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class="vector-pinnable-header-label">مالومات</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">څنګپټې ته ورسئ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">پټول</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">پیل</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-نومونه" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#نومونه"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۱</span> <span>نومونه</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-نومونه-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-مخکې_ساري_طاعونونه" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#مخکې_ساري_طاعونونه"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۲</span> <span>مخکې ساري طاعونونه</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-مخکې_ساري_طاعونونه-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-سرچینې" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#سرچینې"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">۳</span> <span>سرچینې</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-سرچینې-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="مالومات" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">تور مرګ</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="ليکنه په بله ژبه کي وګورئ. دا ليکنه په ۱۲۲ ژبو کې شتون لري." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-122" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">۱۲۲ ژبې</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swart_Dood" title="Swart Dood – افریکانسي" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Swart Dood" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="افریکانسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzer_Tod" title="Schwarzer Tod – سویس جرمن" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Schwarzer Tod" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="سویس جرمن" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peste_negra" title="Peste negra – اراگونېسي" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Peste negra" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="اراگونېسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF" title="الموت الأسود – عربي" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الموت الأسود" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="عربي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF" title="الموت الاسود – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الموت الاسود" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peste_negro" title="Peste negro – استورياني" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Peste negro" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="استورياني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="ټاکلې ليکنې"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qara_%C3%B6l%C3%BCm" title="Qara ölüm – اذربایجاني" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qara ölüm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="اذربایجاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D8%A4%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85" title="قارا اؤلوم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قارا اؤلوم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D2%AF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Ҡара үлем – باشکير" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡара үлем" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="باشکير" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Чорная смерць – بېلاروسي" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чорная смерць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="بېلاروسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Чорная сьмерць – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Чорная сьмерць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82" title="Черната смърт – بلغاري" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Черната смърт" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="بلغاري" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maut_Hitam" title="Maut Hitam – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Maut Hitam" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81" title="কালো মৃত্যু – بنگالي" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কালো মৃত্যু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="بنگالي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosenn_Zu" title="Bosenn Zu – برېتون" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bosenn Zu" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="برېتون" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crna_smrt" title="Crna smrt – بوسني" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Crna smrt" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="بوسني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesta_Negra" title="Pesta Negra – کټلاني" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pesta Negra" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="کټلاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1ik-s%E1%B9%B3%CC%84-b%C3%AAng" title="Háik-sṳ̄-bêng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Háik-sṳ̄-bêng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%95%DB%95%D8%B4" title="مردنی ڕەش – منځنۍ کوردي" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مردنی ڕەش" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="منځنۍ کوردي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cern%C3%A1_smrt" title="Černá smrt – چېکي" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Černá smrt" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="چېکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pla_Du" title="Pla Du – ويلشي" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pla Du" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="ويلشي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_sorte_d%C3%B8d" title="Den sorte død – ډنمارکي" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Den sorte død" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="ډنمارکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzer_Tod" title="Schwarzer Tod – الماني" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schwarzer Tod" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="الماني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mergo_siya" title="Mergo siya – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Mergo siya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B7_%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%8E%CE%BB%CE%B7" title="Μαύρη πανώλη – یوناني" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαύρη πανώλη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="یوناني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death – انګليسي" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Black Death" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="انګليسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigra_morto" title="Nigra morto – اسپرانتو" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nigra morto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="اسپرانتو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peste_negra" title="Peste negra – هسپانوي" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Peste negra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="هسپانوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Must_surm" title="Must surm – حبشي" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Must surm" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="حبشي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izurri_Beltza" title="Izurri Beltza – باسکي" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Izurri Beltza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="باسکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%AF_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%87" title="مرگ سیاه – فارسي" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مرگ سیاه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="فارسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musta_surma" title="Musta surma – فینلنډي" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Musta surma" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="فینلنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Must_surm" title="Must surm – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Must surm" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3ttin_svarta" title="Sóttin svarta – فاروئې" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Sóttin svarta" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="فاروئې" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peste_noire" title="Peste noire – فرانسوي" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Peste noire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="فرانسوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peste_Nere" title="Peste