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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Imperialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imperialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Imperialism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imperialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leninist_praxis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leninist_praxis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Leninist praxis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Leninist_praxis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Leninist praxis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Leninist_praxis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vanguard_party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vanguard_party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Vanguard party</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vanguard_party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Democratic_centralism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Democratic_centralism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Democratic centralism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Democratic_centralism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proletarian_revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proletarian_revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Proletarian revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proletarian_revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Dictatorship of the proletariat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Economics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_self-determination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_self-determination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>National self-determination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_self-determination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Socialist_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socialist_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Socialist culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socialist_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leninism_after_1924" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leninism_after_1924"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Leninism after 1924</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Leninism_after_1924-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Leninism after 1924 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Leninism_after_1924-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stalinism_and_Marxism–Leninism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stalinism_and_Marxism–Leninism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Stalinism and Marxism–Leninism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stalinism_and_Marxism–Leninism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trotskyism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trotskyism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Trotskyism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trotskyism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Debated_influence_on_Stalinism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debated_influence_on_Stalinism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Debated influence on Stalinism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debated_influence_on_Stalinism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Left-wing_criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Left-wing_criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Left-wing criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Left-wing_criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Leninism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 76 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-76" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">76 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninisme" title="Leninisme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Leninisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لينينية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لينينية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninismo" title="Leninismo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Leninismo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninismu" title="Leninismu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Leninismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninizm" title="Leninizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Leninizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="লেনিনবাদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লেনিনবাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenin-ch%C3%BA-g%C4%AB" title="Lenin-chú-gī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lenin-chú-gī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="लेनिनवाद – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="लेनिनवाद" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Ленинизъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ленинизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninisme" title="Leninisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Leninisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Ленинизм – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ленинизм" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninismus" title="Leninismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Leninismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leniniaeth" title="Leniniaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Leniniaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninisme" title="Leninisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Leninisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninismus" title="Leninismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Leninismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Leninism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Λενινισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λενινισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninismo" title="Leninismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Leninismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninismo" title="Leninismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Leninismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninismo" title="Leninismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Leninismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="لنینیسم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لنینیسم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9ninisme" title="Léninisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Léninisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninismo" title="Leninismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Leninismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A0%88%EB%8B%8C%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="레닌주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="레닌주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Լենինիզմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լենինիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="लेनिनवाद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लेनिनवाद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenjinizam" title="Lenjinizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Lenjinizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninisme" title="Leninisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Leninisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninismo" title="Leninismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Leninismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="לניניזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לניניזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ლენინიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლენინიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Ленинизм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ленинизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B4_%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%99" title="ລັດທິ ເລນິນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ລັດທິ ເລນິນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninismus" title="Leninismus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Leninismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%BBe%C5%86inisms" title="Ļeņinisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ļeņinisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninizmas" title="Leninizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Leninizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Leninism" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninizmus" title="Leninizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Leninizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Ленинизам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ленинизам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82" title="ലെനിനിസം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലെനിനിസം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ლენინიზმი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლენინიზმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87" title="لينينيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لينينيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninisme" title="Leninisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Leninisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninisme" title="Leninisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Leninisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="लेनिनवाद – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="लेनिनवाद" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8B%E3%83%B3%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="レーニン主義 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="レーニン主義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninisme" title="Leninisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Leninisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninisme" title="Leninisme – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Leninisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninisme" title="Leninisme – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Leninisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6" title="ਲੈਨਿਨਵਾਦ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲੈਨਿਨਵਾਦ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%85" title="لیننزم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لیننزم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85" title="لینینیزم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لینینیزم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninizm" title="Leninizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Leninizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninismo" title="Leninismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Leninismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Leninism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Ленинизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ленинизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Leninism" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BA" title="ලෙනින්වාදය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ලෙනින්වාදය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Leninism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninizmus" title="Leninizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Leninizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninizem" title="Leninizem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Leninizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85" title="لێنینیزم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لێنینیزم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Лењинизам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лењинизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninismi" title="Leninismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Leninismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Leninism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninismo" title="Leninismo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Leninismo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="லெனினிசம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="லெனினிசம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="ลัทธิเลนิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ลัทธิเลนิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninizm" title="Leninizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Leninizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Ленінізм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ленінізм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%A7_ngh%C4%A9a_Lenin" title="Chủ nghĩa Lenin – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chủ nghĩa Lenin" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%97%E5%AF%A7%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="列寧主義 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="列寧主義" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninismo" title="Leninismo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Leninismo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%97%E5%AF%A7%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="列寧主義 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="列寧主義" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%97%E5%AF%A7%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="列寧主義 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="列寧主義" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%97%E5%AE%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="列宁主义 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="列宁主义" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q155059#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about political theory developed originally by Lenin. For the political theory and state ideology developed by Joseph Stalin, see <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a>. For Trotsky's ideology, see <a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimir_Lenin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Vladimir_Lenin.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Lenin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Vladimir_Lenin.jpg/330px-Vladimir_Lenin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Vladimir_Lenin.jpg/440px-Vladimir_Lenin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1432" data-file-height="1945" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>, whose policies and politics allowed the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a> <a href="/wiki/Vanguard_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanguard party">vanguard party</a> to realise the <a 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Leninism" title="Category:Leninism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0px;background:#B60000; font-size:200%; font-weight:normal; color:#B60000"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="background-color: #B60000; color:white;">Leninism</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;padding-top:0.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lenin_portrait.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Lenin_portrait.svg/75px-Lenin_portrait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Lenin_portrait.svg/113px-Lenin_portrait.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Lenin_portrait.svg/150px-Lenin_portrait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2500" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Schools of thought</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolshevism" title="Bolshevism">Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadeo_Bordiga#Theories_and_beliefs" title="Amadeo Bordiga">Bordigism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkrumaism" title="Nkrumaism">Nkrumaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Opposition" title="Right Opposition">Right communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workerism" title="Workerism">Workerism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">Collective leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">Democratic centralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectical_materialism" title="Dialectical materialism">Dialectical materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_power" title="Dual power">Dual power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_aristocracy" title="Labor aristocracy">Labor aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquidationism" title="Liquidationism">Liquidationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_liberation_(Marxism)" title="National liberation (Marxism)">National liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_defeatism" title="Revolutionary defeatism">Revolutionary defeatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_situation" title="Revolutionary situation">Revolutionary situation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">Socialist state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_democracy" title="Soviet democracy">Soviet democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguardism" title="Vanguardism">Vanguardism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_revolution" title="World revolution">World revolution</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Nikolai Bukharin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Kamenev" title="Lev Kamenev">Lev Kamenev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Zinoviev" title="Grigory Zinoviev">Grigory Zinoviev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Rykov" title="Alexei Rykov">Alexei Rykov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Bubnov" title="Andrei Bubnov">Andrei Bubnov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigori_Sokolnikov" class="mw-redirect" title="Grigori Sokolnikov">Grigori Sokolnikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">György Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadeo_Bordiga" title="Amadeo Bordiga">Amadeo Bordiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Kwame Nkrumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Antonio Negri</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Theoretical works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;;font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Development_of_Capitalism_in_Russia" title="The Development of Capitalism in Russia">The Development of Capitalism in Russia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1899)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/What_Is_to_Be_Done%3F" title="What Is to Be Done?">What Is to Be Done?</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1902)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Materialism_and_Empirio-criticism" title="Materialism and Empirio-criticism">Materialism and Empirio-criticism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1909)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imperialism,_the_Highest_Stage_of_Capitalism" title="Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism">Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1917)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_State_and_Revolution" title="The State and Revolution">The State and Revolution</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1917)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Proletarian_Revolution_and_the_Renegade_Kautsky" title="The Proletarian Revolution and the Renegade Kautsky">The Proletarian Revolution and the Renegade Kautsky</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1918)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%22Left-Wing%22_Communism:_An_Infantile_Disorder" title=""Left-Wing" Communism: An Infantile Disorder">"Left-Wing" Communism: An Infantile Disorder</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1920)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Leninism" title="Foundations of Leninism">Foundations of Leninism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1924)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leninism:_Introduction_to_the_Study_of_Leninism" title="Leninism: Introduction to the Study of Leninism">Leninism: Introduction to the Study of Leninism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1925)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">Russian Social Democratic Labour Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="2nd Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">2nd Congress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Conference" title="Prague Conference">Prague Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union#Early_years_(1898–1924)" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">RSDLP (Bolsheviks)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Soviet_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union_(1917%E2%80%931927)" title="History of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union (1917–1927)">History of Soviet Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">RSFSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collective leadership in the Soviet Union">Collective leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_communism" title="War communism">War communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Terror" title="Red Terror">Red Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_delimitation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="National delimitation in the Soviet Union">National delimitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1921%E2%80%931928)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1921–1928)">Anti-religious campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Policy" title="New Economic Policy">New Economic Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Vladimir_Lenin" title="Death and state funeral of Vladimir Lenin">Death and funeral of Lenin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Comintern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin%27s_rise_to_power" title="Joseph Stalin's rise to power">Joseph Stalin's rise to power</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/26_Baku_Commissars" title="26 Baku Commissars">26 Baku Commissars</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Left-wing_criticism">Anti-Leninist left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Leninization" title="De-Leninization">De-Leninization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(politics)" title="Jacobin (politics)">Jacobinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg#Thought" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburgism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left_communism" title="Left communism">Left communism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mensheviks" title="Mensheviks">Mensheviks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Marxism" title="Orthodox Marxism">Orthodox Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletkult" title="Proletkult">Proletkult</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="font-weight:normal; border-top:1px solid #CC0000; border-bottom:none;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/16px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/24px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/32px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a></li> <li><span 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Leninism_sidebar" title="Template:Leninism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Leninism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Leninism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Leninism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Leninism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Leninism</b> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Ленинизм</span>, <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Leninizm</i></span>) is a political <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a> developed by Russian <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> that proposes the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat#Vladimir_Lenin" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">dictatorship of the proletariat</a> led by a revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Vanguardism" title="Vanguardism">vanguard party</a> as the political prelude to the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>. Lenin's ideological contributions to the Marxist ideology relate to his theories on the <a href="/wiki/Vanguardism" title="Vanguardism">party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperialism,_the_Highest_Stage_of_Capitalism" title="Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism">imperialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_State_and_Revolution" title="The State and Revolution">the state</a>, and revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The function of the Leninist vanguard party is to provide the working classes with the <a href="/wiki/Political_consciousness" title="Political consciousness">political consciousness</a> (education and organisation) and revolutionary leadership necessary to depose <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Modern_Thought_Third_Edition_1999_pp._476_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Modern_Thought_Third_Edition_1999_pp._476-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leninist revolutionary leadership is based upon <i><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a></i> (1848), identifying the <a href="/wiki/Communist_party" title="Communist party">communist party</a> as "the most advanced and resolute section of the working class parties of every country; that section which pushes forward all others." As the vanguard party, the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> viewed history through the theoretical framework of <a href="/wiki/Dialectical_materialism" title="Dialectical materialism">dialectical materialism</a>, which sanctioned political commitment to the successful overthrow of capitalism, and then to instituting <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>; and, as the revolutionary national government, to realise the socio-economic transition by all means.<sup id="cite_ref-Leninism,_p._265_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leninism,_p._265-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> in 1917, Leninism was the dominant version of Marxism in Russia. In establishing the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">socialist mode of production</a> in <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Soviet Russia</a> – with the 1917 <a href="/wiki/Decree_on_Land" title="Decree on Land">Decree on Land</a>, <a href="/wiki/War_communism" title="War communism">war communism</a> (1918–1921) and the <a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Policy" title="New Economic Policy">New Economic Policy</a> (1921–1928) – the revolutionary régime suppressed most political opposition, including Marxists who opposed Lenin's actions, the <a href="/wiki/Anarchists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchists">anarchists</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mensheviks" title="Mensheviks">Mensheviks</a>, factions of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Revolutionary_Party" title="Socialist Revolutionary Party">Socialist Revolutionary Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Left_Socialist-Revolutionaries" title="Left Socialist-Revolutionaries">Left Socialist-Revolutionaries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TheColumbia_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheColumbia-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> (1917–1922), which included the fight against the <a href="/wiki/White_Army" title="White Army">White Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">Entente intervention</a>, <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_uprisings_against_the_Bolsheviks" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing uprisings against the Bolsheviks">left-wing uprisings against the Bolsheviks</a> and widespread <a href="/wiki/Tambov_Rebellion" title="Tambov Rebellion">peasant rebellions</a> was an external and internal war which transformed Bolshevik Russia into the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Socialist_Federative_Soviet_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic">Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic</a> (RSFSR), the core and largest republic that founded the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Union of Soviet Socialist Republics</a> (USSR).