CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="id" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Penyerbukan - Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )idwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[",\t.",".\t,"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","Januari","Februari","Maret","April","Mei","Juni","Juli","Agustus","September","Oktober","November","Desember"],"wgRequestId":"82eb9ca0-832a-46da-8fea-72ee08077519","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Penyerbukan","wgTitle":"Penyerbukan","wgCurRevisionId":26632087,"wgRevisionId":26632087,"wgArticleId":149735,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Halaman dengan rujukan yang menggunakan parameter yang tidak didukung","Semua artikel yang perlu dirapikan","Artikel yang belum dirapikan Desember 2024","Artikel yang perlu diterjemahkan dari bahasa Inggris","Artikel yang perlu diterjemahkan dari bahasa Inggris Desember 2024","Halaman Wikipedia yang tidak diindeks","Artikel yang tidak memiliki referensi Desember 2024","Artikel dengan pernyataan yang tidak disertai rujukan","Artikel dengan pernyataan yang tidak disertai rujukan Desember 2024" ,"Pranala kategori Commons ada di Wikidata","Botani","Penyerbukan","Pertanian"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"id","wgPageContentLanguage":"id","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Penyerbukan","wgRelevantArticleId":149735,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"accuracy":{"levels":2}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"id","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"id"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":10000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false, "wgWikibaseItemId":"Q134624","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.gadget.charinsert-styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready", "jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.watchlist-notice","ext.gadget.charinsert","ext.gadget.refToolbar","ext.gadget.AdvancedSiteNotices","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.Bagikan","ext.gadget.CurIDLink","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","oojs-ui.styles.icons-media","oojs-ui-core.icons"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=id&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=id&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=id&modules=ext.gadget.charinsert-styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=id&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Lebah_bunga.jpg/1200px-Lebah_bunga.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="900"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Lebah_bunga.jpg/800px-Lebah_bunga.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="600"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Lebah_bunga.jpg/640px-Lebah_bunga.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="480"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Penyerbukan - Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//id.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyerbukan"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Sunting" href="/w/index.php?title=Penyerbukan&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (id)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//id.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyerbukan"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.id"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Umpan Atom Wikipedia" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Perubahan_terbaru&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Penyerbukan rootpage-Penyerbukan skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Lompat ke isi</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Menu utama" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Menu utama" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Menu utama</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Menu utama</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigasi </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Halaman_Utama" title="Kunjungi Halaman Utama [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Halaman Utama</span></a></li><li id="n-Daftar-isi" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Isi"><span>Daftar isi</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terbaru" title="Daftar perubahan terbaru dalam wiki. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Perubahan terbaru</span></a></li><li id="n-Artikel-pilihan" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Artikel_pilihan/Topik"><span>Artikel pilihan</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Peristiwa_terkini" title="Temukan informasi tentang peristiwa terkini"><span>Peristiwa terkini</span></a></li><li id="n-newpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_baru"><span>Halaman baru</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_sembarang" title="Tampilkan sembarang halaman [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Halaman sembarang</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_istimewa"><span>Halaman istimewa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Komunitas" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Komunitas" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Komunitas </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Warung-Kopi" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Warung_Kopi"><span>Warung Kopi</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Komunitas" title="Tentang proyek, apa yang dapat Anda lakukan, di mana untuk mencari sesuatu"><span>Portal komunitas</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Isi" title="Tempat mencari bantuan."><span>Bantuan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Wikipedia" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Wikipedia" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Wikipedia </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Perihal"><span>Tentang Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-Pancapilar" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pancapilar"><span>Pancapilar</span></a></li><li id="n-Kebijakan" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kebijakan_dan_pedoman"><span>Kebijakan</span></a></li><li id="n-Hubungi-kami" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hubungi_kami"><span>Hubungi kami</span></a></li><li id="n-Bak-pasir" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bak_pasir"><span>Bak pasir</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Bagikan" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Bagikan emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bagikan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Halaman_Utama" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Ensiklopedia Bebas" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-id.svg" width="120" height="14" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pencarian" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Cari di Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Pencarian</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Telusuri Wikipedia" aria-label="Telusuri Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Cari di Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Istimewa:Pencarian"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cari</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Perkakas pribadi"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tampilan" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tampilan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=id.wikipedia.org&uselang=id" class=""><span>Menyumbang</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&returnto=Penyerbukan" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan" class=""><span>Buat akun baru</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Penyerbukan" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Masuk log</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Opsi lainnya" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas pribadi" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Perkakas pribadi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menu pengguna" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=id.wikipedia.org&uselang=id"><span>Menyumbang</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buat_akun&returnto=Penyerbukan" title="Anda dianjurkan untuk membuat akun dan masuk log; meskipun, hal itu tidak diwajibkan"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Buat akun baru</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Masuk_log&returnto=Penyerbukan" title="Anda disarankan untuk masuk log, meskipun hal itu tidak diwajibkan. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Masuk log</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Halaman penyunting yang telah keluar log <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengantar" aria-label="Pelajari lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>pelajari lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Kontribusi_saya" title="Daftar suntingan yang dibuat dari alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Kontribusi</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pembicaraan_saya" title="Pembicaraan tentang suntingan dari alamat IP ini [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Jenis_penyerbukan_Berdasarkan_sumber_Serbuk_sarinya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jenis_penyerbukan_Berdasarkan_sumber_Serbuk_sarinya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Jenis penyerbukan Berdasarkan sumber Serbuk sarinya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jenis_penyerbukan_Berdasarkan_sumber_Serbuk_sarinya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jenis_Penyerbukan_Berdasarkan_perantaranya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jenis_Penyerbukan_Berdasarkan_perantaranya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Jenis Penyerbukan Berdasarkan perantaranya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jenis_Penyerbukan_Berdasarkan_perantaranya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metode_penyerbukan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metode_penyerbukan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Metode penyerbukan</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Metode_penyerbukan-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Metode penyerbukan</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Metode_penyerbukan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Penyerbukan_Abiotik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penyerbukan_Abiotik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Penyerbukan Abiotik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penyerbukan_Abiotik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penyerbukan_Biotik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penyerbukan_Biotik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Penyerbukan Biotik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penyerbukan_Biotik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hubungan_dengan_pertanian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hubungan_dengan_pertanian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Hubungan dengan pertanian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hubungan_dengan_pertanian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dampak_lingkungan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dampak_lingkungan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Dampak lingkungan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dampak_lingkungan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_Pula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_Pula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Lihat Pula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_Pula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Referensi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pranala_luar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pranala_luar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Pranala luar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pranala_luar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Daftar Isi" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Penyerbukan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 72 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-72" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">72 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bestuiwing" title="Bestuiwing – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bestuiwing" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polinizaci%C3%B3n" title="Polinización – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Polinización" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A3%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="تأبير – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تأبير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polinizaci%C3%B3n" title="Polinización – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Polinización" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tozlanma" title="Tozlanma – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tozlanma" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D3%99%D0%BB%D3%99%D0%BD%D0%B5%D2%AF" title="Һеркәләнеү – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Һеркәләнеү" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Апыленне – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Апыленне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Опрашване – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Опрашване" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8" title="পরাগায়ন – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পরাগায়ন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opra%C5%A1ivanje" title="Oprašivanje – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Oprašivanje" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C2%B7linitzaci%C3%B3" title="Pol·linització – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pol·linització" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%95%DA%95%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پەڕین – Kurdi Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پەڕین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opylen%C3%AD" title="Opylení – Ceko" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Opylení" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Ceko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best%C3%B8vning" title="Bestøvning – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bestøvning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best%C3%A4ubung" title="Bestäubung – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bestäubung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Επικονίαση – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Επικονίαση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Pollination" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polenado" title="Polenado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Polenado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polinizaci%C3%B3n" title="Polinización – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Polinización" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolmlemine" title="Tolmlemine – Estonia" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tolmlemine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polinizazio" title="Polinizazio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Polinizazio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="گرده‌افشانی – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گرده‌افشانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B6lytys" title="Pölytys – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pölytys" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollinisation" title="Pollinisation – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pollinisation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pailni%C3%BA" title="Pailniú – Irlandia" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Pailniú" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polinizaci%C3%B3n" title="Polinización – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Polinización" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%94" title="האבקה – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האבקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3" title="परागण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="परागण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opra%C5%A1ivanje" title="Oprašivanje – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Oprašivanje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polinizasyon" title="Polinizasyon – Kreol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Polinizasyon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Kreol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megporz%C3%A1s" title="Megporzás – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Megporzás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%B8%D5%B7%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Փոշոտում – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փոշոտում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impollinazione" title="Impollinazione – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Impollinazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel bagus"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%97%E7%B2%89" title="受粉 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="受粉" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%A6%A0%EA%A6%AE%EA%A6%B8%EA%A6%82%EA%A6%A7%EA%A6%B8%EA%A6%A7%EA%A6%B8%EA%A6%8F%EA%A7%80" title="ꦠꦮꦸꦂꦧꦸꦧꦸꦏ꧀ – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="ꦠꦮꦸꦂꦧꦸꦧꦸꦏ꧀" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ენტომოფილია – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ენტომოფილია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afarer" title="Afarer – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Afarer" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D2%A3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Тозаңдану – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тозаңдану" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%BD%83%EA%B0%80%EB%A3%A8%EB%B0%9B%EC%9D%B4" title="꽃가루받이 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="꽃가루받이" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D2%A3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%83%D1%83" title="Чаңдашуу – Kirgiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Чаңдашуу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apdulkinimas" title="Apdulkinimas – Lituania" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Apdulkinimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apputeksn%C4%93%C5%A1ana" title="Apputeksnēšana – Latvia" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Apputeksnēšana" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" title="പരാഗണം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പരാഗണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="परागीकरण – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="परागीकरण" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendebungaan" title="Pendebungaan – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pendebungaan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bestuiving" title="Bestuiving – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bestuiving" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollinering" title="Pollinering – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pollinering" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollinering" title="Pollinering – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pollinering" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habareessuu(Pollination)" title="Habareessuu(Pollination) – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Habareessuu(Pollination)" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapylenie" title="Zapylenie – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zapylenie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="بی بنائی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بی بنائی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poliniza%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Polinização – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Polinização" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisachay" title="Sisachay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sisachay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polenizare" title="Polenizare – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Polenizare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Опыление – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Опыление" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opra%C5%A1ivanje" title="Oprašivanje – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Oprašivanje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pollination" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opra%C5%A1evanje" title="Opraševanje – Slovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Opraševanje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opra%C5%A1ivanje" title="Oprašivanje – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Oprašivanje" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollinering" title="Pollinering – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pollinering" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88" title="மகரந்தச் சேர்க்கை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மகரந்தச் சேர்க்கை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="పరాగసంపర్కము – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పరాగసంపర్కము" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B2%D3%A3" title="Гардолудшавӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Гардолудшавӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pambubulo" title="Pambubulo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pambubulo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tozla%C5%9Fma" title="Tozlaşma – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tozlaşma" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Запилення – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Запилення" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="زیرگی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="زیرگی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changlanish" title="Changlanish – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Changlanish" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%A5_ph%E1%BA%A5n" title="Thụ phấn – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thụ phấn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%A0%E7%B2%89" title="传粉 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="传粉" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%A0%E7%B2%89" title="传粉 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="传粉" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%82%B3%E7%B2%89" title="傳粉 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="傳粉" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q134624#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Penyerbukan" title="Lihat halaman isi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Halaman</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan:Penyerbukan" rel="discussion" title="Pembicaraan halaman isi [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ubah varian bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Indonesia</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Penyerbukan"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyerbukan&veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyerbukan&action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyerbukan&action=history" title="Revisi sebelumnya dari halaman ini. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Perkakas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Perkakas</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Opsi lainnya" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Penyerbukan"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyerbukan&veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyerbukan&action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyerbukan&action=history"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pranala_balik/Penyerbukan" title="Daftar semua halaman wiki yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pranala balik</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terkait/Penyerbukan" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terbaru halaman-halaman yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan terkait</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyerbukan&oldid=26632087" title="Pranala permanen untuk revisi halaman ini"><span>Pranala permanen</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyerbukan&action=info" title="Informasi lanjut tentang halaman ini"><span>Informasi halaman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Kutip&page=Penyerbukan&id=26632087&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informasi tentang bagaimana mengutip halaman ini"><span>Kutip halaman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPenyerbukan"><span>Lihat URL pendek</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fid.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPenyerbukan"><span>Unduh kode QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cetak/ekspor </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:Buku&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Penyerbukan"><span>Buat buku</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istimewa:DownloadAsPdf&page=Penyerbukan&action=show-download-screen"><span>Unduh versi PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyerbukan&printable=yes" title="Versi cetak halaman ini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versi cetak</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Dalam proyek lain </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Pollination" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q134624" title="Pranala untuk menghubungkan butir pada ruang penyimpanan data [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Butir di Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tampilan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r26333525">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Cleanup plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Cleanup" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">artikel ini <b>perlu <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Merapikan_artikel" title="Wikipedia:Merapikan artikel">dirapikan</a></b> agar memenuhi <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pedoman_gaya" title="Wikipedia:Pedoman gaya">standar Wikipedia</a>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Tidak ada alasan yang diberikan. Silakan <a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Penyerbukan&action=edit">kembangkan artikel</a> ini semampu Anda. Merapikan artikel dapat dilakukan dengan <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Wikifikasi" title="Bantuan:Wikifikasi">wikifikasi</a> atau membagi artikel ke paragraf-paragraf. Jika sudah dirapikan, silakan hapus templat ini.</span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Penghapusan_templat_pemeliharaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantuan:Penghapusan templat pemeliharaan">Pelajari cara dan kapan saatnya untuk menghapus pesan templat ini</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26333525"><table class="box-Terjemah plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-not_English" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Translation_to_english_arrow.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Terjemahkan ke bahasa Indonesia"><img alt="Terjemahkan ke bahasa Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><b>Artikel ini perlu <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Panduan_dalam_menerjemahkan_artikel" title="Wikipedia:Panduan dalam menerjemahkan artikel">diterjemahkan</a> ke bahasa Indonesia.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Artikel ini ditulis atau diterjemahkan secara <b>buruk</b> dari Wikipedia bahasa selain Indonesia. Jika halaman ini ditujukan untuk komunitas berbahasa tersebut, halaman itu harus dikontribusikan ke Wikipedia bahasa tersebut. Lihat <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias" class="extiw" title="meta:List of Wikipedias">daftar bahasa Wikipedia</a>. Artikel yang sama sekali tidak diterjemahkan dapat dihapus secara cepat <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kriteria_penghapusan_cepat#A2" title="Wikipedia:Kriteria penghapusan cepat">sesuai kriteria A2</a>.<br /><br />Jika Anda ingin memeriksa artikel ini, Anda boleh menggunakan mesin penerjemah. Namun ingat, <b>mohon tidak menyalin hasil terjemahan tersebut ke artikel, karena umumnya merupakan terjemahan berkualitas rendah</b>.