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class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Navn</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Navn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historisk_gennemgang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historisk_gennemgang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Historisk gennemgang</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historisk_gennemgang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Årsag" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Årsag"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Årsag</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Årsag-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underafsnit Årsag</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Årsag-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Datidens_forklaringer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Datidens_forklaringer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Datidens forklaringer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Datidens_forklaringer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symptomer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symptomer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Symptomer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symptomer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forebyggelse_og_behandling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forebyggelse_og_behandling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Forebyggelse og behandling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forebyggelse_og_behandling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sociale_og_økonomiske_eftervirkninger" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sociale_og_økonomiske_eftervirkninger"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sociale og økonomiske eftervirkninger</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sociale_og_økonomiske_eftervirkninger-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Litteratur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Litteratur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Litteratur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Litteratur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referencer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referencer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Referencer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referencer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_henvisninger" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_henvisninger"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Eksterne henvisninger</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_henvisninger-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indhold" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vis/skjul indholdsfortegnelsen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vis/skjul indholdsfortegnelsen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Den sorte død</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå til en artikel på et andet sprog. Tilgængelig på 122 sprog" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-122" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">122 sprog</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swart_Dood" title="Swart Dood – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Swart Dood" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzer_Tod" title="Schwarzer Tod – schweizertysk" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Schwarzer Tod" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="schweizertysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peste_negra" title="Peste negra – aragonsk" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Peste negra" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF" title="الموت الأسود – arabisk" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الموت الأسود" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF" title="الموت الاسود – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الموت الاسود" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peste_negro" title="Peste negro – asturisk" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Peste negro" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="fremragende artikel"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qara_%C3%B6l%C3%BCm" title="Qara ölüm – aserbajdsjansk" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qara ölüm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbajdsjansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D8%A4%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85" title="قارا اؤلوم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قارا اؤلوم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D2%AF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Ҡара үлем – bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡара үлем" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Чорная смерць – belarusisk" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чорная смерць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Чорная сьмерць – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Чорная сьмерць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82" title="Черната смърт – bulgarsk" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Черната смърт" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maut_Hitam" title="Maut Hitam – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Maut Hitam" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81" title="কালো মৃত্যু – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কালো মৃত্যু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosenn_Zu" title="Bosenn Zu – bretonsk" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bosenn Zu" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crna_smrt" title="Crna smrt – bosnisk" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Crna smrt" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesta_Negra" title="Pesta Negra – catalansk" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pesta Negra" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1ik-s%E1%B9%B3%CC%84-b%C3%AAng" title="Háik-sṳ̄-bêng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Háik-sṳ̄-bêng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%95%DB%95%D8%B4" title="مردنی ڕەش – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مردنی ڕەش" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cern%C3%A1_smrt" title="Černá smrt – tjekkisk" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Černá smrt" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tjekkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pla_Du" title="Pla Du – walisisk" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pla Du" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzer_Tod" title="Schwarzer Tod – tysk" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schwarzer Tod" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mergo_siya" title="Mergo siya – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Mergo siya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B7_%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%8E%CE%BB%CE%B7" title="Μαύρη πανώλη – græsk" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαύρη πανώλη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="græsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death – engelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Black Death" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigra_morto" title="Nigra morto – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nigra morto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peste_negra" title="Peste negra – spansk" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Peste negra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Must_surm" title="Must surm – estisk" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Must surm" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izurri_Beltza" title="Izurri Beltza – baskisk" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Izurri Beltza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%AF_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%87" title="مرگ سیاه – persisk" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مرگ سیاه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="god artikel"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musta_surma" title="Musta surma – finsk" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Musta surma" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Must_surm" title="Must surm – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Must surm" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3ttin_svarta" title="Sóttin svarta – færøsk" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Sóttin svarta" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="færøsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peste_noire" title="Peste noire – fransk" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Peste noire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peste_Nere" title="Peste Nere – friulisk" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Peste Nere" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friulisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarte_Dea" title="Swarte Dea – vestfrisisk" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Swarte Dea" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="vestfrisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Phl%C3%A1_Mh%C3%B3r" title="An Phlá Mhór – irsk" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Phlá Mhór" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lap%C3%A8s_nw%C3%A8" title="Lapès nwè – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lapès nwè" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am_B%C3%A0s_Dubh" title="Am Bàs Dubh – skotsk gælisk" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Am Bàs Dubh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="skotsk gælisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peste_Negra" title="Peste Negra – galicisk" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Peste