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id="toc-By_warhead" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_warhead"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>By warhead</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_warhead-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Explosive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explosive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Explosive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explosive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explosively_formed_penetrator/projectiles_(EFPs)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explosively_formed_penetrator/projectiles_(EFPs)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Explosively formed penetrator/projectiles (EFPs)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explosively_formed_penetrator/projectiles_(EFPs)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Directionally_focused_charges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Directionally_focused_charges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Directionally focused charges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Directionally_focused_charges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.4</span> <span>Chemical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biological" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.5</span> <span>Biological</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biological-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Incendiary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Incendiary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.6</span> <span>Incendiary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Incendiary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radiological" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radiological"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.7</span> <span>Radiological</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radiological-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nuclear" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuclear"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.8</span> <span>Nuclear</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuclear-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_delivery_mechanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_delivery_mechanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>By delivery mechanism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_delivery_mechanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Car" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Car"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Car</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Car-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boat_(WBIED)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boat_(WBIED)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Boat (WBIED)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boat_(WBIED)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Animal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>Collar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suicide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suicide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.5</span> <span>Suicide</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suicide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surgically_implanted" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surgically_implanted"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.6</span> <span>Surgically implanted</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surgically_implanted-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Robot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Robot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.7</span> <span>Robot</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Robot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tunnel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tunnel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.8</span> <span>Tunnel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tunnel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Improvised_rocket" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Improvised_rocket"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.9</span> <span>Improvised rocket</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Improvised_rocket-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Improvised_mortar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Improvised_mortar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.10</span> <span>Improvised mortar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Improvised_mortar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_trigger_mechanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_trigger_mechanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>By trigger mechanism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_trigger_mechanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Wire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Radio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mobile_phone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mobile_phone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>Mobile phone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mobile_phone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Victim-operated" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Victim-operated"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.4</span> <span>Victim-operated</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Victim-operated-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrared" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrared"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.5</span> <span>Infrared</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrared-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Counterefforts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Counterefforts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Counterefforts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Counterefforts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Counterefforts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Counterefforts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Detection_and_disarmament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Detection_and_disarmament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Detection and disarmament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Detection_and_disarmament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Historical use</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_use-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historical use subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Afghanistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afghanistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Afghanistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afghanistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Egypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iraq" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iraq"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Iraq</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iraq-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland_and_the_United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland_and_the_United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Ireland and the United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland_and_the_United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lebanon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lebanon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Lebanon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lebanon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Libya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Libya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nepal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nepal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Nepal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nepal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nigeria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nigeria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Nigeria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nigeria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Pakistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Somalia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Somalia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.13</span> <span>Somalia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Somalia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.14</span> <span>Syria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uganda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uganda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.15</span> <span>Uganda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uganda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.16</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.17</span> <span>Ukraine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.18</span> <span>Vietnam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yemen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yemen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.19</span> <span>Yemen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yemen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Improvised explosive device</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A9_%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A9" title="عبوة ناسفة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عبوة ناسفة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artefautu_esplosivu_improvis%C3%A1u" title="Artefautu esplosivu improvisáu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Artefautu esplosivu improvisáu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE" title="তাৎক্ষণিক উদ্ভাবিত বোমা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তাৎক্ষণিক উদ্ভাবিত বোমা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvised_Explosive_Device" title="Improvised Explosive Device – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Improvised Explosive Device" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artefacte_explosiu_improvisat" title="Artefacte explosiu improvisat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Artefacte explosiu improvisat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvizovan%C3%A9_v%C3%BDbu%C5%A1n%C3%A9_za%C5%99%C3%ADzen%C3%AD" title="Improvizované výbušné zařízení – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Improvizované výbušné zařízení" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improviseret_spr%C3%A6ngladning" title="Improviseret sprængladning – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Improviseret sprængladning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unkonventionelle_Spreng-_und_Brandvorrichtung" title="Unkonventionelle Spreng- und Brandvorrichtung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Unkonventionelle Spreng- und Brandvorrichtung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%87%CE%AD%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B7%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%BC%CE%B7%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Αυτοσχέδιος εκρηκτικός μηχανισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αυτοσχέδιος εκρηκτικός μηχανισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artefacto_explosivo_improvisado" title="Artefacto explosivo improvisado – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Artefacto explosivo improvisado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvizita_eksploda_aparato" title="Improvizita eksploda aparato – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Improvizita eksploda aparato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehergailu_inprobisatu" title="Lehergailu inprobisatu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lehergailu inprobisatu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%A8_%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="بمب کنارجاده‌ای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بمب کنارجاده‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engin_explosif_improvis%C3%A9" title="Engin explosif improvisé – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Engin explosif improvisé" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%89%EC%A1%B0%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C%EB%AC%BC" title="급조폭발물 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="급조폭발물" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8A_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="कामचलाऊ विस्फोटक युक्ति – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कामचलाऊ विस्फोटक युक्ति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alat_peledak_improvisasi" title="Alat peledak improvisasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alat peledak improvisasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordigno_esplosivo_improvvisato" title="Ordigno esplosivo improvvisato – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ordigno esplosivo improvvisato" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%9F_%D7%A6%D7%93" title="מטען צד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מטען צד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%90.%E0%B4%87.%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF" title="ഐ.ഇ.ഡി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഐ.ഇ.ഡി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alat_letupan_reka_ganti" title="Alat letupan reka ganti – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Alat letupan reka ganti" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge%C3%AFmproviseerde_bom" title="Geïmproviseerde bom – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geïmproviseerde bom" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B3%E5%B8%AD%E7%88%86%E7%99%BA%E8%A3%85%E7%BD%AE" title="即席爆発装置 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="即席爆発装置" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D1%88_%D0%B9%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%85%D3%80%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Шеш йина лелхаран хӀуманаш – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Шеш йина лелхаран хӀуманаш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvisert_bombe" title="Improvisert bombe – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Improvisert bombe" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvisert_bombe" title="Improvisert bombe – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Improvisert bombe" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engenh_explosiu_improvisat" title="Engenh explosiu improvisat – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Engenh explosiu improvisat" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%87_%D8%B4%D9%88%DB%8C_%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%87" title="تعبیه شوی چاودیدونکی وسیله – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تعبیه شوی چاودیدونکی وسیله" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artefato_explosivo_improvisado" title="Artefato explosivo improvisado – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Artefato explosivo improvisado" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispozitiv_exploziv_improvizat" title="Dispozitiv exploziv improvizat – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dispozitiv exploziv improvizat" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%B7%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Самодельное взрывное устройство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Самодельное взрывное устройство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pajisja_shp%C3%ABrthyese_e_improvizuar" title="Pajisja shpërthyese e improvizuar – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pajisja shpërthyese e improvizuar" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvised_explosive_device" title="Improvised explosive device – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Improvised explosive device" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvizirana_eksplozivna_naprava" title="Improvizirana eksplozivna naprava – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Improvizirana eksplozivna naprava" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improvizovani_eksplozivni_ure%C4%91aj" title="Improvizovani eksplozivni uređaj – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Improvizovani eksplozivni uređaj" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tienvarsipommi" title="Tienvarsipommi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tienvarsipommi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improviserade_spr%C3%A4ngmedel" title="Improviserade sprängmedel – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Improviserade sprängmedel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="கைவினை வெடி குண்டு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கைவினை வெடி குண்டு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87" title="ระเบิดแสวงเครื่อง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ระเบิดแสวงเครื่อง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_yap%C4%B1m%C4%B1_patlay%C4%B1c%C4%B1" title="El yapımı patlayıcı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="El yapımı patlayıcı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Саморобний вибуховий пристрій – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Саморобний вибуховий пристрій" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thi%E1%BA%BFt_b%E1%BB%8B_n%E1%BB%95_t%E1%BB%B1_t%E1%BA%A1o" title="Thiết bị nổ tự tạo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thiết bị nổ tự tạo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%A3%BD%E7%82%B8%E5%BD%88" title="土製炸彈 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="土製炸彈" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B0%A1%E6%98%93%E7%88%86%E7%82%B8%E8%A3%9D%E7%BD%AE" title="簡易爆炸裝置 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="簡易爆炸裝置" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1249453#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>may not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Improvised_explosive_device&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Improvised_explosive_device" title="Talk:Improvised explosive device">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IED_Baghdad_from_munitions.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/IED_Baghdad_from_munitions.jpg/220px-IED_Baghdad_from_munitions.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/IED_Baghdad_from_munitions.jpg/330px-IED_Baghdad_from_munitions.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/IED_Baghdad_from_munitions.jpg/440px-IED_Baghdad_from_munitions.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2724" data-file-height="1518" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ammunition" title="Ammunition">Ammunition</a> rigged for an IED discovered in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Police" title="Iraqi Police">Iraqi Police</a> in November 2005</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cougar_Hit_By_IED.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Cougar_Hit_By_IED.jpg/220px-Cougar_Hit_By_IED.