</span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18844875">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Untuk perantara polinasi atau pembawa serbuk sari, lihat <a href="/wiki/Penyerbuk" title="Penyerbuk">Penyerbuk</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Lebah_bunga.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Lebah_bunga.jpg/200px-Lebah_bunga.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Lebah_bunga.jpg/300px-Lebah_bunga.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Lebah_bunga.jpg/400px-Lebah_bunga.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Lebah membantu penyerbukan dengan menyebarkan serbuk sari yang melekat di tubuhnya.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Penyerbukan</b> atau <i>polinasi</i> adalah proses fertilisasi tanaman ditandai dengan jatuhnya <a href="/wiki/Serbuk_sari" title="Serbuk sari">serbuk sari</a> pada kepala <a href="/wiki/Putik" title="Putik">putik</a>. Penyerbukan dapat terjadi pada <a href="/wiki/Tumbuhan_berbiji_terbuka" title="Tumbuhan berbiji terbuka">tumbuhan berbiji terbuka</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Tumbuhan_berbunga" title="Tumbuhan berbunga">tumbuhan berbunga</a>. Pada tumbuhan biji terbuka, serbuk sari harus mencapai tetes penyerbukan, sedangkan pada tumbuhan berbunga, serbuk sari harus mencapai kepala putik.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Penyerbukan yang sukses akan segera diikuti dengan tumbuhnya buluh serbuk yang memasuki saluran putik menuju <a href="/wiki/Bakal_biji" title="Bakal biji">bakal biji</a>. Dalam bakal biji inilah terjadi proses selanjutnya, yaitu <a href="/wiki/Pembuahan" title="Pembuahan">pembuahan</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jenis_penyerbukan_Berdasarkan_sumber_Serbuk_sarinya">Jenis penyerbukan Berdasarkan sumber Serbuk sarinya</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyerbukan&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Jenis penyerbukan Berdasarkan sumber Serbuk sarinya" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyerbukan&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Jenis penyerbukan Berdasarkan sumber Serbuk sarinya"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Penyerbukan dapat dibedakan berdasarkan asal serbuk sari, yaitu: </p> <ol><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autogami&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Autogami (halaman belum tersedia)">Penyerbukan sendiri/autogami</a>, penyerbukan yang terjadi apabila serbuk sari jatuh di kepala putik pada bunga itu sendiri.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geitonogamy" class="extiw" title="en:Geitonogamy">Penyerbukan tetangga/geitonogami</a>, penyerbukan yang terjadi apabila serbuk sari jatuh di kepala putik pada bunga lain, tetapi dalam satu pohon yang sama.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alogami" title="Alogami">Penyerbukan silang/alogami</a>, penyerbukan yang terjadi apabila serbuk sari jatuh di kepala putik pada bunga yang berbeda pohon, tetapi masih pada jenis tumbuhan yang sama.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Penyerbukan bastar, penyerbukan yang terjadi apabila serbuk sari jatuh di kepala putik bunga yang berbeda jenis tanaman, dan hanya dapat dilakukan pada tumbuhan yang masih dekat hubungan kerabatnya.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jenis_Penyerbukan_Berdasarkan_perantaranya">Jenis Penyerbukan Berdasarkan perantaranya</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyerbukan&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Jenis Penyerbukan Berdasarkan perantaranya" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyerbukan&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Jenis Penyerbukan Berdasarkan perantaranya"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Berdasarkan perantaranya, penyerbukan pada bunga menjadi 4. Pertama anemogami, yaitu penyerbukan dengan bantuan angin. Contoh tanamannya adalah padi dan jagung. Kedua adalah zoodiogami, penyerbukan dengan bantuan hewan, seperti kelelawar, burung, kupu-kupu dan lebah. Contoh tanamannya adalah bunga matahari, bunga dadap dan bunga sriwijaya. Ketiga hidrogami yaitu penyerbukan yang dibantu oleh air. Contoh tanamannya adalah ganggang. Keempat adalah antropogami yaitu penyerbukan yang dibantu oleh manusia. Contoh tanamannya adalah anggrek dan vanili.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://mediaindonesia.com/humaniora/513807/penjelasan-proses-jenis-dan-macam-macam-penyerbukan-tumbuhan">[1]</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Metode_penyerbukan">Metode penyerbukan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyerbukan&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Metode penyerbukan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyerbukan&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Metode penyerbukan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Penyerbukan dapat dilakukan dengan cara <a href="/wiki/Komponen_abiotik" title="Komponen abiotik">abiotik</a> maupun <a href="/wiki/Komponen_biotik" title="Komponen biotik">biotik</a>. Penyerbukan biotik membutuhkan makhluk hidup sebagai <a href="/wiki/Penyerbuk" title="Penyerbuk">penyerbuk</a>, sedangkan penyerbukan abiotik memanfaatkan unsur abiotik (air, angin, dan sebagainya) sebagai penyerbuk. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Penyerbukan_Abiotik">Penyerbukan Abiotik</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyerbukan&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Penyerbukan Abiotik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyerbukan&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Penyerbukan Abiotik"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hanya 10% dari tanaman berbunga yang melakukan penyerbukan tanpa bantuan hewan.<sup id="cite_ref-USFS_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USFS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bentuk yang paling umum dari penyerbukan <a href="/wiki/Abiotik" class="mw-redirect" title="Abiotik">abiotik</a> adalah <a href="/wiki/Anemofili" title="Anemofili">anemofili</a>, yakni penyerbukan oleh angin. Bentuk penyerbukan ini dominan terjadi di <a href="/wiki/Rumput" title="Rumput">rumput</a>, seperti <a href="/wiki/Tumbuhan_runjung" title="Tumbuhan runjung">konifer</a>, dan pohon deciduous. <a href="/wiki/Hidrofili" title="Hidrofili">Hidrofili</a> adalah penyerbukan oleh air pada tanaman air yang melepaskan serbuk sari mereka langsung ke dalam air sekitarnya,<sup id="cite_ref-definisi_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-definisi-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> baik di permukaan air <sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> maupun terendam di dalam air. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECox1988261–279_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECox1988261–279-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada penyerbukan hidrofili, butiran serbuk sari mempunyai <a href="/wiki/Massa_jenis" title="Massa jenis">massa jenis</a> lebih berat dari air, sehingga benang sari tenggelam dan menempel pada kepala putik. Sekitar 98% penyerbukan abiotik adalah anemofili, sedangkan sisanya 2% adalah hidrofili yakni penyerbukan dengan bantuan air. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Penyerbukan_Biotik">Penyerbukan Biotik</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyerbukan&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Penyerbukan Biotik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyerbukan&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Penyerbukan Biotik"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sekitar 80% dari tanaman melakukan penyerbukan secara biotik. Jenis <a href="/wiki/Tumbuhan_berbiji_terbuka" title="Tumbuhan berbiji terbuka">gymnosperma</a> saat penyerbukan biotik umumnya terjadi pada waktu tertentu ketika penyerbukan terjadi, meskipun beberapa <i>gymnosperma</i> dan organisme saling menyesuaikan untuk proses penyerbukan. Contoh yang terkenal adalah anggota dari <i>Cycadales</i> ketertiban dan spesies terkait <a href="/wiki/Kumbang" title="Kumbang">kumbang</a>. Kebanyakan <i>Conifera anemophilous</i> bergantung pada penyerbukan angin. Ciri-ciri berbagai bunga (dan kombinasinya) yang berbeda menarik satu jenis atau lain yang dikenal sebagai sindrom penyerbukan. Di alam liar, ada sekitar 200.000 jenis hewan yang melakukan proses penyerbukan sebagian besar adalah serangga.