Negra" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8D%85%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8D%84%F0%90%8D%83_%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%B8%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%83" title="𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐍄𐍃 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌸𐌿𐍃 – gotisk" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍃𐍅𐌰𐍂𐍄𐍃 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌸𐌿𐍃" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="gotisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Black Death" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Het-s%C3%AD-phiang" title="Het-sí-phiang – hakka-kinesisk" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Het-sí-phiang" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka-kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A8" title="המוות השחור – hebraisk" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המוות השחור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A4" title="काली मौत – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="काली मौत" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doba_kuge" title="Doba kuge – kroatisk" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Doba kuge" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lap%C3%A8s_nwa" title="Lapès nwa – haitisk" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lapès nwa" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="fremragende artikel"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fekete_hal%C3%A1l" title="Fekete halál – ungarsk" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fekete halál" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D6%87_%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B0" title="Սև մահ – armensk" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սև մահ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A5%D6%82_%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B0" title="Սեւ Մահ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Սեւ Մահ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peste_nigre" title="Peste nigre – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Peste nigre" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wabah_Hitam_(pandemi)" title="Wabah Hitam (pandemi) – indonesisk" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wabah Hitam (pandemi)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigra_pesto" title="Nigra pesto – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nigra pesto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svartidau%C3%B0i" title="Svartidauði – islandsk" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Svartidauði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="fremragende artikel"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peste_nera" title="Peste nera – italiensk" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Peste nera" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%92%E6%AD%BB%E7%97%85" title="黒死病 – japansk" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="黒死病" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blak_Det" title="Blak Det – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Blak Det" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98_%E1%83%AD%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="შავი ჭირი – georgisk" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შავი ჭირი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarka_taberkant" title="Tarka taberkant – kabylsk" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tarka taberkant" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabylsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8D_%D1%84%D3%80%D1%8B%D1%86%D3%80%D1%8D" title="Емынэ фӀыцӀэ – kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Емынэ фӀыцӀэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C9%A9z%C9%A9k%CA%8A_k%C9%A9kp%C9%9Bd%CA%8A%CA%8A" title="Kɩzɩkʊ kɩkpɛdʊʊ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kɩzɩkʊ kɩkpɛdʊʊ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%96" title="Оба індеті – kasakhisk" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Оба індеті" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kasakhisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9D%91%EC%82%AC%EB%B3%91" title="흑사병 – koreansk" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="흑사병" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirina_re%C5%9F" title="Mirina reş – kurdisk" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mirina reş" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mors_atra" title="Mors atra – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mors atra" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazinura_negra" title="Hazinura negra – ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Hazinura negra" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zjwarte_Doe%C3%ABd" title="Zjwarte Doeëd – limburgsk" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Zjwarte Doeëd" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mort_Foscia" title="Mort Foscia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Mort Foscia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juodoji_mirtis" title="Juodoji mirtis – litauisk" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Juodoji mirtis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meln%C4%81_n%C4%81ve" title="Melnā nāve – lettisk" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Melnā nāve" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A5" title="ब्ल्याक डेथ – maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="ब्ल्याक डेथ" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahafatesana_Mainty" title="Fahafatesana Mainty – malagassisk" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fahafatesana Mainty" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malagassisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%80%D1%82" title="Црна смрт – makedonsk" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Црна смрт" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D" title="ബ്ലാക്ക് ഡെത്ത് – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബ്ലാക്ക് ഡെത്ത്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80_%D2%AF%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Хар үхэл – mongolsk" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хар үхэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B3%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97" title="काळा प्लेग – marathisk" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="काळा प्लेग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maut_Hitam" title="Maut Hitam – malajisk" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Maut Hitam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesta_s-sewda" title="Pesta s-sewda – maltesisk" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Pesta s-sewda" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peste_negra" title="Peste negra – mirandesisk" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Peste negra" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%B2%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%82%E1%80%AB" title="မဲသေရောဂါ – burmesisk" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မဲသေရောဂါ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="burmesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiltik_mikistli" title="Tiltik mikistli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tiltik mikistli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swart_Dood" title="Swart Dood – nedertysk" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Swart Dood" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="nedertysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81" title="कालो मृत्यु – nepalesisk" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कालो मृत्यु" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81" title="हाकुगु मृत्यु – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="हाकुगु मृत्यु" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwarte_Dood" title="Zwarte Dood – nederlandsk" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zwarte Dood" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svartedauden" title="Svartedauden – nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Svartedauden" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svartedauden" title="Svartedauden – bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Svartedauden" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%83_%D0%BC%C3%A6%D0%BB%C3%A6%D1%82" title="Сау мæлæт – ossetisk" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Сау мæлæт" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ossetisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%A4" title="ਕਾਲੀ ਮੌਤ – punjabisk" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਾਲੀ ਮੌਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czarna_%C5%9Bmier%C4%87" title="Czarna śmierć – polsk" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Czarna śmierć" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B1%DA%AB" title="تور مرګ – pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تور مرګ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peste_Negra" title="Peste Negra – portugisisk" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Peste Negra" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moartea_neagr%C4%83" title="Moartea neagră – rumænsk" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Moartea neagră" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumænsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="fremragende artikel"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%91%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Чёрная смерть – russisk" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чёрная смерть" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peste_niedda" title="Peste niedda – sardinsk" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Peste niedda" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardinsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesti_niura" title="Pesti niura – siciliansk" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Pesti