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Cougar_Hit_By_IED.jpg/330px-Cougar_Hit_By_IED.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Cougar_Hit_By_IED.jpg/440px-Cougar_Hit_By_IED.jpg 2x" data-file-width="728" data-file-height="546" /></a><figcaption>A U.S. <a href="/wiki/Cougar_(MRAP)" title="Cougar (MRAP)">Cougar</a> which was struck by an approximately 90–136 kg (198–300 lb) directed charge IED during the <a href="/wiki/Anbar_campaign_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Anbar campaign (2003–2011)">Anbar campaign</a> in September 2007. 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Terrorism" title="Category:Terrorism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">Terrorism</a> and political violence</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Definition_of_terrorism" title="Definition of terrorism">Definitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_terrorism" title="History of terrorism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_terrorist_incidents" title="List of terrorist incidents">Incidents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">By <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.5em 0.6em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">Anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_terrorism" title="Communist terrorism">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_terrorism" title="Left-wing terrorism">Left-wing/Far-left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcoterrorism" title="Narcoterrorism">Narcotics-driven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_terrorism" title="Nationalist terrorism">Nationalist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_political_violence" title="Zionist political violence">Zionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_political_violence" title="Palestinian political violence">Palestinian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_terrorism" title="Right-wing terrorism">Right-wing/Far-right</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff; font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.5em 0.6em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_violence" title="Buddhism and violence">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_terrorism" title="Christian terrorism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_violence" title="Mormonism and violence">Mormon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_terrorism" title="Hindu terrorism">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi-Wahhabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi_jihadism" title="Deobandi jihadism">Deobandi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_extremist_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish extremist terrorism">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh terrorism">Sikh</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff; font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/Special-interest_terrorism" title="Special-interest terrorism">Special-interest / Single-issue</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.5em 0.6em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suffragette_bombing_and_arson_campaign" title="Suffragette bombing and arson campaign">Suffragette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_violence" title="Anti-abortion violence">Anti-abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-terrorism" title="Eco-terrorism">Green/Ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogynist_terrorism" title="Misogynist terrorism">Misogynist</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff; font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.5em 0.6em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violent_extremism" title="Violent extremism">Violent extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic violence">Ethnic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militia_organizations_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Militia organizations in the United States">Militia movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_movement" title="Resistance movement">Resistance movement</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organizational structures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_financing" title="Terrorism financing">Financing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorist_front_organization" title="Terrorist front organization">Fronting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radicalization" title="Radicalization">Radicalization</a> (<a href="/wiki/Online_youth_radicalization" title="Online youth radicalization">online</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorist_training_camp" title="Terrorist training camp">Training camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_squad" title="Death squad">Death squad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clandestine_cell_system" title="Clandestine cell system">Clandestine cell system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaderless_resistance" title="Leaderless resistance">Leaderless resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lone_wolf_terrorism" title="Lone wolf terrorism">Lone wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_terrorism" title="Domestic terrorism">Domestic</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tactics_of_terrorism" title="Tactics of terrorism"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Methods</li><li>Tactics</li></ul></div></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agro-terrorism" title="Agro-terrorism">Agro-terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_hijacking" title="Aircraft hijacking">Aircraft hijacking</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft_hijackings" title="List of aircraft hijackings">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beheading_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Beheading in Islam">Beheading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing">Bombing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal-borne_bomb_attacks" title="Animal-borne bomb attacks">Animal-borne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_bomb" title="Car bomb">Car</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_mass_car_bombings" title="List of mass car bombings">list</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Improvised</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letter_bomb" title="Letter bomb">Letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomb_threat" title="Bomb threat">Threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_bomb" title="Proxy bomb">Proxy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioterrorism" title="Bioterrorism">Bioterrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberterrorism" title="Cyberterrorism">Cyberterrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_run_(terrorism)" title="Dry run (terrorism)">Dry run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_terrorism" title="Environmental terrorism">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostage" title="Hostage">Hostage-taking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individual_terror" title="Individual terror">Individual terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency" title="Insurgency">Insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kidnapping" title="Kidnapping">Kidnapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_terrorism" title="Nuclear terrorism">Nuclear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_terrorism" title="Paper terrorism">Paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">Propaganda of the deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_shooting" title="Mass shooting">Shooting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_shooting" title="School shooting">School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spree_killer" title="Spree killer">Spree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabbing_as_a_terrorist_tactic" title="Stabbing as a terrorist tactic">Stabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_attack" title="Suicide attack">Suicide attack</a> (<a href="/wiki/Category:Suicide_bombings_by_country" title="Category:Suicide bombings by country">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactics_of_terrorism#Rocket_and_mortar_attacks" title="Tactics of terrorism"><span class="wrap">Rockets and mortars</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_terrorism" title="Urban terrorism">Urban terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle-ramming_attack" title="Vehicle-ramming attack">Vehicle-ramming</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Terrorist groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_designated_terrorist_groups" title="List of designated terrorist groups">Designated terrorist groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_charities_accused_of_ties_to_terrorism" title="List of charities accused of ties to terrorism">Charities accused of ties to terrorism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Relationship to states</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0;"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.25em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violent_non-state_actor" title="Violent non-state actor">Violent non-state actors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff; font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/State_terrorism" title="State terrorism">State terrorism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.25em 0.6em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_and_counter-terrorism_in_Kazakhstan#State_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorism and counter-terrorism in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Russia#Soviet_Union" title="Terrorism in Russia">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_state_terrorism" title="United States and state terrorism">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Uzbekistan#State_terrorism" title="Terrorism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff; font-weight:normal;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/State-sponsored_terrorism" title="State-sponsored terrorism">State-sponsored terrorism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.15em 0.25em 0.6em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Iran and state-sponsored terrorism">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Israel and state-sponsored terrorism">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Kuwait and state-sponsored terrorism">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Libya and state-sponsored terrorism">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Qatar and state-sponsored terrorism">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Russia" title="Terrorism in Russia">Russia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Terrorism_and_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorism and the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-sponsored_terrorism#Saudi_Arabia" title="State-sponsored terrorism">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Syria#Alleged_Syrian_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Terrorism in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="United States and state-sponsored terrorism">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Venezuela and state-sponsored terrorism">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Response to terrorism</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter-terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-terrorism">Counter-terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_conventions_on_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="International conventions on terrorism">International conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-terrorism_legislation" title="Anti-terrorism legislation">Anti-terrorism legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_insurance" title="Terrorism insurance">Terrorism insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terror">War on Terror</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0.25em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Terrorism" title="Template:Terrorism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Terrorism" title="Template talk:Terrorism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Terrorism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Terrorism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An <b>improvised explosive device</b> (<b>IED</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Bomb" title="Bomb">bomb</a> constructed and deployed in ways other than in <a href="/wiki/Conventional_warfare" title="Conventional warfare">conventional</a> military action. It may be constructed of conventional military explosives, such as an <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a> shell, attached to a detonating mechanism. IEDs are commonly used as <b>roadside bombs</b>, or <b>homemade bombs</b>. </p><p>The term "IED" was coined by the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Ireland conflict">Northern Ireland conflict</a> to refer to <a href="/wiki/Booby_trap" title="Booby trap">booby traps</a> made by the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army">IRA</a>, and entered common use in the U.S. during the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>IEDs are generally utilized in <a href="/wiki/Terrorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorist">terrorist</a> operations or in <a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_warfare" title="Asymmetric warfare">asymmetric</a> <a href="/wiki/Unconventional_warfare" title="Unconventional warfare">unconventional warfare</a> or <a href="/wiki/Urban_warfare" title="Urban warfare">urban warfare</a> by <a href="/wiki/Insurgent" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurgent">insurgent</a> <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrillas</a> or <a href="/wiki/Commando" title="Commando">commando</a> forces in a <a href="/wiki/Theater_(warfare)" title="Theater (warfare)">theatre of operations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Iraq War (2003–2011), <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2003%E2%80%932011)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011)">insurgents</a> used IEDs extensively against U.S.-led forces, and by the end of 2007, IEDs were responsible for approximately 63% of <a href="/wiki/Multi-National_Force_%E2%80%93_Iraq" title="Multi-National Force – Iraq">coalition</a> deaths in Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-icasualties_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icasualties-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were also used in Afghanistan by insurgent groups, and caused over 66% of <a href="/wiki/Participants_in_Operation_Enduring_Freedom" title="Participants in Operation Enduring Freedom">coalition</a> casualties in the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–present)">2001–2021 Afghanistan War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>IEDs were also used frequently by the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam" title="Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam">Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam</a> (LTTE) in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Sri Lankan civil war">Sri Lankan Civil War</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by <a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War#Insurgency" title="Second Chechen War">the Chechen insurgency</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by <a href="/wiki/Ambazonia" title="Ambazonia">Ambazonian</a> separatists in the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Anglophone_Crisis" title="Anglophone Crisis">Anglophone Crisis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvised_explosive_device&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Improvised_explosive_device" title="Special:EditPage/Improvised explosive device">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IED_-_pipebomb.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/IED_-_pipebomb.png/250px-IED_-_pipebomb.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/IED_-_pipebomb.png/330px-IED_-_pipebomb.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/IED_-_pipebomb.png/500px-IED_-_pipebomb.png 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1933" /></a><figcaption>X-ray of a suitcase showing a <a href="/wiki/Pipe_bomb" title="Pipe bomb">pipe bomb</a> and a laptop</figcaption></figure> <p>An IED is a <a href="/wiki/Bomb" title="Bomb">bomb</a> fabricated in an improvised manner incorporating destructive, lethal, noxious, <a href="/wiki/Pyrotechnic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrotechnic">pyrotechnic</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Incendiary_device" title="Incendiary device">incendiary</a> <a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry" title="Chemical industry">chemicals</a> and designed to destroy or incapacitate personnel or vehicles. In some cases, IEDs are used to distract, disrupt, or delay an opposing force, facilitating another type of attack.<sup id="cite_ref-AAP-6_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAP-6-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IEDs may incorporate military or commercially sourced explosives, and often combine both types, or they may otherwise be made with homemade explosives (HME).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> An HME lab refers to a Homemade Explosive Lab, or the physical location where the devices are crafted.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>An IED has five components: a switch (activator), an initiator (fuse), container (body), charge (explosive), and a power source (battery). An IED designed for use against armoured targets such as personnel carriers or tanks will be designed for armour penetration, by using a <a href="/wiki/Shaped_charge" title="Shaped charge">shaped charge</a> that creates an <a href="/wiki/Explosively_formed_penetrator" title="Explosively formed penetrator">explosively formed penetrator</a>. IEDs are extremely diverse in design and may contain many types of initiators, detonators, penetrators, and explosive loads.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Large_Explosives_Lab_Uncovered_in_Nablus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Large_Explosives_Lab_Uncovered_in_Nablus.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Large_Explosives_Lab_Uncovered_in_Nablus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Large_Explosives_Lab_Uncovered_in_Nablus.jpg/330px-Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Large_Explosives_Lab_Uncovered_in_Nablus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Large_Explosives_Lab_Uncovered_in_Nablus.jpg/440px-Flickr_-_Israel_Defense_Forces_-_Large_Explosives_Lab_Uncovered_in_Nablus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1611" data-file-height="1049" /></a><figcaption>A bomb-making workshop discovered by Israeli Defense Forces in 2002, containing a large collection of nuts, bolts, and ball bearings to be used as shrapnel.</figcaption></figure> <p>Antipersonnel IEDs typically also contain fragmentation-generating objects such as nails, ball bearings or even small rocks to cause wounds at greater distances than blast pressure alone could.