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Praxis_(process)" title="Praxis (process)">praxis</a>, Leninism originally was neither a proper philosophy nor a discrete political theory. Leninism comprises politico-economic developments of <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Marxism" title="Orthodox Marxism">orthodox Marxism</a> and Lenin's interpretations of Marxism, which function as a <a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">pragmatic</a> synthesis for practical application to the actual conditions (political, social, economic) of the post-<a href="/wiki/Emancipation_reform_of_1861" title="Emancipation reform of 1861">emancipation</a> agrarian society of Imperial Russia in the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Modern_Thought_Third_Edition_1999_pp._476_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Modern_Thought_Third_Edition_1999_pp._476-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a political-science term, Lenin's theory of <a href="/wiki/Proletarian_revolution" title="Proletarian revolution">proletarian revolution</a> entered common usage at the fifth congress of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Communist International</a> (1924), when <a href="/wiki/Grigory_Zinoviev" title="Grigory Zinoviev">Grigory Zinoviev</a> applied the term <i>Leninism</i> to denote "vanguard-party revolution."<sup id="cite_ref-Modern_Thought_Third_Edition_1999_pp._476_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Modern_Thought_Third_Edition_1999_pp._476-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Leninism</i> was accepted as part of <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Russian Communist Party (b)</a>'s vocabulary and doctrine around 1922, and in January 1923, despite objections from Lenin, it entered the public vocabulary.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_background">Historical background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leninism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Marxism" title="Category:Marxism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%;"><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marx_Engels_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels"><img alt="Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Marx_Engels_icon.svg/75px-Marx_Engels_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Marx_Engels_icon.svg/113px-Marx_Engels_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Marx_Engels_icon.svg/150px-Marx_Engels_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="333" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Marxist_bibliography" title="Marxist bibliography">Theoretical works</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Philosophic_Manuscripts_of_1844" title="Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844">Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Condition_of_the_Working_Class_in_England" title="The Condition of the Working Class in England">The Condition of the Working Class in England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_German_Ideology" title="The German Ideology">The German Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eighteenth_Brumaire_of_Louis_Bonaparte" title="The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte">The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grundrisse" title="Grundrisse">Grundrisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital">Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_the_Gotha_Programme" title="Critique of the Gotha Programme">Critique of the Gotha Programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectics_of_Nature" title="Dialectics of Nature">Dialectics of Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Origin_of_the_Family,_Private_Property_and_the_State" title="The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State">The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/What_Is_to_Be_Done%3F" title="What Is to Be Done?">What Is to Be Done?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Accumulation_of_Capital" title="The Accumulation of Capital">The Accumulation of Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Notebooks" title="Philosophical Notebooks">Philosophical Notebooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_and_Communism" title="Terrorism and Communism">Terrorism and Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_State_and_Revolution" title="The State and Revolution">The State and Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essays_on_Marx%27s_Theory_of_Value" title="Essays on Marx's Theory of Value">Essays on Marx's Theory of Value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_and_Class_Consciousness" title="History and Class Consciousness">History and Class Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_Notebooks" title="Prison Notebooks">Prison Notebooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Black_Jacobins" title="The Black Jacobins">The Black Jacobins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Practice" title="On Practice">On Practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theses_on_the_Philosophy_of_History" title="Theses on the Philosophy of History">Theses on the Philosophy of History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectic_of_Enlightenment" title="Dialectic of Enlightenment">Dialectic of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Critique_of_Soviet_Economics" title="A Critique of Soviet Economics">A Critique of Soviet Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Long_Revolution" title="The Long Revolution">The Long Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_Warfare_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla Warfare (book)">Guerrilla Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wretched_of_the_Earth" title="The Wretched of the Earth">The Wretched of the Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading_Capital" title="Reading Capital">Reading Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Society_of_the_Spectacle" title="The Society of the Spectacle">The Society of the Spectacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedagogy_of_the_Oppressed" title="Pedagogy of the Oppressed">Pedagogy of the Oppressed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_and_Ideological_State_Apparatuses" title="Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses">Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ways_of_Seeing" title="Ways of Seeing">Ways of Seeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/How_Europe_Underdeveloped_Africa" title="How Europe Underdeveloped Africa">How Europe Underdeveloped Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Justice_and_the_City" title="Social Justice and the City">Social Justice and the City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women,_Race_and_Class" title="Women, Race and Class">Women, Race and Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism_and_the_Oppression_of_Women" title="Marxism and the Oppression of Women">Marxism and the Oppression of Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagined_Communities" title="Imagined Communities">Imagined Communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony_and_Socialist_Strategy" title="Hegemony and Socialist Strategy">Hegemony and Socialist Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sublime_Object_of_Ideology" title="The Sublime Object of Ideology">The Sublime Object of Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time,_Labor_and_Social_Domination" title="Time, Labor and Social Domination">Time, Labor and Social Domination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Extremes" title="The Age of Extremes">The Age of Extremes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Origin_of_Capitalism" title="The Origin of Capitalism">The Origin of Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_(Hardt_and_Negri_book)" title="Empire (Hardt and Negri book)">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Victorian_Holocausts" title="Late Victorian Holocausts">Late Victorian Holocausts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Change_the_World_Without_Taking_Power" title="Change the World Without Taking Power">Change the World Without Taking Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliban_and_the_Witch" title="Caliban and the Witch">Caliban and the Witch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Introduction_to_the_Three_Volumes_of_Karl_Marx%27s_Capital" title="An Introduction to the Three Volumes of Karl Marx's Capital">An Introduction to the Three Volumes of Karl Marx's Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_Realism" title="Capitalist Realism">Capitalist Realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_in_the_Anthropocene" title="Capital in the Anthropocene">Capital in the Anthropocene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towards_Socialism_or_Capitalism%3F" title="Towards Socialism or Capitalism?">Towards Socialism or Capitalism?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revolution_Betrayed" title="The Revolution Betrayed">The Revolution Betrayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_and_Revolution" title="Literature and Revolution">Literature and Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Struggle_Against_Fascism_in_Germany" title="The Struggle Against Fascism in Germany">The Struggle Against Fascism in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Their_Morals_and_Ours:_The_class_foundations_of_moral_practice" title="Their Morals and Ours: The class foundations of moral practice">Their Morals and Ours: The class foundations of moral practice</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy" title="Marxist philosophy">Philosophy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_alienation" title="Marx's theory of alienation">Alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectical_materialism" title="Dialectical materialism">Dialectical materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology#Marxist_interpretation" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy_of_nature" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist philosophy of nature">Philosophy of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Philosophy in the Soviet Union">Philosophy in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reification_(Marxism)" title="Reification (Marxism)">Reification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_ethics" title="Marxist ethics">Marxist ethics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_(Marxism)" title="Capital (Marxism)">Capital</a> (<a href="/wiki/Capital_accumulation" title="Capital accumulation">accumulation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_theory" title="Crisis theory">Crisis theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodity_(Marxism)" title="Commodity (Marxism)">Commodity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_labour_and_concrete_labour" title="Abstract labour and concrete labour">Concrete and abstract labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factors_of_production#Marxism" title="Factors of production">Factors of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendency_of_the_rate_of_profit_to_fall" title="Tendency of the rate of profit to fall">Falling profit-rate tendency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">Means of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mode_of_production" title="Mode of production">Mode of production</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_mode_of_production_(Marxist_theory)" title="Capitalist mode of production (Marxist theory)">Capitalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">Socialist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Productive_forces" title="Productive forces">Productive forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_socialism" title="Scientific socialism">Scientific socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surplus_product" title="Surplus product">Surplus product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_necessary_labour_time" title="Socially necessary labour time">Socially necessary labour time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value-form" title="Value-form">Value-form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_labour" title="Wage labour">Wage labour</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Marxist_sociology" title="Marxist sociology">Sociology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Base_and_superstructure" title="Base and superstructure">Base and superstructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie#Marxist_theory" title="Bourgeoisie">Bourgeoisie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxian_class_theory" title="Marxian class theory">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_consciousness" title="Class consciousness">Class consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodity_fetishism" title="Commodity fetishism">Commodity fetishism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_society" title="Communist society">Communist society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_hegemony" title="Cultural hegemony">Cultural hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Marxism" title="Democracy in Marxism">Democracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">Dictatorship of the proletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_democracy" title="Soviet democracy">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_democracy" title="Radical democracy">Radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">Democratic centralism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour#Marxist_theory" title="Exploitation of labour">Exploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_consciousness" title="False consciousness">False consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_human_nature" title="Marx's theory of human nature">Human nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immiseration_thesis" title="Immiseration thesis">Immiseration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_imperialism#Marx" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory of imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumpenproletariat" title="Lumpenproletariat">Lumpenproletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolic_rift" title="Metabolic rift">Metabolic rift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">Proletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relations_of_production" title="Relations of production">Relations of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_the_state" title="Marx's theory of the state">State theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">Working class</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed plainlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_determinism" title="Historical determinism">Historical determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_accumulation_of_capital" title="Primitive accumulation of capital">Primitive accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_revolution" title="Proletarian revolution">Proletarian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_revolution" title="World revolution">World revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_historical_trajectory" title="Theory of historical trajectory">Theory of historical trajectory</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Aspects</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_aesthetics" title="Marxist aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_archaeology" title="Marxist archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_criminology" title="Marxist criminology">Criminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_cultural_analysis" title="Marxist cultural analysis">Cultural analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_studies" title="Cultural studies">Cultural Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_ethics" title="Marxist ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_film_theory" title="Marxist film theory">Film theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_geography" title="Marxist geography">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_historiography" title="Marxist historiography">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_literary_criticism" title="Marxist literary criticism">Literary criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism_and_religion" title="Marxism and religion">Marxism and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_sociology" title="Marxist sociology">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_philosophy" title="Marxist philosophy">Philosophy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Common variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.2em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> <a href="/wiki/Structural_Marxism" title="Structural Marxism">Structural</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomism" title="Autonomism">Autonomist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guevarism" title="Guevarism">Guevarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titoism" title="Titoism">Titoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Gramscianism" title="Neo-Gramscianism">Neo-Gramscianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_school" title="Regulation school">Regulation school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism%E2%80%93Third_Worldism" title="Maoism–Third Worldism">Third-worldist</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.2em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> <a href="/wiki/History_and_Class_Consciousness#Summary" title="History and Class Consciousness">Hegelian</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_School" title="Budapest School">Budapest School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_humanism" title="Marxist humanism">Humanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Marx-Lekt%C3%BCre" title="Neue Marx-Lektüre">Neue Marx-Lektüre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Marxism" title="Open Marxism">Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Marxism" title="Political Marxism">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praxis_School" title="Praxis School">Praxis School</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.2em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> Both</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_radical_tradition" title="Black radical tradition">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Marxism" title="Classical Marxism">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communization" title="Communization">Communization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_feminism" title="Marxist feminism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Marxism" title="Neo-Marxism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Marxism" title="Post-Marxism">Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Marxism" title="Western Marxism">Western</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Marxist_schools_of_thought" title="Marxist schools of thought">Other variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Marxism" title="Analytical Marxism">Analytical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austromarxism" title="Austromarxism">Austromarxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrist_Marxism" title="Centrist Marxism">Centrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_communism" title="Council communism">Council communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocommunism" title="Eurocommunism">Eurocommunism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_Marxism" title="Instrumental Marxism">Instrumental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism%E2%80%93Maoism" title="Marxism–Leninism–Maoism">Marxism–Leninism–Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkrumaism" title="Nkrumaism">Nkrumaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Marxism" title="Orthodox Marxism">Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Marxism)" title="Revisionism (Marxism)">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situationist" class="mw-redirect" title="Situationist">Situationist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Socialism with Chinese characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wertkritik" class="mw-redirect" title="Wertkritik">Wertkritik</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_contributors_to_Marxist_theory" title="List of contributors to Marxist theory">People</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Lafargue" title="Paul Lafargue">Lafargue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaak_Illich_Rubin" title="Isaak Illich Rubin">Rubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Plekhanov" title="Georgi Plekhanov">Plekhanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">Connolly</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht">Liebknecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Kollontai" title="Alexandra Kollontai">Kollontai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bogdanov" title="Alexander Bogdanov">Bogdanov</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Grossman" title="Henryk Grossman">Grossman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Zinoviev" title="Grigory Zinoviev">Zinoviev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Bloch" title="Ernst Bloch">Bloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Korsch" title="Karl Korsch">Korsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Bukharin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Serge" title="Victor Serge">Serge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirsaid_Sultan-Galiev" title="Mirsaid Sultan-Galiev">Galiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evgeny_Pashukanis" title="Evgeny Pashukanis">Pashukanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadeo_Bordiga" title="Amadeo Bordiga">Bordiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyoti_Basu" title="Jyoti Basu">Basu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Carlos_Mari%C3%A1tegui" title="José Carlos Mariátegui">Mariátegui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Horkheimer" title="Max Horkheimer">Horkheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Palme_Dutt" title="R. Palme Dutt">Dutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Brecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Kalecki" title="Michał Kalecki">Kalecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cox" title="Oliver Cox">Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Lefebvre" title="Henri Lefebvre">Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._L._R._James" title="C. L. R. James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Padmore" title="George Padmore">Padmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Deutscher" title="Isaac Deutscher">Deutscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Hoxha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Sombart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Nkrumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Sweezy" title="Paul Sweezy">Sweezy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arghiri_Emmanuel" title="Arghiri Emmanuel">Emmanuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hill_(historian)" title="Christopher Hill (historian)">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bettelheim" title="Charles Bettelheim">Bettelheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hal_Draper" title="Hal Draper">Draper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Jones" title="Claudia Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Hobsbawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Althusser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Hinton" title="William H. Hinton">Hinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Williams" title="Raymond Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulo_Freire" title="Paulo Freire">Freire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Mandel" title="Ernest Mandel">Mandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambalavaner_Sivanandan" title="Ambalavaner Sivanandan">Sivanandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Miliband" title="Ralph Miliband">Miliband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%ADlcar_Cabral" title="Amílcar Cabral">Cabral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._P._Thompson" title="E. P. Thompson">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Fanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_Kos%C3%ADk" title="Karel Kosík">Kosik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Berger" title="John Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Guevara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Liebman" title="Marcel Liebman">Liebman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Heller" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnes Heller">Heller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Guattari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_M%C3%A9sz%C3%A1ros_(philosopher)" title="István Mészáros (philosopher)">Mészáros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_O%27Connor_(academic)" title="James O'Connor (academic)">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Wallerstein" title="Immanuel Wallerstein">Wallerstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Mies" title="Maria Mies">Mies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Tronti" title="Mario Tronti">Tronti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samir_Amin" title="Samir Amin">Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Hall_(cultural_theorist)" title="Stuart Hall (cultural theorist)">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Nairn" title="Tom Nairn">Nairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Parenti" title="Michael Parenti">Parenti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredric_Jameson" title="Fredric Jameson">Jameson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abimael_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Abimael Guzmán">Gonzalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Dussel" title="Enrique Dussel">Dussel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Harvey" title="David Harvey">Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Laclau" title="Ernesto Laclau">Laclau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Bahro" title="Rudolf Bahro">Bahro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicos_Poulantzas" title="Nicos Poulantzas">Poulantzas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gianni_Vattimo" title="Gianni Vattimo">Vattimo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marta_Harnecker" title="Marta Harnecker">Harnecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmar_Altvater" title="Elmar Altvater">Altvater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_Anderson" title="Perry Anderson">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_L%C3%B6wy" title="Michael Löwy">Löwy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lise_Vogel" title="Lise Vogel">Vogel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jose_Maria_Sison" title="Jose Maria Sison">Sison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antony_Easthope" title="Antony Easthope">Easthope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Rancière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Berman" title="Marshall Berman">Berman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Przeworski" title="Adam