niura" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Daith" title="Black Daith – skotsk" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Black Daith" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="skotsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crna_smrt" title="Crna smrt – serbokroatisk" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Crna smrt" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%85%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BA" title="කළු මරණය – singalesisk" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කළු මරණය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Black Death" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cierna_smr%C5%A5" title="Čierna smrť – slovakisk" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Čierna smrť" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Crna_smrt" title="Črna smrt – slovensk" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Črna smrt" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Capis_sorme" title="Čapis sorme – enaresamisk" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Čapis sorme" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="enaresamisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vdekja_e_Zez%C3%AB" title="Vdekja e Zezë – albansk" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vdekja e Zezë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%80%D1%82" title="Црна смрт – serbisk" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Црна смрт" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="lovende artikel"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digerd%C3%B6den" title="Digerdöden – svensk" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Digerdöden" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cz%C5%8Frn%C5%8F_%C5%9Bmier%C4%87" title="Czŏrnŏ śmierć – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Czŏrnŏ śmierć" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81" title="கறுப்புச் சாவு – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கறுப்புச் சாவு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AC%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B0" title="กาฬมรณะ – thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กาฬมรณะ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salot_na_Itim" title="Salot na Itim – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Salot na Itim" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_%C3%96l%C3%BCm" title="Kara Ölüm – tyrkisk" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kara Ölüm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="tyrkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Чорна смерть – ukrainsk" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чорна смерть" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%81_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AA" title="سیاہ موت – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سیاہ موت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qora_o%CA%BBlim" title="Qora oʻlim – usbekisk" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qora oʻlim" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbekisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1i_Ch%E1%BA%BFt_%C4%90en" title="Cái Chết Đen – vietnamesisk" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cái Chết Đen" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesse_des_djins" title="Pesse des djins – vallonsk" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Pesse des djins" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="vallonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itom_nga_Kamatayon" title="Itom nga Kamatayon – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Itom nga Kamatayon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%AD%BB%E7%97%85" title="黑死病 – wu-kinesisk" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="黑死病" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu-kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90_%E1%83%AD%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="უჩა ჭირი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="უჩა ჭირი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%AD%BB%E7%97%85" title="黑死病 – kinesisk" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="黑死病" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hek-s%C3%BA-p%C4%93ng" title="Hek-sú-pēng – min-kinesisk" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hek-sú-pēng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min-kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%AD%BB%E7%97%85" title="黑死病 – kantonesisk" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="黑死病" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q42005#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Redigér sproglinks" class="wbc-editpage">Redigér links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Navnerum"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Den_sorte_d%C3%B8d" title="Se 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Burying_Plague_Victims_of_Tournai.jpg/220px-Burying_Plague_Victims_of_Tournai.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Burying_Plague_Victims_of_Tournai.jpg/330px-Burying_Plague_Victims_of_Tournai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Burying_Plague_Victims_of_Tournai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="418" /></a><figcaption>Folk begraver ofre for den sorte død. "Gilles le Muisits krønike" (1272-1352). Bibliothèque royale de Belgique, MS 13076-77, f. 24v.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Den sorte død</b> var en <a href="/wiki/Pandemi" title="Pandemi">pandemi</a> af historisk <a href="/wiki/Pest" title="Pest">pest</a> i midten af <a href="/wiki/14._%C3%A5rhundrede" title="14. århundrede">1300-tallet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-salmonsen_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salmonsen-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pandemien angreb <a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messina</a> i <a href="/wiki/1347" title="1347">1347</a>, og <i>Den sorte død</i> spredtes herefter med stor hast op gennem <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a> og bredte sig i 1350 i Danmark.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ud fra de sparsomme kilder og det begrænsede talmateriale antages det, at pandemien havde forårsaget, at folketallet i Europa omkring 1450 var blevet reduceret til mellem en tredjedel og halvdelen af befolkningsniveauet fra før 1347.<sup id="cite_ref-DenStoreDanske_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DenStoreDanske-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Det er den <a href="/wiki/Liste_over_epidemier" title="Liste over epidemier">dødeligste pandemi nogensinde</a>. Efter <i>Den sorte død</i> hærgede pest Europa de næste århundreder, men mindre hårdt.<sup id="cite_ref-DenStoreDanske_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DenStoreDanske-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Efter alt at dømme var bakterien <i><a href="/wiki/Yersinia_pestis" title="Yersinia pestis">Yersinia pestis</a></i> højst sandsynligt årsagen til pandemien. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Navn">Navn</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Den_sorte_d%C3%B8d&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redigér afsnit: Navn" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Den_sorte_d%C3%B8d&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Navn"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Den sorte død" er en betegnelse for pesten generelt og særligt den store pestepidemi i midten af 1300-tallet som blev påhæftet senere.<sup id="cite_ref-Pest,_Jøder_og_samfundsorden_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pest,_Jøder_og_samfundsorden-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historikeren <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Gasquet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francis Gasquet (ikke skrevet endnu)">Francis Gasquet</a> tillagde udtrykket <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Isaacus_Pontanus" class="mw-redirect" title="Johannes Isaacus Pontanus">Johannes Isaacus Pontanus</a> der skrev den latinske frase "atram mortem" i <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rerum_Danicarum_Historia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rerum Danicarum Historia (ikke skrevet endnu)">Rerum Danicarum Historia</a></i> fra <a href="/wiki/1631" title="1631">1631</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Notes_to_the_Origin_of_the_Expression:_'Atra_Mors'_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Notes_to_the_Origin_of_the_Expression:_'Atra_Mors'-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Andre har dog sporet det længere tilbage. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Simon_de_Couvin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simon de Couvin (ikke skrevet endnu)">Simon de Couvin</a> benyttede udtrykket "mors nigra" i et digt fra omkring 1350.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Datiden betegnede epidemien "den store dødelighed", "mandedøden" eller lignende.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Det er uklart hvordan udtrykket "den sorte død" er opstået.<sup id="cite_ref-Notes_to_the_Origin_of_the_Expression:_'Atra_Mors'_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Notes_to_the_Origin_of_the_Expression:_'Atra_Mors'-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> En skribent i 1800-tallet mente det stammede fra symptomerne, de sorte bylder. En anden skribent, F. A. Gasquet, mente det i stedet henviste til den udbredte sorg og pessimisme.<sup id="cite_ref-Notes_to_the_Origin_of_the_Expression:_'Atra_Mors'_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Notes_to_the_Origin_of_the_Expression:_'Atra_Mors'-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historisk_gennemgang">Historisk gennemgang</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Den_sorte_d%C3%B8d&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redigér afsnit: Historisk gennemgang" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Den_sorte_d%C3%B8d&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Historisk gennemgang"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Spread-Of-The-Black-Death.