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the conflicts of the 21st century, anti-personnel improvised explosive devices (IED) have partially replaced conventional or military <a href="/wiki/Landmines" class="mw-redirect" title="Landmines">landmines</a> as the source of injury to dismounted (pedestrian) soldiers and civilians.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> These injuries were reported in <i><a href="/wiki/BMJ_Open" title="BMJ Open">BMJ Open</a></i> to be far worse with IEDs than with <a href="/wiki/Landmines" class="mw-redirect" title="Landmines">landmines</a> resulting in multiple limb <a href="/wiki/Amputation" title="Amputation">amputations</a> and lower body mutilation.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This combination of injuries has been given the name "Dismounted Complex Blast Injury" and is thought to be the worst survivable injury ever seen in war.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>IEDs are triggered by various methods, including remote control, infrared or magnetic triggers, pressure-sensitive bars or trip wires (victim-operated). In some cases, multiple IEDs are wired together in a <a href="/wiki/Daisy_chain_(electrical_engineering)" title="Daisy chain (electrical engineering)">daisy chain</a> to attack a convoy of vehicles<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> spread out along a roadway. </p><p>IEDs made by inexperienced designers or with substandard materials may fail to <a href="/wiki/Detonation" title="Detonation">detonate</a>, and in some cases, they detonate on either the maker or the placer of the device. Some groups, however, have been known to produce sophisticated devices constructed with components scavenged from conventional <a href="/wiki/Munition" class="mw-redirect" title="Munition">munitions</a> and standard consumer <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronics</a> components, such as mobile phones, <a href="/wiki/Family_Radio_Service" title="Family Radio Service">consumer-grade two-way radios</a>, washing machine timers, pagers, or garage door openers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The sophistication of an IED depends on the training of the designer and the tools and materials available. </p><p>IEDs may use artillery shells or conventional <a href="/wiki/Explosive_material" class="mw-redirect" title="Explosive material">high-explosive</a> charges as their explosive load as well as homemade explosives. However, the threat exists that <a href="/wiki/Toxicity" title="Toxicity">toxic</a> <a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">chemical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">biological</a>, or radioactive (<a href="/wiki/Dirty_bomb" title="Dirty bomb">dirty bomb</a>) material may be added to a device, thereby creating other life-threatening effects beyond the shrapnel, concussive blasts and fire normally associated with bombs. <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a> liquid has been <a href="/wiki/Chlorine_bombings_in_Iraq" title="Chlorine bombings in Iraq">added to IEDs in Iraq</a>, producing clouds of <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a> gas.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A <b><a href="/wiki/Car_bomb" title="Car bomb">vehicle-borne IED</a></b>, or <b>VBIED</b>, is a military term for a <a href="/wiki/Car_bomb" title="Car bomb">car bomb</a> or truck bomb but can be any type of transportation such as a bicycle, motorcycle, donkey (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="DBIED"></span><span class="vanchor-text">DBIED</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), etc. They are typically employed by <a href="/wiki/Insurgent" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurgent">insurgents</a>, in particular <a href="/wiki/ISIS" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIS">ISIS</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and can carry a relatively large payload. They can also be detonated from a remote location. VBIEDs can create additional shrapnel through the destruction of the vehicle itself and use vehicle fuel as an <a href="/wiki/Incendiary_weapon" class="mw-redirect" title="Incendiary weapon">incendiary weapon</a>. The act of a person's being in this vehicle and detonating it is known as an SVBIED <a href="/wiki/Suicide_attack" title="Suicide attack">suicide</a>. </p><p>Of increasing popularity among insurgent forces in Iraq is the house-borne IED, or HBIED, from the common military practice of clearing houses; insurgents rig an entire house to detonate and collapse shortly after a clearing squad has entered.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_warhead">By warhead</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvised_explosive_device&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: By warhead"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms</i> (JCS Pub 1-02) includes two definitions for improvised devices: improvised explosive devices (IED) and <a href="/wiki/Improvised_nuclear_device" title="Improvised nuclear device">improvised nuclear device</a> (IND).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These definitions address the <i>Nuclear</i> and <i>Explosive</i> in <i>CBRNe</i>. That leaves chemical, biological and radiological undefined. Four definitions have been created to build on the structure of the JCS definition. Terms have been created to standardize the language of first responders and members of the military and to correlate the operational picture.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Explosive">Explosive</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvised_explosive_device&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Explosive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A device placed or fabricated in an improvised manner incorporating destructive, lethal, noxious, pyrotechnic, or incendiary chemicals and designed to destroy, incapacitate, harass, or distract. It may incorporate military stores, but is normally devised from non-military components.<sup id="cite_ref-AAP-6_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAP-6-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Explosively_formed_penetrator/projectiles_(EFPs)"><span id="Explosively_formed_penetrator.2Fprojectiles_.28EFPs.29"></span>Explosively formed penetrator/projectiles (EFPs)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvised_explosive_device&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Explosively formed penetrator/projectiles (EFPs)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Improvised_explosive_device_explosively_formed_penetrator_Iraq.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Improvised_explosive_device_explosively_formed_penetrator_Iraq.jpg/170px-Improvised_explosive_device_explosively_formed_penetrator_Iraq.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Improvised_explosive_device_explosively_formed_penetrator_Iraq.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="198" data-file-height="247" /></a><figcaption>Improvised explosive device in Iraq. The <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Concave" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Concave">concave</a> copper shape on top defines an <a href="/wiki/Explosively_formed_penetrator" title="Explosively formed penetrator">explosively formed penetrator</a>/projectile.</figcaption></figure> <p>IEDs have been deployed in the form of <a href="/wiki/Explosively_formed_penetrator" title="Explosively formed penetrator">explosively formed projectiles</a> (EFP), a special type of <a href="/wiki/Shaped_charge" title="Shaped charge">shaped charge</a> that is effective at long standoffs from the target (50 meters or more), however their accuracy is limited due to the way in which EFPs are produced. The large "slug" projected from the explosion has no stabilization because it has no tail fins and it does not spin like a bullet from a rifle. Without this stabilization the trajectory can not be accurately determined beyond 50 meters. An EFP is essentially a cylindrical shaped charge with a machined concave metal disc (often copper) in front, pointed inward. The force of the shaped charge turns the disc into a high velocity slug, capable of penetrating the armor of many vehicles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Directionally_focused_charges">Directionally focused charges</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvised_explosive_device&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Directionally focused charges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Directionally focused charges (also known as directionally focused fragmentary charges depending on the construction) are very similar to EFPs, with the main difference being that the top plate is usually flat and not concave. It also is not made with machined copper but much cheaper cast or cut metal. When made for fragmentation, the contents of the charge are usually nuts, bolts, ball bearings and other similar shrapnel products and explosive. If it only consists of the flat metal plate, it is known as a platter charge, serving a similar role as an EFP with reduced effect but easier construction.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chemical">Chemical</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvised_explosive_device&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Chemical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A device incorporating the toxic attributes of chemical materials designed to result in the dispersal of toxic chemical materials for the purpose of creating a primary patho-physiological toxic effect (morbidity and mortality), or secondary psychological effect (causing fear and <a href="/wiki/Behavior_modification" title="Behavior modification">behavior modification</a>) on a larger population. Such devices may be fabricated in a completely improvised manner or may be an improvised modification to an existing weapon.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Biological">Biological</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvised_explosive_device&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Biological"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A device incorporating biological materials designed to result in the dispersal of vector borne biological material for the purpose of creating a primary patho-physiological toxic effect (morbidity and mortality), or secondary psychological effect (causing fear and behavior modification) on a larger population.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (October 2024)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Incendiary">Incendiary</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvised_explosive_device&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Incendiary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A device making use of exothermic chemical reactions designed to result in the rapid spread of fire for the purpose of creating a primary patho-physiological effect (morbidity and mortality), or secondary psychological effect (causing fear and behavior modification) on a larger population or it may be used with the intent of gaining a tactical advantage. Such devices may be fabricated in a completely improvised manner or may be an improvised modification to an existing weapon. A common type of this is the <a href="/wiki/Molotov_cocktail" title="Molotov cocktail">Molotov cocktail</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Radiological">Radiological</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvised_explosive_device&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Radiological"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A speculative device incorporating radioactive materials designed to result in the dispersal of radioactive material for the purpose of area denial and economic damage, and/or for the purpose of creating a primary patho-physiological toxic effect (morbidity and mortality), or secondary psychological effect (causing fear and behavior modification) on a larger population. Such devices may be fabricated in a completely improvised manner or may be an improvised modification to an existing nuclear weapon. Also called a Radiological Dispersion Device (RDD) or "<a href="/wiki/Dirty_bomb" title="Dirty bomb">dirty bomb</a>".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nuclear">Nuclear</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvised_explosive_device&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Nuclear"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Improvised_nuclear_device" title="Improvised nuclear device">Improvised nuclear device</a> of most likely <a href="/wiki/Gun-type_fission_weapon" title="Gun-type fission weapon">gun-type</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon_design#Implosion-type_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon design">implosion-type</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (October 2024)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_delivery_mechanism">By delivery mechanism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvised_explosive_device&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: By delivery mechanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Car">Car</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvised_explosive_device&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Car"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Car_bomb" title="Car bomb">Car bomb</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraq_carbomb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Iraq_carbomb.jpg/250px-Iraq_carbomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Iraq_carbomb.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Artillery_shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Artillery shell">Artillery shells</a> and gasoline cans discovered in the back of a pick-up truck in Iraq</figcaption></figure> <p>A vehicle may be laden with explosives, set to explode by remote control or by a passenger/driver, commonly known as a <a href="/wiki/Car_bombs" class="mw-redirect" title="Car bombs">car bomb</a> or vehicle-borne IED (VBIED, pronounced <i>vee-bid</i>). On occasion the driver of the car bomb may have been coerced into delivery of the vehicle under duress, a situation known as a <a href="/wiki/Proxy_bomb" title="Proxy bomb">proxy bomb</a>. Distinguishing features are low-riding vehicles with excessive weight, vehicles with only one passenger, and ones where the interior of the vehicles look as if they have been stripped down and built back up.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Car bombs can carry thousands of pounds of explosives<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and may be augmented with <a href="/wiki/Fragmentation_(weaponry)" title="Fragmentation (weaponry)">shrapnel</a> to increase fragmentation. </p><p><a href="/wiki/ISIS" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIS">ISIS</a> has used truck bombs with devastating effects.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Boat_(WBIED)"><span id="Boat_.28WBIED.29"></span>Boat (WBIED)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvised_explosive_device&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Boat (WBIED)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Water-borne Improvised Explosive Devices (WBIED), i.e. boats carrying explosives, can be used against ships and areas connected to water. </p><p>An early example of this type was the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Shinyo_(suicide_boat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shinyo (suicide boat)">Shinyo</a> suicide boats during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The boats were filled with explosives and attempted to ram Allied ships, sometimes successfully, having sunk or severely damaged several American ships by war's end. Suicide bombers used a boat-borne IED to attack the <a href="/wiki/USS_Cole_bombing" title="USS Cole bombing">USS Cole</a>; US and UK troops have also been killed by boat-borne IEDs in Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-Steinhofer_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steinhofer-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Sea_Tigers" title="Sea Tigers">Tamil Tigers Sea Tigers</a> have also been known to use SWBIEDs during the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Sri Lankan civil war">Sri Lankan Civil War</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (October 2024)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>WBIEDs have been used in the Red Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Animal">Animal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvised_explosive_device&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Animal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Animal-borne_bomb_attacks" title="Animal-borne bomb attacks">Animal-borne bomb attacks</a></div> <p>Monkeys and <a href="/wiki/War_pig" title="War pig">war pigs</a> were used as incendiaries around 1000 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More famously the "<a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_dog" title="Anti-tank dog">anti-tank dog</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Bat_bomb" title="Bat bomb">bat bomb</a>" were developed during World War II. In recent times, a two-year-old child and seven other people were killed by explosives strapped to a horse in the town of Chita in <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-horsebomb_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-horsebomb-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The carcasses of certain animals were also used to conceal explosive devices by the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(Iraq_War)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi insurgency (Iraq War)">Iraqi insurgency</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Collar">Collar</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvised_explosive_device&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Collar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Collar bomb" redirects here. For the 2021 Indian film, see <a href="/wiki/Collar_Bomb_(film)" title="Collar Bomb (film)">Collar Bomb (film)</a>.</div> <p>IEDs strapped to the necks of farmers have been used on at least three occasions by guerrillas in Colombia, as a way of extortion.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American <a href="/wiki/Pizza_delivery" title="Pizza delivery">pizza delivery</a> man <a href="/wiki/Brian_Douglas_Wells" class="mw-redirect" title="Brian Douglas Wells">Brian Douglas Wells</a> was killed in 2003 by an explosive fastened to his neck, purportedly under duress from the maker of the bomb.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011 a schoolgirl in Sydney, Australia had a <a href="/wiki/Mosman_bomb_hoax" title="Mosman bomb hoax">suspected collar bomb attached to her</a> by an attacker in her home. The device was removed by police after a ten-hour operation and proved to be a <a href="/wiki/Hoax" title="Hoax">hoax</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suicide">Suicide</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvised_explosive_device&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Suicide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Suicide_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Suicide bombing">Suicide bombing</a> usually refers to an individual wearing explosives and detonating them to kill others including themselves, the bomber will conceal explosives on and around their person, commonly using a <a href="/wiki/Suicide_belt" class="mw-redirect" title="Suicide belt">vest</a>, and will use a timer or some other trigger to detonate the explosives. The logic behind such attacks is the belief that an IED delivered by a human has a greater chance of achieving success than any other method of attack. In addition, there is the psychological impact of child soldiers prepared to deliberately sacrifice themselves for their cause.