title="Conveyor system">Conveyor systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_turbine" title="Steam turbine">Steam turbine</a> installation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_turbine" title="Gas turbine">Gas turbine</a> installation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueprint" title="Blueprint">Blueprint</a> basic, intermediate and advanced</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety" title="Safety">Safety</a> basic, intermediate and advanced</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_history" title="Labor history">Labor history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associate_degree" title="Associate degree">Associate degree</a> classes</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millwright&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In South Africa, the millwright trade (especially focused on the mining sector) enjoys a far more versatile description than in most other countries.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Fields wherein South African millwrights may operate include: </p> <ul><li>Low-, medium- and high-voltage electrical fault finding, installation, and maintenance.</li> <li>PLC maintenance, installations, operations and fault finding.</li> <li>Fitting; installation and maintenance of most mechanical equipment, as well as hydraulic and pneumatic systems.</li> <li>Steelworks, rigging,</li> <li>and various other miscellaneous fields all depending on the site, company, Mine Health and Safety Act, personal interest and specialization.</li></ul> <p>At most trades training centers, prospective millwright artisans are required to have a certain level of theoretical certification (e.g. N3-Nated- certificate) and psychometric characteristics, judged by thorough testing, in order to qualify for the foundation practical and theoretical technical training. </p><p>After being trained in a multitude of different fields, novice, unqualified Millwrights enter in an apprenticeship for "on-the-job" training. There they work alongside all available artisans regardless of trade, depending on the institution. Once they meet a structured quota of experience and pass the necessary modules, apprentices have two months to prepare for their practical Trade Test. After they passed, they receive the certification and status of a qualified Millwright Tradesman.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once millwrights qualify, they have the opportunity to qualify as technicians, engineers, planners, foremen and many other routes requiring mainly electrical and mechanical expertise. </p><p>Many millwrights choose to enter the private sector to work on a contractual basis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prominent_historical_millwrights">Prominent historical millwrights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millwright&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Prominent historical millwrights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of prominent early-modern <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineer" title="Civil engineer">civil engineers</a> originally trained as millwrights, including: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Brindley" title="James Brindley">James Brindley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rennie_the_Elder" title="John Rennie the Elder">John Rennie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Fairbairn" title="William Fairbairn">William Fairbairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Evans" title="Oliver Evans">Oliver Evans</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millwright&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stationary_engineer" title="Stationary engineer">Stationary engineer</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millwright&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sokanu.com/careers/millwright/">"Millwright"</a>. <i>sokanu.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sokanu.com&rft.atitle=Millwright&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sokanu.com%2Fcareers%2Fmillwright%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMillwright" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itabc.ca/program/industrial-mechanic-millwright">"Industry Training Authority (ITA)"</a>. <i>itabc.ca</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=itabc.ca&rft.atitle=Industry+Training+Authority+%28ITA%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itabc.ca%2Fprogram%2Findustrial-mechanic-millwright&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMillwright" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvansCadwallader_EvansThomas_Ellicott1848" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Oliver; Cadwallader Evans; Thomas Ellicott (1848). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UEW7-CQPFoUC"><i>The young mill-wright and miller's guide, 12th edition</i></a>. Lea & Blanchard.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+young+mill-wright+and+miller%27s+guide%2C+12th+edition&rft.pub=Lea+%26+Blanchard&rft.date=1848&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft.au=Cadwallader+Evans&rft.au=Thomas+Ellicott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUEW7-CQPFoUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMillwright" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unionmillwright.com/">"Union Millwrights Machine Erectors"</a>. <i>UnionMillwright.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UnionMillwright.com&rft.atitle=Union+Millwrights+Machine+Erectors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unionmillwright.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMillwright" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOliver" class="citation web cs1">Oliver, Ron. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unionmillwright.com/history.html">"Millwright History"</a>. <i>UnionMillwright.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UnionMillwright.com&rft.atitle=Millwright+History&rft.aulast=Oliver&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unionmillwright.com%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMillwright" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOleson1984">Oleson 1984</a>, pp. 325ff.; <a href="#CITEREFOleson2000">Oleson 2000</a>, pp. 217–302; <a href="#CITEREFDonnersWaelkensDeckers2002">Donners, Waelkens & Deckers 2002</a>, pp. 10–15; <a href="#CITEREFWikander2000">Wikander 2000</a>, pp. 371–400</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.swipnet.se/islam/articles/HistoryofSciences.htm">HistoryofSciences.htm</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071225091836/http://home.swipnet.se/islam/articles/HistoryofSciences.htm">Archived</a> 2007-12-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adam Robert Lucas, 'Industrial Milling in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds. A Survey of the Evidence for an Industrial Revolution in Medieval Europe', <i>Technology and Culture</i>, Vol. 46, (January 2005), pp. 1–30 (17).