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Spread-Of-The-Black-Death.gif/366px-Spread-Of-The-Black-Death.gif" decoding="async" width="366" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Spread-Of-The-Black-Death.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>spredningen af <a href="/wiki/Pest" title="Pest">pest</a></figcaption></figure> <p>I <a href="/wiki/1331" title="1331">1331</a> brød der pest ud i <a href="/wiki/Hubei-provinsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Hubei-provinsen">Hubei-provinsen</a> centralt i <a href="/wiki/Kina" title="Kina">Kina</a>. Kilden var sandsynligvis en latent smitte blandt små<a href="/wiki/Gnavere" title="Gnavere">gnavere</a> i <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a> og <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>, 800 km længere mod syd. De næste tyve år spredte smitten sig til resten af Kina. At dømme efter folketællinger omkom mindst 20 millioner. <a href="/wiki/Kamel" title="Kamel">Kamelkaravanerne</a> langs <a href="/wiki/Silkevejen" title="Silkevejen">Silkevejen</a> bragte smitten mod vest. I <a href="/wiki/1346" title="1346">1346</a> var pesten nået frem til den mongolske hær, der belejrede den <a href="/wiki/Genova" title="Genova">genovesiske</a> havneby <a href="/wiki/Feodosija" title="Feodosija">Kaffa</a> på <a href="/wiki/Krim" title="Krim">Krim</a> (nu Feodosija).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Belejringen blev afbrudt af pestens voldsomhed, og mongolerne fortrak. Men nu brød sygdommen ud inde i byen, og i <a href="/wiki/Panik" title="Panik">panik</a> satte de overlevende kurs mod hjemlandet. Da de sejlede ind i Messinas havn i oktober 1347, tog de smitten med til Europa. </p><p>Sygdommen kom ifølge et <a href="/wiki/Sagn" title="Sagn">sagn</a> til Danmark i <a href="/wiki/1349" title="1349">1349</a> med et norsk skib, der kom fra <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, og som strandede i det nordlige <a href="/wiki/Jylland" title="Jylland">Jylland</a>, da hele besætningen var død. I det følgende år rasede den i al sin heftighed, og det antages, at omtrent halvdelen af befolkningen døde. Store distrikter lå fuldstændig øde efter pesten. I <a href="/wiki/Roskilde_Stift" title="Roskilde Stift">Roskilde Stift</a> var der 20 år efter stadig 98 gårde og møller og 71 huse, der stod tomme. Da <a href="/wiki/Valdemar_4._Atterdag" class="mw-redirect" title="Valdemar 4. Atterdag">Valdemar Atterdag</a> i <a href="/wiki/1357" title="1357">1357</a> byggede et slot i <a href="/wiki/Randers" title="Randers">Randers</a>, var det af materialer fra 11 nedbrudte kirker fra affolkede <a href="/wiki/Sogn" title="Sogn">sogne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-salmonsen_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-salmonsen-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Det sidste angreb af <i>Den sorte død</i> skete øjensynligt i <a href="/wiki/Moskva" title="Moskva">Moskva</a> i <a href="/wiki/1353" title="1353">1353</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pest,_Jøder_og_samfundsorden_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pest,_Jøder_og_samfundsorden-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Først ca. 1550, to hundrede år senere, var Europas folketal igen oppe på 75 millioner.<sup id="cite_ref-aydon141_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aydon141-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Årsag"><span id=".C3.85rsag"></span>Årsag</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Den_sorte_d%C3%B8d&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redigér afsnit: Årsag" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Den_sorte_d%C3%B8d&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Årsag"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Theodor_Kittelsen_-_Pesta_i_trappen,_1896_(Pesta_on_the_Stairs).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Theodor_Kittelsen_-_Pesta_i_trappen%2C_1896_%28Pesta_on_the_Stairs%29.jpg/220px-Theodor_Kittelsen_-_Pesta_i_trappen%2C_1896_%28Pesta_on_the_Stairs%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Theodor_Kittelsen_-_Pesta_i_trappen%2C_1896_%28Pesta_on_the_Stairs%29.jpg/330px-Theodor_Kittelsen_-_Pesta_i_trappen%2C_1896_%28Pesta_on_the_Stairs%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Theodor_Kittelsen_-_Pesta_i_trappen%2C_1896_%28Pesta_on_the_Stairs%29.jpg/440px-Theodor_Kittelsen_-_Pesta_i_trappen%2C_1896_%28Pesta_on_the_Stairs%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="764" data-file-height="938" /></a><figcaption><i>Pesten på trapperne</i>, tegning af <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Kittelsen" title="Theodor Kittelsen">Theodor Kittelsen</a> 1894-95.</figcaption></figure> <p>Siden <a href="/wiki/1900" title="1900">1900</a> menes det, at epidemien og den følgende <a href="/wiki/Pandemi" title="Pandemi">pandemi</a> var udbrud af moderne <a href="/wiki/Pest" title="Pest">pest</a> forårsaget af bacillen <i><a href="/wiki/Yersinia_pestis" title="Yersinia pestis">Yersinia pestis</a></i>, og i 2011 viste et studie genetisk materiale fra <i>Yersinia pestis</i> hos personer begravet under Den sorte død.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Et forskerhold mente i <a href="/wiki/2022" title="2022">2022</a>, at den smitsomme sygdom kunne være startet i <a href="/wiki/Kirgisistan" title="Kirgisistan">Kirgisistan</a> i <a href="/wiki/Centralasien" title="Centralasien">Centralasien</a>, i <a href="/wiki/1330%27erne" title="1330'erne">1330'erne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Det var den fransk-schweiziske <a href="/wiki/Bakteriolog" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakteriolog">bakteriolog</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexandre_Yersin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexandre Yersin (ikke skrevet endnu)">Alexandre Yersin</a>, der i 1894 fandt pestbakterie hos rotter og mennesker i Asien, i forbindelse med en bølge af byldepest, der havde spredt sig fra <a href="/wiki/Hongkong" title="Hongkong">Hongkong</a> til <a href="/wiki/Indien" title="Indien">Indien</a>. Yersinia pestis blev også udpeget som dræberen, der tog millioner af menneskeliv under Den Sorte Død i <a href="/wiki/Middelalderen" title="Middelalderen">middelalderen</a>. Dengang mente man, at <a href="/wiki/Rotte" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotte">rotter</a> og <a href="/wiki/Loppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Loppe">lopper</a> spillede en afgørende rolle for sygdommens spredning. Imidlertid kastede et hold af bakteriologer fra <a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Institute_of_Allergy_and_Infectious_Diseases&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (ikke skrevet endnu)">National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases</a> (NIAID), et regeringsinstitut i <a href="/wiki/USA" title="USA">USA</a> med base i <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, i <a href="/wiki/2024" title="2024">2024</a> nyt lys over pestens mulige spredning. Deres eksperimentet viste, at kropslus indtager en større mængde blod end lopper og spiser hyppigere, hvilket derved øger antallet af bakterier, der kan spredes. Forskerne nævnte også, at bid fra kropslus giver kløe, hvilket ofte resulterer i hudafskrabninger, der kan give nemmere adgang til pestbakterien. Spredningen af pest var så skæbnesvanger for den høje dødelighed i middelalderen, at den kan være drevet af smitte fra parasitter, som har levet på mennesker, herunder kropslus. <a href="/wiki/Zoolog" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoolog">Zoologen</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Graham_Twigg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Graham Twigg (ikke skrevet endnu)">Graham Twigg</a> satte allerede i <a href="/wiki/1984" title="1984">1984</a> spørgsmålstegn ved den udbredte antagelse om den sorte død med argumentet, at der slet ikke fandtes nok rotter i middelalderens <a href="/wiki/Nordeuropa" title="Nordeuropa">Nordeuropa</a> til, at pesten kunne sprede sig med den hastighed, som man kender til fra <a href="/wiki/1347" title="1347">1347</a> til <a href="/wiki/1350" title="1350">1350</a>. Skriftlige kilder fra dengang vidner heller ikke om rotternes fremtrædende rolle, men lægger derimod stor vægt på smitte fra menneske til menneske.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Enkelte forskere har stillet spørgsmålstegn ved den traditionelle forklaring på Den sorte død. Første gang bakteriologen J. F. D. Shrewsbury i 1970; senere biologen Graham Twigg i 1985 og historikeren David Herlihy i 1997.<sup id="cite_ref-Pest,_Jøder_og_samfundsorden_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pest,_Jøder_og_samfundsorden-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Susan Scott og Christopher Duncan argumenterede i deres bog fra 2004, <i>Return of the Black Death</i> at en <a href="/wiki/Virus_(biologi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Virus (biologi)">virus</a> var årsagen.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blandt de argumenter, der er anført for en alternativ årsag til Den sorte død, er, at dødeligheden i middelalderen var langt større end den i begyndelsen af det 20. århundrede, hvor dødeligheden kun nåede 2%, og da kun i særlige tilfælde.