<sup id="cite_ref-Hunter_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunter-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Surgically_implanted">Surgically implanted</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvised_explosive_device&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Surgically implanted"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Surgically_implanted_explosive_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Surgically implanted explosive device">Surgically implanted explosive device</a></div> <p>In May 2012 American <a href="/wiki/Counter-terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-terrorism">counter-terrorism</a> officials leaked their acquisition of documents describing the preparation and use of surgically implanted improvised explosive devices.<sup id="cite_ref-DailyBeast2012-05-14_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DailyBeast2012-05-14-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Boing2012-05-14_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boing2012-05-14-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IBTimes-2012-05-14_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBTimes-2012-05-14-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The devices were designed to evade detection. The devices were described as containing no metal, so they could not be detected by X-rays.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (October 2024)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Security officials referred to bombs being surgically implanted into suicide bombers' "<a href="/wiki/Abdominal_obesity" title="Abdominal obesity">love handles</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-DailyBeast2012-05-14_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DailyBeast2012-05-14-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Mirror" title="Daily Mirror">Daily Mirror</a></i> UK security officials at <a href="/wiki/Secret_Intelligence_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret Intelligence Service">MI-6</a> asserted that female bombers could travel undetected carrying the explosive chemicals in otherwise standard <a href="/wiki/Breast_implant" title="Breast implant">breast implants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TheMirror2012-05-14_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheMirror2012-05-14-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bomber would blow up the implanted explosives by injecting a chemical trigger.<sup id="cite_ref-IBTimes-2012-05-14_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IBTimes-2012-05-14-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Robot">Robot</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvised_explosive_device&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Robot"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Robots could also be used to carry explosives. First such documented case was during the aftermath of <a href="/wiki/2016_shooting_of_Dallas_police_officers" title="2016 shooting of Dallas police officers">2016 shooting of Dallas police officers</a> when a <a href="/wiki/Bomb_disposal_robot" class="mw-redirect" title="Bomb disposal robot">bomb disposal robot</a> was used to deliver explosives to kill <a href="/wiki/Micah_Xavier_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Micah Xavier Johnson">Micah Xavier Johnson</a>, who was hiding in a place inaccessible to <a href="/wiki/Police_sniper" class="mw-redirect" title="Police sniper">police snipers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As well, drones carrying explosives were used in a suspected <a href="/wiki/2018_Caracas_drone_attack" title="2018 Caracas drone attack">assassination attempt</a> against Venezuelan president <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Nicolás Maduro</a> in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tunnel">Tunnel</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvised_explosive_device&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Tunnel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/ISIS" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIS">ISIS</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Nusra" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Nusra">Al-Nusra</a><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have used bombs detonated in <a href="/wiki/Tunnel_warfare" title="Tunnel warfare">tunnels dug under targets</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Improvised_rocket">Improvised rocket</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvised_explosive_device&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Improvised rocket"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lob_bomb" title="Lob bomb">Lob bomb</a></div> <p>In 2008, rocket-propelled IEDs, dubbed <i>Improvised Rocket Assisted Munitions</i>, <i>Improvised Rocket Assisted Mortars</i> and <i>(IRAM)</i> by the military, came to be employed in numbers against U.S. forces in Iraq. They have been described as <a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">propane</a> tanks packed with explosives and powered by <a href="/wiki/Type_63_multiple_rocket_launcher" title="Type 63 multiple rocket launcher">107 mm rockets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are similar to some Provisional IRA <a href="/wiki/Barrack_buster" title="Barrack buster">barrack buster</a> mortars. New types of IRAMs including Volcano IRAM<sup id="cite_ref-Volcano_Rocket_Syria_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Volcano_Rocket_Syria-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Elephant Rockets,<sup id="cite_ref-World_Conflict_Films_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Conflict_Films-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are used during the Syrian Civil War.<sup id="cite_ref-Volcano_Rocket_Syria_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Volcano_Rocket_Syria-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Improvised_mortar">Improvised mortar</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvised_explosive_device&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Improvised mortar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Improvised mortars have been used by many insurgent groups including during the civil war in Syria and <a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a> insurgency.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IRA used improvised mortars called <a href="/wiki/Barrack_buster" title="Barrack buster">barrack busters</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (October 2024)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Improvised artillery including <i><a href="/wiki/Hell_cannon" class="mw-redirect" title="Hell cannon">hell cannons</a></i> are used by rebel forces during Syrian Civil War.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (October 2024)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_trigger_mechanism">By trigger mechanism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvised_explosive_device&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: By trigger mechanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wire">Wire</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvised_explosive_device&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Wire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Command-wire improvised, explosive devices (CWIED) use an electrical firing cable that affords the user complete control over the device right up until the moment of initiation.<sup id="cite_ref-Hunter_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunter-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Radio">Radio</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvised_explosive_device&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Radio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The trigger for a <a href="/wiki/Radio_control" title="Radio control">radio-controlled</a> improvised explosive device (RCIED) is controlled by radio link. The device is constructed so that the receiver is connected to an electrical firing circuit and the transmitter operated by the perpetrator at a distance. A signal from the transmitter causes the receiver to trigger a firing pulse that operates the switch. Usually the switch fires an initiator; however, the output may also be used to remotely arm an explosive circuit. Often the transmitter and receiver operate on a matched <a href="/wiki/Selective_calling" title="Selective calling">coding system</a> that prevents the RCIED from being initiated by spurious radio frequency signals or <a href="/wiki/Radio_jamming" title="Radio jamming">jamming</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hunter_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunter-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An RCIED can be triggered from any number of different radio-frequency based mechanisms including <a href="/wiki/Radio-controlled_model" title="Radio-controlled model">handheld remote control transmitters</a>, car alarms, wireless door bells, cell phones, <a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">pagers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Personal_radio_service" title="Personal radio service">portable two-way radios</a>, including those designed for the UHF <a href="/wiki/PMR446" title="PMR446">PMR446</a>, <a href="/wiki/Family_Radio_Service" title="Family Radio Service">FRS</a>, and <a href="/wiki/General_Mobile_Radio_Service" title="General Mobile Radio Service">GMRS</a> services.<sup id="cite_ref-Hunter_36-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunter-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mobile_phone">Mobile phone</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvised_explosive_device&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Mobile phone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A radio-controlled IED (RCIED) incorporating a mobile phone that is modified and connected to an electrical firing circuit. Mobile phones operate in the UHF band in line of sight with <a href="/wiki/Base_transceiver_station" title="Base transceiver station">base transceiver station</a> (BTS) antennae sites. In the common scenario, receipt of a paging signal by phone is sufficient to initiate the IED firing circuit.<sup id="cite_ref-Hunter_36-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunter-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Victim-operated">Victim-operated</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvised_explosive_device&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Victim-operated"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Victim-operated improvised explosive devices (VOIED), also known as <a href="/wiki/Booby_trap" title="Booby trap">booby traps</a>, are designed to function upon contact with a victim. VOIED switches are often well hidden from the victim or disguised as innocuous everyday objects. They are operated by means of movement. Switching methods include tripwire, pressure mats, spring-loaded release, push, pull or tilt. Common forms of VOIED include the under-vehicle IED (UVIED), improvised <a href="/wiki/Landmine" class="mw-redirect" title="Landmine">landmines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Letter_bomb" title="Letter bomb">mail bombs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hunter_36-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunter-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Infrared">Infrared</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvised_explosive_device&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Infrared"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The British accused Iran and <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> of teaching Iraqi fighters to use <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> light beams to trigger IEDs. As the occupation forces became more sophisticated in interrupting radio signals around their convoys, the insurgents adapted their triggering methods.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases, when a more advanced method was disrupted, the insurgents regressed to using uninterruptible means, such as hard wires from the IED to detonator; however, this method is much harder to effectively conceal. It later emerged however, that these "advanced" IEDs were actually old <a href="/wiki/Provisional_IRA" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisional IRA">IRA</a> technology. The infrared beam method was perfected by the IRA in the early 1990s after it acquired the technology from a botched undercover British Army operation. Many of the IEDs being used against the invading coalition forces in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> were originally developed by the British Army who unintentionally passed the information on to the IRA.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The IRA taught their techniques to the Palestine Liberation Organisation and the knowledge spread to Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Counterefforts">Counterefforts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvised_explosive_device&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Counterefforts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IED_detonator.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/IED_detonator.jpg/220px-IED_detonator.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/IED_detonator.jpg/330px-IED_detonator.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/IED_detonator.jpg/440px-IED_detonator.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2664" data-file-height="2119" /></a><figcaption>A U.S. Marine in Iraq shown with a <a href="/wiki/Robot" title="Robot">robot</a> used for disposal of buried devices</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IDF-D9-Zachi-Evenor-001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/IDF-D9-Zachi-Evenor-001.jpg/220px-IDF-D9-Zachi-Evenor-001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/IDF-D9-Zachi-Evenor-001.jpg/330px-IDF-D9-Zachi-Evenor-001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/IDF-D9-Zachi-Evenor-001.jpg/440px-IDF-D9-Zachi-Evenor-001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3666" data-file-height="3066" /></a><figcaption>Israeli <a href="/wiki/IDF_Caterpillar_D9" title="IDF Caterpillar D9">IDF Caterpillar D9</a> <a href="/wiki/Armored_bulldozer" title="Armored bulldozer">armored bulldozer</a>, which is used by the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">IDF</a> <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Engineering_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Engineering Corps">Combat Engineering Corps</a> for clearing heavy <a href="/w/index.php?title=Belly_charge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belly charge (page does not exist)">belly charges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Booby_trap" title="Booby trap">booby-trapped</a> buildings</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Counter-IED_efforts" title="Counter-IED efforts">Counter-IED efforts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Counter-IED_equipment" title="Counter-IED equipment">Counter-IED equipment</a></div> <p>Counter-IED efforts are done primarily by military, law enforcement, diplomatic, financial, and intelligence communities and involve a comprehensive approach to countering the threat networks that employ IEDs, not just efforts to defeat the devices themselves. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Detection_and_disarmament">Detection and disarmament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvised_explosive_device&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Detection and disarmament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because the components of these devices are being used in a manner not intended by their manufacturer, and because the method of producing the explosion is limited only by the science and imagination of the perpetrator, it is not possible to follow a step-by-step guide to detect and disarm a device that an individual has only recently developed. As such, <a href="/wiki/Bomb_disposal" title="Bomb disposal">explosive ordnance disposal</a> (IEDD) operators must be able to fall back on their extensive knowledge of the first principles of <a href="/wiki/Explosives" class="mw-redirect" title="Explosives">explosives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ammunition" title="Ammunition">ammunition</a>, to try and deduce what the perpetrator has done, and only then to <a href="/wiki/Render_safe_procedure" title="Render safe procedure">render it safe</a> and dispose of or exploit the device.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (October 2024)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Beyond this, as the stakes increase and IEDs are emplaced not only to achieve the direct effect, but to deliberately target IEDD operators and cordon personnel, the IEDD operator needs to have a deep understanding of tactics to ensure they are neither setting up any of their team or the cordon troops for an attack, nor walking into one themselves. The presence of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_warfare" title="Chemical warfare">chemical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">biological</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radioactivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactivity">radiological</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Radioactivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactivity">nuclear</a> (<a href="/wiki/CBRN" class="mw-redirect" title="CBRN">CBRN</a>) material in an IED requires additional precautions. As with other missions, the EOD operator provides the area commander with an assessment of the situation and of support needed to complete the mission.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Military and law enforcement personnel from around the world have developed a number of <a href="/wiki/Render_safe_procedure" title="Render safe procedure">render-safe procedures</a> (RSPs) to deal with IEDs. RSPs may be developed as a result of direct experience with devices or by applied research designed to counter the threat. The supposed effectiveness of IED jamming systems, including vehicle- and <a href="/wiki/Thor_III" title="Thor III">personally-mounted</a> systems, has caused IED technology to essentially regress to command-wire detonation methods.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> These are physical connections between the detonator and explosive device and cannot be jammed. However, these types of IEDs are more difficult to emplace quickly, and are more readily detected.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (October 2024)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Military forces and law enforcement from India, Canada, United Kingdom, Israel, Spain, and the United States are at the forefront of counter-IED efforts, as all have direct experience in dealing with IEDs used against them in conflict or terrorist attacks. From the research and development side, programs such as the new Canadian Unmanned Systems Challenge will bring student groups together to invent an unmanned device to both locate IEDs and pinpoint the insurgents.