<sup id="cite_ref-vertebrata_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vertebrata-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Entomofili" title="Entomofili">Entomofili</a>, penyerbukan oleh serangga, sering terjadi pada tanaman yang memiliki kelopak bunga berwarna mencolok dan aroma yang kuat <sup id="cite_ref-:attract1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:attract1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-attract2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-attract2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-scie_Firs_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scie_Firs-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> untuk menarik serangga seperti <a href="/wiki/Lebah" title="Lebah">lebah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tawon" title="Tawon">tawon</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Semut" title="Semut">semut</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hymenoptera" title="Hymenoptera">Hymenoptera</a>), kumbang (<a href="/wiki/Kumbang" title="Kumbang">Coleoptera</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ngengat" title="Ngengat">ngengat</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kupu-kupu" title="Kupu-kupu">kupu-kupu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lepidoptera" title="Lepidoptera">Lepidoptera</a>), dan <a href="/wiki/Lalat" title="Lalat">lalat</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lalat" title="Lalat">Diptera</a>). </p><p>Dalam zoofili, penyerbukan dilakukan oleh hewan <a href="/wiki/Vertebrata" title="Vertebrata">vertebrata</a> seperti <a href="/wiki/Kelelawar" title="Kelelawar">kelelawar</a><sup id="cite_ref-vertebrata_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vertebrata-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan <a href="/wiki/Burung" title="Burung">burung</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-burung_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-burung-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> khususnya, <a href="/wiki/Kolibri" title="Kolibri">kolibri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pijantung_kecil" title="Pijantung kecil">pijantung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burung_madu_sriganti" title="Burung madu sriganti">burung madu sriganti</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Codot" title="Codot">kelelawar buah</a>. Tanaman yang menggunakan kelelawar atau ngengat sebagai hewan penyerbukan biasanya memiliki kelopak putih dan aroma yang kuat. Sedangkan tanaman yang menggunakan burung sebagai hewan penyerbukan cenderung untuk mengembangkan kelopak merah dan jarang mengembangkan aroma (beberapa burung bergantung pada indra penciuman untuk menemukan makanan). </p><p>Antropofili, penyerbukan oleh manusia, umumnya digunakan dalam <a href="/wiki/Persilangan_(biologi)#Persilangan_Tanaman" class="mw-redirect" title="Persilangan (biologi)">teknik hibridisasi</a><sup id="cite_ref-breedingcrop_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-breedingcrop-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> atau digunakan untuk tanaman yang memerlukan bantuan manusia seperti <a href="/wiki/Buah_naga" title="Buah naga">buah naga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanili" title="Vanili">vanili</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-vanili_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vanili-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan tanaman yang tumbuh di <a href="/wiki/Rumah_kaca" title="Rumah kaca">rumah kaca</a>. </p> <div class="rellink boilerplate further">Info lebih lanjut: untuk daftar organisme sebagai <a href="/wiki/Penyerbuk#Penyerbuk_Biotik" title="Penyerbuk">Penyerbuk</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hubungan_dengan_pertanian">Hubungan dengan pertanian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyerbukan&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Hubungan dengan pertanian" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyerbukan&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Hubungan dengan pertanian"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26333525"><table class="box-Tanpa_referensi plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">Artikel ini <b>tidak memiliki <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kutip_sumber_tulisan" title="Wikipedia:Kutip sumber tulisan">referensi</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Sumber_tepercaya" title="Wikipedia:Sumber tepercaya">sumber tepercaya</a></b> sehingga isinya tidak bisa <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pemastian" title="Wikipedia:Pemastian">dipastikan</a>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Tolong bantu <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Penyerbukan&action=edit">perbaiki artikel ini</a></span> dengan menambahkan referensi yang layak. Tulisan tanpa sumber dapat dipertanyakan dan dihapus sewaktu-waktu.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Cari sumber:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Penyerbukan%22&num=50">"Penyerbukan"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//google.com/search?q=%22Penyerbukan%22&tbm=nws">berita</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//google.com/search?&q=%22Penyerbukan%22+site:news.google.com/newspapers&source=newspapers">surat kabar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Penyerbukan%22">buku</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Penyerbukan%22">cendekiawan</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Penyerbukan%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Flower-flyOnFlower2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flower-flyOnFlower2.jpg/220px-Flower-flyOnFlower2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flower-flyOnFlower2.jpg/330px-Flower-flyOnFlower2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flower-flyOnFlower2.jpg/440px-Flower-flyOnFlower2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1854" data-file-height="1243" /></a><figcaption>Serangga Penyerbukan</figcaption></figure> <p>Di bidang pertanian, manajemen penyerbukan adalah cabang dari pertanian yang bertujuan untuk melindungi dan meningkatkan organisme penyerbukan hadir dan sering melibatkan budaya dan penambahan proses penyerbukan dalam situasi <a href="/wiki/Pertanaman_tunggal" title="Pertanaman tunggal">monokultur</a>, seperti kebun buah-buahan komersial. Kegiatan penyerbukan terbesar dikelola di dunia adalah di kebun badan <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, di mana hampir setengah (sekitar satu juta sarang) dari <a href="/wiki/Lebah_madu" title="Lebah madu">lebah madu</a> AS truk ke kebun badam setiap musim semi. Kota <a href="/wiki/New_York_(negara_bagian)" title="New York (negara bagian)">New York</a> tanaman apel membutuhkan sekitar 30.000 sarang, tanaman beri biru menggunakan sekitar 50.000 sarang setiap tahun. </p><p>Lebah juga dibawa ke penanaman komersial mentimun, labu, melon, stroberi., dan tanaman lainnya. Lebah madu bukan satu-satunya serangga penyerbukan yang dikembangkan, beberapa spesies lain dari lebah juga dibesarkan sebagai hewan penyerbukan. Lebah <i>leaf cutter alfalfa</i> merupakan serangga yang berperan penting untuk penyerbukan benih alfalfa di barat Amerika Serikat dan Kanada. <i>Bumblebees</i> semakin dibesarkan dan digunakan secara luas untuk tomat rumah kaca dan tanaman lainnya seperti pada <i>blackberry blossom</i> yang digunakan untuk mengembangkan buah. Setiap <a href="/wiki/Percikan_pernapasan" title="Percikan pernapasan">droplet</a> baru jadi memiliki stigma sendiri dan penyerbukan yang baik membutuhkan pengiriman biji-bijian banyak serbuk sari ke bunga sehingga semua drupelets berkembang. </p><p>Pentingnya ekologi dan penyerbukan alami oleh serangga untuk tanaman pertanian, meningkatkan kualitas dan kuantitas. Pertanian sekitar hutan atau padang rumput liar dengan serangga penyerbukan asli dekat tanaman pertanian, seperti apel, <a href="/wiki/Badam" title="Badam">badam</a> atau kopi dapat meningkatkan hasil mereka dengan sekitar 20%. Penyerbukan memiliki manfaat dapat meningkatkan hasil pertanian - contoh sederhana dari nilai ekonomi sebuah ekologi. </p><p>Institut Ilmu Biologi Amerika melaporkan bahwa penyerbukan serangga asli menyimpan Amerika Serikat ekonomi pertanian hampir sekitar $ 3,1 miliar per tahun melalui produksi tanaman alami;<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> penyerbukan menghasilkan sekitar $40 juta senilai produk setiap tahun di Amerika Serikat saja.<sup id="cite_ref-USFS_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USFS-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dampak_lingkungan">Dampak lingkungan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyerbukan&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bagian: Dampak lingkungan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyerbukan&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Dampak lingkungan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kegiatan penyerbukan tanaman pangan telah menjadi isu lingkungan yang dibahas, yakni karena dua hal: </p> <ul><li>Pertama, kecenderungan untuk sarana pertanian <a href="/wiki/Pertanaman_tunggal" title="Pertanaman tunggal">monokultur</a> bahwa konsentrasi yang lebih besar dari serangga penyerbukan yang dibutuhkan saat mekar lebih daripada sebelumnya, namun terkadang daerah pertanian tersebut termasuk zona ekologi rendah atau bahkan mematikan bagi lebah untuk sisa musim berikutnya.</li> <li>Kedua, kecenderungan lainnya adalah penurunan populasi organisme penyerbukan, karena penyalahgunaan pestisida dan berlebihan, penyakit baru dan parasit lebah, penebangan tebang habis, penurunan peternakan lebah, pengembangan pinggiran kota, penghapusan pagar dan habitat lainnya dari peternakan, dan kepedulian masyarakat tentang lebah.</li></ul> <p>Salah satu kasus yang terjadi adalah penyemprotan nyamuk di wilayah West Nile mempercepat hilangnya organisme penyerbukan. Solusi Negara Amerika Serikat untuk kekurangan organisme penyerbukan, sejauh ini, telah dibantu oleh peternak lebah komersial menjadi kontraktor penyerbukan dan untuk migrasi organisme penyerbukan Sama seperti menggabungkan permanen mengikuti panen gandum dari Texas ke Manitoba, peternak lebah mengikuti mekar dari selatan ke utara, untuk memberikan penyerbukan untuk tanaman yang berbeda.