<sup id="cite_ref-Pest,_Jøder_og_samfundsorden_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pest,_Jøder_og_samfundsorden-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Et andet argument mod at forbinde moderne <i>Yersinia</i>-pest til Det sorte død og de lignede senere "pest"-epidemier er at sygdommens sæsonvariation er anderledes: I de moderne <i>Yersinia</i>-pest-epidemier omkring 1900-århundredskiftet i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Poona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poona (ikke skrevet endnu)">Poona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a> og <a href="/wiki/Manchuriet" title="Manchuriet">Manchuriet</a> ses sygdomstilfældene at toppe om vinteren, mens det for de ældre epidemier ses at antallet af tilfælde topper om sommeren eller tidligt efterår. Dette ses i data fra epidemier i for eksempel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Givry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Givry (ikke skrevet endnu)">Givry</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Nizer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="St. Nizer (ikke skrevet endnu)">St. Nizer</a> i 1348, i <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> i <a href="/wiki/1625" title="1625">1625</a> og <a href="/wiki/1665" title="1665">1665</a> og <a href="/wiki/Moskva" title="Moskva">Moskva</a> <a href="/wiki/1771" title="1771">1771</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Endvidere spredte pesten i middelalderen sig hurtigt - med ca. 10-15 km om dagen (hvilket ganske svarer til en dagsrejse for mennesker i den tid) - hvorimod den moderne pest spreder sig meget langsomt geografisk. Det kan forklares ved at den moderne pest kræver gnaverlopper (typisk fra rotter) som mellemvært. Middelalderens pest kunne muligvis smitte fra menneske til mennesker - evt. med menneskelopper som mellemvært - hvilket vil gøre mennesker til vektor for sygdommen. Så usanset at sygdomsbilledet, -symptomer og -udvikling er næsten identiske mellem den "gamle" og "nye" pest, så er der tilsyneladende forskelle hvad angår smittemøntstre og smitteveje. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Datidens_forklaringer">Datidens forklaringer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Den_sorte_d%C3%B8d&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Redigér afsnit: Datidens forklaringer" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Den_sorte_d%C3%B8d&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Datidens forklaringer"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Den sorte død var et komplet mysterium for datiden, og forklaringerne var derfor lige så mangfoldige, som de var ukorrekte. De kan inddeles i teologiske forklaringer, naturvidenskabelige forklaringer og sammensværgelsesteorier.<sup id="cite_ref-Pest,_Jøder_og_samfundsorden_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pest,_Jøder_og_samfundsorden-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:The_flagellants_at_Doornik_in_1349.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/The_flagellants_at_Doornik_in_1349.jpg/220px-The_flagellants_at_Doornik_in_1349.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/The_flagellants_at_Doornik_in_1349.jpg/330px-The_flagellants_at_Doornik_in_1349.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/The_flagellants_at_Doornik_in_1349.jpg/440px-The_flagellants_at_Doornik_in_1349.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4544" data-file-height="2972" /></a><figcaption>Flagellanter ved Doornik i 1349.</figcaption></figure> <p>Den teologiske forklaring gik på, at pesten var <a href="/wiki/Gud_(monoteistisk)" title="Gud (monoteistisk)">Guds</a> straf mod mennesket for dets <a href="/wiki/Synd" title="Synd">syndighed</a>. Biskoppen af <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Würzburg">Würzburg</a> mente således, at epidemien skyldtes folks <a href="/wiki/Blasfemi" title="Blasfemi">blasfemiske</a> banden og sværgen.<sup id="cite_ref-Pest,_Jøder_og_samfundsorden_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pest,_Jøder_og_samfundsorden-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Der herskede generelt en <a href="/wiki/Dommedag" title="Dommedag">dommedagsstemning</a>, der resulterede i en ekstrem <a href="/wiki/Religi%C3%B8s" class="mw-redirect" title="Religiøs">religiøsitet</a> hos nogle og en ekstrem løssluppenhed hos andre – som det også skildres i <i><a href="/wiki/Dekameron" title="Dekameron">Dekameron</a></i> af <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Boccaccio" title="Giovanni Boccaccio">Giovanni Boccaccio</a>. Den ekstreme religiøsitet førte mange steder til <a href="/wiki/Flagellant" title="Flagellant">flagellanternes</a> optog, som et udtryk for utilfredshed med <a href="/wiki/Gejstlighed" title="Gejstlighed">gejstligheden</a> og religiøs <a href="/wiki/Fanatisme" title="Fanatisme">fanatisme</a>. </p><p>For de naturvidenskabelige forklaringer gik lægevidenskabelige <a href="/wiki/Fakultet_(universitet)" title="Fakultet (universitet)">fakultet</a> i Paris i spidsen. En forklaring var baseret på <a href="/wiki/Astrologi" title="Astrologi">astrologi</a>. Særligt blev en dårlig astrologisk <a href="/wiki/Stjernebillede" title="Stjernebillede">konstellation</a> i <a href="/wiki/1345" title="1345">1345</a> anset som årsagen.<sup id="cite_ref-Pest,_Jøder_og_samfundsorden_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pest,_Jøder_og_samfundsorden-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Konspirationsteori" title="Konspirationsteori">Konspirationsteorien</a> gik ud på, at onde mennesker forgiftede <a href="/wiki/Drikkevand" class="mw-redirect" title="Drikkevand">drikkevandet</a>. Det var særlig skæbnesvanger for <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8der" title="Jøder">jøderne</a>, og der forekom en voldsom <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8deforf%C3%B8lgelse" class="mw-redirect" title="Jødeforfølgelse">forfølgelse</a> af <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B8disk" class="mw-redirect" title="Jødisk">jødiske</a> indbyggere i Europas lande. Men også andre befolkningsgrupper blev ramt. I <a href="/wiki/Katalonien" class="mw-redirect" title="Katalonien">Katalonien</a> fik tiggere skylden. Rygtet om giftsammensvægelsen kan have opstået i <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a> i foråret 1348. I et brev den 27. april 1348 skrev den flamske <a href="/wiki/Kannik" title="Kannik">kannik</a> Louis Heyligen fra det pavelige <a href="/wiki/Hof" title="Hof">hof</a> i <a href="/wiki/Avignon" title="Avignon">Avignon</a>, at folk, fundet med mistænkeligt pulver, var blevet brændt på bålet. I påsken samme år skete en <a href="/wiki/Massakre" title="Massakre">massakre</a> på det jødiske samfund i <a href="/wiki/Toulon" title="Toulon">Toulon</a>, måske som følge af beskyldninger om giftsammensvægelse. Fra slutningen af april og de følgende måneder skete spontane massakrer i <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a> og <a href="/wiki/Dauphin%C3%A9" title="Dauphiné">Dauphiné</a>. I <a href="/wiki/Savoyen" title="Savoyen">Savoyen</a> herskede den 14-årige grev Amédée VI, der troede, at jøderne var skyldige i giftsammensvægelsen. Dér blev <a href="/wiki/Tortur" title="Tortur">tortur</a> anvendt til at fremtvinge tilståelser i efteråret 1348. Den 1. december 1348 brød en folkemængde ind i fængslet i hovedstaden <a href="/wiki/Chamb%C3%A9ry" title="Chambéry">Chambéry</a> og slog de fleste af de jødiske fanger ihjel.<sup id="cite_ref-Pest,_Jøder_og_samfundsorden_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pest,_Jøder_og_samfundsorden-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fra disse områder bredte jødeforfølgelsen sig. I <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a> blev 2.000 jøder myrdet af en folkemængde 14. februar 1349, og da var smitten ikke engang nået frem til byen.<sup id="cite_ref-aydon141_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aydon141-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Symptomer">Symptomer</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Den_sorte_d%C3%B8d&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Redigér afsnit: Symptomer" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Den_sorte_d%C3%B8d&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Symptomer"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Egyptian_plague_of_boils_in_the_Toggenburg_Bible.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Egyptian_plague_of_boils_in_the_Toggenburg_Bible.jpg/220px-Egyptian_plague_of_boils_in_the_Toggenburg_Bible.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Egyptian_plague_of_boils_in_the_Toggenburg_Bible.jpg/330px-Egyptian_plague_of_boils_in_the_Toggenburg_Bible.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Egyptian_plague_of_boils_in_the_Toggenburg_Bible.jpg/440px-Egyptian_plague_of_boils_in_the_Toggenburg_Bible.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3248" data-file-height="2436" /></a><figcaption>Toggenburg-Biblen fra <a href="/wiki/1411" title="1411">1411</a>, — 60 år efter Den sorte død. Billedet viser sygdomsramte med <a href="/wiki/Byld" class="mw-redirect" title="Byld">bylder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>I <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Boccaccio" title="Giovanni Boccaccio">Boccaccios</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Dekameron" title="Dekameron">Dekameron</a></i> beskrives symptomerne i forbindelse med den sorte død i <a href="/wiki/Firenze" title="Firenze">Firenze</a> således: </p> <dl><dd>"<i>...Dog bebudedes den uundgåelige død ikke som i <a href="/wiki/Orienten" title="Orienten">Orienten</a> ved næseblødning, men der opstod ved sygdommens begyndelse <a href="/wiki/Svulst" class="mw-redirect" title="Svulst">svulster</a> i <a href="/wiki/Lyske" title="Lyske">lysken</a> eller <a href="/wiki/Armhule" title="Armhule">armhulen</a> hos både mænd og kvinder, hvoraf nogle nåede en størrelse som et almindeligt æble eller et æg, og af <a href="/wiki/Almue" title="Almue">almuen</a> fik navnet pestbylder. I løbet af kort tid begyndte de dødbringende bylder også at vise sig på alle andre dele af legemet, og samtidig ændrede sygdommen karakter og viste sig også hos mange som sorte eller gustne pletter på arme eller lår eller en hvilken som helst anden del af legemet; (...)kun få kom sig, og næsten alle døde omtrent tre dage efter tegnenes indtræden, som oftest uden <a href="/wiki/Feber" title="Feber">feber</a> eller andre komplikationer</i>." (J.V. Linds oversættelse)</dd></dl> <p>Den pavelige livlæge Guy de Chauliac skrev, at sygdommen i <a href="/wiki/Avignon" title="Avignon">Avignon</a> i <a href="/wiki/1348" title="1348">1348</a> antog to former, en med "<i>stadig feber og blodigt opspyt, og de [patienterne] døde inden for tre dage</i>", en anden med "<i>stadig feber og bylder og karbunkler udvendig, navnlig i armhulerne og lysken, og de døde inden for fem dage</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B8delighed" title="Dødelighed">Dødelighed</a> er usikkert sat til 40-50%, og af en enkelt historiker så højt som 60%.