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_use">Historical use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvised_explosive_device&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Historical use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Fougasse_(weapon)" title="Fougasse (weapon)">fougasse</a> was improvised for centuries, eventually inspiring factory-made <a href="/wiki/Land_mine" title="Land mine">land mines</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger">Ernst Jünger</a> mentions in his war memoir the systematic use of IEDs and <a href="/wiki/Booby_trap" title="Booby trap">booby traps</a> to cover the retreat of German troops at the <a href="/wiki/Somme_(department)" title="Somme (department)">Somme</a> region during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. Another early example of coordinated large-scale use of IEDs was the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration#Operations_Rail_War_and_Concert" title="Operation Bagration">Belarusian Rail War</a> launched by Belarusian guerrillas against the Germans during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both command-detonated and delayed-fuse IEDs were used to derail thousands of German trains during 1943–1944.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvised_explosive_device&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Afghanistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Improvised_explosive_device" title="Special:EditPage/Improvised explosive device">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3rd_Battalion_3rd_Marines_controlled_detonation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Marines beside a mud wall as an explosion goes off behind it" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/3rd_Battalion_3rd_Marines_controlled_detonation.jpg/250px-3rd_Battalion_3rd_Marines_controlled_detonation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/3rd_Battalion_3rd_Marines_controlled_detonation.jpg/330px-3rd_Battalion_3rd_Marines_controlled_detonation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/3rd_Battalion_3rd_Marines_controlled_detonation.jpg/500px-3rd_Battalion_3rd_Marines_controlled_detonation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1619" /></a><figcaption>U.S. Marines with Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) destroy an improvised explosive device cache in southern <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> in June 2010.</figcaption></figure> <p>Starting six months before the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">invasion</a> of Afghanistan by the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a> on 27 December 1979, the Afghan <a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">Mujahideen</a> were supplied by the CIA, among others, with large quantities of military supplies. Among those supplies were many types of <a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_mine" title="Anti-tank mine">anti-tank mines</a>. The insurgents often removed the explosives from several foreign anti-tank mines, and combined the explosives in tin cooking-oil cans for a more powerful blast. By combining the explosives from several mines and placing them in tin cans, the insurgents made them more powerful, but sometimes also easier to detect by Soviet sappers using <a href="/wiki/Mine_detector" class="mw-redirect" title="Mine detector">mine detectors</a>. After an IED was detonated, the insurgents often used direct-fire weapons such as machine guns and rocket-propelled grenades to continue the attack.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (October 2024)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Afghan insurgents operating far from the border with Pakistan did not have a ready supply of foreign anti-tank mines. They preferred to make IEDs from Soviet unexploded ordnance. The devices were rarely triggered by pressure fuses. They were almost always remotely detonated. Since the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–present)">2001 invasion of Afghanistan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> and its supporters have used IEDs against <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> and Afghan military and civilian vehicles. This has become the most common method of attack against NATO forces, with IED attacks increasing consistently year on year.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (October 2024)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A brigade commander said that <a href="/wiki/Sniffer_dogs" class="mw-redirect" title="Sniffer dogs">sniffer dogs</a> are the most reliable way of detecting IEDs.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, statistical evidence gathered by the US Army Maneuver Support Center at Fort Leonard Wood, MO shows that the dogs are not the most effective means of detecting IEDs.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.S. Army's 10th Mountain Division was the first unit to introduce explosive detection dogs<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in southern Afghanistan. In less than two years the dogs discovered 15 tons of illegal munitions, IED's, and weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2012 it was reported that "sticky bombs", magnetically adhesive IED's that were prevalent in the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>, showed up in Afghanistan.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2021 there was at least one sticky bomb attack a day in Kabul. They are used in both traditional assassinations and targeted killings and as terror weapons against the population at large.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2013 one of the largest IEDs constructed was intercepted near Gardez City in Eastern Afghanistan. The 61,000 pounds of explosives was hidden under what appeared to be piles of wood. By comparison, the truck bomb that all but razed the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City and killed 168 people in 1995 weighed less than 5,000 pounds.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="United States Army Corps of Engineers">United States Army Corps of Engineers</a> officer assigned to the nearby FOB Lightning analyzed the potential blast damage, which resulted in closing FOB Goode due to its proximity to the highway.<sup id="cite_ref-Kemper_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kemper-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ISAF troops stationed in Afghanistan and other IED prone areas of operation would commonly "BIP" (blow in place) IED's and other explosives that were considered too dangerous to defuse.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (October 2024)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egypt">Egypt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvised_explosive_device&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Egypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>IEDs are being used by insurgents against government forces during the <a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Egypt_(2013%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurgency in Egypt (2013–present)">insurgency in Egypt (2013–present)</a><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_insurgency" title="Sinai insurgency">Sinai insurgency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvised_explosive_device&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>IEDs are increasingly being used by <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_India_(Maoist)" title="Communist Party of India (Maoist)">Maoists</a> in India.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (August 2021)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hindu_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hindu-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 13 July 2011, three IEDs were used by the <a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir">Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir</a> to carry out a <a href="/wiki/2011_Mumbai_bombings" title="2011 Mumbai bombings">coordinated attack on the city of Mumbai</a>, killing 19 people and injuring 130 more.<sup id="cite_ref-NDTV_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NDTV-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DD_News_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DD_News-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 21 February 2013, two IEDs were used to carry out <a href="/wiki/2013_Hyderabad_blasts" title="2013 Hyderabad blasts">bombings in the Indian city of Hyderabad</a>. The bombs exploded in Dilsukhnagar, a crowded shopping area of the city, within 150 metres of each other.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 17 April 2013, two kilos of explosives used in Bangalore bomb blast at Malleshwaram area, leaving 16 injured and no fatalities. Intelligence sources have said the bomb was an Improvised Explosive Device or IED.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 21 May 2014, Indinthakarai village supporters of the <a href="/wiki/Kudankulam_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant">Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant</a> were targeted by opponents using over half a dozen crude "country-made bombs". It was further reported that there had been at least four similar bombings in <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> during the preceding year.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 28 December 2014, a minor explosion took place near the Coconut Grove restaurant at Church Street in <a href="/wiki/Bangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a> on Sunday around 8:30 pm. One woman was killed and another injured in the blast.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/2016_Pathankot_attack" title="2016 Pathankot attack">2016 Pathankot attack</a>, several casualties came from IEDs.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 14 February 2019 in <a href="/wiki/2019_Pulwama_attack" title="2019 Pulwama attack">2019 Pulwama attack</a>, several casualties were reported due to IED blast.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 29 October 2023, a series of IED explosions were used to kill 2 attendees at a <a href="/wiki/2023_Kerala_bombing" title="2023 Kerala bombing">Jehovah's Witnesses Convention</a> in Kalamassery, India.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iraq">Iraq</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvised_explosive_device&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Iraq"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Size0-army_mil-44434-2009-07-10-090719.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Size0-army_mil-44434-2009-07-10-090719.jpg/250px-Size0-army_mil-44434-2009-07-10-090719.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Size0-army_mil-44434-2009-07-10-090719.jpg/330px-Size0-army_mil-44434-2009-07-10-090719.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Size0-army_mil-44434-2009-07-10-090719.jpg/500px-Size0-army_mil-44434-2009-07-10-090719.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2435" data-file-height="1449" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Stryker" title="Stryker">Stryker</a> lies on its side following a buried IED blast in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>. (2007)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 2003–2011 <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a>, IEDs have been used extensively against <a href="/wiki/Coalition_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalition force">Coalition forces</a> and by the end of 2007 they have been responsible for at least 64% of Coalition deaths in Iraq.<sup id="cite_ref-icasualties_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icasualties-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the detonation of the first IED in Iraq in 2003, more than 81,000 IED attacks have occurred in the country, killing and wounding 21,200 Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in July 2003, the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(Iraq_War)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi insurgency (Iraq War)">Iraqi insurgency</a> used IEDs to target invading coalition vehicles. According to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>, 64% of U.S. deaths in Iraq occurred due to IEDs.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A French study<sup id="cite_ref-Steinhofer_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steinhofer-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> showed that in Iraq, from March 2003 to November 2006, on a global 3,070 deaths in the US-led invading coalition soldiers, 1,257 were caused by IEDs, i.e. 41%. That is to say more than in the "normal fights" (1027 dead, 34%). Insurgents now<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (August 2021)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> use the bombs to target not only invading coalition vehicles but Iraqi police as well.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (October 2024)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Common locations for placing these bombs on the ground include animal <a href="/wiki/Carrion" title="Carrion">carcasses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soft_drink_can" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft drink can">soft drink cans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Box" title="Box">boxes</a>. Typically, they explode underneath or to the side of the vehicle to cause the maximum amount of damage. However, as <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_armour" title="Vehicle armour">vehicle armour</a> was improved on military vehicles, insurgents began placing IEDs in elevated positions such as on <a href="/wiki/Traffic_sign" title="Traffic sign">road signs</a>, utility poles, or trees, to hit less protected areas.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (October 2024)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>IEDs in Iraq may be made with <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">mortar</a> <a href="/wiki/Projectile" title="Projectile">shells</a> or with varying amounts of bulk or homemade <a href="/wiki/Explosive" title="Explosive">explosives</a>. Early during the Iraq war, the bulk explosives were often obtained from stored munitions bunkers to include stripping landmines of their explosives.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (October 2024)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Despite the increased <a href="/wiki/Armor" class="mw-redirect" title="Armor">armor</a>, IEDs are killing military personnel and civilians with greater frequency. May 2007 was the deadliest month for IED attacks thus far, with a reported 89 of the 129 invading coalition casualties coming from an IED attack.<sup id="cite_ref-icasualties_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icasualties-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Pentagon, 250,000 tons (out of 650,000 tons total) of Iraqi heavy ordnance were looted, providing a large supply of ammunition for the insurgents. </p><p>In October 2005, the UK government charged that <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> was supplying insurgents with the technological know-how to make <a href="/wiki/Shaped_charge" title="Shaped charge">shaped charge</a> IEDs.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Iranian and Iraqi government officials denied the allegations.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Civil_War_(2014%E2%80%932017)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Civil War (2014–2017)">Iraqi Civil War (2014–2017)</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIL">ISIL</a> has made extensive use of suicide <a href="/wiki/VBIED" class="mw-redirect" title="VBIED">VBIEDs</a>, often driven by children, elderly and disabled.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On August 27, 2023, Israeli security forces successfully foiled an attempt to smuggle Iranian-made explosives into Israel from Jordan. The thwarted smuggling operation in the Jordan Valley aimed to supply terror groups in the West Bank with explosives. Counter-smuggling efforts along the border have led to increased seizures of weapons and explosive devices.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland_and_the_United_Kingdom">Ireland and the United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvised_explosive_device&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Ireland and the United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Improvised_explosive_device" title="Special:EditPage/Improvised explosive device">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Home-made_explosives_packed_in_oil_drums_being_dealt_with_by_EOD_Operator._MOD_45159058.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Home-made_explosives_packed_in_oil_drums_being_dealt_with_by_EOD_Operator._MOD_45159058.jpg/250px-Home-made_explosives_packed_in_oil_drums_being_dealt_with_by_EOD_Operator._MOD_45159058.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Home-made_explosives_packed_in_oil_drums_being_dealt_with_by_EOD_Operator._MOD_45159058.jpg/330px-Home-made_explosives_packed_in_oil_drums_being_dealt_with_by_EOD_Operator._MOD_45159058.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Home-made_explosives_packed_in_oil_drums_being_dealt_with_by_EOD_Operator._MOD_45159058.jpg/500px-Home-made_explosives_packed_in_oil_drums_being_dealt_with_by_EOD_Operator._MOD_45159058.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3208" data-file-height="2457" /></a><figcaption>Oil-drum roadside IED removed from culvert in 1984</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wheelbarrow_bomb_disposal_device_being_operated_by_a_team_from_321_EOD_MOD_45159057.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Wheelbarrow_bomb_disposal_device_being_operated_by_a_team_from_321_EOD_MOD_45159057.jpg/250px-Wheelbarrow_bomb_disposal_device_being_operated_by_a_team_from_321_EOD_MOD_45159057.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Wheelbarrow_bomb_disposal_device_being_operated_by_a_team_from_321_EOD_MOD_45159057.jpg/330px-Wheelbarrow_bomb_disposal_device_being_operated_by_a_team_from_321_EOD_MOD_45159057.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Wheelbarrow_bomb_disposal_device_being_operated_by_a_team_from_321_EOD_MOD_45159057.jpg/500px-Wheelbarrow_bomb_disposal_device_being_operated_by_a_team_from_321_EOD_MOD_45159057.