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span title="Kalimat yang diikuti tag ini membutuhkan rujukan." style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kutip_sumber_tulisan" title="Wikipedia:Kutip sumber tulisan">butuh rujukan</a></i>]</span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_Pula">Lihat Pula</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyerbukan&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat Pula" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyerbukan&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Lihat Pula"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penyerbuk#Penyerbuk_Biotik" title="Penyerbuk">Organisme Penyerbuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persilangan_(biologi)#Persilangan_Tanaman" class="mw-redirect" title="Persilangan (biologi)">Persilangan tanaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemuliaan_tanaman" title="Pemuliaan tanaman">Pemuliaan tanaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penyerbuk" title="Penyerbuk">Penyerbuk</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23035139">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782729">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pollination" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pollination"><span style="">Pollination</span></a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyerbukan&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyerbukan&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Susilawati dan Bachtiar, N. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repository.uin-suska.ac.id/26091/1/Buku%20Biologi%20Dasar%20Terintegrasi.pdf"><i>Biologi Dasar Terintegrasi</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Pekanbaru: Kreasi Edukasi. hlm. 112. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-602-6879-99-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-602-6879-99-8">978-602-6879-99-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biologi+Dasar+Terintegrasi&rft.place=Pekanbaru&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Kreasi+Edukasi&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-602-6879-99-8&rft.au=Susilawati+dan+Bachtiar%2C+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepository.uin-suska.ac.id%2F26091%2F1%2FBuku%2520Biologi%2520Dasar%2520Terintegrasi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APenyerbukan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/autogamy">"Autogamy - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"</a>. <i>www.sciencedirect.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2024-01-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sciencedirect.com&rft.atitle=Autogamy+-+an+overview+%7C+ScienceDirect+Topics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Ftopics%2Fmedicine-and-dentistry%2Fautogamy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APenyerbukan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/allogamy">"Allogamy - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"</a>. <i>www.sciencedirect.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2024-01-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sciencedirect.com&rft.atitle=Allogamy+-+an+overview+%7C+ScienceDirect+Topics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Ftopics%2Fagricultural-and-biological-sciences%2Fallogamy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APenyerbukan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USFS-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USFS_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USFS_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/pollinators/documents/factsheet_pollinator.pdf">"US Forest Department: Pollinator Factsheet"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2014-04-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+Forest+Department%3A+Pollinator+Factsheet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fs.fed.us%2Fwildflowers%2Fpollinators%2Fdocuments%2Ffactsheet_pollinator.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APenyerbukan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-definisi-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-definisi_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.id/books?id=zucDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA1501"><i>Competition Science Vision</i></a>. 2006. hlm. 1501.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Competition+Science+Vision&rft.pages=1501&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.id%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzucDAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA1501&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APenyerbukan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-encyclopedia-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">{{<cite class="citation book">Cox, P.A. (1988). <i>Hydrophilous pollination</i>. <i>Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics</i>. <b>19</b>. hlm. 261–279.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hydrophilous+pollination&rft.pages=261-279&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=P.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APenyerbukan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECox1988261–279-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECox1988261–279_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCox1988">Cox 1988</a>, hlm. 261–279.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vertebrata-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vertebrata_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vertebrata_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <cite class="citation book">Abrol, Dharam P. (2012). <i>Non Bee Pollinators-Plant Interaction</i>. <i>Pollination Biology</i>. Chapter 9. hlm. 265–310. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-007-1942-2_9">10.1007/978-94-007-1942-2_9</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-94-007-1941-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-94-007-1941-5">978-94-007-1941-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Non+Bee+Pollinators-Plant+Interaction&rft.pages=265-310&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-007-1942-2_9&rft.isbn=978-94-007-1941-5&rft.au=Abrol%2C+Dharam+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APenyerbukan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:attract1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:attract1_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Potts, Brad; Gore, Peter. Reproductive Biology and Controlled Pollination of Eucalyptus. School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania 1995}}</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-attract2-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-attract2_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> P.A. Fleming & S.W. Nicolson. Arthropod fauna of mammal-pollinated Protea humiflora: ants as an attractant for insectivore pollinators? African Entomology 11(1): 9–14 (2003)}}</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scie_Firs-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-scie_Firs_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/05/120514153113.htm">"First ever record of insect pollination from 100 million years ago"</a>. <i>ScienceDaily</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2015-10-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ScienceDaily&rft.atitle=First+ever+record+of+insect+pollination+from+100+million+years+ago&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2012%2F05%2F120514153113.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APenyerbukan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-burung-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-burung_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <cite class="citation journal">Rodríguez-Gironés, Miguel A.; Santamaría, Luis (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC521733">"Why are so many bird flowers red?"</a>. <i>PLoS Biology</i>. <b>2</b> (10): e306. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0020350">10.1371/journal.pbio.0020350</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC521733">521733</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Dapat diakses gratis"><img alt="alt=Dapat diakses gratis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15486585">15486585</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLoS+Biology&rft.atitle=Why+are+so+many+bird+flowers+red%3F&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=e306&rft.date=2004&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC521733&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15486585&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0020350&rft.au=Rodr%C3%ADguez-Giron%C3%A9s%2C+Miguel+A.&rft.au=Santamar%C3%ADa%2C+Luis&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC521733&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APenyerbukan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-breedingcrop-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-breedingcrop_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <cite class="citation book">Rai, Nagendra; Rai, Mathura (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BY4-hcFn584C&pg=PA252#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Heterosis breeding in vegetable crops</i></a>. New India Publishing. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-81-89422-03-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-81-89422-03-5">978-81-89422-03-5</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">July 5,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heterosis+breeding+in+vegetable+crops&rft.pub=New+India+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-81-89422-03-5&rft.aulast=Rai&rft.aufirst=Nagendra&rft.au=Rai%2C+Mathura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBY4-hcFn584C%26pg%3DPA252%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APenyerbukan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vanili-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vanili_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:#777; cursor:help;" title="Bahasa Inggris" lang="Inggris">(Inggris)</span> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201044530/http://www.orchidsmadeeasy.com/vanilla-orchid/">"Vanilla Orchid Care: The Basics"</a>. published by Orchidmadeeasy.com. 2019. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orchidsmadeeasy.com/vanilla-orchid/">versi asli</a> tanggal 2017-12-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">July 5,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vanilla+Orchid+Care%3A+The+Basics&rft.pub=published+by+Orchidmadeeasy.com&rft.date=2019&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orchidsmadeeasy.com%2Fvanilla-orchid%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APenyerbukan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">BioScience<i>, April 2006, Vol. 56 No. 4, pp. 315–317</i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pranala_luar">Pranala luar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyerbukan&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bagian: Pranala luar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyerbukan&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pranala luar"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFCox1988" class="citation book">Cox, P.A. (1988). <i>Hydrophilous pollination</i>. <i>Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics</i>. <b>19</b>. hlm. 261–279.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hydrophilous+pollination&rft.pages=261-279&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=P.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3APenyerbukan" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782733">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r25847331">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Penyerbukan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18590415">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Penyerbukan" title="Templat:Penyerbukan"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Penyerbukan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Penyerbukan (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Penyerbukan&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Penyerbukan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Penyerbukan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Morfologi bunga</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monoecious" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoecious">Monoecious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioecious_(botani)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioecious (botani)">Dioecious</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Morfologi Penyerbukan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penyerbukan_sendiri" title="Penyerbukan sendiri">Penyerbukan sendiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penyerbukan_terbuka" title="Penyerbukan terbuka">Penyerbukan terbuka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyerbukan_tertutup&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penyerbukan tertutup (halaman belum tersedia)">Penyerbukan tertutup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Penyerbukan_simbiosis_dan_Penyerbuk_nya" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Penyerbukan</a> simbiosis dan <a href="/wiki/Penyerbuk" title="Penyerbuk">Penyerbuk</a><small><small><small><small><small> </small></small></small></small></small>nya</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Abiotik</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anemophily" class="mw-redirect" title="Anemophily">Anemofili <small>(angin)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrophily" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrophily">Hidrofili <small>(air)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biotik</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Entomophily" class="mw-redirect" title="Entomophily">Entomofili <small>(Serangga)</small></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melittophily&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Melittophily (halaman belum tersedia)">Melitofili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falenofili" title="Falenofili">Falenofili <small>(ngengat)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychophily&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Psychophily (halaman belum tersedia)">Fisofili <small>(kupu-kupu)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Myophily&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myophily (halaman belum tersedia)">Miofili <small>(lalat)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoophily&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zoophily (halaman belum tersedia)">Zoofili</a> <small>(vertebrata)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chiropterophily&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chiropterophily (halaman belum tersedia)">Chiropterophily <small>(kelelawar)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ornithophily&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ornithophily (halaman belum tersedia)">Ornithofili <small>(bird)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Penyerbukan artifisial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pemuliaan_tanaman" title="Pemuliaan tanaman">Pemuliaan tanaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varietas_hibrida" title="Varietas hibrida">Varietas hibrida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persilangan_(biologi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Persilangan (biologi)">Persilangan (biologi)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ekologi" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Ekologi" title="Templat:Ekologi"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan_Templat:Ekologi" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Ekologi"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Ekologi&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ekologi" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ekologi" title="Ekologi">Ekologi</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Umum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Komponen_biotik" title="Komponen biotik">Komponen biotik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komponen_abiotik" title="Komponen abiotik">Komponen abiotik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomassa_(ekologi)" title="Biomassa (ekologi)">Biomassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">Habitat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relung_(ekologi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Relung (ekologi)">Relung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daur_nutrien" title="Daur nutrien">Daur nutrien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daur_biogeokimia" title="Daur biogeokimia">Daur biogeokimia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hierarki</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Makhluk_hidup" title="Makhluk hidup">Organisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populasi_(biologi)" title="Populasi (biologi)">Populasi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ekologi_populasi" title="Ekologi populasi">Ekologi populasi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komunitas_(ekologi)" title="Komunitas (ekologi)">Komunitas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ekologi_komunitas" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekologi komunitas">Ekologi komunitas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekosistem" title="Ekosistem">Ekosistem</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekologi_ekosistem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekologi ekosistem (halaman belum tersedia)">Ekologi ekosistem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioma" title="Bioma">Bioma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosfer" title="Biosfer">Biosfer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interaksi_biologis" title="Interaksi biologis">Interaksi biologis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jangka pendek</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pemangsaan" title="Pemangsaan">Pemangsaan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kanibalisme" title="Kanibalisme">Kanibalisme</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Penyerbukan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jangka panjang</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simbiosis" title="Simbiosis">Simbiosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mutualisme" title="Mutualisme">Mutualisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komensalisme" title="Komensalisme">Komensalisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasitisme" title="Parasitisme">Parasitisme</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kompetisi_(biologi)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kompetisi (biologi) (halaman belum tersedia)">Kompetisi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endosimbion" title="Endosimbion">Endosimbiosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jaring-jaring_makanan" title="Jaring-jaring makanan">Jaring-jaring makanan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Konsep</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rantai_makanan" title="Rantai makanan">Rantai makanan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tingkatan_trofik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tingkatan trofik (halaman belum tersedia)">Tingkatan trofik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piramida_ekologi" title="Piramida ekologi">Piramida ekologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliran_energi" title="Aliran energi">Aliran