Nere – فرائیلیین" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Peste Nere" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="فرائیلیین" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarte_Dea" title="Swarte Dea – لوېديځ فريشي" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Swarte Dea" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="لوېديځ فريشي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Phl%C3%A1_Mh%C3%B3r" title="An Phlá Mhór – ائيرلېنډي" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Phlá Mhór" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ائيرلېنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lap%C3%A8s_nw%C3%A8" title="Lapès nwè – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lapès nwè" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am_B%C3%A0s_Dubh" title="Am Bàs Dubh – سکاټلېنډي ګېلک" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Am Bàs Dubh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="سکاټلېنډي ګېلک" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peste_Negra" title="Peste Negra – ګلېشيايي" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Peste Negra" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="ګلېشيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8D%85%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8D%83_%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%B8%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%83" title="𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐍄𐍃 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌸𐌿𐍃 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐍄𐍃 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌸𐌿𐍃" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death – هوسا" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Black Death" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="هوسا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Het-s%C3%AD-phiang" title="Het-sí-phiang – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Het-sí-phiang" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A8" title="המוות השחור – عبراني" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המוות השחור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="عبراني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4" title="काली मौत – هندي" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="काली मौत" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="هندي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doba_kuge" title="Doba kuge – کروايشيايي" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Doba kuge" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="کروايشيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lap%C3%A8s_nwa" title="Lapès nwa – هيټي کريول" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lapès nwa" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="هيټي کريول" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="ټاکلې ليکنې"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fekete_hal%C3%A1l" title="Fekete halál – هنګري" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fekete halál" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="هنګري" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D6%87_%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B0" title="Սև մահ – آرمينيايي" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սև մահ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="آرمينيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A5%D6%82_%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B0" title="Սեւ Մահ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Սեւ Մահ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peste_nigre" title="Peste nigre – انټرلنګوا" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Peste nigre" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="انټرلنګوا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wabah_Hitam_(pandemi)" title="Wabah Hitam (pandemi) – انډونېزي" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wabah Hitam (pandemi)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="انډونېزي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigra_pesto" title="Nigra pesto – اڊو" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nigra pesto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="اڊو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svartidau%C3%B0i" title="Svartidauði – ايسلنډي" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Svartidauði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="ايسلنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="ټاکلې ليکنې"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peste_nera" title="Peste nera – ایټالوي" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Peste nera" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="ایټالوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%92%E6%AD%BB%E7%97%85" title="黒死病 – جاپاني" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="黒死病" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="جاپاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blak_Det" title="Blak Det – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Blak Det" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98_%E1%83%AD%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="შავი ჭირი – جورجيائي" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შავი ჭირი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="جورجيائي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarka_taberkant" title="Tarka taberkant – کیبیل" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tarka taberkant" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="کیبیل" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8D_%D1%84%D3%80%D1%8B%D1%86%D3%80%D1%8D" title="Емынэ фӀыцӀэ – کابیرین" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Емынэ фӀыцӀэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="کابیرین" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C9%A9z%C9%A9k%CA%8A_k%C9%A9kp%C9%9Bd%CA%8A%CA%8A" title="Kɩzɩkʊ kɩkpɛdʊʊ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kɩzɩkʊ kɩkpɛdʊʊ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%96" title="Оба індеті – قازق" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Оба індеті" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="قازق" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9D%91%EC%82%AC%EB%B3%91" title="흑사병 – کوریایی" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="흑사병" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="کوریایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirina_re%C5%9F" title="Mirina reş – کردي" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mirina reş" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="کردي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mors_atra" title="Mors atra – لاتیني" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mors atra" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="لاتیني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazinura_negra" title="Hazinura negra – لاډینو" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Hazinura negra" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="لاډینو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zjwarte_Doe%C3%ABd" title="Zjwarte Doeëd – لمبرگیانی" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Zjwarte Doeëd" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="لمبرگیانی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mort_Foscia" title="Mort Foscia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Mort Foscia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juodoji_mirtis" title="Juodoji mirtis – ليتواني" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Juodoji mirtis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="ليتواني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meln%C4%81_n%C4%81ve" title="Melnā nāve – لېټواني" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Melnā nāve" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="لېټواني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A5" title="ब्ल्याक डेथ – مایتھلي" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="ब्ल्याक डेथ" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="مایتھلي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahafatesana_Mainty" title="Fahafatesana Mainty – ملغاسي" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fahafatesana Mainty" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="ملغاسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%80%D1%82" title="Црна смрт – مقدوني" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Црна смрт" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="مقدوني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D" title="ബ്ലാക്ക് ഡെത്ത് – مالايالم" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബ്ലാക്ക് ഡെത്ത്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="مالايالم" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80_%D2%AF%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Хар