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrakJan_Luiten_van_Zanden2013" class="citation book cs1">Prak, Maarten; Jan Luiten van Zanden; et al. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yjoOvBeI3RsC&q=Technology%2C+Skills+and+the+Pre-Modern+Economy+in+the+East+and+the+West&pg=PR12"><i>Technology, Skills and the Pre-Modern Economy in the East and the West, Essays Dedicated to the Memory of S. R. Epstein</i></a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004251571" title="Special:BookSources/9789004251571"><bdi>9789004251571</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Technology%2C+Skills+and+the+Pre-Modern+Economy+in+the+East+and+the+West%2C+Essays+Dedicated+to+the+Memory+of+S.+R.+Epstein&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9789004251571&rft.aulast=Prak&rft.aufirst=Maarten&rft.au=Jan+Luiten+van+Zanden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyjoOvBeI3RsC%26q%3DTechnology%252C%2BSkills%2Band%2Bthe%2BPre-Modern%2BEconomy%2Bin%2Bthe%2BEast%2Band%2Bthe%2BWest%26pg%3DPR12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMillwright" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFairbairn,_William1863" class="citation book cs1">Fairbairn, William (1863). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5zkDAAAAQAAJ"><i>Treatise on Mills and Millwork, Part I</i></a>. London: Longmans, Green and Company<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Treatise+on+Mills+and+Millwork%2C+Part+I&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+and+Company&rft.date=1863&rft.au=Fairbairn%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5zkDAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMillwright" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobart,_James_F._(James_Francis)1919" class="citation book cs1">Hobart, James F. (James Francis) (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forgottenbooks.com/readbook_text/Millwrighting_1000179923/11"><i>Millwrighting</i></a> (2nd ed., rev. and enl ed.). McGraw-Hill Book Company, inc.; [etc., etc.]<span class="reference-accessdate"> Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Millwrighting&rft.edition=2nd+ed.%2C+rev.+and+enl&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Book+Company%2C+inc.%3B+%5Betc.%2C+etc.%5D&rft.date=1919&rft.au=Hobart%2C+James+F.+%28James+Francis%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forgottenbooks.com%2Freadbook_text%2FMillwrighting_1000179923%2F11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMillwright" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unionstats.com/">unionstats.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tradesecrets-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tradesecrets_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tradesecrets_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_of_Alberta2012" class="citation web cs1">Government of Alberta (September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tradesecrets.alberta.ca/trades-occupations/profiles/016/">"Tradesecrets - Millwright"</a>. <i>Tradesecrets</i>. <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a> Government<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tradesecrets&rft.atitle=Tradesecrets+-+Millwright&rft.date=2012-09&rft.au=Government+of+Alberta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftradesecrets.alberta.ca%2Ftrades-occupations%2Fprofiles%2F016%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMillwright" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nccer.org/millwright">millwright</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://financialresults.co.za/2011/exxaro_ar2010/pr-sp-human-resources.html">"Exxaro Integrated Annual Report 2010 - Human resources"</a>. <i>FinancialResults.co.za</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FinancialResults.co.za&rft.atitle=Exxaro+Integrated+Annual+Report+2010+-+Human+resources&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffinancialresults.co.za%2F2011%2Fexxaro_ar2010%2Fpr-sp-human-resources.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMillwright" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Millwright&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonnersWaelkensDeckers2002" class="citation cs2">Donners, K.; Waelkens, M.; Deckers, J. (2002), "Water Mills in the Area of Sagalassos: A Disappearing Ancient Technology", <i>Anatolian Studies</i>, vol. 52, British Institute at Ankara, pp. 1–17, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3643076">10.2307/3643076</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3643076">3643076</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163811541">163811541</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anatolian+Studies&rft.atitle=Water+Mills+in+the+Area+of+Sagalassos%3A+A+Disappearing+Ancient+Technology&rft.volume=52&rft.pages=1-17&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163811541%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3643076%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3643076&rft.aulast=Donners&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Waelkens%2C+M.&rft.au=Deckers%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMillwright" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOleson1984" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_Peter_Oleson" title="John Peter Oleson">Oleson, John Peter</a> (1984), <i>Greek and Roman Mechanical Water-Lifting Devices: The History of a Technology</i>, University of Toronto Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-277-1693-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-277-1693-5"><bdi>90-277-1693-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+and+Roman+Mechanical+Water-Lifting+Devices%3A+The+History+of+a+Technology&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=90-277-1693-5&rft.aulast=Oleson&rft.aufirst=John+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMillwright" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOleson2000" class="citation cs2">Oleson, John Peter (2000), "Water-Lifting", in <a href="/wiki/%C3%96rjan_Wikander" title="Örjan Wikander">Wikander, Örjan</a> (ed.), <i>Handbook of Ancient Water Technology</i>, Technology and Change in History, vol. 2, Leiden: Brill, pp. 217–302, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11123-9" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-11123-9"><bdi>90-04-11123-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Water-Lifting&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Ancient+Water+Technology&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Technology+and+Change+in+History&rft.pages=217-302&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=90-04-11123-9&rft.aulast=Oleson&rft.aufirst=John+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMillwright" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWikander2000" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/%C3%96rjan_Wikander" title="Örjan Wikander">Wikander, Örjan</a> (2000), "The Water-Mill", in Wikander, Örjan (ed.), <i>Handbook of Ancient Water Technology</i>, Technology and Change in History, vol. 2, Leiden: Brill, pp. 