Przeworski">Przeworski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._A._Cohen" title="G. A. Cohen">Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ran_Therborn" title="Göran Therborn">Therborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domenico_Losurdo" title="Domenico Losurdo">Losurdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokely_Carmichael" title="Stokely Carmichael">Ture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moishe_Postone" title="Moishe Postone">Postone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Rodney" title="Walter Rodney">Rodney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himani_Bannerji" title="Himani Bannerji">Bannerji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayatri_Chakravorty_Spivak" title="Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak">Spivak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settlers:_The_Mythology_of_the_White_Proletariat" title="Settlers: The Mythology of the White Proletariat">Sakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Meiksins_Wood" title="Ellen Meiksins Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvia_Federici" title="Silvia Federici">Federici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_D._Wolff" title="Richard D. Wolff">Wolff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Balibar" title="Étienne Balibar">Balibar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Eagleton" title="Terry Eagleton">Eagleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kurz" title="Robert Kurz">Kurz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Hartsock" title="Nancy Hartsock">Hartsock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Rowbotham" title="Sheila Rowbotham">Rowbotham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Mouffe" title="Chantal Mouffe">Mouffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Geras" title="Norman Geras">Geras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brenner" title="Robert Brenner">Brenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doreen_Massey_(geographer)" title="Doreen Massey (geographer)">Massey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Cleaver" title="Harry Cleaver">Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bishop" title="Maurice Bishop">Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Haraway" title="Donna Haraway">Haraway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Panitch" title="Leo Panitch">Panitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Clarke_(sociologist)" title="Simon Clarke (sociologist)">Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Jessop" title="Bob Jessop">Jessop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Davis_(scholar)" title="Mike Davis (scholar)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Olin_Wright" title="Erik Olin Wright">Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Fraser" title="Nancy Fraser">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Burawoy" title="Michael Burawoy">Burawoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Holloway_(sociologist)" title="John Holloway (sociologist)">Holloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillian_Rose" title="Gillian Rose">Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Screpanti" title="Ernesto Screpanti">Screpanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A1sp%C3%A1r_Mikl%C3%B3s_Tam%C3%A1s" title="Gáspár Miklós Tamás">Tamás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Hampton" title="Fred Hampton">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Cano" title="Alfonso Cano">Cano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco_Berardi" title="Franco Berardi">Berardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sankara" title="Thomas Sankara">Sankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Hennessy" title="Rosemary Hennessy">Hennessy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McDonnell" title="John McDonnell">McDonnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costas_Douzinas" title="Costas Douzinas">Douzinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Roediger" title="David Roediger">Roediger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bellamy_Foster" title="John Bellamy Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornel_West" title="Cornel West">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuradha_Ghandy" title="Anuradha Ghandy">Ghandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcomandante_Marcos" title="Subcomandante Marcos">Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Heinrich" title="Michael Heinrich">Heinrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijay_Prashad" title="Vijay Prashad">Prashad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Kelley" title="Robin Kelley">Kelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodi_Dean" title="Jodi Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Lordon" title="Frédéric Lordon">Lordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Garc%C3%ADa_Linera" title="Álvaro García Linera">Linera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Fisher" title="Mark Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Minqi" title="Li Minqi">Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen_Coulthard" title="Glen Coulthard">Coulthard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Malm" title="Andreas Malm">Malm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Seymour_(21st-century_writer)" title="Richard Seymour (21st-century writer)">Seymour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Toscano" title="Alberto Toscano">Toscano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithi_Bhattacharya" title="Tithi Bhattacharya">Bhattacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Moufawad-Paul" title="J. 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class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_communist_theorists" title="21st-century communist theorists">21st-century communist theorists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_destruction" title="Creative destruction">Creative destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Conflict theory">Conflict theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Marxism" title="Criticism of Marxism">Criticism of Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a 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plainlist" style="line-height:1.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Marxism" title="Outline of Marxism">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/16px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/24px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/32px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/10px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/15px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/21px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/16px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/24px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/32px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Marxism_sidebar" title="Template:Marxism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Marxism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Marxism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Marxism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Marxism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a> wrote the <i><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Manifesto of the Communist Party">Manifesto of the Communist Party</a></i> (1848), in which they called for the political unification of the European <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working classes</a> in order to achieve <a href="/wiki/Communist_revolution" title="Communist revolution">communist revolution</a>; and proposed that because the socio-economic organisation of <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> was of a higher form than that of <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a>, a workers' revolution first would occur in the industrialised countries. In Germany, Marxist <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democracy</a> was the political perspective of the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party of Germany</a>, inspiring Russian Marxists, such as Lenin.<sup id="cite_ref-lih1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lih1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 20th century, the socio-economic backwardness of <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial Russia</a> (1721–1917) — characterized by <a href="/wiki/Uneven_and_combined_development" title="Uneven and combined development">combined and uneven economic development</a> — facilitated rapid and intensive industrialisation, which produced a united, working-class <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">proletariat</a> in a predominantly agrarian society. Moreover, because industrialisation was financed chiefly with foreign capital, Imperial Russia did not possess a revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a> with political and economic influence upon the workers and the peasants, as had been the case in the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> (1789–1799) in the 18th century. Although Russia's <a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">political economy</a> was agrarian and <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">semi-feudal</a>, the task of democratic revolution fell to the urban, industrial working class as the only <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">social class</a> capable of effecting <a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">land reform</a> and democratisation, in view that the Russian <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a> would suppress any revolution. </p><p>In the <i><a href="/wiki/April_Theses" title="April Theses">April Theses</a></i> (1917), the political strategy of the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> (7–8 November 1917), Lenin proposed that the Russian revolution was not an isolated national event but a fundamentally international event—the first socialist revolution in the world. Lenin's practical application of <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proletarian_revolution" title="Proletarian revolution">proletarian revolution</a> to the social, political, and economic conditions of agrarian Russia motivated and impelled the "revolutionary nationalism of the poor" to depose the <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a> of the three-hundred-year dynasty of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Romanov" title="House of Romanov">House of Romanov</a> (1613–1917), as <a href="/wiki/Tsarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsarism">tsars</a> of Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imperialism">Imperialism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leninism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Imperialism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Imperialism,_the_Highest_Stage_of_Capitalism" title="Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism">Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism</a></i> (1916), Lenin's economic analyses indicated that capitalism would transform into a <a href="/wiki/Global_financial_system" title="Global financial system">global financial system</a>, by which industrialised countries exported <a href="/wiki/Financial_capital" title="Financial capital">financial capital</a> to their <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonies</a> and so realise the <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour" title="Exploitation of labour">exploitation of the labour</a> of the natives and the exploitation of the natural resources of their countries. Such <a href="/wiki/Superprofit" title="Superprofit">superexploitation</a> allows wealthy countries to maintain a domestic <a href="/wiki/Labour_aristocracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour aristocracy">labour aristocracy</a> with a slightly higher standard of living than most workers, ensuring peaceful labour–capital relations in the capitalist homeland. Therefore, a <a href="/wiki/Proletarian_revolution" title="Proletarian revolution">proletarian revolution</a> of workers and peasants could not occur in capitalist countries whilst the imperialist global-finance system remained in place. The first proletarian revolution would have to occur in an underdeveloped country, such as Imperial Russia, the politically weakest country in the capitalist global-finance system in the early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-tomasic_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tomasic-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <i>United States of Europe Slogan</i> (1915), Lenin wrote: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><a href="/wiki/Workers_of_the_world,_unite!" title="Workers of the world, unite!">Workers of the world, unite!</a>—Uneven economic and political development is an absolute law of capitalism. Hence the victory of socialism is possible, first in several, or even in one capitalist country taken separately. The victorious proletariat of that country, having expropriated the capitalists and organised its own socialist production, would stand up against the rest of the world, the capitalist world.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>Collected Works</i>, vol. 18, p. 232<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%92._%D0%98._%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC,_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0_(1917).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%92._%D0%98._%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%2C_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0_%281917%29.jpg/220px-%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%92._%D0%98._%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%2C_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0_%281917%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%92._%D0%98._%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%2C_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0_%281917%29.jpg/330px-%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%92._%D0%98._%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%2C_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0_%281917%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%92._%D0%98._%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%2C_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0_%281917%29.jpg/440px-%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%92._%D0%98._%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%2C_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0_%281917%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="555" data-file-height="827" /></a><figcaption>First edition Russian cover of Lenin's 1917 book <i><a href="/wiki/Imperialism,_the_Highest_Stage_of_Capitalism" title="Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism">Imperialism, the Newest Stage of Capitalism</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/%22Left-Wing%22_Communism:_An_Infantile_Disorder" title=""Left-Wing" Communism: An Infantile Disorder">"Left-Wing" Communism: An Infantile Disorder</a></i> (1920), Lenin wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The more powerful enemy can be vanquished only by exerting the utmost effort, and by the most thorough, careful, attentive, skillful and obligatory use of any, even the smallest, rift between the enemies, any conflict of interests among the bourgeoisie of the various countries and among the various groups or types of bourgeoisie within the various countries, and also by taking advantage of any, even the smallest, opportunity of winning a mass ally, even though this ally is temporary, vacillating, unstable, unreliable and conditional. Those who do not understand this reveal a failure to understand even the smallest grain of Marxism, of modern <a href="/wiki/Scientific_socialism" title="Scientific socialism">scientific socialism</a> in general. Those who have not proved in practice, over a fairly considerable period of time and in fairly varied political situations, their ability to apply this truth in practice have not yet learned to help the revolutionary class in its struggle to emancipate all toiling humanity from the exploiters. And this applies equally to the period before and after the proletariat has won political power.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>Collected Works</i>, vol. 31, p. 23<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leninist_praxis">Leninist praxis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leninism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Leninist praxis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vanguard_party">Vanguard party</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leninism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vanguard party"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vanguardism" title="Vanguardism">Vanguardism</a></div> <p>In Chapter II, "Proletarians and Communists", of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a></i> (1848), Marx and Engels present the communist party as the political vanguard solely qualified to lead the proletariat in revolution: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Communists, therefore, are, on the one hand, practically the most advanced and resolute section of the working-class parties of every country, that section which pushes forward all others; on the other hand, theoretically, they have over the great mass of the proletariat the advantage of clearly understanding the lines of march, the conditions, and the ultimate general results of the proletarian movement. The immediate aim of the Communists is the same as that of all other proletarian parties: Formation of the proletariat into a class, overthrow of the bourgeois supremacy, conquest of political power by the proletariat.</p></blockquote> <p>The revolutionary purpose of the Leninist <a href="/wiki/Vanguard_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanguard party">vanguard party</a> is to establish the <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">dictatorship of the proletariat</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a>'s support. The communist party would lead the popular deposition of the <a href="/wiki/Tsarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsarism">Tsarist</a> government and then transfer government power to the working class; that change of the ruling class—from the <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">proletariat</a>—makes establishing <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> possible.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/What_Is_To_Be_Done%3F" class="mw-redirect" title="What Is To Be Done?">What Is To Be Done?</a></i> (1902), Lenin said that a revolutionary vanguard party, recruited from the working class, should lead the political campaign because only in that way would the proletariat successfully realise their revolution; unlike the economic campaign of trade-union-struggle advocated by other socialist political parties and the <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">anarcho-syndicalists</a>. Like Marx, Lenin distinguished between the aspects of a revolution, the "economic campaign" (<a href="/wiki/Labour_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour strike">labour strikes</a> for increased wages and work concessions) that featured diffused plural leadership; and the "political campaign" (socialist changes to society), which required the decisive, revolutionary leadership of the Bolshevik vanguard party. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Democratic_centralism">Democratic centralism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leninism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Democratic centralism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">Democratic centralism</a></div> <p>Based upon the <a href="/wiki/First_International" class="mw-redirect" title="First International">First International</a> (IWA, International Workingmen's Association, 1864–1876), Lenin organised the Bolsheviks as a <a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">democratically centralised</a> vanguard party; wherein free political speech was recognised as legitimate until policy consensus; afterwards, every member of the party was expected to abide by the agreed policy. Democratic debate was Bolshevik practice, even after Lenin banned factions among the Party in 1921. Despite being a guiding political influence, Lenin did not exercise absolute power and continually debated to have his points of view accepted as a course of revolutionary action. In <i>Freedom to Criticise and Unity of Action</i> (1905), Lenin said: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Of course, the application of this principle in practice will sometimes give rise to disputes and misunderstandings; but only on the basis of this principle can all disputes and all misunderstandings be settled honourably for the Party. ... The principle of democratic centralism and autonomy for local Party organisations implies universal and full freedom to criticise, so long as this does not disturb the unity of a definite action; it rules out all criticism which disrupts or makes difficult the unity of an action decided on by the Party.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Proletarian_revolution">Proletarian revolution</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leninism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Proletarian revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>, despite supporting moderate political reform—including <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> elected to the <a href="/wiki/Duma" title="Duma">Duma</a> when opportune—Lenin said that <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> could only be overthrown with <a href="/wiki/Proletarian_revolution" title="Proletarian revolution">proletarian revolution</a>, not with gradual reforms—from within (<a href="/wiki/Fabianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabianism">Fabianism</a>) and from without (<a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democracy</a>)—which would fail because the bourgeoisie's control of the <a href="/wiki/Means_of_production" title="Means of production">means of production</a> determined the nature of political power in Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As epitomised in the slogan "For a Democratic Dictatorship of the Proletariat and Peasantry", a proletarian revolution in underdeveloped Russia required a united proletariat (peasants and industrial workers) to assume government power in the cities successfully. Moreover, owing to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle-class</a> aspirations of much of the peasantry, <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a> said that the proletarian leadership of the revolution would ensure truly socialist and democratic socio-economic change. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat">Dictatorship of the proletariat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leninism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Dictatorship of the proletariat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat#Vladimir_Lenin" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">Dictatorship of the proletariat</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L%27%C3%A9tat_et_la_r%C3%A9volution.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/L%27%C3%A9tat_et_la_r%C3%A9volution.jpg/220px-L%27%C3%A9tat_et_la_r%C3%A9volution.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/L%27%C3%A9tat_et_la_r%C3%A9volution.jpg/330px-L%27%C3%A9tat_et_la_r%C3%A9volution.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/L%27%C3%A9tat_et_la_r%C3%A9volution.jpg/440px-L%27%C3%A9tat_et_la_r%C3%A9volution.jpg 2x" data-file-width="752" data-file-height="1086" /></a><figcaption>1970 French edition of Lenin's 1917 book <i><a href="/wiki/The_State_and_Revolution" title="The State and Revolution">The State and Revolution</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik Russia">Bolshevik Russia</a>, government by <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct democracy</a> was realised and effected by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_(council)" title="Soviet (council)">soviets</a> (elected councils of workers), which Lenin said was the "democratic dictatorship of the proletariat" postulated in <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Marxism" title="Orthodox Marxism">orthodox Marxism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Isaac_Deutscher_19542_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isaac_Deutscher_19542-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The soviets comprised representative committees from the factories and the trade unions but excluded the capitalist social class to establish a proletarian government by and for the working class and the peasants. Concerning the political disenfranchisement of the capitalist social class in Bolshevik Russia, Lenin said that "depriving the exploiters of the franchise is a purely Russian question, and not a question of the dictatorship of the proletariat, in general. ... In which countries ...democracy for the exploiters will be, in one or another form, restricted ...is a question of the specific national features of this or that capitalism."<sup id="cite_ref-Leninism,_p._265_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leninism,_p._265-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In chapter five of <i><a href="/wiki/The_State_and_Revolution" title="The State and Revolution">The State and Revolution</a></i> (1917), Lenin describes the dictatorship of the proletariat as: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>the organisation of the vanguard of the oppressed as the ruling class for the purpose of crushing the oppressors. ... An immense expansion of democracy, which, for the first time, becomes democracy for the poor, democracy for the people, and not democracy for the rich ... and suppression by force, i.e. exclusion from democracy, for the exploiters and oppressors of the people—this is the change which democracy undergoes during the 'transition' from capitalism to communism.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Concerning the disenfranchisement from democracy of the capitalist social class, Lenin said: "Democracy for the vast majority of the people, and suppression by force, i.e. exclusion from democracy, of the <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour" title="Exploitation of labour">exploiters</a> and oppressors of the people—this is the change democracy undergoes during the transition from capitalism to communism."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dictatorship of the proletariat was effected with soviet <a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">constitutionalism</a>, a form of government opposite to the dictatorship of capital (privately owned means of production) practised in bourgeois democracies. Under soviet constitutionalism, the Leninist vanguard party would be one of many political parties competing for election to government power.<sup id="cite_ref-Modern_Thought_Third_Edition_1999_pp._476_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Modern_Thought_Third_Edition_1999_pp._476-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Isaac_Deutscher_19542_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isaac_Deutscher_19542-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Carr,_Edward_Hallett_1929_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carr,_Edward_Hallett_1929-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, because of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> (1917–1924) and the anti-Bolshevik terrorism of opposing political parties aiding the <a href="/wiki/White_Army" title="White Army">White Armies'</a> counter-revolution, the Bolshevik government banned all other political parties, which left the Leninist vanguard party as the only political party in Russia. Lenin said that such political suppression was not philosophically inherent to the dictatorship of the proletariat.