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5938" data-file-height="4657" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wheelbarrow_(robot)" title="Wheelbarrow (robot)">Wheelbarrow</a> counter-IED robot on streets of Northern Ireland in 1978</figcaption></figure> <p>From 1912-1913, the <a href="/wiki/Suffragettes" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffragettes">Suffragettes</a> utilised IEDs in the <a href="/wiki/Suffragette_bombing_and_arson_campaign" title="Suffragette bombing and arson campaign">Suffragette bombing and arson campaign</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (October 2024)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Throughout <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">the Troubles</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army">Provisional Irish Republican Army</a> made extensive use of IEDs in their <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_campaign" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army campaign">1969–97 campaign</a>, much of which were made in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BVGEF_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BVGEF-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NRG_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NRG-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They used <a href="/wiki/Barrack_buster" title="Barrack buster">barrack buster</a> mortars and remote-controlled IEDs. Members of the IRA developed and counter-developed devices and tactics. IRA bombs became highly sophisticated, featuring <a href="/wiki/Anti-handling_device" title="Anti-handling device">anti-handling devices</a> such as a <a href="/wiki/Mercury_switch" title="Mercury switch">mercury tilt switch</a> or <a href="/wiki/Microswitch" class="mw-redirect" title="Microswitch">microswitches</a>. These devices would <a href="/wiki/Detonate" class="mw-redirect" title="Detonate">detonate</a> the bomb if it was moved in any way. Typically, the safety-arming device used was a clockwork <a href="/wiki/Memopark_timer" class="mw-redirect" title="Memopark timer">Memopark timer</a>, which armed the bomb up to 60 minutes after it was placed<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by completing an electrical circuit supplying power to the anti-handling device. Depending on the particular design (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Boobytrap" class="mw-redirect" title="Boobytrap">boobytrapped</a> <a href="/wiki/Briefcase" title="Briefcase">briefcase</a> or <a href="/wiki/Car_bomb" title="Car bomb">car bomb</a>) an independent electrical circuit supplied power to a conventional timer set for the intended time delay, e.g. 40 minutes. However, some electronic delays developed by IRA technicians could be set to accurately detonate a bomb weeks after it was hidden, which is what happened in the <a href="/wiki/Brighton_hotel_bombing" title="Brighton hotel bombing">Brighton hotel bomb attack</a> of 1984. Initially, bombs were detonated either by timer or by simple command wire. Later, bombs could be detonated by radio control. Initially, simple servos from <a href="/wiki/Radio-controlled_aircraft" title="Radio-controlled aircraft">radio-controlled aircraft</a> were used to close the electrical circuit and supply power to the detonator. After the British developed jammers, IRA technicians introduced devices that required a sequence of <a href="/wiki/Selective_calling" title="Selective calling">pulsed radio codes</a> to arm and detonate them. These were harder to jam. </p><p>The IRA as well as <a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalism" title="Ulster loyalism">Ulster loyalist</a> paramilitaries have also utilized less sophisticated devices, such as homemade grenades crudely thrown at the target. These are sometimes called "blast bombs".<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roadside bombs were extensively used by the IRA. Typically, a roadside bomb was placed in a drain or culvert along a rural road and detonated by remote control when British security forces vehicles were passing, as with the case of the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Warrenpoint_ambush" title="Warrenpoint ambush">Warrenpoint ambush</a>. As a result of the use of these bombs, the British military stopped transport by road in areas such as South Armagh, and used <a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">helicopter</a> transport instead to avoid the danger.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (October 2024)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Most IEDs used commercial or homemade explosives made in the Republic of Ireland, with ingredients such as <a href="/wiki/Gelignite" title="Gelignite">gelignite</a> and <a href="/wiki/ANFO" title="ANFO">ANFO</a> either stolen in construction sites or provided for by supporters in the South,<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BVGEF_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BVGEF-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NRG_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NRG-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the use of <a href="/wiki/Semtex" title="Semtex">Semtex</a>-H smuggled in from <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> in the 1980s was also common from the mid-1980s onward. <a href="/wiki/Bomb_Disposal" class="mw-redirect" title="Bomb Disposal">Bomb Disposal</a> teams from <a href="/wiki/321_EOD" class="mw-redirect" title="321 EOD">321 EOD</a> manned by <a href="/wiki/Ammunition_Technicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammunition Technicians">Ammunition Technicians</a> were deployed in those areas to deal with the IED threat. The IRA also used secondary devices to catch British reinforcements sent in after an initial blast as occurred in the <a href="/wiki/Warrenpoint_Ambush" class="mw-redirect" title="Warrenpoint Ambush">Warrenpoint Ambush</a>. Between 1970 and 2005, the IRA detonated 19,000 IEDs in the Northern Ireland and Britain, an average of one every 17 hours for three and a half decades, arguably making it "the biggest terrorist bombing campaign in history".<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 1970s, at the height of the IRA campaign, the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> unit tasked with rendering safe IEDs, 321 EOD, sustained significant casualties while engaged in bomb disposal operations. This mortality rate was far higher than other high risk occupations such as deep sea diving, and a careful review was made of how men were selected for <a href="/wiki/Explosive_Ordnance_Disposal" class="mw-redirect" title="Explosive Ordnance Disposal">EOD</a> operations. The review recommended bringing in <a href="/wiki/Psychometric" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychometric">psychometric</a> testing of soldiers to ensure those chosen had the correct mental preparation for high risk bomb disposal duties.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (October 2024)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The IRA came up with ever more sophisticated designs and deployments of IEDs. <a href="/wiki/Booby_Trap" class="mw-redirect" title="Booby Trap">Booby Trap</a> or Victim Operated IEDs (VOIEDs), became commonplace. The IRA engaged in an ongoing battle to gain the upper hand in electronic warfare with remote controlled devices. The rapid changes in development led 321 EOD to employ specialists from <a href="/wiki/Defence_Evaluation_and_Research_Agency" title="Defence Evaluation and Research Agency">DERA</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Dstl" class="mw-redirect" title="Dstl">Dstl</a>, an agency of the MOD), the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Signals" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Signals">Royal Signals</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="Intelligence Corps (United Kingdom)">Military Intelligence</a>. This approach by the British army to fighting the IRA in Northern Ireland led to the development and use of most of the modern weapons, equipment and techniques now used by EOD Operators throughout the rest of the world today.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (October 2024)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bomb_disposal" title="Bomb disposal">bomb disposal</a> operations were led by <a href="/wiki/Ammunition_Technician" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammunition Technician">Ammunition Technicians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ammunition_Technical_Officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammunition Technical Officer">Ammunition Technical Officers</a> from 321 EOD, and were trained at the <a href="/wiki/Felix_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Felix Centre">Felix Centre</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Army_School_of_Ammunition" class="mw-redirect" title="Army School of Ammunition">Army School of Ammunition</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (October 2024)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel">Israel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvised_explosive_device&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>IEDs have been used in many attacks by Palestinian militants and continue to be used in recent attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lebanon">Lebanon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvised_explosive_device&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Lebanon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_National_Resistance_Front" title="Lebanese National Resistance Front">Lebanese National Resistance Front</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine">Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine</a>, other resistance groups in Lebanon, and later <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a>, made extensive use of IEDs to resist Israeli forces after Israel's invasion of Lebanon in 1982. Israel withdrew from Beirut, Northern Lebanon, and Mount Lebanon in 1985, whilst maintaining its occupation of Southern Lebanon. Hezbollah frequently used IEDs to attack Israeli military forces in this area up until the Israeli withdrawal, and the end of the invasion of Lebanon in May 2000.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (October 2024)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>One such bomb killed Israeli <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigadier General">Brigadier General</a> Erez Gerstein<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on 28 February 1999, the highest-ranking Israeli to die in Lebanon since <a href="/wiki/Yekutiel_Adam" title="Yekutiel Adam">Yekutiel Adam</a>'s death in 1982.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (October 2024)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Also in the <a href="/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War" title="2006 Lebanon War">2006 War in Lebanon</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Merkava" title="Merkava">Merkava</a> Mark II <a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">tank</a> was hit by a pre-positioned <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> IED, killing all 4 <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">IDF</a> servicemen on board,<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the first of two IEDs to damage a Merkava tank.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (October 2024)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libya">Libya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvised_explosive_device&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Libya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Homemade IEDs are used extensively during the <a href="/wiki/Post-civil_war_violence_in_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-civil war violence in Libya">post-civil war violence in Libya</a>, mostly in the city of Benghazi against police stations, cars or foreign embassies.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nepal">Nepal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvised_explosive_device&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Nepal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>IEDs were also widely used in the 10-years long civil war of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Nepal_(Maoist)_(1994)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) (1994)">Maoists</a> in <a href="/wiki/Federal_Democratic_Republic_of_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal">Nepal</a>, ranging from those bought from illicit groups in India and China, to self-made devices. Typically used devices were <a href="/wiki/Pressure_cooker_bomb" title="Pressure cooker bomb">pressure cooker bombs</a>, socket bombs, pipe bombs, bucket bombs, etc. The devices were used more for the act of terrorizing the urban population rather than for fatal causes, placed in front of governmental offices, street corners or road sides. Mainly, the home-made IEDs were responsible for destruction of majority of structures targeted by the Maoists and assisted greatly in spreading terror among the public.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (October 2024)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nigeria">Nigeria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvised_explosive_device&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Nigeria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a> are using IEDs during their insurgency.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvised_explosive_device&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Pakistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> and other insurgent groups use IEDs against police, military, security forces, and civilian targets.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvised_explosive_device&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>IEDs have also been popular in <a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechnya</a>, where Russian forces were engaged in fighting with rebel elements. While no concrete statistics are available on this matter, bombs have accounted for many Russian deaths in both the <a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">First Chechen War</a> (1994–1996) and the <a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second</a> (1999–2009).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (October 2024)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Somalia">Somalia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvised_explosive_device&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Somalia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Al-Shabaab_(militant_group)" title="Al-Shabaab (militant group)">Al Shabaab</a> is using IEDs during the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syria">Syria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvised_explosive_device&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Syria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ISIL_IEDs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/ISIL_IEDs.jpg/220px-ISIL_IEDs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/ISIL_IEDs.jpg/330px-ISIL_IEDs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/ISIL_IEDs.jpg/440px-ISIL_IEDs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="1824" /></a><figcaption>Captured IEDs from a cache left behind by the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a>, Syria, 26 January 2019</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a>, militant insurgents were using IEDs to attack buses, cars, trucks, tanks and military convoys.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Air_Force" title="Syrian Air Force">Syrian Air Force</a> has used <a href="/wiki/Barrel_bomb" title="Barrel bomb">barrel bombs</a> to attack targets in cities and other areas. Such barrel bombs consist of barrels filled with high explosives, oil, and shrapnel, and are dropped from helicopters.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Along with mines and IEDs, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">ISIL</a> also used VBIEDs in Syria,<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including during <a href="/wiki/2017_Aleppo_suicide_car_bombing" title="2017 Aleppo suicide car bombing">2017 Aleppo suicide car bombing</a>. See also: <a href="/wiki/Improvised_artillery_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Improvised artillery in the Syrian civil war">Improvised artillery in the Syrian civil war</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uganda">Uganda</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvised_explosive_device&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Uganda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 16 November 2021, suicide bombers set off two powerful explosions in the center of Uganda's capital Kampala during rush hour in an attack later claimed by Islamic State. There have been a number of bomb explosions in 2021. In October, a 20-year-old waitress was killed after a device, left in a shopping bag, detonated in a bar in the city. Days later several people were injured when a suicide bomber blew himself up in a bus near Kampala.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvised_explosive_device&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oklahomacitybombing-DF-ST-98-01356.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Oklahomacitybombing-DF-ST-98-01356.jpg/250px-Oklahomacitybombing-DF-ST-98-01356.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Oklahomacitybombing-DF-ST-98-01356.jpg/330px-Oklahomacitybombing-DF-ST-98-01356.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Oklahomacitybombing-DF-ST-98-01356.jpg/500px-Oklahomacitybombing-DF-ST-98-01356.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="2760" /></a><figcaption>The Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building two days after the <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_bombing" title="Oklahoma City bombing">Oklahoma City bombing</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1995 <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_bombing" title="Oklahoma City bombing">Oklahoma City bombing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timothy_McVeigh" title="Timothy McVeigh">Timothy McVeigh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terry_Nichols" title="Terry Nichols">Terry Nichols</a> built an IED with <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_nitrate" title="Ammonium nitrate">ammonium nitrate</a> fertilizer, <a href="/wiki/Nitromethane" title="Nitromethane">nitromethane</a>, and stolen commercial explosives in a rental truck, with <a href="/wiki/Sandbag" title="Sandbag">sandbags</a> used to concentrate the explosive force in the desired direction. McVeigh detonated it next to the <a href="/wiki/Alfred_P._Murrah_Federal_Building" title="Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building">Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building</a>, killing 168 people, 19 of whom were children. </p><p>High school students <a href="/wiki/Eric_Harris_and_Dylan_Klebold" title="Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold">Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold</a> used multiple IEDs during the <a href="/wiki/Columbine_High_School_massacre" title="Columbine High School massacre">Columbine High School massacre</a> on 20 April 1999, including two large <a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">propane</a> bombs that were placed in the cafeteria, powerful enough to kill or injure everyone inside the room, along with <a href="/wiki/Pipe_bombs" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipe bombs">pipe bombs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molotov_cocktails" class="mw-redirect" title="Molotov cocktails">Molotov cocktails</a>, and also two <a href="/wiki/Car_bombs" class="mw-redirect" title="Car bombs">car bombs</a>, designed to attack <a href="/wiki/First_responder" title="First responder">first responders</a> and <a href="/wiki/News_reporter" class="mw-redirect" title="News reporter">news reporters</a> responding to the initial bombing. Both propane bombs and both car bombs failed to detonate correctly. They then went on to shoot and kill 13 people before committing suicide. If all bombs detonated, there could have been hundreds killed in the massacre, but nobody was injured by any of the explosives during the massacre. The pair had planned to exceed the death count during the Oklahoma City bombing four years earlier.