371–400, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11123-9" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-11123-9"><bdi>90-04-11123-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Water-Mill&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Ancient+Water+Technology&rft.place=Leiden&rft.series=Technology+and+Change+in+History&rft.pages=371-400&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=90-04-11123-9&rft.aulast=Wikander&rft.aufirst=%C3%96rjan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMillwright" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Computer-aided_engineering" title="Category:Computer-aided engineering">Computer-aided<br />engineering</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2.5D_(machining)" title="2.5D (machining)">2.5D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_design" title="Computer-aided design">CAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_manufacturing" title="Computer-aided manufacturing">CAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-code" title="G-code">G-code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerical_control" title="Numerical control">Numerical control (NC and CNC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewart_platform" title="Stewart platform">Stewart platform</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Hole_making" title="Category:Hole making">Drilling</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Category:Threading_(manufacturing)" title="Category:Threading (manufacturing)">threading</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Die_head" title="Die head">Die head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drill" title="Drill">Drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drill_bit" title="Drill bit">Drill bit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drill_bit_shank" title="Drill bit shank">Drill bit shank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drill_bit_sizes" title="Drill bit sizes">Drill bit sizes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drilling" title="Drilling">Drilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_drill_and_tap_sizes" title="List of drill and tap sizes">List of drill and tap sizes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tap_and_die" title="Tap and die">Tap and die</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tap_wrench" title="Tap wrench">Tap wrench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threading_(manufacturing)" title="Threading (manufacturing)">Threading</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Grinding_and_lapping" title="Category:Grinding and lapping">Grinding and<br />lapping</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrasive" title="Abrasive">Abrasive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abrasive_machining" title="Abrasive machining">Abrasive machining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angle_grinder" title="Angle grinder">Angle grinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bench_grinder" title="Bench grinder">Bench grinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coated_abrasive" class="mw-redirect" title="Coated abrasive">Coated abrasive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cylindrical_grinder" title="Cylindrical grinder">Cylindrical grinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharpening_stone#Diamond_plate" title="Sharpening stone">Diamond plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flick_grinder" class="mw-redirect" title="Flick grinder">Flick grinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinding_(abrasive_cutting)" title="Grinding (abrasive cutting)">Grinding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinding_dresser" title="Grinding dresser">Grinding dresser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinding_machine" title="Grinding machine">Grinding machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinding_wheel" title="Grinding wheel">Grinding wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jig_grinder" title="Jig grinder">Jig grinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapping" title="Lapping">Lapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandpaper" title="Sandpaper">Sanding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharpening_stone" title="Sharpening stone">Sharpening stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spark_testing" title="Spark testing">Spark testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_grinding" title="Surface grinding">Surface grinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tool_and_cutter_grinder" title="Tool and cutter grinder">Tool and cutter grinder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Machining" title="Category:Machining">Machining</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boring_(manufacturing)" title="Boring (manufacturing)">Boring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broaching_(metalworking)" title="Broaching (metalworking)">Broaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_discharge_machining" title="Electrical discharge machining">Electrical discharge machining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrochemical_machining" title="Electrochemical machining">Electrochemical machining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron-beam_machining" title="Electron-beam machining">Electron-beam machining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_mill" title="End mill">End mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">Engraving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facing_(machining)" title="Facing (machining)">Facing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobbing" title="Hobbing">Hobbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jig_borer" title="Jig borer">Jig borer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_tool" title="Machine tool">Machine tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machining" title="Machining">Machining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_lathe" title="Metal lathe">Metal lathe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milling_(machining)" title="Milling (machining)">Milling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milling_cutter" title="Milling cutter">Milling cutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantograph" title="Pantograph">Pantograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photochemical_machining" title="Photochemical machining">Photochemical machining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planer_(metalworking)" title="Planer (metalworking)">Planer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reamer" title="Reamer">Reamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotary_transfer_machine" title="Rotary transfer machine">Rotary transfer machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaper" title="Shaper">Shaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skiving_(metalworking)" title="Skiving (metalworking)">Skiving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning" title="Turning">Turning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultrasonic_machining" title="Ultrasonic machining">Ultrasonic machining</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Machine_tools" title="Category:Machine tools">Machine tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angle_plate" title="Angle plate">Angle plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_(engineering)" title="Chuck (engineering)">Chuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collet" title="Collet">Collet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fixture_(tool)" title="Fixture (tool)">Fixture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indexing_head" title="Indexing head">Indexing head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jig_(tool)" title="Jig (tool)">Jig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lathe_center" title="Lathe center">Lathe center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_taper" title="Machine taper">Machine taper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_switchable_device" title="Magnetic switchable device">Magnetic switchable device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandrel" title="Mandrel">Mandrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotary_table" title="Rotary table">Rotary table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiggler_(tool)" title="Wiggler (tool)">Wiggler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cutting_fluid" title="Cutting fluid">Cutting fluid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machining_vibrations" title="Machining vibrations">Machining vibrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speeds_and_feeds" title="Speeds and feeds">Speeds and feeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarf" title="Swarf">Swarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_tolerance" title="Engineering tolerance">Tolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tool_and_die_maker" title="Tool and die maker">Tool and die making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tramp_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Tramp oil">Tramp oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workpiece" title="Workpiece">Workpiece</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Metalworking_navbox/tool" title="Template:Metalworking navbox/tool"><abbr title="View this 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saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_cutting" title="Laser cutting">Laser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miter_saw" title="Miter saw">Miter saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasma_cutting" title="Plasma cutting">Plasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_jet_cutter" title="Water jet cutter">Water jet cutter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Metalworking_cutting_tools" title="Category:Metalworking cutting tools">Cutting tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broaching_(metalworking)" title="Broaching (metalworking)">Broach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burr_(cutter)" title="Burr (cutter)">Burr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chisel" title="Chisel">Chisel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterbore" title="Counterbore">Counterbore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countersink" title="Countersink">Countersink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_mill" title="End mill">End mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_(tool)" title="File (tool)">File</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_scraper" title="Hand scraper">Hand scraper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milling_cutter" title="Milling cutter">Milling cutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nibbler" title="Nibbler">Nibbler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxy-fuel_welding_and_cutting" title="Oxy-fuel welding and cutting">Oxy-fuel cutting torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reamer" title="Reamer">Reamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shear_(sheet_metal)" title="Shear (sheet metal)">Shears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipped_tool" title="Tipped tool">Tipped tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tool_bit" title="Tool bit">Tool bit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forming tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brake_(sheet_metal_bending)" title="Brake (sheet metal bending)">Brake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_(manufacturing)" title="Die (manufacturing)">Die</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_wheel" title="English wheel">English wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_press" title="Hydraulic press">Hydraulic press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_press" title="Machine press">Machine press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punch_press" title="Punch press">Punch press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screw_press" title="Screw press">Screw press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamping_press" title="Stamping press">Stamping press</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metalworking_hand_tool" title="Metalworking hand tool">Hand tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clamp_(tool)" title="Clamp (tool)">Clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combination_square" title="Combination square">Combination square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drift_pin" title="Drift pin">Drift pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hacksaw" title="Hacksaw">Hacksaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer" title="Hammer">Hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_scraper" title="Hand scraper">Hand scraper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machinist_square" title="Machinist square">Machinist square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needlegun_scaler" title="Needlegun scaler">Needlegun scaler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piercing_saw" title="Piercing saw">Piercing saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliers" title="Pliers">Pliers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punch_(tool)" title="Punch (tool)">Punch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scriber" title="Scriber">Scriber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tap_and_die" title="Tap and die">Tap and die</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongs" title="Tongs">Tongs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vise" title="Vise">Vise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workbench" title="Workbench">Workbench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrench" title="Wrench">Wrench</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Machine_tool" title="Machine tool">Machine tooling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angle_plate" title="Angle