<sup id="cite_ref-Pest,_Jøder_og_samfundsorden_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pest,_Jøder_og_samfundsorden-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forebyggelse_og_behandling">Forebyggelse og behandling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Den_sorte_d%C3%B8d&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Redigér afsnit: Forebyggelse og behandling" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Den_sorte_d%C3%B8d&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Forebyggelse og behandling"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Datiden havde manglende forståelse for sygdommens årsag, og forebyggelse og behandling foregik da mere eller mindre i blinde. </p><p>I <a href="/wiki/1349" title="1349">1349</a> opfordrede kong <a href="/wiki/Magnus_Eriksson_af_Sverige" title="Magnus Eriksson af Sverige">Magnus Eriksson af Sverige</a> indbyggerne til at <a href="/wiki/Skriftem%C3%A5l" title="Skriftemål">skrifte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faste" title="Faste">faste</a> hver fredag og betale <a href="/wiki/Skat" title="Skat">skat</a> til <a href="/wiki/Pave" title="Pave">paven</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Idéen om isolation af syge er gammel og findes i det <a href="/wiki/Gamle_Testamente" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamle Testamente">Gamle Testamente</a>. Isolation blev også brugt i forbindelse med Den sorte død. Således påbød visconte <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernabo_af_Reggio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bernabo af Reggio (ikke skrevet endnu)">Bernabo af Reggio</a> i <a href="/wiki/Italien" title="Italien">Italien</a> i <a href="/wiki/1374" title="1374">1374</a> at pest-ramte skulle forvises fra byen. Idéen om <a href="/wiki/Karant%C3%A6ne" title="Karantæne">karantæne</a> opstod i <a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik" title="Dubrovnik">Dubrovnik</a>, det daværende <a href="/wiki/Ragusa" title="Ragusa">Ragusa</a>, da byens store råd i <a href="/wiki/1377" title="1377">1377</a> bestemte at personer der kom fra pest-ramte områder skulle være i isolation i en måned før de kunne komme ind i byen. Fra Dubrovnik spredte karantæne-reglen sig til <a href="/wiki/Marseilles" class="mw-redirect" title="Marseilles">Marseilles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venedig" title="Venedig">Venedig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa">Pisa</a> og <a href="/wiki/Genova" title="Genova">Genova</a> i løbet af de næste 80 år, og isolationsperioden blev udvidet til 40 dage.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sociale_og_økonomiske_eftervirkninger"><span id="Sociale_og_.C3.B8konomiske_eftervirkninger"></span>Sociale og økonomiske eftervirkninger</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Den_sorte_d%C3%B8d&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Redigér afsnit: Sociale og økonomiske eftervirkninger" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Den_sorte_d%C3%B8d&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Sociale og økonomiske eftervirkninger"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>I tiden op til epidemien havde <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a> oplevet en hidtil uset befolkningstilvækst, dertil det var nået mætningspunktet, <a href="/wiki/Arbejdsl%C3%B8shed" title="Arbejdsløshed">arbejdsløsheden</a> var som konsekvens heraf stor, og <a href="/wiki/Godsejer" title="Godsejer">godsejerne</a> sad i en gunstig position, da de kunne fastlægge <a href="/wiki/Bonde" title="Bonde">bøndernes</a> løn og arbejdsbetingelser, som det passede dem. Men da den sorte død med ét rev en kæmpe del af befolkningen væk, ændredes datidens økonomiske forhold fuldstændigt. Der var udpræget mangel på <a href="/wiki/Arbejdskraft" title="Arbejdskraft">arbejdskraft</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kornpriser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kornpriser (ikke skrevet endnu)">kornpriserne</a> faldt sammen med <a href="/wiki/Eftersp%C3%B8rgsel" class="mw-redirect" title="Efterspørgsel">efterspørgslen</a>.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kildeangivelser" title="Wikipedia:Kildeangivelser"><span title="Dette udsagn mangler reference til pålidelige kilder. (siden januar 2022)">kilde mangler</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Godsejer" title="Godsejer">Godsejerne</a> havde to muligheder for at bevare kontrollen med jorden;<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kildeangivelser" title="Wikipedia:Kildeangivelser"><span title="Dette udsagn mangler reference til pålidelige kilder. (siden januar 2022)">kilde mangler</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>de kunne tvinge bønderne til at blive på juridisk vis og ved magtanvendelse.</li> <li>eller lokke bønderne til at blive med bedre forhold til <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A6stebonde" title="Fæstebonde">fæstebønderne</a> og bedre lønninger til de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frie_b%C3%B8nder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frie bønder (ikke skrevet endnu)">frie bønder</a>.</li></ul> <p>Udviklingen i forholdet mellem godsejerne og bønderne forløb derfra forskelligt fra land til land, men generelt blev forholdene især forværret for bønderne i områder med få eller ingen byer, da de ikke kunne flygte til byerne og finde arbejde – dvs. hovedsagligt <a href="/wiki/%C3%98steuropa" title="Østeuropa">Østeuropa</a>.<sup class="Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Kildeangivelser" title="Wikipedia:Kildeangivelser"><span title="Dette udsagn mangler reference til pålidelige kilder. (siden januar 2022)">kilde mangler</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Flere af Danmarks egne i tiden efter <i>Den sorte død</i> havde mange <a href="/wiki/%C3%98deg%C3%A5rd" title="Ødegård">ødegårde</a>, for eksempel, da <a href="/wiki/Dronning_Margrethe_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Dronning Margrethe I">Dronning Margrethe I</a> overtog <a href="/wiki/Br%C3%B8ndum_hovedg%C3%A5rd" class="mw-redirect" title="Brøndum hovedgård">Brøndum hovedgård</a> i <a href="/wiki/Slet_herred" class="mw-redirect" title="Slet herred">Slet herred</a> i <a href="/wiki/1401" title="1401">1401</a> lå 34 ud af 48 gårde øde.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I Danmark sås også et fald i <a href="/wiki/Jordrente" title="Jordrente">jordrenten</a>, for eksempel fik Århus domkapitels gods i <a href="/wiki/1427" title="1427">1427</a> fra 17% til 44% af ydelserne i byerne <a href="/wiki/Hinnerup" title="Hinnerup">Hinnerup</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kasted&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kasted (ikke skrevet endnu)">Kasted</a> og <a href="/wiki/Kysing" title="Kysing">Kysing</a> i forhold til årene omkring <a href="/wiki/1315" title="1315">1315</a>. Jordrentefaldet og ødelægningen er forklaret med et fald i befolkningstallet. Skønt nogle historikere har ment, at der var nedgang i befolkningstallet før Den sorte død, har historikeren <a href="/wiki/Erik_Ulsig" title="Erik Ulsig">Erik Ulsig</a> argumenteret for, at Den sorte død har haft en helt afgørende betydning.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Litteratur">Litteratur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Den_sorte_d%C3%B8d&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Redigér afsnit: Litteratur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Den_sorte_d%C3%B8d&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Litteratur"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r11752076">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFNorman_Cantor2002" class="citation book cs1">Norman Cantor (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inwakeofplague00norm"><i>In the Wake of the Plague: The Black Death and the World It Made</i></a>. Harper Perennial. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/0060014342" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/0060014342"><bdi>0060014342</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Wake+of+the+Plague%3A+The+Black+Death+and+the+World+It+Made&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0060014342&rft.au=Norman+Cantor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finwakeofplague00norm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADen+sorte+d%C3%B8d" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFSamuel_K._Cohn2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_K._Cohn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel K. Cohn (ikke skrevet endnu)">Samuel K. Cohn</a> (2003). <i>The Black Death Transformed. Disease and Culture in Early Renaissance Europe</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/0-340-70647-3" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/0-340-70647-3"><bdi>0-340-70647-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Black+Death+Transformed.+Disease+and+Culture+in+Early+Renaissance+Europe&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-340-70647-3&rft.au=Samuel+K.+Cohn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADen+sorte+d%C3%B8d" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=M._R._Rogers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M. R. Rogers (ikke skrevet endnu)">M. R. Rogers</a>, "The Black Death Transformed: Disease and Culture in Early Renaissance Europe (review)," <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulletin_of_the_History_of_Medicine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bulletin of the History of Medicine (ikke skrevet endnu)">Bulletin of the History of Medicine</a></i>, 78(1):212-214, 2004. Anmeldelse af bogen.