үхэл – منګولیایی" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хар үхэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="منګولیایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B3%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97" title="काळा प्लेग – مراټهي" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="काळा प्लेग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="مراټهي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maut_Hitam" title="Maut Hitam – ملایا" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Maut Hitam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="ملایا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesta_s-sewda" title="Pesta s-sewda – مالټايي" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Pesta s-sewda" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="مالټايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peste_negra" title="Peste negra – مرانديز" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Peste negra" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="مرانديز" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%B2%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%82%E1%80%AB" title="မဲသေရောဂါ – برمایی" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မဲသေရောဂါ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="برمایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiltik_mikistli" title="Tiltik mikistli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tiltik mikistli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swart_Dood" title="Swart Dood – کښته آلماني" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Swart Dood" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="کښته آلماني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81" title="कालो मृत्यु – نېپالي" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कालो मृत्यु" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="نېپالي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81" title="हाकुगु मृत्यु – نيواري" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="हाकुगु मृत्यु" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="نيواري" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwarte_Dood" title="Zwarte Dood – هالېنډي" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zwarte Dood" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="هالېنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svartedauden" title="Svartedauden – ناروېئي (نائنورسک)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Svartedauden" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="ناروېئي (نائنورسک)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svartedauden" title="Svartedauden – ناروېئي (بوکمال)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Svartedauden" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="ناروېئي (بوکمال)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83_%D0%BC%C3%A6%D0%BB%C3%A6%D1%82" title="Сау мæлæт – اوسيټک" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Сау мæлæт" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="اوسيټک" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%A4" title="ਕਾਲੀ ਮੌਤ – پنجابي" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਾਲੀ ਮੌਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="پنجابي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czarna_%C5%9Bmier%C4%87" title="Czarna śmierć – پولنډي" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Czarna śmierć" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="پولنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peste_Negra" title="Peste Negra – پورتګالي" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Peste Negra" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="پورتګالي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moartea_neagr%C4%83" title="Moartea neagră – رومانیایی" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Moartea neagră" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="رومانیایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="ټاکلې ليکنې"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%91%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Чёрная смерть – روسي" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чёрная смерть" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="روسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peste_niedda" title="Peste niedda – سارڊيني" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Peste niedda" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="سارڊيني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesti_niura" title="Pesti niura – سیلیسي" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Pesti niura" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="سیلیسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Daith" title="Black Daith – سکاټس" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Black Daith" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="سکاټس" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crna_smrt" title="Crna smrt – سرب-کروشيايي" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Crna smrt" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="سرب-کروشيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%85%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BA" title="කළු මරණය – سينهالي" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කළු මරණය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="سينهالي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Black Death" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cierna_smr%C5%A5" title="Čierna smrť – سلوواکي" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Čierna smrť" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="سلوواکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Crna_smrt" title="Črna smrt – سلوواني" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Črna smrt" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="سلوواني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Capis_sorme" title="Čapis sorme – اناري سميع" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Čapis sorme" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="اناري سميع" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vdekja_e_Zez%C3%AB" title="Vdekja e Zezë – الباني" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vdekja e Zezë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="الباني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%80%D1%82" title="Црна смрт – سربيائي" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Црна смрт" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="سربيائي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digerd%C3%B6den" title="Digerdöden – سویډنی" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Digerdöden" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="سویډنی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cz%C5%8Frn%C5%8F_%C5%9Bmier%C4%87" title="Czŏrnŏ śmierć – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Czŏrnŏ śmierć" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81" title="கறுப்புச் சாவு – تامل" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கறுப்புச் சாவு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="تامل" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AC%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B0" title="กาฬมรณะ – تايلېنډي" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กาฬมรณะ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="تايلېنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salot_na_Itim" title="Salot na Itim – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Salot na Itim" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_%C3%96l%C3%BCm" title="Kara Ölüm – ترکي" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kara Ölüm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="ترکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Чорна смерть – اوکرايني" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чорна смерть" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="اوکرايني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%81_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA" title="سیاہ موت – اردو" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سیاہ موت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="اردو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qora_o%CA%BBlim" title="Qora oʻlim – اوزبکي" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qora oʻlim" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="اوزبکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1i_Ch%E1%BA%BFt_%C4%90en" title="Cái Chết Đen – وېتنامي" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cái Chết