plate">Angle plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_(engineering)" title="Chuck (engineering)">Chuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collet" title="Collet">Collet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fixture_(tool)" title="Fixture (tool)">Fixture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indexing_head" title="Indexing head">Indexing head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jig_(tool)" title="Jig (tool)">Jig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lathe_center" title="Lathe center">Lathe center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_taper" title="Machine taper">Machine taper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_switchable_device" title="Magnetic switchable device">Magnetic switchable device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandrel" title="Mandrel">Mandrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotary_table" title="Rotary table">Rotary table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiggler_(tool)" title="Wiggler (tool)">Wiggler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Metalworking_measuring_instruments" title="Category:Metalworking measuring instruments">Measuring instruments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bore_gauge" title="Bore gauge">Bore gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calipers" title="Calipers">Caliper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_gauge" title="Center gauge">Center gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indicator_(distance_amplifying_instrument)" title="Indicator (distance amplifying instrument)">Dial indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineer%27s_blue" title="Engineer's blue">Engineer's blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineer%27s_spirit_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Engineer's spirit level">Engineer's spirit level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeler_gauge" title="Feeler gauge">Feeler gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauge_(instrument)" title="Gauge (instrument)">Gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauge_block" title="Gauge block">Gauge block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go/no_go_gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Go/no go gauge">Go/no go gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Height_gauge" title="Height gauge">Height gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machinist_square" title="Machinist square">Machinist square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marking_blue" title="Marking blue">Marking blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marking_gauge" title="Marking gauge">Marking gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marking_out" title="Marking out">Marking out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micrometer_(device)" title="Micrometer (device)">Micrometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_comparator" title="Optical comparator">Optical comparator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radius_gauge" title="Radius gauge">Radius gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruler" title="Ruler">Ruler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sine_bar" title="Sine bar">Sine bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straightedge" title="Straightedge">Straightedge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_plate" title="Surface plate">Surface plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_measure" title="Tape measure">Tape measure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thread_pitch_gauge" title="Thread pitch gauge">Thread pitch gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernier_scale" title="Vernier scale">Vernier scale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metalsmith" title="Metalsmith">Smithing tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anvil" title="Anvil">Anvil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forge" title="Forge">Forge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuller_(metalworking)" title="Fuller (metalworking)">Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardy_tool" title="Hardy tool">Hardy tools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pritchel" title="Pritchel">Pritchel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steam_hammer" title="Steam hammer">Steam hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swage_block" title="Swage block">Swage block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trip_hammer" title="Trip hammer">Trip hammer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casting" title="Casting">Casting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_fabrication" title="Metal fabrication">Fabrication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forming_processes" title="Forming processes">Forming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">Jewellery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machining" title="Machining">Machining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metalsmith" title="Metalsmith">Smithing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_metalworking" title="Outline of metalworking">Tools and terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welding" title="Welding">Welding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Construction" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Construction_overview" title="Template:Construction overview"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Construction_overview" title="Template talk:Construction overview"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Construction_overview" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Construction overview"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Construction" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">Construction</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Home_construction" title="Home construction">Home construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_construction" title="Offshore construction">Offshore construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_construction" title="Underground construction">Underground construction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_construction" title="Tunnel construction">Tunnel construction</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture" title="History of architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_construction" title="History of construction">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_structural_engineering" title="History of structural engineering">Structural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_architecture" title="Timeline of architecture">Timeline of architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_water_supply_and_sanitation" title="History of water supply and sanitation">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architect" title="Architect">Architect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_engineer" title="Building