<sup id="cite_ref-Moshe_1969_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moshe_1969-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Carr,_Edward_Hallett_1929_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carr,_Edward_Hallett_1929-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Deutscher_1959_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deutscher_1959-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economics">Economics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leninism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politics of the Soviet Union">Politics of the Soviet Union</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1956%E2%80%931991).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg/240px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="605" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">  </td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Leadership</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of leaders of the Soviet Union">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="President of the Soviet Union">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of heads of state of the Soviet Union">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice President of the Soviet Union">Vice President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collective leadership in the Soviet Union">Collective leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="State Council of the Soviet Union">State Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Council_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Presidential Council of the Soviet Union">Presidential Council</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">History</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Politburo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgburo" title="Orgburo">Orgburo</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Legislature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Soviets_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of Soviets of the Soviet Union">Congress of Soviets</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Executive_Committee_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union">Central Executive Committee</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union">Supreme Soviet</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_of_the_Union" title="Soviet of the Union">Soviet of the Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_of_Nationalities" title="Soviet of Nationalities">Soviet of Nationalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_Supreme_Soviet" title="Presidium of the Supreme Soviet">Presidium</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_People%27s_Deputies_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union">Congress of People's Deputies</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_the_Soviet_Union#Chairmen_of_the_Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1989–1990)" title="List of heads of state of the Soviet Union">Speaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Soviet_Union_legislative_election" title="1989 Soviet Union legislative election">1989 Legislative election</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Governance</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Constitution of the Soviet Union">Constitution</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Official_names_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Official names of the Soviet Union">Official names</a></li> <li><a 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Union">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Collegium_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union">Military Collegium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Court_(Soviet_Union)" title="People's Court (Soviet Union)">People's Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procurator_General_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Procurator General of the Soviet Union">Procurator General</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Ideology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_democracy" title="Soviet democracy">Soviet democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leninism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Khrushchevism" class="mw-redirect" title="Khrushchevism">Khrushchevism</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization" title="De-Stalinization">De-Stalinization</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></i></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Society</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Economy of the Soviet Union">Economy</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Agriculture in the Soviet Union">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_goods_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Consumer goods in the Soviet Union">Consumer goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_for_the_national_economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Five-year plans for the national economy of the Soviet Union">Five-Year Plan</a></li> 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system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">Collectivization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Human rights in the Soviet Union">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideological_repression_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideological repression in the Soviet Union">Ideological repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Political abuse of psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_repression_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Political repression in the Soviet Union">Political repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Population transfer in the Soviet Union">Population transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Propaganda in the Soviet Union">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppressed_research_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppressed research in the Soviet Union">Suppressed research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Terror" title="Red Terror">Red Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Empire">Soviet Empire</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Soviet_Union" title="Portal:Soviet Union">Soviet Union portal</a> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template:Politics of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template talk:Politics of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Bolshevik government nationalised industry and established a foreign-trade monopoly to allow the productive coordination of the national economy and so prevent Russian national industries from competing against each other. To feed the populaces of town and country, Lenin instituted <a href="/wiki/War_communism" title="War communism">war communism</a> (1918–1921) as a necessary condition—adequate supplies of food and weapons—for fighting the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Carr,_Edward_Hallett_1929_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carr,_Edward_Hallett_1929-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 1921, the <a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Policy" title="New Economic Policy">New Economic Policy</a> (NEP, 1921–1929) allowed limited local capitalism (private commerce and internal free trade) and replaced grain requisitions with an agricultural tax managed by state banks. The NEP was meant to resolve food-shortage riots by the peasantry and allowed limited private enterprise; the <a href="/wiki/Profit_motive" title="Profit motive">profit motive</a> encouraged farmers to produce the crops required to feed town and country; and to economically re-establish the urban working class, who had lost many workers to fight the <a href="/wiki/Counter-revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-revolution">counter-revolutionary</a> Civil War.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The NEP nationalisation of the economy then would facilitate the industrialisation of Russia, politically strengthen the working class, and raise the standards of living for all Russians. Lenin said that the appearance of new socialist states was necessary for strengthening Russia's economy in establishing Russian socialism. Lenin's socio-economic perspective was supported by the <a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">German Revolution of 1918–1919</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biennio_Rosso" title="Biennio Rosso">the Italian insurrection</a> and general strikes of 1920, and worker wage-riots in the UK, France, and the US. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_self-determination">National self-determination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leninism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: National self-determination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In recognising and accepting <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> among oppressed peoples, Lenin advocated their national right to <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a> and so opposed Russian chauvinism because such <a href="/wiki/Ethnocentrism" title="Ethnocentrism">ethnocentrism</a> was a cultural obstacle to establishing the dictatorship of the proletariat in every territory of the deposed Russian Empire (1721–1917).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Right_of_Nations_to_Self-Determination" title="The Right of Nations to Self-Determination">The Right of Nations to Self-determination</a></i> (1914), Lenin said: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We fight against the privileges and violence of the oppressor nation, and do not in any way condone strivings for privileges on the part of the oppressed nation. :... The bourgeois nationalism of any oppressed nation has a general democratic content that is directed against oppression, and it is this content that we unconditionally support. At the same time, we strictly distinguish it from the tendency towards national exclusiveness. ... Can a nation be free if it oppresses other nations? It cannot.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Socialist_internationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist internationalism">socialist internationalism</a> of Marxism and Bolshevism is based upon <a href="/wiki/Class_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Class struggle">class struggle</a> and a people's transcending nationalism, <a href="/wiki/Ethnocentrism" title="Ethnocentrism">ethnocentrism</a>, and religion—the <a href="/wiki/Intellectualism" title="Intellectualism">intellectual</a> obstacles to progressive <a href="/wiki/Class_consciousness" title="Class consciousness">class consciousness</a>—which are the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_hegemony" title="Cultural hegemony">cultural <i>status quo</i></a> that the capitalist ruling class manipulates in order to divide the working classes and the peasant classes politically. To overcome that barrier to establishing socialism, Lenin said that acknowledging nationalism, as a people's right of self-determination and right of secession, naturally would allow socialist states to transcend the political limitations of nationalism to form a <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Moshe_1969_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moshe_1969-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>The Question of Nationalities, or 'Autonomisation'</i> (1923), Lenin said: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[N]othing holds up the development and strengthening of proletarian class solidarity so much as national injustice; "offended" nationals are not sensitive to anything, so much as to the feeling of equality, and the violation of this equality, if only through negligence or jest – to the violation of that equality by their proletarian comrades.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socialist_culture">Socialist culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leninism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Socialist culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The role of the Leninist vanguard party was to politically educate the workers and peasants to dispel the societal <a href="/wiki/False_consciousness" title="False consciousness">false consciousness</a> of religion and nationalism that constitute the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_hegemony" title="Cultural hegemony">cultural <i>status quo</i></a> taught by the <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a> to the proletariat to facilitate their economic <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour" title="Exploitation of labour">exploitation</a> of peasants and workers. Influenced by Lenin, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central Committee of the Bolshevik Party</a> stated that the development of the socialist workers' culture should not be "hamstrung from above" and opposed the <i><a href="/wiki/Proletkult" title="Proletkult">Proletkult</a></i> (1917–1925) organisational control of the national culture.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leninism_after_1924">Leninism after 1924</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leninism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Leninism after 1924"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stalinism_and_Marxism–Leninism"><span id="Stalinism_and_Marxism.E2.80.93Leninism"></span>Stalinism and Marxism–Leninism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leninism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Stalinism and Marxism–Leninism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></div> <p>In post-<a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">Revolutionary</a> Russia, the <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinist</a> application of <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_one_country" title="Socialism in one country">socialism in one country</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Permanent_revolution" title="Permanent revolution">permanent world revolution</a>) were the principal philosophies of <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a> that claimed legitimate ideological descent from Leninism; thus, within the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party</a>, each ideological faction denied the <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">political legitimacy</a> of the opposing faction.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until shortly before his death, Lenin countered Stalin's disproportionate political influence in the Communist Party and the bureaucracy of the Soviet government, partly because of abuses he had committed against the populace of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> and partly because the autocratic Stalin had accumulated administrative power disproportionate to his office of <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary of the Communist Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Moshe_1969_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moshe_1969-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Carr,_Edward_Hallett_1979_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carr,_Edward_Hallett_1979-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The counter-action against Stalin aligned with Lenin's advocacy of the right of <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a> for the national and ethnic groups of the deposed <a href="/wiki/Tsarist_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsarist Empire">Tsarist Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Carr,_Edward_Hallett_1979_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carr,_Edward_Hallett_1979-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lenin warned the Party that Stalin had "unlimited authority concentrated in his hands, and I am not sure whether he will always be capable of using that authority with sufficient caution" and formed a faction with <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a> to remove Stalin as the General Secretary of the Communist Party.<sup id="cite_ref-Deutscher_1959_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deutscher_1959-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To that end followed proposals reducing the administrative powers of party posts to reduce bureaucratic influence upon the policies of the Communist Party. Lenin advised Trotsky to emphasise Stalin's recent bureaucratic alignment in such matters (e.g. undermining the anti-bureaucratic workers' and peasants' Inspection) and argued to depose Stalin as General Secretary. Despite advice to refuse "any rotten compromise", he did not heed Lenin's advice and General Secretary Stalin retained power over the Communist Party and the bureaucracy of the Soviet government.<sup id="cite_ref-Deutscher_1959_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deutscher_1959-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leninism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Trotskyism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-Stalinist_Left" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Stalinist Left">Anti-Stalinist Left</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Declaration_of_46" title="The Declaration of 46">The Declaration of 46</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Course_(Trotsky_book)" title="New Course (Trotsky book)">New Course (Trotsky book)</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Stalin_School_of_Falsification" title="The Stalin School of Falsification">The Stalin School of Falsification</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stalin:_An_Appraisal_of_the_Man_and_His_Influence" title="Stalin: An Appraisal of the Man and His Influence">Stalin: An Appraisal of the Man and His Influence</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15068,_Leo_Dawidowitsch_Trotzki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15068%2C_Leo_Dawidowitsch_Trotzki.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15068%2C_Leo_Dawidowitsch_Trotzki.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15068%2C_Leo_Dawidowitsch_Trotzki.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15068%2C_Leo_Dawidowitsch_Trotzki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15068%2C_Leo_Dawidowitsch_Trotzki.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R15068%2C_Leo_Dawidowitsch_Trotzki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="632" data-file-height="939" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a> was exiled from Russia after losing to Stalin in the factional politics of the Bolsheviks</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1922, Lenin allied with <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a> against the party's growing <a href="/wiki/Nomenklatura" title="Nomenklatura">bureaucratisation</a> and the influence of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lenin himself never mentioned the concept of "Trotskyism" after Trotsky became a member of the Bolshevik party but the term was employed by Stalin and the troika to present Trotsky's views as factional and anathematical to Leninist thought.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Lenin's death (21 January 1924), Trotsky ideologically battled the influence of Stalin, who formed ruling blocs within the Russian Communist Party (with <a href="/wiki/Grigory_Zinoviev" title="Grigory Zinoviev">Grigory Zinoviev</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lev_Kamenev" title="Lev Kamenev">Lev Kamenev</a>, then with <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Nikolai Bukharin</a> and then by himself) and so determined soviet government policy from 1924 onwards. The ruling blocs continually denied Stalin's opponents the right to organise as an opposition faction within the party—thus, the reinstatement of <a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">democratic centralism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">free speech</a> within the Communist Party were key arguments of Trotsky's <a href="/wiki/Left_Opposition" title="Left Opposition">Left Opposition</a> and the later <a href="/wiki/Joint_Opposition_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Opposition (Soviet Union)">Joint Opposition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Deutscher_1959_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deutscher_1959-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In instituting government policy, Stalin promoted the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_one_country" title="Socialism in one country">socialism in one country</a> (adopted 1925),<sup id="cite_ref-:0_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wherein the Soviet Union would establish <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> upon Russia's economic foundations (and support socialist revolutions elsewhere).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 1936 interview with journalist <a href="/wiki/Roy_W._Howard" title="Roy W. Howard">Roy W. Howard</a>, Stalin articulated his rejection of <a href="/wiki/World_revolution" title="World revolution">world revolution</a> and stated that “We never had such plans and intentions” and that “The export of revolution is nonsense”.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conversely, Trotsky held that socialism in one country would economically constrain the industrial development of the Soviet Union and thus required assistance from the new socialist countries in the developed world—which was essential for maintaining soviet democracy—in 1924, much undermined by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> of White Army counter-revolution. Trotsky's theory of <a href="/wiki/Permanent_revolution" title="Permanent revolution">permanent revolution</a> proposed that socialist revolutions in underdeveloped countries would further dismantle <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudal</a> régimes and establish socialist democracies that would not pass through a capitalist stage of development and government. Hence, revolutionary workers should ally politically with peasant political organisations, not capitalist political parties. In contrast, Stalin and his allies proposed that alliances with capitalist political parties were essential to realising a revolution where communists were too few.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Said Stalinist practice failed, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Expedition" title="Northern Expedition">Northern Expedition</a> portion of the Chinese Revolution (1926–1928), which resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right-wing</a> <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a>'s massacre of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a>. Despite the failure, Stalin's policy of mixed-ideology political alliances nonetheless became <a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Comintern</a>'s policy. </p><p>Until exiled from Russia in 1929, Trotsky developed and led the Left Opposition (and the later Joint Opposition) with members of the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Opposition" title="Workers' Opposition">Workers' Opposition</a>, the Decembrists and (later) the Zinovievists.<sup id="cite_ref-Deutscher_1959_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deutscher_1959-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trotskyism predominated the politics of the Left Opposition, which demanded the restoration of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_democracy" title="Soviet democracy">soviet democracy</a>, the expansion of democratic centralism in the Communist Party, national industrialisation, international <a href="/wiki/Permanent_revolution" title="Permanent revolution">permanent revolution</a> and socialist internationalism. According to historian <a href="/wiki/Sheila_Fitzpatrick" title="Sheila Fitzpatrick">Sheila Fitzpatrick</a>, the scholarly consensus was that Stalin appropriated the position of the Left Opposition on such matters as <a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">industrialisation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Collectivisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivisation">collectivisation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Trotskyist demands countered Stalin's political dominance of the Communist Party, which was officially characterised by the "<a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">cult of Lenin</a>", the rejection of permanent revolution, and advocated the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_one_country" title="Socialism in one country">socialism in one country</a>. The Stalinist economic policy vacillated between appeasing the capitalist interests of the <a href="/wiki/Kulak" title="Kulak">kulak</a> in the countryside and destroying them as a social class. Initially, the Stalinists also rejected the national industrialisation of Russia but then pursued it in full, sometimes brutally. In both cases, the Left Opposition denounced the regressive nature of Stalin's policy towards the wealthy kulak social class and the brutality of forced industrialisation. Trotsky described Stalinist vacillation as a symptom of the undemocratic nature of a ruling bureaucracy.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1920s and the 1930s, Stalin fought and defeated the political influence of Trotsky and the Trotskyists in Russia using slander, <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censorship</a>, expulsions, exile (internal and external), and imprisonment. The anti-Trotsky campaign culminated in the executions (official and unofficial) of the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Trials">Moscow Trials</a> (1936–1938), which were part of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a> of <a href="/wiki/Old_Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Bolshevik">Old Bolsheviks</a> who had led the Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-Deutscher_1959_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deutscher_1959-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leninism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Debated_influence_on_Stalinism">Debated influence on Stalinism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leninism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Debated influence on Stalinism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some historians such as <a href="/wiki/Richard_Pipes" title="Richard Pipes">Richard Pipes</a> consider <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a> as the natural consequence of Leninism, that Stalin "faithfully implemented Lenin's domestic and foreign policy programs".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Service_(historian)" title="Robert Service (historian)">Robert Service</a> notes that "institutionally and ideologically Lenin laid the foundations for a Stalin ... but the passage from Leninism to the worse terrors of Stalinism was not smooth and inevitable."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian and Stalin biographer <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Radzinsky" title="Edvard Radzinsky">Edvard Radzinsky</a> believes that Stalin was a genuine follower of Lenin, exactly as he claimed himself.