</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Herlihy1997" class="citation book cs1">David Herlihy (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackdeathtransf0000herl"><i>The Black Death and the Transformation of the West</i></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harvard_University_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harvard University Press (ikke skrevet endnu)">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/0674076133" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/0674076133"><bdi>0674076133</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Black+Death+and+the+Transformation+of+the+West&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0674076133&rft.au=David+Herlihy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fblackdeathtransf0000herl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADen+sorte+d%C3%B8d" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Kelly2006" class="citation book cs1">John Kelly (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatmortalityin00kell"><i>The Great Mortality: An Intimate History of the Black Death, the Most Devastating Plague of All Time</i></a>. Harper Perennial. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/0060006935" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/0060006935"><bdi>0060006935</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Mortality%3A+An+Intimate+History+of+the+Black+Death%2C+the+Most+Devastating+Plague+of+All+Time&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0060006935&rft.au=John+Kelly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreatmortalityin00kell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADen+sorte+d%C3%B8d" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFElisabeth_A._Lehfeldt_(redaktør)2005" class="citation book cs1">Elisabeth A. Lehfeldt (redaktør) (2005). <i>Black Death</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Death&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Elisabeth+A.+Lehfeldt+%28redakt%C3%B8r%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADen+sorte+d%C3%B8d" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFSusan_Scott_og_Christopher_J._Duncan2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Susan_Scott&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Susan Scott (ikke skrevet endnu)">Susan Scott</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christopher_J._Duncan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christopher J. Duncan (ikke skrevet endnu)">Christopher J. Duncan</a> (2000). <i>Biology of Plagues</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/0-521-80150-8" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/0-521-80150-8"><bdi>0-521-80150-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biology+of+Plagues&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-521-80150-8&rft.au=Susan+Scott+og+Christopher+J.+Duncan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADen+sorte+d%C3%B8d" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFPhilip_Ziegler1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_Ziegler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philip Ziegler (ikke skrevet endnu)">Philip Ziegler</a> (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackdeath0000unse"><i>The Black Death</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Black+Death&rft.date=1969&rft.au=Philip+Ziegler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fblackdeath0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADen+sorte+d%C3%B8d" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>Was the Black Death caused by Yersinia pestis?</i>, Prentice og andre (2004).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referencer">Referencer</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Den_sorte_d%C3%B8d&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Redigér afsnit: Referencer" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Den_sorte_d%C3%B8d&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Referencer"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r11780210">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-salmonsen-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-salmonsen_1-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-salmonsen_1-1"><sup>b</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runeberg.org/salmonsen/2/6/0662.html">Den sorte død</a> i <i><a href="/wiki/Salmonsens_Konversationsleksikon" title="Salmonsens Konversationsleksikon">Salmonsens Konversationsleksikon</a></i> (2. udgave, 1917)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://videnskab.dk/kultur-samfund/mysteriet-om-den-sorte-doeds-oprindelse-er-loest-haevder-nyt-studie">Mysteriet om den sorte døds oprindelse er løst, hævder nyt studie. Videnskab.dk 2022</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geneticliteracyproject.org/2024/08/09/could-the-most-notorious-killer-of-humans-occur-again-ancient-dna-and-tombstones-unravel-mystery-of-the-big-bang-that-kicked-off-the-14th-century-bubonic-plague1/">‘The single most notorious killer of humans’: What are the true origins of the 14th century Black Plague? Genetic Literacy Project 2024</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DenStoreDanske-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DenStoreDanske_4-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DenStoreDanske_4-1"><sup>b</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://denstoredanske.lex.dk/den_sorte_død">Artiklen om den sorte død</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170312071358/http://denstoredanske.dk/Danmarks_geografi_og_historie/Danmarks_historie/Danmark_f%C3%B8r_Reformationen/den_sorte_d%C3%B8d">Arkiveret</a> 12. marts 2017 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> på Den Store Danske, taget 24. marts 2017 kl. 16:00 (afrundet til nærmeste hele time)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pest,_Jøder_og_samfundsorden-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pest,_Jøder_og_samfundsorden_5-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pest,_Jøder_og_samfundsorden_5-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pest,_Jøder_og_samfundsorden_5-2"><sup>c</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pest,_Jøder_og_samfundsorden_5-3"><sup>d</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pest,_Jøder_og_samfundsorden_5-4"><sup>e</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pest,_Jøder_og_samfundsorden_5-5"><sup>f</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pest,_Jøder_og_samfundsorden_5-6"><sup>g</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pest,_Jøder_og_samfundsorden_5-7"><sup>h</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pest,_Jøder_og_samfundsorden_5-8"><sup>i</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_H._Gelting2008" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Michael_H._Gelting" title="Michael H. Gelting">Michael H. Gelting</a> (20. august 2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tidsskrift.dk/sygdomogsamfund/article/view/578">"Pest, jøder og samfundsorden - forgiftningsrygter og jødeforfølgelser i forbindelse med den Sorte Død"</a>, <i>Tidsskrift for Forskning i Sygdom og Samfund</i>, <b>5</b> (8), <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7146%2FTFSS.V5I8.578">10.7146/TFSS.V5I8.578</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tidsskrift+for+Forskning+i+Sygdom+og+Samfund&rft.atitle=Pest%2C+j%C3%B8der+og+samfundsorden+-+forgiftningsrygter+og+j%C3%B8deforf%C3%B8lgelser+i+forbindelse+med+den+Sorte+D%C3%B8d&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=8&rft.date=2008-08-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7146%2FTFSS.V5I8.578&rft.au=Michael+H.+Gelting&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftidsskrift.dk%2Fsygdomogsamfund%2Farticle%2Fview%2F578&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADen+sorte+d%C3%B8d" class="Z3988"></span>, <a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q98804193" class="extiw" title="d:Q98804193"> Q98804193 </a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Notes_to_the_Origin_of_the_Expression:_'Atra_Mors'-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Notes_to_the_Origin_of_the_Expression:_'Atra_Mors'_6-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Notes_to_the_Origin_of_the_Expression:_'Atra_Mors'_6-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Notes_to_the_Origin_of_the_Expression:_'Atra_Mors'_6-2"><sup>c</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFS._D'Irsay1926" class="citation journal cs1">S. D'Irsay (1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/223649?uid=3737864&uid=2&uid=4&sid=56011374503">"Notes to the Origin of the Expression: 'Atra Mors'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Isis</i>. <b>8</b>: 328-332.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Isis&rft.atitle=Notes+to+the+Origin+of+the+Expression%3A+%27Atra+Mors%27&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=328-332&rft.date=1926&rft.au=S.+D%27Irsay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fdiscover%2F10.2307%2F223649%3Fuid%3D3737864%26uid%3D2%26uid%3D4%26sid%3D56011374503&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADen+sorte+d%C3%B8d" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_P._Byrne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph P. Byrne (ikke skrevet endnu)">Joseph P. Byrne</a>, The Black Death, Greenwood Press (ifølge citering af Karl Birkelbach i Plague Debate: Methodology and Meaning in the Retrospective Diagnosis of the Black Death)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Og andre citeret af <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ojs.statsbiblioteket.dk/index.php/sygdomogsamfund/article/download/578/490">Michael H. Gelting</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100328235328/http://ojs.statsbiblioteket.dk/index.php/sygdomogsamfund/article/download/578/490">Arkiveret</a> 28. marts 2010 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cyril Aydon: <i>Menneskets historie</i> (s. 157), forlaget Gyldendal, Oslo 2009, <a href="/wiki/Internationalt_Standardbognummer" title="Internationalt Standardbognummer">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciel:ISBN-s%C3%B8gning/978-82-02-30383-9" title="Speciel:ISBN-søgning/978-82-02-30383-9">978-82-02-30383-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aydon141-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aydon141_10-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aydon141_10-1"><sup>b</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cyril Aydon: <i>Menneskets historie</i> (s. 141)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFVerena_J_SchuenemannKirsten_I_BosSharon_N._DeWitteSarah_Schmedes2011" class="citation cs2">Verena J Schuenemann; Kirsten I Bos; Sharon N. DeWitte; Sarah Schmedes; Joslyn Jamieson; Alissa Mittnik; Stephen Forrest; Brian K Coombes; James W. Wood; David J D Earn; William White; Johannes Krause; Hendrik Poinar (20. september 2011), "Targeted enrichment of ancient pathogens yielding the pPCP1 plasmid of Yersinia pestis from victims of the Black Death", <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>, <b>108</b> (38): E746-52, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PNAS..108E.746S">2011PNAS..108E.746S</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2FPNAS.1105107108">10.1073/PNAS.1105107108</a>, <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Frit tilgængelig"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3179067">3179067</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21876176">21876176</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Targeted+enrichment+of+ancient+pathogens+yielding+the+pPCP1+plasmid+of+Yersinia+pestis+from+victims+of+the+Black+Death&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=38&rft.pages=E746-52&rft.date=2011-09-20&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3179067%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21876176&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2FPNAS.1105107108&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011PNAS..108E.746S&rft.au=Verena+J+Schuenemann&rft.au=Kirsten+I+Bos&rft.au=Sharon+N.