Đen" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="وېتنامي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesse_des_djins" title="Pesse des djins – والون" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Pesse des djins" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="والون" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itom_nga_Kamatayon" title="Itom nga Kamatayon – وارۍ" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Itom nga Kamatayon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="وارۍ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%AD%BB%E7%97%85" title="黑死病 – وو چینایی" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="黑死病" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="وو چینایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90_%E1%83%AD%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="უჩა ჭირი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="უჩა ჭირი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%AD%BB%E7%97%85" title="黑死病 – چیني" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="黑死病" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="چیني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hek-s%C3%BA-p%C4%93ng" title="Hek-sú-pēng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hek-sú-pēng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%AD%BB%E7%97%85" title="黑死病 – کانټوني" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="黑死病" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="کانټوني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q42005#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="د ژبو خپلمنځي تړنې سمول" class="wbc-editpage">تړنې سمول</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="نوم-تشيالونه"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%AB" title="د مخ مېنځپانگه کتل [c]" accesskey="c"><span>مخ</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%90:%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="د مخ د مېنځپانگې په اړه خبرې اترې (تر اوسه پورې نه شته) [t]" 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class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%AB"><span>لوستل</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%AB&action=edit" title="د دې مخ د سرچينې کوډ سمول [e]" accesskey="e"><span>سمول</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%AB&action=history" title="د دې مخ پخوانۍ بڼې [h]" accesskey="h"><span>پېښليک کتل</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">څنګپټې ته ورسئ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">پټول</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%AB"><span>لوستل</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%AB&action=edit" title="د دې مخ د سرچينې کوډ سمول [e]" accesskey="e"><span>سمول</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%AB&action=history"><span>پېښليک کتل</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:WhatLinksHere/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%AB" title="د ويکي د ټولو هغو مخونو لړليک چې همدې مخ سره تړنې لري [j]" accesskey="j"><span>د دې مخ تړنې</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:RecentChangesLinked/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%AB" rel="nofollow" title="له دې مخ سره د تړل شويو مخونو وروستي بدلونونه [k]" accesskey="k"><span>اړونده بدلونونه</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ps" title="دوتنې پورته کول [u]" accesskey="u"><span>انځور/رسنۍ پورته کول</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AB%DA%93%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87" title="د ټولو ځانگړو پاڼو لړليک [q]" accesskey="q"><span>ځانگړي مخونه</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%AB&oldid=301131" title="د دې مخ د همدې بڼې تلپاتې تړنه"><span>تلپاتې تړنه</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%AB&action=info" title="د دې مخ اړونده نور مالومات"><span>د مخ مالومات</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D8%AF%D8%B1%DA%A9&page=%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%AB&id=301131&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="دې مخ ته د اخځ مالومات"><span>د دې مخ اخځ</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fps.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25D8%25AA%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1_%25D9%2585%25D8%25B1%25DA%25AB"><span>لنډ URL ترلاسه کړئ</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fps.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25D8%25AA%25D9%2588%25D8%25B1_%25D9%2585%25D8%25B1%25DA%25AB"><span>د QR کوډ يې ډاونلوډ کړئ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> چاپول/صادرول </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1+%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%AB"><span>يو کتاب جوړول</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:DownloadAsPdf&page=%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%AB&action=show-download-screen"><span>د PDF په بڼه ښکته کول</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%AB&printable=yes" title="د دې مخ چاپي بڼه [p]" accesskey="p"><span>چاپي بڼه</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> په نورو پروژو کې </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Black_Death" hreflang="en"><span>ويکيمېډيا کامنز</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q42005" title="د نښلېدلي اومتوک زېرمتون توکي سره تړنه [g]" accesskey="g"><span>ويکي‌ډېټا توکی</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="ښکارېدونکې بڼه"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">ښکارېدونکې بڼه</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">څنګپټې ته ورسئ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">پټول</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">د ويکيپېډيا، وړیا پوهنغونډ له خوا</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-rtl mw-parser-output" lang="ps" dir="rtl"><table class="js-no-interprojets" style="border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;margin:1em; padding-right:6px;font-size:100%;;font-weight:bold;font-family:Bahij Zar; background:none;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:right;"><div style="padding-bottom:0.5em;">تور مرګ (چې د طاعون، لویې مړینې یا وبا په نامه هم یادېږي) د لمفاوي غدو د پړسوب ساري طاعون دی چې له ۱۳۴۶ کال نه تر ۱۳۵۳ز کال پورې په افرویوریشیا کې رامنځ ته شو. دا د بشر په تاریخ کې تر ټولو وژونکې وبا ده چې په یوروشیا او شمالي افریقا کې د ۷۵ – ۲۰۰ میلیونه وګړو د مړینې لامل شوه او له ۱۳۴۷ نه تر ۱۳۵۱ ز کال پورې په اروپا کې لوړې کچې ته ورسېده. د لمفاوي غدې د پړسوب دا طاعون، د یرسینیا پیسټس د باکتریا له امله رامنځ ته کېږي چې د ورږې په واسطه خپرېږي، کله چې له یوه شخص نه بل شخص ته خپرېږې، کولای شي ثانوي بڼه غوره کړي چې د ویني د ککړتیا یا د ریو (سږو) د پړسوب(التهاب) د ساري ناروغۍ لامل کېږي.   <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaenschBianucciSignoliRajerison2010_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaenschBianucciSignoliRajerison2010-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۳<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <p>تورمرګ د دویم ساري طاعون پیل و. دې طاعون په دیني، ټولنیز او اقتصادي اړخونو کې لوی بدلونونه را منځ ته کړل، چې د اروپا د تاریخ مسیر یې په ژوره توګه تر اغېز لاندې راوست.  <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۴<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>د تور مرګ سرچینه تر شخړې لاندې ده. دې وبا یا له مرکزي آسیا یا هم له ختیځې آسیا نه سرچینه اخیستې ده، خو لومړۍ کره څرګندتیا یې په ۱۳۴۷ ز کال کې په کریمیا کې ښودل شوې ده. له کریمیا نه په ډېر احتمال سره په تورو موږکانو کې د ورږې په واسطه د جینوا د بېړیو پر مټ د مدیترانې سمندرګۍ په شاوخوا کې خپور شوې وي او بیا افریقا، لوېدیځې آسیا او نورې اروپا ته د قسطنطنیه، سیسلي او د ایټالیې د ټاپو له لارې رسېدلی وي. داسې شواهد شته دي، چې کله د مدیترانې څنډو ته را ورسېد، تور مرګ په عمده توګه له یوه انسان نه بل انسان ته د تنفسي طاعون په توګه خپور شو، په دې توګه ویل کېدل چې، که چېرې د خپرېدو د لامل لېږدوونکي د موږکانو ورږې وي، نو د ناروغي له تمې نه په ګړندۍ توګه د خپرېدو په حال کې وه چې د لمفاوي غذو د پړسوب لامل کېده.  <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnowden201949–53_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnowden201949–53-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۵<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>تور مرګ دویم ستر طبیعي ناورین و (چې لومړۍ ستره پېښه د ۱۳۱۵ نه تر ۱۳۱۷ ز پورې لویه لوږه وه) چې د منځنیو پېړیو په وروستیو کې یې اروپا تر برید لاندې راوسته او اټکل کېږي چې له ۳۰ نه تر ۶۰ سلنه پورې د اروپا نفوس یې د مرګ کندې ته اچولی وي. دې طاعون ښایي په ۱۴مه  پېړۍ کې د نړۍ نفوس له ۴۷۵ میلیونه نه ۳۷۵ – ۳۵۰ میلیونه ته کم کړی وي. د منځنیو پېړۍ په وروستیو کې نورې خپرېدنې هم وې چې نورو لاملونو، (لکه :د منځنیو پېړیو ناورین) یې ملتیا کوله، چې د اروپا نفوس و نه شو کولای، تر ۱۵۰۰ز کال پورې د ۱۳۰۰ کلونو کچه بېرته ترلاسه کړي. د تور مرګ خېرېدل، د ۱۹ مې پېړۍ تر پیل پورې څو ځله تکرار شوی دی.  <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۶<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۷<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۸<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAberth20109–13_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAberth20109–13-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۹<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAustin_Alchon200321_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAustin_Alchon200321-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۰<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="نومونه"><span id=".D9.86.D9.88.D9.85.D9.88.D9.86.D9.87"></span>نومونه</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%AB&action=edit&section=1" title="د سمولو برخه: نومونه"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>له دې طاعون سره معاصرو اروپایي لیکوالانو دا ناروغي په لاتیني ژبه کې د pestis یا pestilentia په نوم یاده کړې ده چې د pestilence یا طاعون په معنا ده. د epidemia په نامه چې د epidemic یا د ساري په معنا ده او د mortalitas په نامه چې د  mortality یا مړینې په معنه ده. له اتلسمې پېړۍ نه وړاندې په انګلیسي ژبه کې دې پېښې ته pestilence یا طاعون، great pestilence یا لوی طاعون، the plague یا وبا، great death یا لوی مرګ ویل کېده. له دې ناروغۍ نه وروسته د <i>furste moreyn</i>  یا (لومړی مړینې) یا لومړي طاعون اصطلاحات کارول کېدل، تر څو د ۱۴مې پېړۍ منځنۍ پېښې له نورو ساري ناروغیو او د طاعون له ناروغیو نه توپیر کړي. د ۱۳۴۷ز کال طاعون ناروغي په مشخصه توګه په ۱۴مه یا ۱۵مه پېړیو کې په هېڅ اروپایی ژبه کې د "تور" په توګه نه وه نومول شوې، که څه هم د "تور مرګ" کلیمه، مخکې له دې کله ناکله د نورو وژونکو ناروغۍ لپاره کارول شوې وه.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۱<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۲<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennettHollister2006326_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennettHollister2006326-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۳<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>د "تور مرګ" اصطلاح، تر ۱۷۵۰ز کلونو پورې په انګلیسي کې د طاعون ناروغۍ لپاره نه وه کارول شوې، دا اصطلاح په لومړي ځل په ۱۷۵۵ ز کال کې تایید شوه، چې د ډنمارکي ژبې له den sorte død چې په تحت الفظي توګه د the black death په معنا وه، ژباړل شوې وه. دا اصطلاح، د طاعون لپاره د خاص نامه په توګه په ۱۵ او ۱۶ پېړیو کې د سویډني او ډنمارکي تاریخ لیکونکو له خوا شهرت ته ورسېده او په ۱۶ او ۱۷ پېړیو کې نورو ژبو ته د پور کلیمې په توګه ولېږدول شوه، چې په آیسلینډي کېsvarti dauði، په جرمني کې  der schwarze Todاو په فرانسوي کې la mort noire په توګه خپره شوه. مخکې ډېری اروپایی ژبو د طاعون ناروغۍ ته د لاتینې ژبې د پور کلیمې: magna mortalitas چې د Great Death یا لوی مرګ په معنا وه، یوه اصلاح شوې اصطلاح کاروله.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۴<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۵<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۶<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۷<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>د تور مرګ اصطلاح، چې مرګ د تور په توګه تشرېح کوي ، ډېره زړه اصطلاح ده. هومر دا اصطلاح په خپل (اوډیسي) حماسي شعر کې د شیطاني سکیلا د ستایلو لپاره کارولې، چې خوله یې "له تور مرګ نه ډکه" ده (چې په لرغونې یوناني ژبه کې πλεῖοι μέλανος Θανάτοιο، رومي شوې بڼه یې pleîoi mélanos Thanátoio یې ده). ځوان سینیکا ښایي چې لومړی کس وي چې یوه ساري ناروغي یې د تور مرګ په نامه نومولې وي، (چې په لاتیني ژبه کې د mors atra په معنا ده)، خو یوازې د سختې وژونکي او د ناروغۍ د بد تشخیص له امله یې دا اصطلاح کارولې ده. د ۱۲مې او ۱۳مې پېړیو تر منځ فرانسوي رنځورپوه ګیلس دي کوربیل لا دمخه په خپل اثر کې چې د ناروغیو د نښو او نښانو (<i>De signis et symptomatibus aegritudium</i>) په نامه و، "د طاعون تبې" لپاره د <i>atra mors</i> اصطلاح کارولې ده. د <i>mors nigra</i> اصطلاح یا تور مرګ، په ۱۳۵۰ ز کال کې د بلجیمي ستور پیژندونکي سیمون دی کووینو (یا کووین) له خوا په خپل شعر کې، چې "د لمر د قضاوت په ورځ د زحل په جشن کې" (De judicio Solis in convivio Saturni) تر نامه لاندې و، کارول شوې وه چې دا طاعون یې د مشتري او زحل نجومي اړیکې ته اړوند ګڼلی و. د نوموړي له خوا د دې اصطلاح کارول، په ښکاره توګه د ۱۳۴۷ ز کال د طاعون له وبا سره تړاو نه درلود، خو داسې برېښي چې، د ناروغۍ وژونکو پایلو ته اشاره کوي.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۸<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۹<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲۰<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:23_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲۱<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:13_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲۲<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:24_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:24-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲۳<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲۴<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:14_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:14-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲۵<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>تاریخ لیکونکي کاردینال فرانسیس ایدن ګاسکټ، په ۱۹۹۳ ز کال کې د لویې وبا په اړه ولیکل او وړاندیز یې وکړ چې: دا د ختیځ یا  لمفاوي غدې د پړسوب د عادي طاعون یوه بڼه ده". په ۱۹۰۸ز کال کې ګاسکیټ ادعا وکړه چې، د ۱۴مې پېړۍ د طاعون لپاره د atra mors اصطلاح، لومړی ځل په ۱۶۳۱ ز کال کې د ډنمارک د تاریخ په کتاب کې چې د جې آی پونتانوس له خوا لیکل شوی دی، راڅرګنده شوه: "په عام ډول او د هغې د اغېزو له امله، دا د تور مرګ په نامه یادېږي" (Vulgo & ab effectu atram mortem vocitabant). <sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲۶<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGasquet19087_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGasquet19087-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲۷<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristakosOleaSerreYu2005110–14_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristakosOleaSerreYu2005110–14-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲۸<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGasquet1893_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGasquet1893-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲۹<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="مخکې_ساري_طاعونونه"><span id=".D9.85.D8.AE.DA.A9.DB.90_.D8.B3.D8.A7.D8.B1.D9.8A_.D8.B7.D8.A7.D8.B9.D9.88.D9.86.D9.88.D9.86.D9.87"></span>مخکې ساري طاعونونه</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%AB&action=edit&section=2" title="د سمولو برخه: مخکې ساري طاعونونه"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>وروستۍ څېړنې وایي چې:  د طاعون ناروغۍ لومړی ځل انسانان په اروپا او آسیا کې د نوولیتیک - د برونزو په لومړیو وختونو کې ونیول. په ۲۰۱۸ ز کال کې څېړنې په یوه لرغوني سویډني قبر کې د Yersinia pestis شواهد وموندل، چې د "نولیتیک زوال" له نږدې وختونو سره، چې نږدې ۳۰۰۰ کاله مخکې له میلاد نه و، تړاو ولري، چې په کې د اروپا نفوس په پراخه کچه کم شو. دا Y. pestis ښایي له نورو عصري ډولونو نه توپیر ولري، چې د لمفاوي غدو طاعون، د هغې ورږې(کیک) په واسطه د لېږد وړ دی، چې د سمارا په نږدې برخو کې د لومړي ځل لپاره د برونز د دورې له پاتی شونو نه وپېژندل شو.  <sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۳۰<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpyrouTukhbatovaWangValtueña2018_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpyrouTukhbatovaWangValtueña2018-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۳۱<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERascovanSjögrenKristiansenNielsen2018_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERascovanSjögrenKristiansenNielsen2018-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۳۲<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrades_ValtueñaMittnikKeyHaak2017_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrades_ValtueñaMittnikKeyHaak2017-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۳۳<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>د لمفاوي غدو طاعون نښې د روفوس د اوسېدونکي ایفیسوس په ادبي ټوټه کې، چې د  اوریباسیوس له خوا ساتل شوې، د لومړي ځل لپاره تشخیص شوی دی. دا لرغوني طبي چارواکي وړاندیز کوي چې: د لمفاوي غدو طاعون په رومي سترواکۍ کې د تراجان له واکمنۍ نه شپږ پیړۍ مخکې د جوستتینیان په واکمنۍ کې د پلوزیم سیمي ته خپور شو. څېړونکو په  ۲۰۱۳ ز کال کې پخوانی اټکل تایید کړ، چې د جوستینیان طاعون (له میلاد نه مخکې په ۵۴۱ – ۵۴۲ کلونو کې چې تر ۷۵۰ کال پورې ځو ځله تکرار شو) لامل، Y. pestis باکتریا وه. دا د لومړي ساري طاعون په نامه یادېږي.  <sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۳۴<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۳۵<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen201431ff_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen201431ff-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۳۶<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="سرچینې"><span id=".D8.B3.D8.B1.DA.86.DB.8C.D9.86.DB.90"></span>سرچینې</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%AB&action=edit&section=3" title="د سمولو برخه: سرچینې"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r262776">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/economic-life-after-covid-19-lessons-from-the-black-death/articleshow/74870296.cms?from=mdr">"Economic life after Covid-19: Lessons from the Black Death"</a>. <i>The Economic Times</i>. 