<sup id="cite_ref-Radzinsky_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Radzinsky-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proponents of <a href="/wiki/Continuity_of_government" title="Continuity of government">continuity</a> cite a variety of contributory factors, in that it was Lenin, rather than Stalin, whose <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">civil war</a> measures introduced the <a href="/wiki/Red_Terror" title="Red Terror">Red Terror</a> with its hostage-taking and <a href="/wiki/Internment_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Internment camps">internment camps</a>; that it was Lenin who developed the infamous <a href="/wiki/Article_58_(RSFSR_Penal_Code)" title="Article 58 (RSFSR Penal Code)">Article 58</a> and who established the autocratic system within the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Russian Communist Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pipes_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pipes-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proponents also note that Lenin put a <a href="/wiki/Ban_on_factions_in_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ban on factions in the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">ban on factions</a> within the party and introduced the <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party state</a> in 1921, a move that enabled Stalin to get rid of his rivals easily after Lenin's death and cite <a href="/wiki/Felix_Dzerzhinsky" title="Felix Dzerzhinsky">Felix Dzerzhinsky</a>, who exclaimed during the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a> struggle against opponents in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>: "We stand for organized terror—this should be frankly stated."<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (October 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some scholars have had a differing view and attributed the establishment of the one-party system in the Soviet Union to the wartime conditions imposed on Lenin's government<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and others have highlighted the initial attempts to form a coalition government with the <a href="/wiki/Left_Socialist-Revolutionaries" title="Left Socialist-Revolutionaries">Left Socialist Revolutionaries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to historian <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Liebman" title="Marcel Liebman">Marcel Liebman</a>, Lenin's wartime measures such as banning opposition parties was prompted by the fact that several political parties either <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_uprisings_against_the_Bolsheviks" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing uprisings against the Bolsheviks">took up arms</a> against the new <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Soviet government</a>, or participated in sabotage, <a href="/wiki/Collaborationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Collaborationism">collaborated</a> with the deposed <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Tsarists</a>, or made <a href="/wiki/Assassination_attempts_on_Vladimir_Lenin" title="Assassination attempts on Vladimir Lenin">assassination attempts against Lenin</a> and other Bolshevik leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-Leninism_Under_Lenin_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leninism_Under_Lenin-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liebman also argued that the banning of parties under Lenin did not have the same repressive character as later bans enforced under the Stalinist regime.<sup id="cite_ref-Leninism_Under_Lenin_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leninism_Under_Lenin-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several scholars have highlighted the socially progressive nature of Lenin's policies such as <a href="/wiki/Universal_access_to_education" title="Universal access to education">universal education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universal_healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal healthcare">universal healthcare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Russia" title="Women in Russia">equal rights for women</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, Stalin's regime reversed Lenin's policies on social matters such as <a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">sexual equality</a>, legal restrictions on <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">marriage</a>, rights of sexual minorities and <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">protective legislation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/Robert_Vincent_Daniels" title="Robert Vincent Daniels">Robert Vincent Daniels</a> also viewed the Stalinist period as a counter-revolution in Soviet cultural life which revived <a href="/wiki/Soviet_patriotism" title="Soviet patriotism">patriotic propaganda</a>, the Tsarist programme of <a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russification</a> and traditional, <a href="/wiki/Military_ranks" class="mw-redirect" title="Military ranks">military ranks</a> which had been criticized by Lenin as expressions of "Great Russian chauvinism".<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Daniels also regarded Stalinism to represent an abrupt break with the Leninist period in terms of economic policies in which a deliberated, <a href="/wiki/Scientific_socialism" title="Scientific socialism">scientific system</a> of <a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">economic planning</a> that featured former <a href="/wiki/Menshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Menshevik">Menshevik</a> <a href="/wiki/Economists" class="mw-redirect" title="Economists">economists</a> at <a href="/wiki/Gosplan" title="Gosplan">Gosplan</a> had been replaced with a hasty version of planning with unrealistic targets, bureaucratic waste, <a href="/wiki/Bottleneck_(production)" title="Bottleneck (production)">bottlenecks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shortages" class="mw-redirect" title="Shortages">shortages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lenin_and_Trotsky.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Lenin_and_Trotsky.jpg/300px-Lenin_and_Trotsky.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Lenin_and_Trotsky.jpg/450px-Lenin_and_Trotsky.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Lenin_and_Trotsky.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="439" /></a><figcaption>Russian <a href="/wiki/Peasants" class="mw-redirect" title="Peasants">peasants</a> holding <a href="/wiki/Banners" class="mw-redirect" title="Banners">banners</a> of Lenin (left), <a href="/wiki/Marx" class="mw-redirect" title="Marx">Marx</a> (centre) and Trotsky (right) in early <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Russia">Soviet Russia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_historians" class="mw-redirect" title="Revisionist historians">Revisionist historians</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Post–Cold War era">post–Cold War</a> and otherwise <a href="/wiki/Dissident_Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissident Soviet">dissident Soviet</a> historians, including <a href="/wiki/Roy_Medvedev" title="Roy Medvedev">Roy Medvedev</a>, argue that "one could list the various measures carried out by Stalin that were actually a continuation of anti-democratic trends and measures implemented under Lenin", but that "in so many ways, Stalin acted, not in line with Lenin's clear instructions, but in defiance of them."<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In doing so, some historians have tried to distance Stalinism from Leninism to undermine the <a href="/wiki/Totalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Totalitarian">totalitarian</a> view that the negative facets of Stalin were inherent in communism from the start.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (June 2024)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Critics include anti-Stalinist communists such as <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a>, who pointed out that Lenin attempted to persuade the Russian Communist Party to remove Stalin from his post as its <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lenin%27s_Testament" title="Lenin's Testament">Lenin's Testament</a>, the document which contained this order, was suppressed after Lenin's death. Trotsky also argued that he and Lenin had intended to lift the ban on the <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of political parties in the Soviet Union">opposition parties</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Mensheviks" title="Mensheviks">Mensheviks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Revolutionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist Revolutionaries">Socialist Revolutionaries</a> as soon as the economic and social conditions of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Russia">Soviet Russia</a> had improved.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various historians have cited Lenin's proposal to appoint Trotsky as a <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">Vice-chairman of the Soviet Union</a> as evidence that he intended Trotsky to be his successor as head of government.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his biography of Trotsky, Polish-British historian <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Deutscher" title="Isaac Deutscher">Isaac Deutscher</a> says that, on being faced with the evidence, "only the blind and the deaf could be unaware of the contrast between Stalinism and Leninism."<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Stalin's secretary, <a href="/wiki/Boris_Bazhanov" title="Boris Bazhanov">Boris Bazhanov</a>, Stalin was jubilant over Lenin's death while “publicly putting on the mask of grief”.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French historian <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Broue" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Broue">Pierre Broue</a> disputed the historical assessments of the early Soviet Union by modern historians such as <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Volkogonov" title="Dmitri Volkogonov">Dmitri Volkogonov</a> in which he argued had falsely equated Leninism, <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a> to present the notion of ideological continuity and reinforce the position of <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">counter-communism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other revisionist historians, such as <a href="/wiki/Orlando_Figes" title="Orlando Figes">Orlando Figes</a>, whilst critical of the Soviet era, acknowledge that Lenin had actively sought to counter the growing influence of Stalin through a number of actions such as his alliance with Trotsky in 1922–23, opposition to Stalin on <a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign trade">foreign trade</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Georgian_affair" title="Georgian affair">Georgian affair</a> and proposed party reforms which included the democratisation of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Committee">Central Committee</a> and recruitment of 50–100 ordinary workers into the lower organs of the party.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_edition_of_Krushchev%27s_%22Secret_Speech%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/First_edition_of_Krushchev%27s_%22Secret_Speech%22.jpg/180px-First_edition_of_Krushchev%27s_%22Secret_Speech%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/First_edition_of_Krushchev%27s_%22Secret_Speech%22.jpg/270px-First_edition_of_Krushchev%27s_%22Secret_Speech%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/First_edition_of_Krushchev%27s_%22Secret_Speech%22.jpg/360px-First_edition_of_Krushchev%27s_%22Secret_Speech%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2271" data-file-height="3089" /></a><figcaption><span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">O kulcie jednostki i jego następstwach</i></span>, Warsaw, March 1956, first edition of the Secret Speech, published for the inner use in the <a href="/wiki/PUWP" class="mw-redirect" title="PUWP">PUWP</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a>, Stalin's successor, argued that Stalin's regime differed profusely from the leadership of Lenin in his "<a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">Secret Speech</a>", delivered in 1956. He was critical of the <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Joseph Stalin's cult of personality">cult of the individual</a> which was constructed around Stalin whereas Lenin stressed “the role of the people as the creator of history”.<sup id="cite_ref-archive.org_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archive.org-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also emphasized that Lenin favored a <a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">collective leadership</a> which relied on personal persuasion and recommended the removal of Stalin from the position of General Secretary. Khrushchev contrasted this with the “despotism” of Stalin which require absolute submission to his position and he also highlighted that many of the people who were later annihilated as “enemies of the party", "had worked with Lenin during his life”.<sup id="cite_ref-archive.org_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archive.org-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also contrasted the “severe methods” used by Lenin in the “most necessary cases” as a “struggle for survival” during the Civil War with the extreme methods and mass repressions used by Stalin even when the Revolution was “already victorious”.<sup id="cite_ref-archive.org_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archive.org-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his memoirs, Khrushchev argued that Stalin's widespread purges of the "most advanced nucleus of people" among the <a href="/wiki/Old_Bolsheviks" title="Old Bolsheviks">Old Bolsheviks</a> and leading figures in the <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a> and <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Science and technology in the Soviet Union">scientific</a> fields had "undoubtedly" weakened the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Marxist theoreticians have disputed the view that the Stalinist dictatorship was a natural outgrowth of the Bolsheviks' actions as most of the original central committee members from 1917 were later eliminated by Stalin.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/George_Novack" title="George Novack">George Novack</a> stressed the initial efforts by the Bolsheviks to form a government with the <a href="/wiki/Left_Socialist_Revolutionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Left Socialist Revolutionaries">Left Socialist Revolutionaries</a> and bring other parties such as the Mensheviks into political legality.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tony_Cliff" title="Tony Cliff">Tony Cliff</a> argued the Bolshevik-Left Socialist Revolutionary coalition government dissolved the democratically elected <a href="/wiki/Russian_Constituent_Assembly" title="Russian Constituent Assembly">Russian Constituent Assembly</a> due to a number of reasons. They cited the outdated voter-rolls which did not acknowledge the split among the Socialist Revolutionary party and the assemblies conflict with the <a href="/wiki/All-Russian_Congress_of_Soviets" title="All-Russian Congress of Soviets">Russian Congress of the Soviets</a> as an alternative democratic structure.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A similar analysis is present in more recent works such as those of Graeme Gill, who argues that "[Stalinism was] not a natural flow-on of earlier developments; [it formed a] sharp break resulting from conscious decisions by leading political actors." However, Gill notes that "difficulties with the use of the term reflect problems with the concept of Stalinism itself. The major difficulty is a lack of agreement about what should constitute Stalinism."<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Revisionist historians such as <a href="/wiki/Sheila_Fitzpatrick" title="Sheila Fitzpatrick">Sheila Fitzpatrick</a> have criticized the focus on the upper levels of society and the use of Cold War concepts such as totalitarianism, obscuring the system's reality.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Russian historian <a href="/wiki/Vadim_Rogovin" title="Vadim Rogovin">Vadim Rogovin</a> stated that "Under Lenin, the freedom to express a real variety of opinions existed in the party, and in carrying out political decisions, consideration was given to the positions of not only the majority, but a minority in the party". He compared this practice with subsequent leadership blocs which violated party tradition, ignored proposals of opponents and expelled the <a href="/wiki/Left_Opposition" title="Left Opposition">Opposition</a> from the party on falsified charges which culminated with the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Trials">Moscow Trials</a> of 1936–1938. According to Rogovin, 80-90% of the members of the Central Committee elected at the <a href="/wiki/6th_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="6th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks)">Sixth</a> through to the <a href="/wiki/17th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">Seventeenth Congresses</a> were physically annihilated.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Right_Opposition" title="Right Opposition">Right Opposition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Left_Opposition" title="Left Opposition">Left Opposition</a> have been held by some scholars as representing political alternatives to Stalinism despite their shared beliefs in Leninism due to their policy platforms which were at variance with Stalin. This ranged from areas related to <a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">economics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">foreign policy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural">cultural</a> matters.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Left-wing_criticism">Left-wing criticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leninism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Left-wing criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a form of Marxism, revolutionary Leninism was criticised as an undemocratic interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>. In <i>The Nationalities Question in the Russian Revolution</i> (1918), <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Rosa Luxemburg</a> criticised the Bolsheviks for the suppression of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Constituent_Assembly" title="Russian Constituent Assembly">All Russian Constituent Assembly</a> (January 1918); the <a href="/wiki/Partition_(politics)" title="Partition (politics)">partitioning</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Feudal" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal">feudal</a> estates to the peasant communes; and the right of self-determination of every national people of the Russias. That the strategic (geopolitical) mistakes of the Bolsheviks would create significant dangers for the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Bureaucratisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bureaucratisation">bureaucratisation</a> that would arise to administrate the large country that was Bolshevik Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In defence of the expedient revolutionary practice, in <i><a href="/wiki/%22Left-Wing%22_Communism:_An_Infantile_Disorder" title=""Left-Wing" Communism: An Infantile Disorder">"Left-Wing" Communism: An Infantile Disorder</a></i> (1920), Lenin dismissed the political and ideological complaints of the anti-Bolshevik critics, who claimed ideologically correct stances that were to the political left of Lenin. In Marxist philosophy, <a href="/wiki/Left_communism" title="Left communism">left communism</a> is a range of left-wing political perspectives among communists. Left communism criticizes the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik Party">Bolshevik Party</a>'s ideology as the revolutionary vanguard. Ideologically, left communists present their perspectives and approaches as authentic <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> and thus more oriented to the <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">proletariat</a> than the Leninism of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Communist International</a> at their <a href="/wiki/1st_Congress_of_the_Comintern" title="1st Congress of the Comintern">first</a> (1919) and <a href="/wiki/2nd_World_Congress_of_the_Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd World Congress of the Comintern">second</a> (1920) congresses. Proponents of left communism include <a href="/wiki/Amadeo_Bordiga" title="Amadeo Bordiga">Amadeo Bordiga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herman_Gorter" title="Herman Gorter">Herman Gorter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Mattick" title="Paul Mattick">Paul Mattick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst">Sylvia Pankhurst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonie_Pannekoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Pannekoek">Antonie Pannekoek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Otto_R%C3%BChle" title="Otto Rühle">Otto Rühle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93German_communist_left" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch–German communist left">Dutch-German communist left</a> has been most critical of Lenin and Leninism,<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yet the <a href="/wiki/Italian_communist_left" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian communist left">Italian communist left</a> remained Leninist. Bordiga said: "All this work of demolishing opportunism and 'deviationism' (Lenin: <i><a href="/wiki/What_Is_To_Be_Done%3F" class="mw-redirect" title="What Is To Be Done?">What Is To Be Done?</a></i>) is today the basis of party activity. The party follows revolutionary tradition and experiences in this work during these periods of revolutionary reflux and the proliferation of opportunist theories, which had as their violent and inflexible opponents Marx, Engels, Lenin, and the Italian Left."<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>The Lenin Legend</i> (1935), Paul Mattick said that the <a href="/wiki/Council_communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Council communist">council communist</a> tradition, begun by the Dutch-German leftists, also is critical of Leninism.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contemporary left-communist organisations, such as the Internationalist Communist Tendency and the <a href="/wiki/International_Communist_Current" title="International Communist Current">International Communist Current</a>, view Lenin as an essential and influential theorist but remain critical of Leninism as political praxis for the <a href="/wiki/Proletarian_revolution" title="Proletarian revolution">proletarian revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nonetheless, the <a href="/wiki/Bordigism" class="mw-redirect" title="Bordigism">Bordigism</a> of the <a href="/wiki/International_Communist_Party" title="International Communist Party">International Communist Party</a> abides Bordiga's strict Leninism. Ideologically aligned with the Dutch-German left, among the ideologists of contemporary <a href="/wiki/Communisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Communisation">communisation</a>, the theorist <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Dauv%C3%A9" title="Gilles Dauvé">Gilles Dauvé</a> criticised Leninism as a "by-product of <a href="/wiki/Kautskyism" class="mw-redirect" title="Kautskyism">Kautskyism</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>The Soviet Union Versus Socialism</i> (1986), <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a> said that Stalinism was the logical development of Leninism and not an ideological deviation from Lenin's policies, which resulted in <a href="/wiki/Collectivisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivisation">collectivisation</a> enforced with a <a href="/wiki/Police_state" title="Police state">police state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In light of the tenets of socialism, Leninism was a right-wing deviation from Marxism.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Vanguard-party" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanguard-party">vanguard-party</a> revolution of Leninism became the ideological basis of the communist parties in the socialist political spectrum. In the People's Republic of China, the Chinese Communist Party organised itself with <a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a> (the Thought of Mao Zedong), <a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">socialism with Chinese characteristics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Singapore, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Action_Party" title="People's Action Party">People's Action Party</a> (PAP) featured internal democracy and initiated single-party dominance in the government and politics of Singapore.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the event, the practical application of Maoism to the socio-economic conditions of <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a> countries produced revolutionary vanguard parties, such as the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Peru_%E2%80%93_Red_Fatherland" title="Communist Party of Peru – Red Fatherland">Communist Party of Peru – Red Fatherland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leninism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">Anti-imperialism</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/He_who_does_not_work_neither_shall_he_eat" class="mw-redirect" title="He who does not work neither shall he eat">He who does not work neither shall he eat</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_delimitation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="National delimitation in the Soviet Union">National delimitation in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_national_liberation" title="Wars of national liberation">Wars of national liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_socialism" title="Yellow socialism">Yellow socialism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leninism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRockmoreLevine2018" class="citation book cs1">Rockmore, Tom; Levine, Norman (19 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0nWADwAAQBAJ&q=leninism+imperialism+party"><i>The Palgrave Handbook of Leninist Political Philosophy</i></a>. Springer. pp. 313–531. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-51650-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-51650-3"><bdi>978-1-137-51650-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Palgrave+Handbook+of+Leninist+Political+Philosophy&rft.pages=313-531&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2018-12-19&rft.isbn=978-1-137-51650-3&rft.aulast=Rockmore&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft.au=Levine%2C+Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0nWADwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dleninism%2Bimperialism%2Bparty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Modern_Thought_Third_Edition_1999_pp._476-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Modern_Thought_Third_Edition_1999_pp._476_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Modern_Thought_Third_Edition_1999_pp._476_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Modern_Thought_Third_Edition_1999_pp._476_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Modern_Thought_Third_Edition_1999_pp._476_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The New Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought</i> (Third ed.). 1999. pp. 476–477.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Fontana+Dictionary+of+Modern+Thought&rft.pages=476-477&rft.edition=Third&rft.date=1999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leninism,_p._265-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leninism,_p._265_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leninism,_p._265_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Leninism". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 7 (15th ed.). p. 265.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Leninism&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=265&rft.edition=15th&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TheColumbia-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TheColumbia_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><i>The Columbia Encyclopedia</i> (Fifth ed.). 