+DeWitte&rft.au=Sarah+Schmedes&rft.au=Joslyn+Jamieson&rft.au=Alissa+Mittnik&rft.au=Stephen+Forrest&rft.au=Brian+K+Coombes&rft.au=James+W.+Wood&rft.au=David+J+D+Earn&rft.au=William+White&rft.au=Johannes+Krause&rft.au=Hendrik+Poinar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADen+sorte+d%C3%B8d" class="Z3988"></span>, <a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22248082" class="extiw" title="d:Q22248082"> Q22248082 </a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/08/110829173751.htm">Universitaet Tübingen (29. august 2011). Black Death bacterium identified: Genetic analysis of medieval plague skeletons shows presence of Yersinia pestis bacteria. 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Hentet 25. maj 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historie&rft.atitle=Glem+rotterne%3A+Her+er+den+oversete+%C3%A5rsag+til+smittespredning+under+pesten&rft.date=2024-05-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistorienet.dk%2Fvidenskab%2Fmedicin%2Fglem-rotterne-her-er-den-oversete-aarsag-til-smittespredning-under-pesten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADen+sorte+d%C3%B8d" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_W._Titball" class="citation journal cs1">Richard W. 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Bossak (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0008401#pone-0008401-g001">"Validation of Inverse Seasonal Peak Mortality in Medieval Plagues, Including the Black Death, in Comparison to Modern <i>Yersinia pestis</i>-Variant Diseases"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=PLoS_ONE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PLoS ONE (ikke skrevet endnu)">PLoS ONE</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0008401">10.1371/journal.pone.0008401</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1932-6203">1932-6203</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180629084551/http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0008401#pone-0008401-g001">Arkiveret</a> fra originalen 29. juni 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Hentet 19. januar 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLoS+ONE&rft.atitle=Validation+of+Inverse+Seasonal+Peak+Mortality+in+Medieval+Plagues%2C+Including+the+Black+Death%2C+in+Comparison+to+Modern+Yersinia+pestis-Variant+Diseases&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0008401&rft.issn=1932-6203&rft.au=Mark+R.+Welford+og+Brian+H.+Bossak&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.plos.org%2Fplosone%2Farticle%3Fid%3D10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0008401%23pone-0008401-g001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADen+sorte+d%C3%B8d" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/53/3.cover-expansion">"Cover image"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clinical_Infectious_Diseases&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clinical Infectious Diseases (ikke skrevet endnu)">Clinical Infectious Diseases</a></i>. <b>53</b> (3). august 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150205031725/http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/53/3.cover-expansion">Arkiveret</a> fra originalen 5. februar 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Hentet 4. juli 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Infectious+Diseases&rft.atitle=Cover+image&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2011-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcid.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcontent%2F53%2F3.cover-expansion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADen+sorte+d%C3%B8d" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Michael_H._Gelting" title="Michael H. Gelting">Michael H. Gelting</a>, Pest, jøder og samfundsorden, citering af McVaugh 1997 side 117-118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFKai_Hørby_og_Rikke_Agnete_Olsen" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kai_H%C3%B8rby" title="Kai Hørby">Kai Hørby</a> og <a href="/wiki/Rikke_Agnete_Olsen" title="Rikke Agnete Olsen">Rikke Agnete Olsen</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://danmarkshistorien.lex.dk/Pesten._Den_sorte_Død">"Pesten. Den sorte Død"</a>. Gyldendal.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pesten.+Den+sorte+D%C3%B8d&rft.pub=Gyldendal&rft.au=Kai+H%C3%B8rby+og+Rikke+Agnete+Olsen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdanmarkshistorien.lex.dk%2FPesten._Den_sorte_D%C3%B8d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADen+sorte+d%C3%B8d" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFPhilip_A._MackowiakPaul_S._Sehdev2002" class="citation cs2">Philip A. Mackowiak; Paul S. 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Christensen">C.A. Christensen</a> (1961), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tidsskrift.dk/historisktidsskrift/article/view/50556">"Krisen på Slesvig Domkapitels jordegods 1352-1437"</a>, <i>Historisk Tidsskrift</i>, <b>11</b> (6)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historisk+Tidsskrift&rft.atitle=Krisen+p%C3%A5+Slesvig+Domkapitels+jordegods+1352-1437&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=6&rft.date=1961&rft.au=C.A.+Christensen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftidsskrift.dk%2Fhistorisktidsskrift%2Farticle%2Fview%2F50556&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADen+sorte+d%C3%B8d" class="Z3988"></span>, <a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104079988" class="extiw" title="d:Q104079988"> Q104079988 </a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r11752076"><cite id="CITEREFErik_Ulsig1991" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Erik_Ulsig" title="Erik Ulsig">Erik Ulsig</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tidsskrift.dk/visning.jsp?markup=&print=no&id=76895">"Pest og befolkningsnedgang i Danmark i det 14. århundrede"</a>. <i>Historisk Tidsskrift</i>. <b>15</b> (6). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201030053424/https://tidsskrift.dk/visning.jsp?markup=&print=no&id=76895">Arkiveret</a> fra originalen 30. oktober 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Hentet 21. marts 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historisk+Tidsskrift&rft.atitle=Pest+og+befolkningsnedgang+i+Danmark+i+det+14.+%C3%A5rhundrede&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=6&rft.date=1991&rft.au=Erik+Ulsig&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftidsskrift.dk%2Fvisning.jsp%3Fmarkup%3D%26print%3Dno%26id%3D76895&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fda.wikipedia.org%3ADen+sorte+d%C3%B8d" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_henvisninger">Eksterne henvisninger</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Den_sorte_d%C3%B8d&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Redigér afsnit: Eksterne henvisninger" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigér</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Den_sorte_d%C3%B8d&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Eksterne henvisninger"><span>rediger kildetekst</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://img.kb.dk/tidsskriftdk/pdf/hto/hto_12rk_0005-PDF/hto_12rk_0005_77505.pdf">Bodil Rørdam Thomsen: Mellemitaliensk byhistorie i højmiddelalderen (CA. 1000-CA. 1350) (Historisk Tidsskrift, Bd. 12, rk. 5; 1971)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121025015004/http://img.kb.dk/tidsskriftdk/pdf/hto/hto_12rk_0005-PDF/hto_12rk_0005_77505.pdf">Arkiveret</a> 25. oktober 2012 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://img.kb.dk/tidsskriftdk/pdf/hto/hto_15rk_0006-PDF/hto_15rk_0006_76895.pdf">Erik Ulsig: Pest og befolkningsnedgang i Danmark i det 14. århundrede (Historisk Tidsskrift, Bd. 15, rk. 6; 1991)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727184120/http://img.kb.dk/tidsskriftdk/pdf/hto/hto_15rk_0006-PDF/hto_15rk_0006_76895.pdf">Arkiveret</a> 27. juli 2011 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://img.kb.dk/tidsskriftdk/pdf/ho/ho_nrk_0019-PDF/ho_nrk_0019_74172.pdf">Erik Ulsig: Engelsk samfundskrise i senmiddelalderen? (Historie/Jyske Samlinger, Bind Ny række, 19; 1991)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121025014934/http://img.kb.dk/tidsskriftdk/pdf/ho/ho_nrk_0019-PDF/ho_nrk_0019_74172.pdf">Arkiveret</a> 25. oktober 2012 hos <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <table class="infobox sisterproject"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width:50px; height:67px;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/50px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/75px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/100px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td style="padding-left:5px;"><a 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