engineer">Building engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_estimator" title="Building estimator">Building estimator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_officials" title="Building officials">Building officials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartered_Building_Surveyor" title="Chartered Building Surveyor">Chartered Building Surveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_engineer" title="Civil engineer">Civil engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_estimator" title="Civil estimator">Civil estimator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerk_of_works" title="Clerk of works">Clerk of works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_manager" title="Project manager">Project manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantity_surveyor" title="Quantity surveyor">Quantity surveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Site_manager" title="Site manager">Site manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_engineer" title="Structural engineer">Structural engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superintendent_(construction)" title="Superintendent (construction)">Superintendent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trades workers<br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_construction_trades" title="List of construction trades">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banksman" title="Banksman">Banksman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boilermaker" title="Boilermaker">Boilermaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricklayer" title="Bricklayer">Bricklayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpentry" title="Carpentry">Carpenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete_finisher" title="Concrete finisher">Concrete finisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_foreman" title="Construction foreman">Construction foreman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_worker" title="Construction worker">Construction worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrician" title="Electrician">Electrician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glazier" title="Glazier">Glazier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ironworker" title="Ironworker">Ironworker</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Millwright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasterer" title="Plasterer">Plasterer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumber" title="Plumber">Plumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roofer" title="Roofer">Roofer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_fixer" title="Steel fixer">Steel fixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welder" title="Welder">Welder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Constructors" title="American Institute of Constructors">American Institute of Constructors</a> (AIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Civil_Engineers" title="American Society of Civil Engineers">American Society of Civil Engineers</a> (ASCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asbestos_Testing_and_Consultancy_Association" title="Asbestos Testing and Consultancy Association">Asbestos Testing and Consultancy Association</a> (ATAC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associated_General_Contractors_of_America" title="Associated General Contractors of America">Associated General Contractors of America</a> (AGC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Plumbing_and_Heating_Contractors" title="Association of Plumbing and Heating Contractors">Association of Plumbing and Heating Contractors</a> (APHC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Build_UK" title="Build UK">Build UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_History_Society" title="Construction History Society">Construction History Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartered_Institution_of_Civil_Engineering_Surveyors" title="Chartered Institution of Civil Engineering Surveyors">Chartered Institution of Civil Engineering Surveyors</a> (CICES)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartered_Institute_of_Plumbing_and_Heating_Engineering" title="Chartered Institute of Plumbing and Heating Engineering">Chartered Institute of Plumbing and Heating Engineering</a> (CIPHE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Engineering_Contractors_Association" title="Civil Engineering Contractors Association">Civil Engineering Contractors Association</a> (CECA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Concrete_Society" title="The Concrete Society">The Concrete Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_Management_Association_of_America" title="Construction Management Association of America">Construction Management Association of America</a> (CMAA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_Specifications_Institute" title="Construction Specifications Institute">Construction Specifications Institute</a> (CSI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FIDIC" class="mw-redirect" title="FIDIC">FIDIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Builders_Federation" title="Home Builders Federation">Home Builders Federation</a> (HBF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighting_Association" title="Lighting Association">Lighting Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Home_Builders" title="National Association of Home Builders">National Association of Home Builders</a> (NAHB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Women_in_Construction" title="National Association of Women in Construction">National Association of Women in Construction</a> (NAWIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fire_Protection_Association" title="National Fire Protection Association">National Fire Protection Association</a> (NFPA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Kitchen_%26_Bath_Association" title="National Kitchen & Bath Association">National Kitchen & Bath Association</a> (NKBA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Railroad_Construction_and_Maintenance_Association" title="National Railroad Construction and Maintenance Association">National Railroad Construction and Maintenance Association</a> (NRC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Tile_Contractors_Association" title="National Tile Contractors Association">National Tile Contractors Association</a> (NTCA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_Tie_Association" title="Railway Tie Association">Railway Tie Association</a> (RTA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Institution_of_Chartered_Surveyors" title="Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors">Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors</a> (RICS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Building_Federation" title="Scottish Building Federation">Scottish Building Federation</a> (SBF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Construction_Arbitrators" title="Society