1994. p. 1558.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Columbia+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=1558&rft.edition=Fifth&rft.date=1994&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohn2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Childs_Kohn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Childs Kohn (page does not exist)">Kohn, George Childs</a>, ed. (2007). <i>Dictionary of Wars</i> (Third ed.). p. 459.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Wars&rft.pages=459&rft.edition=Third&rft.date=2007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYurchak2017" class="citation journal cs1">Yurchak, Alexei (September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.14318/hau7.2.021#hau7.2.021_fn52">"The canon and the mushroom Lenin, sacredness, and Soviet collapse"</a>. <i>HAU: Journal of Ethnographic Theory</i>. <b>7</b> (2): 165–198. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14318%2Fhau7.2.021">10.14318/hau7.2.021</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149135486">149135486</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214095806/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.14318/hau7.2.021#hau7.2.021_fn52">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HAU%3A+Journal+of+Ethnographic+Theory&rft.atitle=The+canon+and+the+mushroom+Lenin%2C+sacredness%2C+and+Soviet+collapse&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=165-198&rft.date=2017-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14318%2Fhau7.2.021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149135486%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Yurchak&rft.aufirst=Alexei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.14318%2Fhau7.2.021%23hau7.2.021_fn52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lih1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lih1_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLih2005" class="citation book cs1">Lih, Lars (2005). <i>Lenin Rediscovered: What is to be Done? in Context</i>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Academic Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-13120-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-13120-0"><bdi>978-90-04-13120-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lenin+Rediscovered%3A+What+is+to+be+Done%3F+in+Context&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-90-04-13120-0&rft.aulast=Lih&rft.aufirst=Lars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregor2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._James_Gregor" title="A. James Gregor">Gregor, A. James</a> (2000). <a href="/wiki/The_Faces_of_Janus" title="The Faces of Janus"><i>The Faces of Janus: Marxism and Fascism in the Twentieth Century</i></a>. 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Oxford: <a href="/wiki/St._Antony%27s_College" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Antony's College">St. Antony's College</a>. p. 189.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+State+in+Socialist+Society&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=189&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=St.+Antony%27s+College&rft.date=1984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenin1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin, V. I.</a> (1972) [1914]. "The Right of Nations to Self-determination, Chapter 4: 4. "Practicality" in The National Question". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210613045734/https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1914/self-det/index.htm"><i>Lenin's Collected Works</i></a>. Vol. 20. Moscow: <a href="/wiki/Progress_Publishers" title="Progress Publishers">Progress Publishers</a>. pp. 393–454. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1914/self-det/index.htm">the original</a> on 13 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1922/dec/testamnt/index.htm">"The Question of Nationalities or 'Autonomisation<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"</a>. In <span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'Last Testament' Letters to the Congress", from Lenin <i>Collected Works,</i> Volume 36, pp. 593–611. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111203055614/http://marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1922/dec/testamnt/index.htm">Archived</a> 3 December 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 30 November 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Central Committee, "On Proletcult Organisations", <i>Pravda</i> No. 270, 1 December 1920.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Chambers Dictionary of World History</i> (2000) p. 837.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carr,_Edward_Hallett_1979-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carr,_Edward_Hallett_1979_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carr,_Edward_Hallett_1979_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarr1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hallett_Carr" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Hallett Carr">Carr, Edward Hallett</a> (1979). <i>The Russian Revolution From Lenin to Stalin: 1917–1929</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Revolution+From+Lenin+to+Stalin%3A+1917%E2%80%931929&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Carr&rft.aufirst=Edward+Hallett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenin1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin, V. I.</a> (1965) [1923–1924]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111204093454/http://marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1922/dec/testamnt/congress.htm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Last Testament' Letters to the Congress"</a>. <i>Lenin's Collected Works</i>. Vol. 36. Moscow: <a href="/wiki/Progress_Publishers" title="Progress Publishers">Progress Publishers</a>. pp. 593–611. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1922/dec/testamnt/congress.htm">the original</a> on 4 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2011</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Last+Testament%27+Letters+to+the+Congress&rft.btitle=Lenin%27s+Collected+Works&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pages=593-611&rft.pub=Progress+Publishers&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Lenin&rft.aufirst=V.+I.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Flenin%2Fworks%2F1922%2Fdec%2Ftestamnt%2Fcongress.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMccauley2014" class="citation book cs1">Mccauley, Martin (4 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7cbKAgAAQBAJ&dq=the+soviet+union+1917+1991+lenin+trotsky+bloc+1922&pg=PA59"><i>The Soviet Union 1917-1991</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-90179-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-90179-2"><bdi>978-1-317-90179-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Soviet+Union+1917-1991&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-02-04&rft.isbn=978-1-317-90179-2&rft.aulast=Mccauley&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7cbKAgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dthe%2Bsoviet%2Bunion%2B1917%2B1991%2Blenin%2Btrotsky%2Bbloc%2B1922%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutscher2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Deutscher" title="Isaac Deutscher">Deutscher, Isaac</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mgubj5z1XUcC&dq=lenin+trotsky+bloc+1922+stalin&pg=PA63"><i>The Prophet Unarmed: Trotsky 1921-1929</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Verso_Books" title="Verso Books">Verso Books</a>. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-446-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-446-5"><bdi>978-1-85984-446-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prophet+Unarmed%3A+Trotsky+1921-1929&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-85984-446-5&rft.aulast=Deutscher&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmgubj5z1XUcC%26dq%3Dlenin%2Btrotsky%2Bbloc%2B1922%2Bstalin%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKort2015" class="citation book cs1">Kort, Michael G. 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Sharpe</a>. p. 166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-2845-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-2845-9"><bdi>978-0-7656-2845-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Soviet+Colossus%3A+History+and+Aftermath&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=M.+E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2015-05-18&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-2845-9&rft.aulast=Kort&rft.aufirst=Michael+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBHaWGEZA5zMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVolkogonov1996" class="citation book cs1">Volkogonov, Dmitriĭ Antonovich (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FdqOQgAACAAJ"><i>Trotsky: The Eternal Revolutionary</i></a>. HarperCollins. p. 242. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-255272-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-255272-1"><bdi>978-0-00-255272-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trotsky%3A+The+Eternal+Revolutionary&rft.pages=242&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-00-255272-1&rft.aulast=Volkogonov&rft.aufirst=Dmitri%C4%AD+Antonovich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFdqOQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenin" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin, V. I.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1922/dec/21.htm"><i>"To L. D. Trotsky", 13 December 1922</i></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22To+L.+D.+Trotsky%22%2C+13+December+1922&rft.aulast=Lenin&rft.aufirst=V.+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Flenin%2Fworks%2F1922%2Fdec%2F21.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogovin2021" class="citation book cs1">Rogovin, Vadim Zakharovich (2021). <i>Was There an Alternative? 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=When+the+Soviet+Union+Entered+World+Politics&rft.pub=UC+Press+E-Books+Collection&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublishing.cdlib.org%2Fucpressebooks%2Fview%3FdocId%3Dft009nb0bb%26chunk.id%3Dd0e2411%26toc.depth%3D1%26toc.id%3Dd0e2185%26brand%3Ducpress&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://soviethistory.msu.edu/1924-2/industrialization-debate/industrialization-debate-texts/socialism-in-one-country-versus-permanent-revolution/">"Socialism in One Country versus Permanent Revolution"</a>. <i>Seventeen Moments in Soviet History</i>. 27 August 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170201025252/http://soviethistory.msu.edu/1924-2/industrialization-debate/industrialization-debate-texts/socialism-in-one-country-versus-permanent-revolution/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Seventeen+Moments+in+Soviet+History&rft.atitle=Socialism+in+One+Country+versus+Permanent+Revolution&rft.date=2015-08-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsoviethistory.msu.edu%2F1924-2%2Findustrialization-debate%2Findustrialization-debate-texts%2Fsocialism-in-one-country-versus-permanent-revolution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVyshinsky1950" class="citation book cs1">Vyshinsky, Andrey Yanuaryevich (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1VM1AQAAIAAJ&dq=Stalin+we+ever+had+such+plans+and+intentions&pg=PA76"><i>Speeches Delivered at the Fifth Session of the General Assembly of the United Nations, September-October, 1950</i></a>. Information Bulletin of the Embassy of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. p. 76.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Speeches+Delivered+at+the+Fifth+Session+of+the+General+Assembly+of+the+United+Nations%2C+September-October%2C+1950&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Information+Bulletin+of+the+Embassy+of+the+Union+of+Soviet+Socialist+Republics&rft.date=1950&rft.aulast=Vyshinsky&rft.aufirst=Andrey+Yanuaryevich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1VM1AQAAIAAJ%26dq%3DStalin%2Bwe%2Bever%2Bhad%2Bsuch%2Bplans%2Band%2Bintentions%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVolkogonov1998" class="citation book cs1">Volkogonov, Dmitriĭ Antonovich (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S5XlHA_75YwC&dq=Stalin+we+ever+had+such+plans+and+intentions&pg=PA125"><i>Autopsy for an Empire: The Seven Leaders who Built the Soviet Regime</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-83420-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-83420-7"><bdi>978-0-684-83420-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Autopsy+for+an+Empire%3A+The+Seven+Leaders+who+Built+the+Soviet+Regime&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-684-83420-7&rft.aulast=Volkogonov&rft.aufirst=Dmitri%C4%AD+Antonovich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS5XlHA_75YwC%26dq%3DStalin%2Bwe%2Bever%2Bhad%2Bsuch%2Bplans%2Band%2Bintentions%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKotkin2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Kotkin, Stephen (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stalinvoliiwaiti0000kotk/page/287/mode/1up"><i>Stalin</i></a>. Vol. II, Waiting for Hitler, 1928–1941. London: Allen Lane. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9945-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9945-7"><bdi>978-0-7139-9945-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin&rft.place=London&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-7139-9945-7&rft.aulast=Kotkin&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstalinvoliiwaiti0000kotk%2Fpage%2F287%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzpatrick2010" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shiela_Fitzpatrick&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shiela Fitzpatrick (page does not exist)">Fitzpatrick, Sheila</a> (22 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v32/n08/sheila-fitzpatrick/the-old-man">"The Old Man"</a>. <i>London Review of Books</i>. <b>32</b> (8). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0260-9592">0260-9592</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=The+Old+Man&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=8&rft.date=2010-04-22&rft.issn=0260-9592&rft.aulast=Fitzpatrick&rft.aufirst=Sheila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrb.co.uk%2Fthe-paper%2Fv32%2Fn08%2Fsheila-fitzpatrick%2Fthe-old-man&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrotsky1938" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky, L. D.</a> (1938). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Revolution_Betrayed" title="The Revolution Betrayed">The Revolution Betrayed</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Revolution+Betrayed&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Trotsky&rft.aufirst=L.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogovin2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vadim_Rogovin" title="Vadim Rogovin">Rogovin, Vadim Z.</a> (2009). <i>Stalin's Terror of 1937–1938: Political Genocide in the USSR</i>. Translated by Choate, Frederick S.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin%27s+Terror+of+1937%E2%80%931938%3A+Political+Genocide+in+the+USSR&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Rogovin&rft.aufirst=Vadim+Z.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPipes" class="citation book cs1">Pipes, Richard. <i>Three Whys of the Russian Revolution</i>. pp. 83–84.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Three+Whys+of+the+Russian+Revolution&rft.pages=83-84&rft.aulast=Pipes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Lenin: Individual and Politics in the October Revolution". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Modern_History_Review&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Modern History Review (page does not exist)">Modern History Review</a></i>. <b>2</b> (1): 16–19. 1990.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+History+Review&rft.atitle=Lenin%3A+Individual+and+Politics+in+the+October+Revolution&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=16-19&rft.date=1990&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Radzinsky-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Radzinsky_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadzinsky1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Radzinsky" title="Edvard Radzinsky">Radzinsky, Edvard</a> (1997). <i>Stalin: The First In-depth Biography Based on Explosive New Documents from Russia's Secret Archives</i>. <a href="/wiki/Anchor_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Anchor Books">Anchor Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-47954-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-47954-9"><bdi>0-385-47954-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin%3A+The+First+In-depth+Biography+Based+on+Explosive+New+Documents+from+Russia%27s+Secret+Archives&rft.pub=Anchor+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-385-47954-9&rft.aulast=Radzinsky&rft.aufirst=Edvard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pipes-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pipes_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPipes2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Pipes" title="Richard Pipes">Pipes, Richard</a> (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/communismhistory00pipe"><i>Communism: A History</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Random_House_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Random House Publishing">Random House Publishing</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/communismhistory00pipe/page/n90">73</a>–74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-6864-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-6864-4"><bdi>978-0-8129-6864-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communism%3A+A+History&rft.pages=73-74&rft.pub=Random+House+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8129-6864-4&rft.aulast=Pipes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcommunismhistory00pipe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeggett1986" class="citation book cs1">Leggett, George (1986). <i>The Cheka: Lenin's Political Police</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cheka%3A+Lenin%27s+Political+Police&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Leggett&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogovin2021" class="citation book cs1">Rogovin, Vadim Zakharovich (2021). <i>Was There an Alternative? Trotskyism: a Look Back Through the Years</i>. <a href="/wiki/Mehring_Books" title="Mehring Books">Mehring Books</a>. pp. 13–14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-893638-97-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-893638-97-6"><bdi>978-1-893638-97-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Was+There+an+Alternative%3F+Trotskyism%3A+a+Look+Back+Through+the+Years&rft.pages=13-14&rft.pub=Mehring+Books&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-893638-97-6&rft.aulast=Rogovin&rft.aufirst=Vadim+Zakharovich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarr1977" class="citation book cs1">Carr, Edward Hallett (1977). <i>The Bolshevik revolution 1917 - 1923. Vol. 1</i> (Reprinted ed.). <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. pp. 111–112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-020749-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-020749-1"><bdi>978-0-14-020749-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bolshevik+revolution+1917+-+1923.+Vol.+1&rft.pages=111-112&rft.edition=Reprinted&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-14-020749-1&rft.aulast=Carr&rft.aufirst=Edward+Hallett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leninism_Under_Lenin-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leninism_Under_Lenin_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leninism_Under_Lenin_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiebman1985" class="citation book cs1">Liebman, Marcel (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OQjzAAAAMAAJ"><i>Leninism Under Lenin</i></a>. Merlin Press. pp. 1–348. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85036-261-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85036-261-9"><bdi>978-0-85036-261-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leninism+Under+Lenin&rft.pages=1-348&rft.pub=Merlin+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-85036-261-9&rft.aulast=Liebman&rft.aufirst=Marcel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOQjzAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamsKeene2014" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Katherine H.; Keene, Michael L. (10 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oyaxYvSG6gAC&dq=lenin+universal+literacy+after+the+vote+was+won&pg=PA109"><i>After the Vote Was Won: The Later Achievements of Fifteen Suffragists</i></a>. McFarland. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5647-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5647-5"><bdi>978-0-7864-5647-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+the+Vote+Was+Won%3A+The+Later+Achievements+of+Fifteen+Suffragists&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2014-01-10&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-5647-5&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Katherine+H.&rft.au=Keene%2C+Michael+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoyaxYvSG6gAC%26dq%3Dlenin%2Buniversal%2Bliteracy%2Bafter%2Bthe%2Bvote%2Bwas%2Bwon%26pg%3DPA109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUgri͡umov1976" class="citation book cs1">Ugri͡umov, Aleksandr Leontʹevich (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gXknAQAAMAAJ&q=lenin+universal+literacy"><i>Lenin's Plan for Building Socialism in the USSR, 1917–1925</i></a>. Novosti Press Agency Publishing House. p. 48.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lenin%27s+Plan+for+Building+Socialism+in+the+USSR%2C+1917%E2%80%931925&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Novosti+Press+Agency+Publishing+House&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Ugri%CD%A1umov&rft.aufirst=Aleksandr+Leont%CA%B9evich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgXknAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dlenin%2Buniversal%2Bliteracy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFService1985" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Service, Robert (24 June 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ntiuCwAAQBAJ&q=universal+education&pg=PA98"><i>Lenin: A Political Life</i></a>. Vol. 1: The Strengths of Contradiction. Springer. p. 98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-05591-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-05591-3"><bdi>978-1-349-05591-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lenin%3A+A+Political+Life&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1985-06-24&rft.isbn=978-1-349-05591-3&rft.aulast=Service&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DntiuCwAAQBAJ%26q%3Duniversal%2Beducation%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeadeWiesner-Hanks2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Teresa_Meade" title="Teresa Meade">Meade, Teresa A.</a>; Wiesner-Hanks, Merry E. 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Porter, Cathy (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4288968">"We Are Starting to Learn about Trotsky"</a>. <i>History Workshop</i> (29): 136–146. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0309-2984">0309-2984</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4288968">4288968</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Workshop&rft.atitle=We+Are+Starting+to+Learn+about+Trotsky&rft.issue=29&rft.pages=136-146&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4288968%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0309-2984&rft.aulast=Danilov&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft.au=Porter%2C+Cathy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4288968&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniels2008" class="citation book cs1">Daniels, Robert V. 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Yale University Press. p. 438. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13493-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13493-3"><bdi>978-0-300-13493-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Communism+in+Russia&rft.pages=438&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008-10-01&rft.isbn=978-0-300-13493-3&rft.aulast=Daniels&rft.aufirst=Robert+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D27JGzAoMLjoC%26dq%3DVictor%2BDanilov%2BTrotsky%26pg%3DPA438&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2016" class="citation book cs1">Watson, Derek (27 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xhm_DAAAQBAJ&dq=Trotsky+chairman+rykov&pg=PA25"><i>Molotov and Soviet Government: Sovnarkom, 1930-41</i></a>. Springer. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-24848-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-24848-3"><bdi>978-1-349-24848-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Molotov+and+Soviet+Government%3A+Sovnarkom%2C+1930-41&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016-07-27&rft.isbn=978-1-349-24848-3&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxhm_DAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DTrotsky%2Bchairman%2Brykov%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutscher1965" class="citation book cs1">Deutscher, Isaac (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prophetunarmed00isaa/page/134/mode/2up?q=promote+rykov+"><i>The prophet unarmed: Trotsky, 1921-1929</i></a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Vintage_Books" title="Vintage Books">Vintage Books</a>. p. 135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-70747-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-70747-1"><bdi>978-0-394-70747-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+prophet+unarmed%3A+Trotsky%2C+1921-1929&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=978-0-394-70747-1&rft.aulast=Deutscher&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprophetunarmed00isaa%2Fpage%2F134%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3Dpromote%2Brykov%2B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDziewanowski2003" class="citation book cs1">Dziewanowski, M. 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Upper Saddle River, N.J. : Prentice Hall. p. 162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-097852-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-097852-3"><bdi>978-0-13-097852-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+in+the+twentieth+century&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+N.J.+%3A+Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-13-097852-3&rft.aulast=Dziewanowski&rft.aufirst=M.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frussiaintwentiet0000dzie%2Fpage%2F162%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutscher1959" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Deutscher" title="Isaac Deutscher">Deutscher, Isaac</a> (1959). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prophetunarmedtr0000unse_c1b0"><i>Trotsky: The Prophet Unarmed (1921–1929)</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prophetunarmedtr0000unse_c1b0/page/n497">464</a>–465.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trotsky%3A+The+Prophet+Unarmed+%281921%E2%80%931929%29&rft.pages=464-465&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Deutscher&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprophetunarmedtr0000unse_c1b0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuromiya2013" class="citation book cs1">Kuromiya, Hiroaki (16 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BRV4AAAAQBAJ&dq=Stalin+swearing+Lenin+testament&pg=PA59"><i>Stalin</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-86780-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-86780-7"><bdi>978-1-317-86780-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-08-16&rft.isbn=978-1-317-86780-7&rft.aulast=Kuromiya&rft.aufirst=Hiroaki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBRV4AAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DStalin%2Bswearing%2BLenin%2Btestament%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroue1992" class="citation book cs1">Broue, Pierre (1992). <i>Trotsky: a biographer's problems. In The Trotsky reappraisal. Brotherstone, Terence; Dukes, Paul,(eds)</i>. <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press" title="Edinburgh University Press">Edinburgh University Press</a>. pp. 19, 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0317-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-0317-6"><bdi>978-0-7486-0317-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trotsky%3A+a+biographer%27s+problems.