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (October 2024)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In January 2011, a <a href="/wiki/2011_Spokane_bombing_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Spokane bombing attempt">shaped pipe bomb was discovered</a> and defused at a <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> memorial march in <a href="/wiki/Spokane,_Washington" title="Spokane, Washington">Spokane, Washington</a>. The FBI said that the bomb was specifically designed to cause maximum harm as the explosive device was, according to the <i>Los Angeles Times</i>, packed with fishing weights covered in rat poison, and may have been racially motivated. No one was injured during the event. </p><p>On 15 April 2013, as the annual <a href="/wiki/Boston_Marathon" title="Boston Marathon">Boston Marathon</a> race was concluding, two bombs were <a href="/wiki/Boston_Marathon_bombing" title="Boston Marathon bombing">detonated</a> seconds apart close to the finish line. Initial FBI response indicated suspicion of IED <a href="/wiki/Pressure_cooker_bomb" title="Pressure cooker bomb">pressure cooker bombs</a>. </p><p>On 17–19 September 2016, <a href="/wiki/2016_New_York_and_New_Jersey_bombings" title="2016 New York and New Jersey bombings">several explosions</a> occurred in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>. The sources of the explosions were all found to be IEDs of various types, such as pressure cooker bombs and <a href="/wiki/Pipe_bomb" title="Pipe bomb">pipe bombs</a> </p><p>Many IED-related arrests are made each year in circumstances where the plot was foiled before the device was deployed, or the device exploded but no one was injured.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of deaths and property damage occurring during <a href="/wiki/Gender_reveal_party" title="Gender reveal party">gender reveal parties</a> have been caused by the detonation of improvised explosive devices. These include the 2017 <a href="/wiki/Sawmill_Fire_(2017)" title="Sawmill Fire (2017)">Sawmill Fire</a>, which was started by the detonation of a mass of <a href="/wiki/Tannerite" title="Tannerite">tannerite</a> intended to disperse coloured powder,<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an incident in 2019 where an IED similarly designed to release powder exploded in a manner similar to a pipe bomb, killing a 56-year-old woman after shrapnel struck her in the head.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ukraine">Ukraine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvised_explosive_device&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Ukraine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>IEDs are in use in the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and have also been used there for assassinations.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vietnam">Vietnam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvised_explosive_device&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Vietnam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>IEDs were used during the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> by the <a href="/wiki/National_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_South_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam">Viet Cong</a> against land- and river-borne vehicles as well as personnel.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were commonly constructed using materials from unexploded American <a href="/wiki/Unexploded_ordnance" title="Unexploded ordnance">ordnance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thirty-three percent of U.S. casualties in Vietnam and twenty-eight percent of deaths were officially attributed to mines; these figures include losses caused by both IEDs and commercially manufactured mines.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yemen">Yemen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvised_explosive_device&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Yemen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Houthis" title="Houthis">Houthis</a> are using IEDs<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> against Saudi-led coalition and Hadi's forces during <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Civil_War_(2015%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemeni Civil War (2015–present)">Yemeni Civil War (2015–present)</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="The current source is insufficiently reliable (WP:NOTRS). (August 2022)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian-led_intervention_in_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen">Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saudi%E2%80%93Yemeni_border_conflict_(2015%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saudi–Yemeni border conflict (2015–present)">Saudi–Yemeni border conflict</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Arabian_Peninsula" title="Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula">Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula</a> and <a href="/wiki/ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="ISIL">ISIL</a> in Yemen are also known to use IEDs.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvised_explosive_device&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The film <a href="/wiki/The_Hurt_Locker" title="The Hurt Locker">The Hurt Locker</a> follows an Iraq War Explosive Ordnance Disposal team who are targeted by insurgents and shows their psychological reactions to the stress of combat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvised_explosive_device&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetone_peroxide" title="Acetone peroxide">Acetone peroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blast_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Blast bomb">Blast bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blast_fishing" title="Blast fishing">Blast fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Runner" title="Dragon Runner">Dragon Runner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertilizer_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertilizer bomb">Fertilizer bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Improvised_firearm" title="Improvised firearm">Improvised firearm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Improvised_Explosive_Device_Defeat_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Improvised Explosive Device Defeat Organization">JIEDDO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_notable_3D_printed_weapons_and_parts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of notable 3D printed weapons and parts">List of notable 3D printed weapons and parts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nail_bomb" title="Nail bomb">Nail bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satchel_charge" title="Satchel charge">Satchel charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidol%C3%B3wka" title="Sidolówka">Sidolówka</a> grenade</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_bomb_(explosive)" class="mw-redirect" title="Time bomb (explosive)">Time bomb (explosive)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/TM_31-210_Improvised_Munitions_Handbook" title="TM 31-210 Improvised Munitions Handbook">TM 31-210 Improvised Munitions Handbook</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Anarchist_Cookbook" title="The Anarchist Cookbook">The Anarchist Cookbook</a></i></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvised_explosive_device&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFvan_RijBryceWilkinsonVining2017" class="citation web cs1">van Rij, Armida; Bryce, Hannah; Wilkinson, Benedict; Vining, Maxine (April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kcl.ac.uk/policy-institute/assets/defining-the-device.pdf">"Defining the device: The need for international humanitarian standards for improvised explosive device disposal"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>kcl.ac.uk</i>. <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's College London</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220128101427/https://www.kcl.ac.uk/policy-institute/assets/defining-the-device.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 28 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kcl.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Defining+the+device%3A+The+need+for+international+humanitarian+standards+for+improvised+explosive+device+disposal&rft.date=2017-04&rft.aulast=van+Rij&rft.aufirst=Armida&rft.au=Bryce%2C+Hannah&rft.au=Wilkinson%2C+Benedict&rft.au=Vining%2C+Maxine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kcl.ac.uk%2Fpolicy-institute%2Fassets%2Fdefining-the-device.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovised+explosive+device" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defenceindustryreports.com/ieds_learning_from_history.html">"IEDS – Learning from History"</a>. Defence Industry Reports. 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110213011444/http://www.defenceindustryreports.com/ieds_learning_from_history.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IEDS+%E2%80%93+Learning+from+History&rft.pub=Defence+Industry+Reports&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defenceindustryreports.com%2Fieds_learning_from_history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovised+explosive+device" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSinger2012" class="citation web cs1">Singer, Peter W. (7 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brookings.edu/articles/the-evolution-of-improvised-explosive-devices-ieds/">"The Evolution of Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs)"</a>. <i>Brookings</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brookings&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+Improvised+Explosive+Devices+%28IEDs%29&rft.date=2012-02-07&rft.aulast=Singer&rft.aufirst=Peter+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Farticles%2Fthe-evolution-of-improvised-explosive-devices-ieds%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovised+explosive+device" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFManglik" class="citation book cs1">Manglik, Rohit. <i>ESIC STENO PHASE – I 2020 | 12 Full Length Mock Test</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ESIC+STENO+PHASE+%E2%80%93+I+2020+%7C+12+Full+Length+Mock+Test&rft.aulast=Manglik&rft.aufirst=Rohit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovised+explosive+device" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-icasualties-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-icasualties_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-icasualties_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-icasualties_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090113201909/http://icasualties.org/oif/IED.aspx">"iCasualties: OIF – Deaths by IED"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://icasualties.org/oif/IED.aspx">the original</a> on 13 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=iCasualties%3A+OIF+%E2%80%93+Deaths+by+IED&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ficasualties.org%2Foif%2FIED.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovised+explosive+device" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJoseph2016" class="citation book cs1">Joseph, Paul (15 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-Nw0DQAAQBAJ&pg=PT3484"><i>The SAGE Encyclopedia of War: Social Science Perspectives</i></a>. SAGE Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781483359915" title="Special:BookSources/9781483359915"><bdi>9781483359915</bdi></a>. <q>Explosives accounted for over two thirds of the casualties in Iraq and Afghanistan, mostly caused by IEDs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+SAGE+Encyclopedia+of+War%3A+Social+Science+Perspectives&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2016-06-15&rft.isbn=9781483359915&rft.aulast=Joseph&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-Nw0DQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT3484&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovised+explosive+device" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCombs2017" class="citation book cs1">Combs, Cynthia C. (2017). <i>Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=All+That%27s+Interesting&rft.atitle=Inside+The+Kamikaze%2C+The+Last-Ditch+Suicide+Attacks+Of+World+War+2+Japan&rft.date=2021-09-04&rft.aulast=Oliver&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fallthatsinteresting.com%2Fkamikaze-pilots&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovised+explosive+device" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Steinhofer-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Steinhofer_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steinhofer_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean-Pierre Steinhoffer : " Irak : les pertes de la Coalition par EEI ", in <i>le Casoar</i> January 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6146844.stm">"UK | Iraq boat attack personnel named"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 14 November 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=UK+%26%23124%3B+Iraq+boat+attack+personnel+named&rft.date=2006-11-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fuk%2F6146844.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovised+explosive+device" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.solaceglobal.com/report/water-borne-improvised-explosive-devices-wbied/">"Water Borne Improvised Explosive Devices (WBIED)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Water+Borne+Improvised+Explosive+Devices+%28WBIED%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.solaceglobal.com%2Freport%2Fwater-borne-improvised-explosive-devices-wbied%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovised+explosive+device" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.maritimeglobalsecurity.org/media/1059/2023-11-24-interim-industry-transit-advice-srs-goa.pdf">"1 INTERIM INDUSTRY TRANSIT ADVICE, SOUTHERN RED SEA, AND GULF OF ADEN – NOVEMBER 2023"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>maritimeglobalsecurity.org</i>. 24 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thevintagenews.com/2016/09/15/ancient-rome-flaming-war-pigs-used-counter-elephants/">the original</a> on 13 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Vintage+News&rft.atitle=In+Ancient+Rome+flaming+war+pigs+were+used+to+counter+elephants&rft.date=2016-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thevintagenews.com%2F2016%2F09%2F15%2Fancient-rome-flaming-war-pigs-used-counter-elephants%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovised+explosive+device" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-horsebomb-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-horsebomb_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/3098746.stm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Horse bomb' hits Colombia town"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 11 September 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=%27Necklace%27+bomb+halts+Colombia+talks&rft.date=2000-05-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Famericas%2F751237.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovised+explosive+device" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCaniglia2007" class="citation journal cs1">Caniglia, John (11 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230113210233/https://www.cleveland.com/metro/2007/07/man_forced_to_rob_bank_with_a.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Brian Wells" Erie bombing 'victim' was in on bank robbery"</a>. <i>The Plain Dealer</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.cleveland.com/metro/2007/07/man_forced_to_rob_bank_with_a.html">the original</a> on 13 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Plain+Dealer&rft.atitle=%22Brian+Wells%22+Erie+bombing+%27victim%27+was+in+on+bank+robbery&rft.date=2007-07-11&rft.aulast=Caniglia&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.cleveland.com%2Fmetro%2F2007%2F07%2Fman_forced_to_rob_bank_with_a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovised+explosive+device" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230204111629/https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/bomb-device-attached-to-mosman-schoolgirl-was-a-very-very-elaborate-hoax-20110804-1icbe.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Bomb' device attached to Mosman schoolgirl was a 'very, very elaborate hoax'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>smh.com.au</i>. 4 August 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smh.com.au/nsw/bomb-device-attached-to-mosman-schoolgirl-was-a-very-very-elaborate-hoax-20110804-1icbe.html">the original</a> on 4 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=smh.com.au&rft.atitle=%27Bomb%27+device+attached+to+Mosman+schoolgirl+was+a+%27very%2C+very+elaborate+hoax%27&rft.date=2011-08-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fnsw%2Fbomb-device-attached-to-mosman-schoolgirl-was-a-very-very-elaborate-hoax-20110804-1icbe.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovised+explosive+device" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hunter-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hunter_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hunter_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hunter_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hunter_36-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hunter_36-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hunter_36-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHunter2008" class="citation book cs1">Hunter, Major Chris (2008). <i>Eight Lives Down</i>. London: Corgi Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-552-15571-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-552-15571-7"><bdi>978-0-552-15571-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eight+Lives+Down&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Corgi+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-552-15571-7&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=Major+Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovised+explosive+device" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DailyBeast2012-05-14-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DailyBeast2012-05-14_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DailyBeast2012-05-14_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_Klaidman,_Christopher_Dickey2012" class="citation news cs1">Daniel Klaidman, Christopher Dickey (14 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedailybeast.com//content/newsweek/2012/05/13/al-qaeda-s-body-bombs-al-asiri-s-next-threat.html">"Ibrahim al-Asiri: The Body Bomb Menace"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Beast" title="The Daily Beast">The Daily Beast</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2012</span>. <q>Newsweek has learned that U.S. intelligence officials circulated a secret report that laid out in vivid detail how doctors working for al-Asiri had developed the surgical technique. An American government source familiar with the report described it as 15 to 20 pages, single spaced, and replete with schematics and pictures. "It was almost like something you'd see in Scientific American," the source said.