of Construction Arbitrators">Society of Construction Arbitrators</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_India" title="Construction industry of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_Iran" title="Construction industry of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_Japan" title="Construction industry of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_Romania" title="Construction industry of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_construction_and_contracting_industry" title="Turkish construction and contracting industry">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Construction industry of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Construction industry in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Building_code" title="Building code">Building code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_law" title="Construction law">Construction law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_site_safety" title="Construction site safety">Site safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoning" title="Zoning">Zoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_style" title="Architectural style">Style</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_architectural_styles" title="List of architectural styles">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_architecture" title="Industrial architecture">Industrial architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_industrial_architecture" title="British industrial architecture">British</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_architecture" title="Indigenous architecture">Indigenous architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interior_architecture" title="Interior architecture">Interior architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">Landscape architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_architecture" title="Vernacular architecture">Vernacular architecture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Engineering</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_engineering" title="Architectural engineering">Architectural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Building_services_engineering" title="Building services engineering">Building services engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">Civil engineering</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_engineering" title="Coastal engineering">Coastal engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_engineering" title="Construction engineering">Construction engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_engineering" title="Structural engineering">Structural engineering</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthquake_engineering" title="Earthquake engineering">Earthquake engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geotechnical_engineering" title="Geotechnical engineering">Geotechnical engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_construction_methods" title="List of construction methods">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthbag_construction" title="Earthbag construction">Earthbag construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_methods_of_construction" title="Modern methods of construction">Modern methods of construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monocrete_construction" title="Monocrete construction">Monocrete construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slip_forming" title="Slip forming">Slip forming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Building_material" title="Building material">Building material</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_building_materials" title="List of building materials">List of building materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millwork_(building_material)" class="mw-redirect" title="Millwork (building material)">Millwork</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_bidding" title="Construction bidding">Construction bidding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_delay" title="Construction delay">Construction delay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_equipment_theft" title="Construction equipment theft">Construction equipment theft</a></li> <li>Construction loan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_management" title="Construction management">Construction management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_waste" title="Construction waste">Construction waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demolition" title="Demolition">Demolition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design%E2%80%93build" title="Design–build">Design–build</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design%E2%80%93bid%E2%80%93build" title="Design–bid–build">Design–bid–build</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DFMA" title="DFMA">DfMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_equipment" title="Heavy equipment">Heavy equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interior_design" title="Interior design">Interior design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_buildings_and_structures" title="Lists of buildings and structures">Lists of buildings and structures</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures" title="List of tallest buildings and structures">List of tallest buildings and structures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megaproject" title="Megaproject">Megaproject</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megastructure" title="Megastructure">Megastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasterwork" title="Plasterwork">Plasterwork</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damp_(structural)" title="Damp (structural)">Damp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damp_proofing" title="Damp proofing">Proofing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parge_coat" title="Parge coat">Parge coat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roughcast" title="Roughcast">Roughcast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harling_(wall_finish)" title="Harling (wall finish)">Harling</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_development" title="Real estate development">Real estate development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonemasonry" title="Stonemasonry">Stonemasonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_in_construction" title="Sustainability in construction">Sustainability in construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unfinished_building" title="Unfinished building">Unfinished building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_design" title="Urban design">Urban design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">Urban planning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_construction" title="Outline of construction">Outline</a> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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