+In+The+Trotsky+reappraisal.+Brotherstone%2C+Terence%3B+Dukes%2C+Paul%2C%28eds%29&rft.pages=19%2C+20&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-0317-6&rft.aulast=Broue&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiges1997" class="citation book cs1">Figes, Orlando (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/peoplestragedyhi00fige/page/796/mode/2up"><i>A people's tragedy : a history of the Russian Revolution</i></a>. New York, NY: <a href="/wiki/Viking_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking Books">Viking Books</a>. pp. 796–801. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-85916-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-85916-0"><bdi>978-0-670-85916-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+people%27s+tragedy+%3A+a+history+of+the+Russian+Revolution&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=796-801&rft.pub=Viking+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-670-85916-0&rft.aulast=Figes&rft.aufirst=Orlando&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpeoplestragedyhi00fige%2Fpage%2F796%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-archive.org-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-archive.org_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-archive.org_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-archive.org_72-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhrushchev1956" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeevich</a> (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheCrimesOfTheStalinEraSpecialReportToThe20thCongressOfTheCommunistPartyOfTheSovietUnion."><i>The Crimes Of The Stalin Era, Special Report To The 20th Congress Of The Communist Party Of The Soviet Union</i></a>. pp. 1–65.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crimes+Of+The+Stalin+Era%2C+Special+Report+To+The+20th+Congress+Of+The+Communist+Party+Of+The+Soviet+Union.&rft.pages=1-65&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Khrushchev&rft.aufirst=Nikita+Sergeevich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTheCrimesOfTheStalinEraSpecialReportToThe20thCongressOfTheCommunistPartyOfTheSovietUnion.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhrushchevKhrushchev2004" class="citation book cs1">Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeevich; Khrushchev, Serge_ (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uv1zv4FZhFUC&dq=stalin+weaken+soviet+union+old+bolsheviks&pg=PT170"><i>Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Penn_State_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Penn State Press">Penn State Press</a>. p. 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-02861-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-02861-3"><bdi>978-0-271-02861-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+Nikita+Khrushchev&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=Penn+State+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-271-02861-3&rft.aulast=Khrushchev&rft.aufirst=Nikita+Sergeevich&rft.au=Khrushchev%2C+Serge_&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Duv1zv4FZhFUC%26dq%3Dstalin%2Bweaken%2Bsoviet%2Bunion%2Bold%2Bbolsheviks%26pg%3DPT170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant2017" class="citation web cs1">Grant, Alex (1 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxist.com/top-10-lies-about-the-bolshevik-revolution-part-one.htm">"Top 10 lies about the Bolshevik Revolution"</a>. <i>In Defence of Marxism</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=In+Defence+of+Marxism&rft.atitle=Top+10+lies+about+the+Bolshevik+Revolution&rft.date=2017-11-01&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxist.com%2Ftop-10-lies-about-the-bolshevik-revolution-part-one.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNovack1971" class="citation book cs1">Novack, George (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bLMgAQAAIAAJ"><i>Democracy and Revolution</i></a>. Pathfinder. pp. 307–347. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87348-192-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87348-192-2"><bdi>978-0-87348-192-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democracy+and+Revolution&rft.pages=307-347&rft.pub=Pathfinder&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-87348-192-2&rft.aulast=Novack&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbLMgAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCliff" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Cliff" title="Tony Cliff">Cliff, Tony</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/cliff/works/1978/lenin3/ch03.html">"Revolution Besieged. The Dissolution of the Constituent Assembly)"</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Marxists_Internet_Archive" title="Marxists Internet Archive">Marxists Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Revolution+Besieged.+The+Dissolution+of+the+Constituent+Assembly%29&rft.aulast=Cliff&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxists.org%2Farchive%2Fcliff%2Fworks%2F1978%2Flenin3%2Fch03.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGill1998" class="citation book cs1">Gill, Graeme J. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3Pt35DCU580C"><i>Stalinism</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-17764-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-17764-5"><bdi>978-0-312-17764-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130616092149/http://books.google.com/books?id=3Pt35DCU580C">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalinism&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-312-17764-5&rft.aulast=Gill&rft.aufirst=Graeme+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3Pt35DCU580C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeyerFitzpatrick2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Geyer" title="Michael Geyer">Geyer, Michael</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sheila_Fitzpatrick" title="Sheila Fitzpatrick">Fitzpatrick, Sheila</a> (2009). Geyer, Michael; Fitzpatrick, Sheila (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3wzDPQAACAAJ"><i>Beyond Totalitarianism: Stalinism and Nazism Compared</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511802652">10.1017/CBO9780511802652</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-72397-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-72397-8"><bdi>978-0-521-72397-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210206043119/https://books.google.com/books?id=3wzDPQAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Totalitarianism%3A+Stalinism+and+Nazism+Compared&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511802652&rft.isbn=978-0-521-72397-8&rft.aulast=Geyer&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Fitzpatrick%2C+Sheila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3wzDPQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogovin2021" class="citation book cs1">Rogovin, Vadim Z. (2021). <i>Was There an Alternative? 1923-1927: Trotskyism: a Look Back Through the Years</i>. <a href="/wiki/Mehring_Books" title="Mehring Books">Mehring Books</a>. pp. 494–495. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-893638-96-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-893638-96-9"><bdi>978-1-893638-96-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Was+There+an+Alternative%3F+1923-1927%3A+Trotskyism%3A+a+Look+Back+Through+the+Years&rft.pages=494-495&rft.pub=Mehring+Books&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-893638-96-9&rft.aulast=Rogovin&rft.aufirst=Vadim+Z.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"While Trotsky was strongly biased toward industrial development, there is little basis to suppose that he would have adopted Stalin’s forcible collectivization, slapdash economic planning, anti expert campaigns, or cultural know-nothingism. Neither Trotsky nor Bukharin would have pursued anything like Stalin’s pseudo-revolutionary “<a href="/wiki/Third_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Third period">third period</a>” foreign policy and his connivance in the advent of Hitler, another product of his political manoeuvring against the Bukharinists".<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniels2008" class="citation book cs1">Daniels, Robert V. (1 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=27JGzAoMLjoC"><i>The Rise and Fall of Communism in Russia</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. p. 396. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13493-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13493-3"><bdi>978-0-300-13493-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Communism+in+Russia&rft.pages=396&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008-10-01&rft.isbn=978-0-300-13493-3&rft.aulast=Daniels&rft.aufirst=Robert+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D27JGzAoMLjoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDay1990" class="citation journal cs1">Day, Richard B. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20100543">"The Blackmail of the Single Alternative: Bukharin, Trotsky and Perestrojka"</a>. <i>Studies in Soviet Thought</i>. <b>40</b> (1/3): 159–188. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00818977">10.1007/BF00818977</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0039-3797">0039-3797</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20100543">20100543</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Soviet+Thought&rft.atitle=The+Blackmail+of+the+Single+Alternative%3A+Bukharin%2C+Trotsky+and+Perestrojka&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=1%2F3&rft.pages=159-188&rft.date=1990&rft.issn=0039-3797&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20100543%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00818977&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=Richard+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20100543&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libcom.org/library/nationalities-question-in-the-russian-revolution-luxemburg">"The Nationalities Question in the Russian Revolution (Rosa Luxemburg, 1918)"</a>. Libcom.org. 11 July 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181019085619/http://libcom.org/library/nationalities-question-in-the-russian-revolution-luxemburg">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nationalities+Question+in+the+Russian+Revolution+%28Rosa+Luxemburg%2C+1918%29&rft.pub=Libcom.org&rft.date=2006-07-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibcom.org%2Flibrary%2Fnationalities-question-in-the-russian-revolution-luxemburg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOjeili2001" class="citation journal cs1">Ojeili, Chamsy (2001). "The 'Advance Without Authority': Post-modernism, Libertarian Socialism and Intellectuals". <i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_%26_Nature" title="Democracy & Nature">Democracy & Nature</a></i>. <b>7</b> (3): 391–413. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10855660120092294">10.1080/10855660120092294</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Democracy+%26+Nature&rft.atitle=The+%27Advance+Without+Authority%27%3A+Post-modernism%2C+Libertarian+Socialism+and+Intellectuals&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=391-413&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10855660120092294&rft.aulast=Ojeili&rft.aufirst=Chamsy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171202053038/https://www.marxistsfr.org/archive/gorter/1920/open-letter/index.htm">"Herman Gorter, Open Letter to Comrade Lenin, 1920"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxistsfr.org/archive/gorter/1920/open-letter/index.htm">the original</a> on 2 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Herman+Gorter%2C+Open+Letter+to+Comrade+Lenin%2C+1920&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marxistsfr.org%2Farchive%2Fgorter%2F1920%2Fopen-letter%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPannekoek1938" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Antonie_Pannekoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Pannekoek">Pannekoek, Anton</a> (1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171026235546/https://www.marxists.org/archive/pannekoe/1938/lenin/">"Lenin As Philosopher"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leftcom.org/en/articles/2017-10-06/the-significance-of-the-russian-revolution-for-today">the original</a> on 2 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Significance+of+the+Russian+Revolution+for+Today&rft.date=2017-10-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leftcom.org%2Fen%2Farticles%2F2017-10-06%2Fthe-significance-of-the-russian-revolution-for-today&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171202054538/http://www.leftcom.org/en/articles/2015-01-21/lenin-s-legacy">"Lenin's Legacy"</a>. 21 January 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leftcom.org/en/articles/2015-01-21/lenin-s-legacy">the original</a> on 2 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lenin%27s+Legacy&rft.date=2015-01-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leftcom.org%2Fen%2Farticles%2F2015-01-21%2Flenin-s-legacy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171202052958/http://en.internationalism.org/ir/96/leninists">"Have we become 'Leninists'? – part 1"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.internationalism.org/ir/96/leninists">the original</a> on 2 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Have+we+become+%27Leninists%27%3F+%E2%80%93+part+1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.internationalism.org%2Fir%2F96%2Fleninists&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDauvé1977" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Dauv%C3%A9" title="Gilles Dauvé">Dauvé, Gilles</a> (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170113130846/https://libcom.org/files/Gilles%20Dauv%C3%A9-%20The%20Renegade%20Kautsky%20and%20his%20Disciple%20Lenin.pdf">"The Renegade Kautsky and his Disciple Lenin"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libcom.org/files/Gilles%20Dauv%C3%A9-%20The%20Renegade%20Kautsky%20and%20his%20Disciple%20Lenin.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 13 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Renegade+Kautsky+and+his+Disciple+Lenin&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Dauv%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Gilles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibcom.org%2Ffiles%2FGilles%2520Dauv%25C3%25A9-%2520The%2520Renegade%2520Kautsky%2520and%2520his%2520Disciple%2520Lenin.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiner2003" class="citation news cs1">Miner, Steven Merritt (11 May 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2003/05/11/books/the-other-killing-machine.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm">"The Other Killing Machine"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181127120049/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/05/11/books/the-other-killing-machine.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Other+Killing+Machine&rft.date=2003-05-11&rft.aulast=Miner&rft.aufirst=Steven+Merritt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2003%2F05%2F11%2Fbooks%2Fthe-other-killing-machine.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall%26src%3Dpm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChomsky1986" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky, Noam</a> (Spring–Summer 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chomsky.info/articles/1986----.htm">"The Soviet Union Versus Socialism"</a>. Our Generation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924051230/http://www.chomsky.info/articles/1986----.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Soviet+Union+Versus+Socialism&rft.pub=Our+Generation&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Chomsky&rft.aufirst=Noam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chomsky.info%2Farticles%2F1986----.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yQsceZ9skQI"><span class="plainlinks">Chomsky on Lenin, Trotsky, Socialism & the Soviet Union</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYongnian2009" class="citation book cs1">Yongnian, Zheng (2009). <i>The Chinese Communist Party as Organizational Emperor</i>. p. 61.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+Communist+Party+as+Organizational+Emperor&rft.pages=61&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Yongnian&rft.aufirst=Zheng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2002" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Peter (2002). <i>Economic growth and development in Singapore</i>. p. 30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economic+growth+and+development+in+Singapore&rft.pages=30&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1988" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Kenneth M. (1988). <i>Deepening Democracy?: The Modern Left and Social Movements in Chile and Peru</i>. pp. 288–289.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deepening+Democracy%3F%3A+The+Modern+Left+and+Social+Movements+in+Chile+and+Peru&rft.pages=288-289&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leninism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Selected works by Vladimir Lenin</b> </p> <ul><li><i>The Development of Capitalism in Russia</i>, 1899.</li> <li><i>What Is To Be Done? Burning Questions of Our Movement</i>, 1902.</li> <li><i>The Three Sources and Three Component Parts of Marxism</i>, 1913.</li> <li><i>The Right of Nations to Self-Determination</i>, 1914.</li> <li><i>Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism</i>, 1917.</li> <li><i>The State and Revolution</i>, 1917.</li> <li><i>The Tasks of the Proletariat in the Present Revolution</i> (The "April Theses"), 1917.</li> <li><i>"Left-Wing" Childishness and the Petty Bourgois Mentality</i>, 1918.</li> <li><i>Left-Wing Communism: an Infantile Disorder</i>, 1920.</li> <li><i>"Last Testament" Letters to the Congress</i>, 1923–1924.</li></ul> <p><b>Histories</b> </p> <ul><li>Isaac Deutscher. <i>The Prophet Armed: Trotsky 1879–1921</i>, 1954.</li> <li>Isaac Deutscher. <i>The Prophet Unarmed: Trotsky 1921–1929</i>, 1959.</li> <li>Moshe Lewin. <i>Lenin's Last Struggle</i>, 1969.</li> <li>Edward Hallett Carr. <i>The Russian Revolution From Lenin to Stalin: 1917–1929</i>, 1979.</li></ul> <p><b>Other authors</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackledge2006" class="citation magazine cs1">Blackledge, Paul (3 July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isj.org.uk/index.php4?id=218&issue=111">"What was Done an extended review of Lars Lih's Lenin Rediscovered"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Socialism_(magazine)" title="International Socialism (magazine)">International Socialism</a></i>. No. 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Socialism&rft.atitle=What+was+Done+an+extended+review+of+Lars+Lih%27s+Lenin+Rediscovered&rft.issue=11&rft.date=2006-07-03&rft.aulast=Blackledge&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isj.org.uk%2Findex.php4%3Fid%3D218%26issue%3D111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBudgenKouvelakisŽižek2007" class="citation book cs1">Budgen, Sebastian; Kouvelakis, Stathis; <a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek, Slavoj</a>, eds. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dukeupress.edu/lenin-reloaded"><i>Lenin Reloaded: Toward a Politics of Truth</i></a>. Durham: <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0822339410" title="Special:BookSources/978-0822339410"><bdi>978-0822339410</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lenin+Reloaded%3A+Toward+a+Politics+of+Truth&rft.place=Durham&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0822339410&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dukeupress.edu%2Flenin-reloaded&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiebman1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Liebman" title="Marcel Liebman">Liebman, Marcel</a> (1980). <i>Leninism Under Lenin</i>. The Merlin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85036-261-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-85036-261-X"><bdi>0-85036-261-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leninism+Under+Lenin&rft.pub=The+Merlin+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-85036-261-X&rft.aulast=Liebman&rft.aufirst=Marcel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedvedev1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roy_Medvedev" title="Roy Medvedev">Medvedev, Roy</a> (1981). <i>Leninism and Western Socialism</i>. <a href="/wiki/Verso_Books" title="Verso Books">Verso Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86091-739-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-86091-739-8"><bdi>0-86091-739-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leninism+and+Western+Socialism&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-86091-739-8&rft.aulast=Medvedev&rft.aufirst=Roy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarding1996" class="citation book cs1">Harding, Neil (1996). <i>Leninism</i>. <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8223-1867-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8223-1867-9"><bdi>0-8223-1867-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leninism&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-8223-1867-9&rft.aulast=Harding&rft.aufirst=Neil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStalin2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin, Joseph</a> (2001). <i>Foundations of Leninism</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_Press_of_the_Pacific&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University Press of the Pacific (page does not exist)">University Press of the Pacific</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89875-212-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-89875-212-4"><bdi>0-89875-212-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundations+of+Leninism&rft.pub=University+Press+of+the+Pacific&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-89875-212-4&rft.aulast=Stalin&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/C._L._R._James" title="C. L. R. James">James, C.L.R.</a> (2005). <i>Notes on Dialectics: Hegel, Marx, Lenin</i>. <a href="/wiki/Pluto_Press" title="Pluto Press">Pluto Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7453-2491-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7453-2491-6"><bdi>0-7453-2491-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notes+on+Dialectics%3A+Hegel%2C+Marx%2C+Lenin&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7453-2491-6&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=C.L.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Wilson" title="Edmund Wilson">Wilson, Edmund</a> (2004). <i><a href="/wiki/To_the_Finland_Station" title="To the Finland Station">To the Finland Station</a>: A Study in the Writing and Acting of History</i>. Phoenix Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7538-1800-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7538-1800-0"><bdi>0-7538-1800-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+the+Finland+Station%3A+A+Study+in+the+Writing+and+Acting+of+History&rft.pub=Phoenix+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7538-1800-0&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorterPannekoekPankhurstRühle2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herman_Gorter" title="Herman Gorter">Gorter, Herman</a>; <a href="/wiki/Antonie_Pannekoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Pannekoek">Pannekoek, Antonie</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Pankhurst" title="Sylvia Pankhurst">Pankhurst, Sylvia</a>; <a href="/wiki/Otto_R%C3%BChle" title="Otto Rühle">Rühle, Otto</a> (2007). <i>Non-Leninist Marxism: Writings on the Workers Councils</i>. St Petersburg, Florida: Red and Black Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9791813-6-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9791813-6-8"><bdi>978-0-9791813-6-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Non-Leninist+Marxism%3A+Writings+on+the+Workers+Councils&rft.place=St+Petersburg%2C+Florida&rft.pub=Red+and+Black+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-9791813-6-8&rft.aulast=Gorter&rft.aufirst=Herman&rft.au=Pannekoek%2C+Antonie&rft.au=Pankhurst%2C+Sylvia&rft.au=R%C3%BChle%2C+Otto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Blanc1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Le_Blanc_(historian)" title="Paul Le Blanc (historian)">Le Blanc, Paul</a> (1990). <i>Lenin and the Revolutionary Party</i>. Humanities Press International, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-391-03604-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-391-03604-1"><bdi>0-391-03604-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lenin+and+the+Revolutionary+Party&rft.pub=Humanities+Press+International%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-391-03604-1&rft.aulast=Le+Blanc&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregor2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._James_Gregor" title="A. James Gregor">Gregor, A. James</a> (2000). <a href="/wiki/The_Faces_of_Janus" title="The Faces of Janus"><i>The Faces of Janus: Marxism and Fascism in the Twentieth Century</i></a>. New Haven, CT: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-07827-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-07827-7"><bdi>0-300-07827-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Faces+of+Janus%3A+Marxism+and+Fascism+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-300-07827-7&rft.aulast=Gregor&rft.aufirst=A.+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeninŽižek2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin, V. I.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek, Slavoj</a> (2017). <i>Lenin 2017: Remembering, Repeating, and Working Through</i>. <a href="/wiki/Verso_Books" title="Verso Books">Verso Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1786631886" title="Special:BookSources/978-1786631886"><bdi>978-1786631886</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lenin+2017%3A+Remembering%2C+Repeating%2C+and+Working+Through&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1786631886&rft.aulast=Lenin&rft.aufirst=V.+I.&rft.au=%C5%BDi%C5%BEek%2C+Slavoj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolakowski1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Kolakowski" class="mw-redirect" title="Leszek Kolakowski">Kolakowski, Leszek</a> (1978). <i><a href="/wiki/Main_Currents_of_Marxism" title="Main Currents of Marxism">Main Currents of Marxism</a></i>. Vol. 2. <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarendon Press">Clarendon Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Main+Currents+of+Marxism&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Kolakowski&rft.aufirst=Leszek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcuse1958" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse, Herbert</a> (1958). <i><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Marxism">Soviet Marxism: An Analysis</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soviet+Marxism%3A+An+Analysis&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Marcuse&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLukacs1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Georg_Lukacs" class="mw-redirect" title="Georg Lukacs">Lukacs, Georg</a> (1972). <i><a href="/wiki/History_and_Class_Consciousness" title="History and Class Consciousness">History and Class Consciousness</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+and+Class+Consciousness&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Lukacs&rft.aufirst=Georg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSebestyen2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Sebestyen" title="Victor Sebestyen">Sebestyen, Victor</a> (2017). <i>Lenin: The Man, the Dictator, and the Master of Terror</i>. <a href="/wiki/Pantheon_Books" title="Pantheon Books">Pantheon Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781101871638" title="Special:BookSources/9781101871638"><bdi>9781101871638</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lenin%3A+The+Man%2C+the+Dictator%2C+and+the+Master+of+Terror.