29 March 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200621020454/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/economic-life-after-covid-19-lessons-from-the-black-death/articleshow/74870296.cms?from=mdr">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. نه اخيستل شوی <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=Economic+life+after+Covid-19%3A+Lessons+from+the+Black+Death&rft.date=2020-03-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fmarkets%2Fstocks%2Fnews%2Feconomic-life-after-covid-19-lessons-from-the-black-death%2Farticleshow%2F74870296.cms%3Ffrom%3Dmdr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1+%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%AB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs267/en/">"Plague"</a>. <i>World Health Organization</i>. October 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150424065540/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs267/en/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. نه اخيستل شوی <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Health+Organization&rft.atitle=Plague&rft.date=2017-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fmediacentre%2Ffactsheets%2Ffs267%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1+%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%AB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaenschBianucciSignoliRajerison2010-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaenschBianucciSignoliRajerison2010_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaenschBianucciSignoliRajerison2010">Haensch او نور 2010</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFFirth2012" class="citation web cs1">Firth, John (April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191002022050/https://jmvh.org/article/the-history-of-plague-part-1-the-three-great-pandemics/">"The History of Plague – Part 1. The Three Great Pandemics"</a>. <i>jmvh.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jmvh.org/article/the-history-of-plague-part-1-the-three-great-pandemics/">the original</a> on 2 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. نه اخيستل شوی <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jmvh.org&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Plague+%E2%80%93+Part+1.+The+Three+Great+Pandemics&rft.date=2012-04&rft.aulast=Firth&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjmvh.org%2Farticle%2Fthe-history-of-plague-part-1-the-three-great-pandemics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1+%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%AB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESnowden201949–53-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnowden201949–53_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSnowden2019">Snowden 2019</a>، مم. 49–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFGalensKnight2001" class="citation journal cs1">Galens, July; Knight, Judson (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/whic/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?displayGroupName=Reference&prodId=WHIC&action=e&windowstate=normal&catId=&documentId=GALE%7CCX3426200028&mode=view&userGroupName=holl83564&jsid=33d6ba6bd380219c2073e86fda0b07d0">"The Late Middle Ages"</a>. <i>Middle Ages Reference Library</i>. Gale. <b>1</b>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191216115220/http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/whic/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?displayGroupName=Reference&prodId=WHIC&action=e&windowstate=normal&catId=&documentId=GALE%7CCX3426200028&mode=view&userGroupName=holl83564&jsid=33d6ba6bd380219c2073e86fda0b07d0">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. نه اخيستل شوی <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+Ages+Reference+Library&rft.atitle=The+Late+Middle+Ages&rft.volume=1&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Galens&rft.aufirst=July&rft.au=Knight%2C+Judson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fic.galegroup.com%2Fic%2Fwhic%2FReferenceDetailsPage%2FReferenceDetailsWindow%3FdisplayGroupName%3DReference%26prodId%3DWHIC%26action%3De%26windowstate%3Dnormal%26catId%3D%26documentId%3DGALE%257CCX3426200028%26mode%3Dview%26userGroupName%3Dholl83564%26jsid%3D33d6ba6bd380219c2073e86fda0b07d0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1+%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%AB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFHoward2020" class="citation web cs1">Howard, Jenny (6 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/health-and-human-body/human-diseases/the-plague/#:~:text=The%20plague%20killed%20an%20estimated,in%20which%2070%2C000%20residents%20died.">"Plague was one of history's deadliest diseases[[:کينډۍ:Snd]]then we found a cure"</a>. <i>National Geographic</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201202201701/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/health-and-human-body/human-diseases/the-plague/#:~:text=The%20plague%20killed%20an%20estimated,in%20which%2070%2C000%20residents%20died.">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. نه اخيستل شوی <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Plague+was+one+of+history%27s+deadliest+diseases%3A%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%89%DB%8D%3ASndthen+we+found+a+cure&rft.date=2020-07-06&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=Jenny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fscience%2Fhealth-and-human-body%2Fhuman-diseases%2Fthe-plague%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520plague%2520killed%2520an%2520estimated%2Cin%2520which%252070%252C000%2520residents%2520died.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1+%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%AB" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%89%DB%8D:Cite_web" class="mw-redirect" title="کينډۍ:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">URL–wikilink conflict (<a href="/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%9A%D9%88%D8%AF:CS1_errors#wikilink_in_url" title="لارښود:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/international-programs/historical-est-worldpop.html">"Historical Estimates of World Population"</a>. Census.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190502001420/https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/international-programs/historical-est-worldpop.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. نه اخيستل شوی <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historical+Estimates+of+World+Population&rft.pub=Census.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fdata%2Ftables%2Ftime-series%2Fdemo%2Finternational-programs%2Fhistorical-est-worldpop.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1+%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%AB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAberth20109–13-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAberth20109–13_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAberth2010">Aberth 2010</a>، مم. 9–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAustin_Alchon200321-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAustin_Alchon200321_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAustin_Alchon2003">Austin Alchon 2003</a>، م. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/280254">"Black Death, n."</a>, <i>Oxford English Dictionary Online</i> (په انګليسي) (3rd ed.), Oxford University Press, 2011, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210522013812/https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/280254">archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, نه اخيستل شوی <span class="nowrap">2020-04-11</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary+Online&rft.atitle=Black+Death%2C+n.&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F280254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1+%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%AB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">John of Fordun's <i>Scotichronicon</i> ("there was a great pestilence and mortality of men") <a href="#CITEREFHorrox1994">Horrox 1994</a>, p. 84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennettHollister2006326-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBennettHollister2006326_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBennettHollister2006">Bennett او Hollister 2006</a>، م. 326.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFPontoppidan1755" class="citation book cs1">Pontoppidan, Erich (1755). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/naturalhistoryNc2Pont/page/n57"><i>The Natural History of Norway: …</i></a>. London: A. Linde. p. 24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Natural+History+of+Norway%3A+%E2%80%A6&rft.place=London&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=A.