energi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peranan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autotrof" title="Autotrof">Autotrof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterotrof" title="Heterotrof">Heterotrof</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pemangsa" title="Pemangsa">Pemangsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemangsa_puncak" class="mw-redirect" title="Pemangsa puncak">Pemangsa puncak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbivor" title="Herbivor">Herbivor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnivor" title="Karnivor">Karnivor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnivor" title="Omnivor">Omnivor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pengurai" class="mw-redirect" title="Pengurai">Pengurai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detritivor" title="Detritivor">Detritivor</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peran sebagai spesies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Distribusi_spesies" title="Distribusi spesies">Distribusi spesies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pribumi_(ekologi)" title="Pribumi (ekologi)">Spesies asli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spesies_pendatang" title="Spesies pendatang">Spesies pendatang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jenis_asing_invasif" class="mw-redirect" title="Jenis asing invasif">Spesies invasif</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endemisme" title="Endemisme">Endemik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distribusi_kosmopolitan" title="Distribusi kosmopolitan">Kosmopolitan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lain-lain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesies_dasar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spesies dasar (halaman belum tersedia)">Spesies dasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spesies_kunci" title="Spesies kunci">Spesies kunci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioindikator" title="Bioindikator">Spesies indikator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekologi_ruang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekologi ruang (halaman belum tersedia)">Ekologi ruang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeografi" title="Biogeografi">Biogeografi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekologi_lanskap" title="Ekologi lanskap">Ekologi lanskap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekoton" title="Ekoton">Ekoton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekotipe" title="Ekotipe">Ekotipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fragmentasi_habitat" title="Fragmentasi habitat">Fragmentasi habitat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeografi_pulau" title="Biogeografi pulau">Biogeografi pulau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Symbol_category_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Category"><img alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Ekologi" title="Kategori:Ekologi">Kategori</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Commons page"><img alt="Commons page" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ecology" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ecology">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:People_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="WikiProject"><img alt="WikiProject" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ProyekWiki_Biologi" title="Wikipedia:ProyekWiki Biologi">ProyekWiki</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Diperoleh dari "<a dir="ltr" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Penyerbukan&oldid=26632087">https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Penyerbukan&oldid=26632087</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Daftar_kategori" title="Istimewa:Daftar kategori">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Botani" title="Kategori:Botani">Botani</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Penyerbukan" title="Kategori:Penyerbukan">Penyerbukan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pertanian" title="Kategori:Pertanian">Pertanian</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Kategori tersembunyi: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Halaman_dengan_rujukan_yang_menggunakan_parameter_yang_tidak_didukung" title="Kategori:Halaman dengan rujukan yang menggunakan parameter yang tidak didukung">Halaman dengan rujukan yang menggunakan parameter yang tidak didukung</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Semua_artikel_yang_perlu_dirapikan" title="Kategori:Semua artikel yang perlu dirapikan">Semua artikel yang perlu dirapikan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_yang_belum_dirapikan_Desember_2024" title="Kategori:Artikel yang belum dirapikan Desember 2024">Artikel yang belum dirapikan Desember 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_yang_perlu_diterjemahkan_dari_bahasa_Inggris" title="Kategori:Artikel yang perlu diterjemahkan dari bahasa Inggris">Artikel yang perlu diterjemahkan dari bahasa Inggris</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_yang_perlu_diterjemahkan_dari_bahasa_Inggris_Desember_2024" title="Kategori:Artikel yang perlu diterjemahkan dari bahasa Inggris Desember 2024">Artikel yang perlu diterjemahkan dari bahasa Inggris Desember 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Halaman_Wikipedia_yang_tidak_diindeks" title="Kategori:Halaman Wikipedia yang tidak diindeks">Halaman Wikipedia yang tidak diindeks</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_yang_tidak_memiliki_referensi_Desember_2024" title="Kategori:Artikel yang tidak memiliki referensi Desember 2024">Artikel yang tidak memiliki referensi Desember 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_dengan_pernyataan_yang_tidak_disertai_rujukan" title="Kategori:Artikel dengan pernyataan yang tidak disertai rujukan">Artikel dengan pernyataan yang tidak disertai rujukan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_dengan_pernyataan_yang_tidak_disertai_rujukan_Desember_2024" title="Kategori:Artikel dengan pernyataan yang tidak disertai rujukan Desember 2024">Artikel dengan pernyataan yang tidak disertai rujukan Desember 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pranala_kategori_Commons_ada_di_Wikidata" title="Kategori:Pranala kategori Commons ada di Wikidata">Pranala kategori Commons ada di Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Halaman ini terakhir diubah pada 11 Desember 2024, pukul 16.32.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Teks tersedia di bawah <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Lisensi Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa Creative Commons</a>; ketentuan tambahan mungkin berlaku. Lihat <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Ketentuan Penggunaan</a> untuk rincian lebih lanjut.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Kebijakan privasi</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Tentang">Tentang Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Penyangkalan_umum">Penyangkalan</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Kode Etik</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Pengembang</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/id.wikipedia.org">Statistik</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Pernyataan kuki</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//id.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Penyerbukan&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Tampilan seluler</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Pencarian</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Telusuri Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Istimewa:Pencarian"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cari</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Penyerbukan</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>72 bahasa</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Bagian baru</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-8ndbz","wgBackendResponseTime":201,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.394","walltime":"0.584","ppvisitednodes":{"value":1501,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":88345,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":1004,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":13,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":35869,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 503.689 1 -total"," 23.82% 119.988 3 Templat:Ambox"," 21.38% 107.669 1 Templat:Reflist"," 20.53% 103.401 1 Templat:Penyerbukan"," 19.68% 99.101 1 Templat:Navbox_with_collapsible_groups"," 15.20% 76.564 1 Templat:Commonscat"," 14.70% 74.028 1 Templat:Rapikan"," 14.50% 73.059 1 Templat:Sister_project"," 14.11% 71.085 1 Templat:Side_box"," 10.36% 52.202 6 Templat:Cite_book"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.228","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":5501489,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-84ccb59684-jntsd","timestamp":"20250120194700","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Penyerbukan","url":"https:\/\/id.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Penyerbukan","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q134624","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q134624","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Kontributor dari proyek Wikimedia."},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2007-03-12T08:05:59Z","dateModified":"2024-12-11T16:32:55Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/b7\/Lebah_bunga.jpg"}</script> </body> </html>