&rft.pub=Pantheon+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781101871638&rft.aulast=Sebestyen&rft.aufirst=Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVolkogonov1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Volkogonov" title="Dmitri Volkogonov">Volkogonov, Dmitri</a> (1994). <i>Lenin: A New Biography</i>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Harold_Shukman" title="Harold Shukman">Shukman, Harold</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-255123-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-255123-6"><bdi>978-0-00-255123-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lenin%3A+A+New+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-00-255123-6&rft.aulast=Volkogonov&rft.aufirst=Dmitri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeninism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leninism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Leninism</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Leninism">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Leninism&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <p><b>Works by Vladimir Lenin</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1901/witbd/"><i>What Is To Be Done?</i></a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1916/imp-hsc/index.htm"><i>Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism</i></a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1917/staterev/ch01.htm#s1"><i>The State and Revolution</i></a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/index.htm">"The Lenin Archive"</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marx2mao.com/Lenin/FCCI19.html">"First Conference of the Communist International"</a>.</li></ul> <p><b>Other thematic links</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://members.optushome.com.au/spainter/Liebman.html">"Marcel Liebman on Lenin and democracy"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927013619/http://members.optushome.com.au/spainter/Liebman.html">Archived</a> 27 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080416210712/http://www.zmag.org/chomsky/other/intellectuals-state.html">"An excerpt on Leninism and State Capitalism from the work of Noam Chomsky"</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Rosa Luxemburg</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/luxemburg/1904/questions-rsd/index.htm">"Organizational Questions of the Russian Social Democracy"</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Korsch" title="Karl Korsch">Karl Korsch</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091028121450/http://geocities.com/~johngray/lenphl13.htm">"Lenin's Philosophy"</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leninism.org/">"Cyber Leninism"</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://leninist.biz/en/HTML">"Leninist Ebooks"</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Pannekoek" title="Anton Pannekoek">Anton Pannekoek</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/pannekoe/1938/lenin/index.htm">"Lenin as a Philosopher"</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Mattick" title="Paul Mattick">Paul Mattick</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/mattick-paul/1935/lenin-legend.htm">"The Lenin Legend"</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Communism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Communism" title="Template:Communism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Communism" title="Template talk:Communism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Communism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Communism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Communism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_consciousness" title="Class consciousness">Class consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">Collective leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_party" title="Communist party">Communist party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_revolution" title="Communist revolution">Communist revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_society" title="Communist society">Communist society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_(Marxism_and_anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free association (Marxism and anarchism)">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/From_each_according_to_his_ability,_to_each_according_to_his_needs" title="From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs">"From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_abolitionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Market abolitionism">Market abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labour movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_revolution" title="Social revolution">Social revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_communism" title="World communism">World communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_revolution" title="World revolution">World revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">Dictatorship of the proletariat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">Planned economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">Common ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialization_(Marxism)" title="Socialization (Marxism)">Socialization (Marxism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_value" title="Use value">Use value</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_communist_ideologies" title="List of communist ideologies">Variants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_communism" title="Anarchist communism">Anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leninist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Marxism">Libertarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Marxist_communism" title="Pre-Marxist communism">Pre-Marxist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_communism" title="Primitive communism">Primitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_communism" title="Religious communism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">Christian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_communism" title="History of communism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_League" title="Communist League">Communist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association" title="International Workingmen's Association">First International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_International" title="Second International">Second International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Third International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_International" title="Fourth International">Fourth International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communist_parties" title="List of communist parties">Communist Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Peace_Council" title="World Peace Council">WPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="World Federation of Trade Unions">WFTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Democratic_Youth" title="World Federation of Democratic Youth">WFDY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Students" title="International Union of Students">IUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_International_Democratic_Federation" title="Women's International Democratic Federation">WIDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Scientific_Workers" title="World Federation of Scientific Workers">WFSW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organisation_of_Journalists" class="mw-redirect" title="International Organisation of Journalists">IOR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Communists" title="Category:Communists">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Meslier" title="Jean Meslier">Meslier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-No%C3%ABl_Babeuf" title="François-Noël Babeuf">Babeuf</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_Pannekoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Pannekoek">Pannekoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Kollontai" title="Alexandra Kollontai">Kollontai</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Th%C3%A4lmann" title="Ernst Thälmann">Thälmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Bukharin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Tito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti">Togliatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Khrushchev</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._L._R._James" title="C. L. R. James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Padmore" title="George Padmore">Padmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Hoxha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Nkrumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Hobsbawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Althusser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulo_Freire" title="Paulo Freire">Freire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pier_Paolo_Pasolini" title="Pier Paolo Pasolini">Pasolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Mandel" title="Ernest Mandel">Mandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._Raja" title="D. Raja">Raja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Fanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Berger" title="John Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Guevara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Guattari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samir_Amin" title="Samir Amin">Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Berlinguer" title="Enrico Berlinguer">Berlinguer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abimael_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Abimael Guzmán">Guzmán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jose_Maria_Sison" title="Jose Maria Sison">Sison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ali" title="Tariq Ali">Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Holloway_(sociologist)" title="John Holloway (sociologist)">Holloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Hampton" title="Fred Hampton">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_Zizek" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavoj Zizek">Zizek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sankara" title="Thomas Sankara">Sankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan">Öcalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_S%C3%A1nchez_Gordillo" title="Juan Manuel Sánchez Gordillo">Gordillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Wilson_Gilmore" title="Ruth Wilson Gilmore">Gilmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcomandante_Marcos" title="Subcomandante Marcos">Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hardt" title="Michael Hardt">Hardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodi_Dean" title="Jodi Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">Graeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Lordon" title="Frédéric Lordon">Lordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Kelley" title="Robin Kelley">Kelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Fisher" title="Mark Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijay_Prashad" title="Vijay Prashad">Prashad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gennady_Zyuganov" title="Gennady Zyuganov">Zyuganov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Hatherley" title="Owen Hatherley">Hatherley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Moufawad-Paul" title="J. Moufawad-Paul">Moufawad-Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohei_Saito" title="Kohei Saito">Saito</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Far-left politics in the United Kingdom">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Communism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Colombia" title="Communism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_France" title="Communism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_India" title="Communism in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Kerala" title="Communism in Kerala">Kerala</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Korea" title="Communism in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Nepal" title="Communism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Peru" title="Communism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_the_Philippines" title="Communism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Poland" title="Communism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_communism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of communism in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Sumatra" title="Communism in Sumatra">Sumatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Vietnam" title="Communism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communist_symbolism" title="Communist symbolism">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hammer_and_sickle" title="Hammer and sickle">Hammer and sickle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_flag_(politics)" title="Red flag (politics)">Red flag (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_star" title="Red star">Red star</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Workers_of_the_world,_unite!" title="Workers of the world, unite!">Workers of the world, unite!</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Criticism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_propaganda" title="Communist propaganda">Communist propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_communist_party_rule" title="Criticism of communist party rule">Criticism of communist party rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Marxism" title="Criticism of Marxism">Criticism of Marxism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_communist_theorists" title="21st-century communist theorists">21st-century communist theorists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti_anti-communism" title="Anti anti-communism">Anti anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_mass_killings" title="Anti-communist mass killings">Anti-communist mass killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_killings_under_communist_regimes" title="Mass killings under communist regimes">Mass killings under communist regimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Intentional community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Left" title="Old Left">Old Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_and_LGBTQ_rights" title="Communism and LGBTQ rights">LGBTQ rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_alienation" title="Marx's theory of alienation">Marx's theory of alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_communism" title="National communism">National communism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_communism_in_Romania" title="National communism in Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">Socialist mode of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_communism" title="War communism">War communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker_cooperative" title="Worker cooperative">Worker cooperative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/16px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/24px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Soviet_Union_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Soviet_Union_topics" title="Template:Soviet Union topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Soviet_Union_topics" title="Template talk:Soviet Union topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Soviet_Union_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Soviet Union topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Soviet_Union_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Soviet Union">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Soviet Union–related articles">Index of Soviet Union–related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Creation_of_the_Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics" title="Treaty on the Creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics">Creation treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Policy" title="New Economic Policy">New Economic Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Great Patriotic War</a> (World War II) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Evacuation in the Soviet Union">Evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="The Holocaust in the Soviet Union">The Holocaust</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khrushchev_Thaw" title="Khrushchev Thaw">Khrushchev Thaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Soviet_economic_reform" title="1965 Soviet economic reform">1965 economic reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Stagnation" title="Era of Stagnation">Stagnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">Post-Soviet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia_for_the_Soviet_Union" title="Nostalgia for the Soviet Union">Nostalgia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Geography of the Soviet Union">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Subdivisions of the Soviet Union">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">Republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republics" title="Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics">Autonomous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krais_of_Russia" title="Krais of Russia">Krais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblasts_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Oblasts of the Soviet Union">Oblasts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_oblasts_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Autonomous oblasts of the Soviet Union">Autonomous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_okrugs_of_Russia" title="Autonomous okrugs of Russia">Autonomous okrugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_city" title="Closed city">Closed city</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Siberian_Plain" title="West Siberian Plain">West Siberian Plain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politics of the Soviet Union">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Constitution of the Soviet Union">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="1936 Constitution of the Soviet Union">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="1977 Constitution of the Soviet Union">1977</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Elections in the Soviet Union">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Foreign relations of the Soviet Union">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_control_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Gun control in the Soviet Union">Gun control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Government of the Soviet Union">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of governments of the Soviet Union">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Human rights in the Soviet Union">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_post-Soviet_states" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the post-Soviet states">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Law of the Soviet Union">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Capital punishment in the Soviet Union">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of leaders of the Soviet Union">Leaders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collective leadership in the Soviet Union">Collective leadership</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_delimitation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="National delimitation in the Soviet Union">National delimitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passport_system_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Passport system in the Soviet Union">Passport system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propiska_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Propiska in the Soviet Union">Propiska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of political parties in the Soviet Union">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">State ideology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_anti-Zionism" title="Soviet anti-Zionism">Soviet anti-Zionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Organization of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central Committee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Presidium/Politburo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Secretariat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Soviets_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of Soviets of the Soviet Union">Congress of Soviets</a> (1922–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union">Supreme Soviet</a> (1938–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_People%27s_Deputies_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union">Congress of People's Deputies</a> (1989–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Court of the Soviet Union">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Collegium_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union">Military Collegium</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of heads of state of the Soviet Union">Heads of state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="President of the Soviet Union">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Premier of the Soviet Union">Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">Deputy Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="First Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">First Deputy Premier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Soviet_secret_police_agencies" title="Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies">Security services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheka" title="Cheka">Cheka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Political_Directorate" title="State Political Directorate">GPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_battalions" class="mw-redirect" title="Destruction battalions">Destruction battalions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">MVD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Militsiya" title="Militsiya">Militsiya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union)">MGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chairmen_of_the_KGB" title="List of chairmen of the KGB">Chairmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Border_Troops" title="Soviet Border Troops">Soviet Border Troops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Armed_Forces" title="Soviet Armed Forces">Soviet Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Army" title="Soviet Army">Soviet Army</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spetsnaz_GRU" title="Spetsnaz GRU">Spetsnaz GRU</a> • <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Navy" title="Soviet Navy">Soviet Navy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Air_Forces" title="Soviet Air Forces">Soviet Air Forces</a>/<a href="/wiki/Soviet_Airborne_Forces" title="Soviet Airborne Forces">Soviet Airborne Forces</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_repression_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Political repression in the Soviet Union">Political repression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Terror" title="Red Terror">Red Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">Collectivization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Population transfer in the Soviet Union">Population transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labor_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Forced labor in the Soviet Union">Forced labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gulag_camps" title="List of Gulag camps">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Political abuse of psychiatry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ideological_repression_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideological repression in the Soviet Union">Ideological repression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Religion in the Soviet Union">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repression_of_science_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Repression of science in the Soviet Union">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship in the Soviet Union">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_images_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship of images in the Soviet Union">Censorship of images</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Economy of the Soviet Union">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Agriculture in the Soviet Union">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gosbank" class="mw-redirect" title="Gosbank">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet-type_economic_planning" title="Soviet-type economic planning">Economic planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Energy policy of the Soviet Union">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Five-year plans of the Soviet Union">Five-year plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.su" title=".su">Internet domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Russian_innovation#Soviet_Union" title="Timeline of Russian innovation">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_material_product" title="Net material product">Net material product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OGAS" title="OGAS">OGAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Science and technology in the Soviet Union">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_ruble" title="Soviet ruble">Rouble <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Transport in the Soviet Union">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Railway_system_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Railway system of the Soviet Union">Railway system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Rail transport in the Soviet Union">Rail transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metro_systems_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of metro systems in the Soviet Union">List of metro systems</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Science and technology in the Soviet Union">Science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Academy" title="Communist Academy">Communist Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybernetics_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cybernetics in the Soviet Union">Cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences#In_the_Soviet_Union" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Academy of Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences" title="USSR Academy of Medical Sciences">Academy of Medical Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VASKhNIL" title="VASKhNIL">Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharashka" title="Sharashka">Sharashkas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naukograd" title="Naukograd">Naukograds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naukograds" title="Category:Naukograds">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" 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