+Linde&rft.date=1755&rft.aulast=Pontoppidan&rft.aufirst=Erich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FnaturalhistoryNc2Pont%2Fpage%2Fn57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1+%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%AB" class="Z3988"></span> From p. 24: "Norway, indeed, cannot be said to be entirely exempt from pestilential distempers, for the Black-death, known all over Europe by its terrible ravages, from the years 1348 to 50, was felt here as in other parts, and to the great diminution of the number of the inhabitants."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-:2_15-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFd'Irsay1926" class="citation journal cs1">d'Irsay, Stephen (1926). "Notes to the Origin of the Expression: ≪ Atra Mors ≫". <i>Isis</i>. <b>8</b> (2): 328–32. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F358397">10.1086/358397</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د تمديد نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0021-1753">0021-1753</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%BC%D9%88%D8%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="جی سټور (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/223649">223649</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="سمانتیک اسکالر (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147317779">147317779</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Isis&rft.atitle=Notes+to+the+Origin+of+the+Expression%3A+%E2%89%AA+Atra+Mors+%E2%89%AB&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=328-32&rft.date=1926&rft.issn=0021-1753&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147317779%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F223649%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F358397&rft.aulast=d%27Irsay&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1+%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%AB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">The German physician <a href="/w/index.php?title=Justus_Hecker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Justus Hecker (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Justus Friedrich Karl Hecker</a> (1795–1850) cited the phrase in Icelandic (<i><strong class="error"><span class="scribunto-error mw-scribunto-error-1d349496">Script error: The function "Lang" does not exist.</span></strong></i>), Danish (<i><strong class="error"><span class="scribunto-error mw-scribunto-error-1d349496">Script error: The function "Lang" does not exist.</span></strong></i>), etc. See: J. F. C. Hecker, <i>Der schwarze Tod im vierzehnten Jahrhundert</i> [The Black Death in the Fourteenth Century] (Berlin, (Germany): Friedr. Aug. Herbig, 1832), <a href="//archive.org/details/bub_gb_LhoqAAAAYAAJ/page/n38" class="extiw" title="iarchive:bub gb LhoqAAAAYAAJ/page/n38">p. 3.</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LhoqAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA3">"آرشیف کاپي"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. نه اخيستل شوی <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%81+%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%8A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLhoqAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1+%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%AB" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%89%DB%8D:Cite_web" class="mw-redirect" title="کينډۍ:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|تاريخ الأرشيف=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%9A%D9%88%D8%AF:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="لارښود:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span>; <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Unknown parameter <code class="cs1-code">|مسار الأرشيف=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%9A%D9%88%D8%AF:CS1_errors#parameter_ignored" title="لارښود:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">ساتل CS1: url-status (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D9%88%DB%90%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%87:%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%84_CS1:_url-status&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="وېشنيزه:ساتل CS1: url-status (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-:12_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/280254">"Black Death, n."</a>, <i>Oxford English Dictionary Online</i> (په انګليسي) (3rd ed.), Oxford University Press, 2011, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210522013812/https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/280254">archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, نه اخيستل شوی <span class="nowrap">2020-04-11</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary+Online&rft.atitle=Black+Death%2C+n.&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F280254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1+%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%AB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-:22_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFd'Irsay1926" class="citation journal cs1">d'Irsay, Stephen (1926). "Notes to the Origin of the Expression: ≪ Atra Mors ≫". <i>Isis</i>. <b>8</b> (2): 328–32. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F358397">10.1086/358397</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د تمديد نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0021-1753">0021-1753</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%BC%D9%88%D8%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="جی سټور (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/223649">223649</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="سمانتیک اسکالر (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147317779">147317779</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Isis&rft.atitle=Notes+to+the+Origin+of+the+Expression%3A+%E2%89%AA+Atra+Mors+%E2%89%AB&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=328-32&rft.date=1926&rft.issn=0021-1753&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147317779%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F223649%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F358397&rft.aulast=d%27Irsay&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1+%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%AB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Homer, <i>Odyssey</i>, XII, 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Seneca, <i>Oedipus</i>, 164–70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:23-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-:23_21-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFd'Irsay1926" class="citation journal cs1">d'Irsay, Stephen (1926). "Notes to the Origin of the Expression: ≪ Atra Mors ≫". <i>Isis</i>. <b>8</b> (2): 328–32. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F358397">10.1086/358397</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د تمديد نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0021-1753">0021-1753</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%BC%D9%88%D8%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="جی سټور (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/223649">223649</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="سمانتیک اسکالر (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147317779">147317779</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Isis&rft.atitle=Notes+to+the+Origin+of+the+Expression%3A+%E2%89%AA+Atra+Mors+%E2%89%AB&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=328-32&rft.date=1926&rft.issn=0021-1753&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147317779%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F223649%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F358397&rft.aulast=d%27Irsay&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1+%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%AB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-:13_22-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/280254">"Black Death, n."</a>, <i>Oxford English Dictionary Online</i> (په انګليسي) (3rd ed.), Oxford University Press, 2011, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210522013812/https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/280254">archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, نه اخيستل شوی <span class="nowrap">2020-04-11</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary+Online&rft.atitle=Black+Death%2C+n.&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F280254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1+%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%AB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:24-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-:24_23-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFd'Irsay1926" class="citation journal cs1">d'Irsay, Stephen (1926). "Notes to the Origin of the Expression: ≪ Atra Mors ≫". <i>Isis</i>. <b>8</b> (2): 328–32. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%85%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90%DA%9A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%DA%9A%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="څيز برېښنايي نښه (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F358397">10.1086/358397</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D9%86%DA%93%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="د تمديد نړيوال ستندرد شمېره (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0021-1753">0021-1753</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%BC%D9%88%D8%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="جی سټور (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/223649">223649</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="سمانتیک اسکالر (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147317779">147317779</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Isis&rft.atitle=Notes+to+the+Origin+of+the+Expression%3A+%E2%89%AA+Atra+Mors+%E2%89%AB&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=328-32&rft.date=1926&rft.issn=0021-1753&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147317779%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F223649%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F358397&rft.aulast=d%27Irsay&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1+%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%AB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFde_Corbeil1907" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">de Corbeil, Gilles (1907) [1200]. Valentin, Rose (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/egidiicorbolien02rosegoog"><i>Egidii Corboliensis Viaticus: De signis et symptomatibus aegritudium</i></a>. <i>Bibliotheca scriptorum medii aevi Teubneriana</i> (په لاتیني). Harvard University: In aedibus B.G. Teubneri.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egidii+Corboliensis+Viaticus%3A+De+signis+et+symptomatibus+aegritudium&rft.place=Harvard+University&rft.pub=In+aedibus+B.G.+Teubneri&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=de+Corbeil&rft.aufirst=Gilles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fegidiicorbolien02rosegoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1+%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%AB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:14-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-:14_25-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/280254">"Black Death, n."</a>, <i>Oxford English Dictionary Online</i> (په انګليسي) (3rd ed.), Oxford University Press, 2011, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210522013812/https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/280254">archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, نه اخيستل شوی <span class="nowrap">2020-04-11</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary+Online&rft.atitle=Black+Death%2C+n.&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F280254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1+%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%AB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Johan Isaksson Pontanus, <i>Rerum Danicarum Historia</i> ... (Amsterdam (Netherlands): Johann Jansson, 1631), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HaExAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA476">p. 476.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160504221100/https://books.google.com/books?id=HaExAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA476">Archived</a> 4 May 2016 at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wayback Machine (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGasquet19087-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGasquet19087_27-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGasquet1908">Gasquet 1908</a>، م. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristakosOleaSerreYu2005110–14-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristakosOleaSerreYu2005110–14_28-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChristakosOleaSerreYu2005">Christakos او نور 2005</a>، مم. 110–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGasquet1893-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGasquet1893_29-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGasquet1893">Gasquet 1893</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Zhang, Sarah, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/12/4900-year-old-case-plague-sweden/577315/">An Ancient Case of the Plague Could Rewrite History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191113183612/https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2018/12/4900-year-old-case-plague-sweden/577315/">Archived</a> 13 November 2019 at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wayback_Machine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wayback Machine (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Wayback Machine</a>.", <i>The Atlantic</i>, 6 December 2018</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpyrouTukhbatovaWangValtueña2018-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpyrouTukhbatovaWangValtueña2018_31-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSpyrouTukhbatovaWangValtueña2018">Spyrou او نور 2018</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERascovanSjögrenKristiansenNielsen2018-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERascovanSjögrenKristiansenNielsen2018_32-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRascovanSjögrenKristiansenNielsen2018">Rascovan او نور 2018</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrades_ValtueñaMittnikKeyHaak2017-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrades_ValtueñaMittnikKeyHaak2017_33-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndrades_ValtueñaMittnikKeyHaak2017">Andrades Valtueña او نور 2017</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phys.org/news/2013-05-modern-lab-ages-plague-dna.html">"Modern lab reaches across the ages to resolve plague DNA debate"</a>. phys.org. 20 May 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190727034311/https://phys.org/news/2013-05-modern-lab-ages-plague-dna.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. نه اخيستل شوی <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Modern+lab+reaches+across+the+ages+to+resolve+plague+DNA+debate&rft.pub=phys.org&rft.date=2013-05-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2013-05-modern-lab-ages-plague-dna.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1+%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%AB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFCheng2014" class="citation web cs1">Cheng, Maria (28 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalpost.com/2014/01/28/plague-dna-found-in-ancient-teeth-shows-medieval-black-death-1500-year-pandemic-caused-by-same-disease/">"Plague DNA found in ancient teeth shows medieval Black Death, 1,500-year pandemic caused by same disease"</a>. <i>National Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140129115824/http://news.nationalpost.com/2014/01/28/plague-dna-found-in-ancient-teeth-shows-medieval-black-death-1500-year-pandemic-caused-by-same-disease/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. نه اخيستل شوی <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Post&rft.atitle=Plague+DNA+found+in+ancient+teeth+shows+medieval+Black+Death%2C+1%2C500-year+pandemic+caused+by+same+disease&rft.date=2014-01-28&rft.aulast=Cheng&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalpost.com%2F2014%2F01%2F28%2Fplague-dna-found-in-ancient-teeth-shows-medieval-black-death-1500-year-pandemic-caused-by-same-disease%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1+%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%AB" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen201431ff-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen201431ff_36-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreen2014">Green 2014</a>، مم. 31ff.</span> </li> </ol>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">"<a dir="ltr" href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=تور_مرګ&oldid=301131">https://ps.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=تور_مرګ&oldid=301131</a>" نه اخيستل شوی</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D9%88%DB%90%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2%DB%90" title="ځانگړی:وېشنيزې">وېشنيزې</a>: <ul><li><a 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