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ibrahim+al-Asiri%3A+The+Body+Bomb+Menace&rft.date=2012-05-14&rft.au=Daniel+Klaidman%2C+Christopher+Dickey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2F%2Fcontent%2Fnewsweek%2F2012%2F05%2F13%2Fal-qaeda-s-body-bombs-al-asiri-s-next-threat.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovised+explosive+device" class="Z3988"></span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120514050214/http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2012/05/13/al-qaeda-s-body-bombs-al-asiri-s-next-threat.html">mirror</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boing2012-05-14-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boing2012-05-14_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Pescovitz2012" class="citation news cs1">David Pescovitz (14 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://boingboing.net/2012/05/14/youre-the-bomb-surgically.html">"You da bomb! (surgically-implanted explosives)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Boing_boing" class="mw-redirect" title="Boing boing">Boing boing</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120517033413/http://boingboing.net/2012/05/14/youre-the-bomb-surgically.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2012</span>. <q>According to Newsweek, US intelligence officials report that al Qaeda's explosives expert Ibrahim al-Asiri and medical doctors have been designing bombs to be surgically implanted into the bodies of suicide bombers. The idea is that the technique would somehow foil airport scanners. Gives a whole new meaning to the phrase, "You da bomb!"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=You+da+bomb%21+%28surgically-implanted+explosives%29&rft.date=2012-05-14&rft.au=David+Pescovitz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fboingboing.net%2F2012%2F05%2F14%2Fyoure-the-bomb-surgically.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovised+explosive+device" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IBTimes-2012-05-14-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IBTimes-2012-05-14_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IBTimes-2012-05-14_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnissa_Haddadi2012" class="citation news cs1">Anissa Haddadi (14 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/articles/340801/20120514/al-qaida-s-body-bombs-increase-fears.htm">"Al-Qaida's 'Body Bombs' increase Fears of Global Attacks by Master Bomb-Maker Ibrahim Hassan Tali al-Asiri"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Business_Times" title="International Business Times">International Business Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120610051119/http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/articles/340801/20120514/al-qaida-s-body-bombs-increase-fears.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2012</span>. <q>Experts and intelligence sources say the terrorists could use the powerful explosive pentaerythritol tetranitrate, known as PETN and insert it in the bodies of would-be suicide bombers. According to reports they would then be able to detonate the implanted explosives via injections. The bombs would not be detectable to airport body scanner, increasing risks of attacks similar to the 2011 September attack on the Twin Towers in New York and on the Pentagon.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Business+Times&rft.atitle=Al-Qaida%27s+%27Body+Bombs%27+increase+Fears+of+Global+Attacks+by+Master+Bomb-Maker+Ibrahim+Hassan+Tali+al-Asiri&rft.date=2012-05-14&rft.au=Anissa+Haddadi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibtimes.co.uk%2Farticles%2F340801%2F20120514%2Fal-qaida-s-body-bombs-increase-fears.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovised+explosive+device" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TheMirror2012-05-14-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TheMirror2012-05-14_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/doctors-trained-to-plant-explosives-inside-832010">"Breast bombers: Doctors trained to plant explosives inside chest of female suicide bombers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Daily_Mirror" title="Daily Mirror">Daily Mirror</a>. 14 May 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120514085514/http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/doctors-trained-to-plant-explosives-inside-832010">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2012</span>. <q>MI6 chiefs believe doctors have been trained to plant explosives inside the breasts of female suicide bombers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Breast+bombers%3A+Doctors+trained+to+plant+explosives+inside+chest+of+female+suicide+bombers&rft.date=2012-05-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mirror.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-news%2Fdoctors-trained-to-plant-explosives-inside-832010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovised+explosive+device" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLines2013" class="citation news cs1">Lines, Andy (16 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130819100626/https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/breast-implants-suicide-bomb-threat-2172911">"Breast implants suicide bomb threat: Heathrow on high alert over "credible" intelligence"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Mirror" class="mw-redirect" title="The Daily Mirror">The Daily Mirror</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/breast-implants-suicide-bomb-threat-2172911">the original</a> on 19 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2013</span>. <q>Security has been beefed up after intelligence al-Qaeda is plotting attacks on airlines flying out of London.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Breast+implants+suicide+bomb+threat%3A+Heathrow+on+high+alert+over+%22credible%22+intelligence&rft.date=2013-08-16&rft.aulast=Lines&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mirror.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-news%2Fbreast-implants-suicide-bomb-threat-2172911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovised+explosive+device" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThielman2016" class="citation news cs1">Thielman, Sam (8 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230322054909/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/jul/08/police-bomb-robot-explosive-killed-suspect-dallas">"Use of police robot to kill Dallas shooting suspect believed to be first in US history"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/jul/08/police-bomb-robot-explosive-killed-suspect-dallas">the original</a> on 22 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Use+of+police+robot+to+kill+Dallas+shooting+suspect+believed+to+be+first+in+US+history&rft.date=2016-07-08&rft.aulast=Thielman&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftechnology%2F2016%2Fjul%2F08%2Fpolice-bomb-robot-explosive-killed-suspect-dallas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovised+explosive+device" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrocchetto2018" class="citation news cs1">Brocchetto, Marilia (5 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230113210208/https://edition.cnn.com/2018/08/04/americas/venezuela-maduro/index.html">"Venezuelan President survives apparent drone assassination attempt"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2018/08/04/americas/venezuela-maduro/index.html">the original</a> on 13 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Venezuelan+President+survives+apparent+drone+assassination+attempt&rft.date=2018-08-05&rft.aulast=Brocchetto&rft.aufirst=Marilia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2018%2F08%2F04%2Famericas%2Fvenezuela-maduro%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovised+explosive+device" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRaw_Leak2016" class="citation web cs1">Raw Leak (4 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160715004120/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jcbsJtcxvhM">"New tunnel bomb footage from Aleppo"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jcbsJtcxvhM">the original</a> on 15 July 2016 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+tunnel+bomb+footage+from+Aleppo&rft.date=2016-05-04&rft.au=Raw+Leak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DjcbsJtcxvhM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovised+explosive+device" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Conflict_Films2015" class="citation web cs1">World Conflict Films (5 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190529185218/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i7y9JNOKNVA&gl=US&hl=en">"Al Nusra Tunnel Bomb Collapses Syrian Intelligence Building in Aleppo"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i7y9JNOKNVA">the original</a> on 29 May 2019 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Al+Nusra+Tunnel+Bomb+Collapses+Syrian+Intelligence+Building+in+Aleppo&rft.date=2015-03-05&rft.au=World+Conflict+Films&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Di7y9JNOKNVA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovised+explosive+device" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLondoño2008" class="citation news cs1">Londoño, Ernesto (10 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080905213849/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/07/09/AR2008070902396_pf.html">"U.S. Troops in Iraq Face A Powerful New Weapon: Use of Rocket-Propelled Bombs Spreads"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. p. A01. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/07/09/AR2008070902396_pf.html">the original</a> on 5 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=U.S.+Troops+in+Iraq+Face+A+Powerful+New+Weapon%3A+Use+of+Rocket-Propelled+Bombs+Spreads&rft.pages=A01&rft.date=2008-07-10&rft.aulast=Londo%C3%B1o&rft.aufirst=Ernesto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2008%2F07%2F09%2FAR2008070902396_pf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovised+explosive+device" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Volcano_Rocket_Syria-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Volcano_Rocket_Syria_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Volcano_Rocket_Syria_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230113210236/https://syriadirect.org/a-new-type-of-volcano-rocket-spotted-in-idlib/">"A new type of Volcano rocket spotted in Idlib"</a>. <i>Syria Direct</i>. 4 June 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://syriadirect.org/news/a-new-type-of-volcano-rocket-spotted-in-idlib/">the original</a> on 13 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Syria+Direct&rft.atitle=A+new+type+of+Volcano+rocket+spotted+in+Idlib&rft.date=2015-06-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsyriadirect.org%2Fnews%2Fa-new-type-of-volcano-rocket-spotted-in-idlib%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovised+explosive+device" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-World_Conflict_Films-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-World_Conflict_Films_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Conflict_Films2015" class="citation web cs1">World Conflict Films (15 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160506021922/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1KxHpuRycU4">"Syrian Army Elephant Rockets Used Against Rebels"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1KxHpuRycU4">the original</a> on 6 May 2016 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syrian+Army+Elephant+Rockets+Used+Against+Rebels&rft.date=2015-05-15&rft.au=World+Conflict+Films&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D1KxHpuRycU4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovised+explosive+device" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220701175641/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/6/18/elephant-rockets-kill-dozens-in-damascus-suburb">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Elephant rockets' kill dozens in Damascus suburb"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/06/syria-douma-elephant-rockets-150617011324100.html">the original</a> on 1 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Elephant+rockets%27+kill+dozens+in+Damascus+suburb&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2015%2F06%2Fsyria-douma-elephant-rockets-150617011324100.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovised+explosive+device" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFlisa_ann2013" class="citation web cs1">lisa ann (4 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190529185223/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_wEEovjWZZk&gl=US&hl=en">"Syria: Innovations for freedom #3 more DIY trebuchets, pipe weapons and vehicles"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_wEEovjWZZk">the original</a> on 29 May 2019 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syria%3A+Innovations+for+freedom+%233+more+DIY+trebuchets%2C+pipe+weapons+and+vehicles&rft.date=2013-05-04&rft.au=lisa+ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D_wEEovjWZZk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovised+explosive+device" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070814021913/http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/issues/2007/June/BombMakingSkills.htm">"Bomb Making Skills Spread Globally"</a>. <i>National Defense</i>. June 2007. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Bomb+blasts+kill+three%2C+injure+41+worshippers+at+Jehovah%27s+Witnesses+convention+in+Kerala%27s+Kalamassery&rft.date=2023-10-29&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft.aulast=Bureau&rft.aufirst=The+Hindu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fkerala%2Fpeople-killed-several-injured-in-explosion-at-a-convention-centre-in-kalamassery%2Farticle67472535.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovised+explosive+device" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|last=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=phqpAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT578"><i>Handbook of Defence Politics: International and Comparative Perspectives</i></a>. Taylor and Francis. 2011. p. 578. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136639470" title="Special:BookSources/9781136639470"><bdi>9781136639470</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Defence+Politics%3A+International+and+Comparative+Perspectives&rft.pages=578&rft.pub=Taylor+and+Francis&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781136639470&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DphqpAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT578&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovised+explosive+device" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140331143436/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/graphic/2007/09/28/GR2007092802161.html">"More Attacks, Mounting Casualties"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. 30 September 2007. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=More+Attacks%2C+Mounting+Casualties&rft.date=2007-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Fgraphic%2F2007%2F09%2F28%2FGR2007092802161.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovised+explosive+device" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4312516.stm">"Middle East | Iran 'behind attacks on British'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 5 October 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Middle+East+%26%23124%3B+Iran+%27behind+attacks+on+British%27&rft.date=2005-10-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F4312516.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovised+explosive+device" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4315924.stm">"Middle East | Blair warns Iran over Iraq bombs"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 6 October 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Middle+East+%26%23124%3B+Blair+warns+Iran+over+Iraq+bombs&rft.date=2005-10-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F4315924.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovised+explosive+device" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090108232100/http://nyjtimes.com/cover/11-11-05/IranWarnedNotToMeddle.htm">"British Official Warns Iran Not to Meddle in Iraq"</a>. Nyjtimes.com. 8 June 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nyjtimes.com/cover/11-11-05/IranWarnedNotToMeddle.htm">the original</a> on 8 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=British+Official+Warns+Iran+Not+to+Meddle+in+Iraq&rft.pub=Nyjtimes.com&rft.date=2004-06-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnyjtimes.com%2Fcover%2F11-11-05%2FIranWarnedNotToMeddle.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovised+explosive+device" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221102141411/https://www.popularmechanics.com/military/weapons/news/a19555/why-isis-is-building-mad-max-truck-bombs/">"Why ISIS Is Building Mad Max Truck Bombs"</a>. 23 February 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.popularmechanics.com/military/weapons/news/a19555/why-isis-is-building-mad-max-truck-bombs/">the original</a> on 2 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+ISIS+Is+Building+Mad+Max+Truck+Bombs&rft.date=2016-02-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.popularmechanics.com%2Fmilitary%2Fweapons%2Fnews%2Fa19555%2Fwhy-isis-is-building-mad-max-truck-bombs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovised+explosive+device" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171018080957/http://www.qasioun.net/en/news/show/53297/ISIS_Forcing_Children_and_Disabled_People_to_Drive_VBIEDs,_Says_Isler">"ISIS Forcing Children and Disabled People to Drive VBIEDs, Says Isler – Qasion News Agency"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qasioun.net/en/news/show/53297/ISIS_Forcing_Children_and_Disabled_People_to_Drive_VBIEDs,_Says_Isler">the original</a> on 18 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISIS+Forcing+Children+and+Disabled+People+to+Drive+VBIEDs%2C+Says+Isler+%E2%80%93+Qasion+News+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qasioun.net%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fshow%2F53297%2FISIS_Forcing_Children_and_Disabled_People_to_Drive_VBIEDs%2C_Says_Isler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovised+explosive+device" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141105134019/http://defensetech.org/2014/10/30/isis-releases-photos-of-militants-using-u-s-m113s-as-vbieds/">"ISIS Releases Photos of Militants Using U.S. M113s as VBIEDS – Defensetech"</a>. 30 October 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.defensetech.org/2014/10/30/isis-releases-photos-of-militants-using-u-s-m113s-as-vbieds/">the original</a> on 5 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISIS+Releases+Photos+of+Militants+Using+U.S.+M113s+as+VBIEDS+%E2%80%93+Defensetech&rft.date=2014-10-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.defensetech.org%2F2014%2F10%2F30%2Fisis-releases-photos-of-militants-using-u-s-m113s-as-vbieds%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovised+explosive+device" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFabian2023" class="citation news cs1">Fabian, Emanuel (27 August 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-says-it-foiled-bid-to-smuggle-iran-made-explosives-over-jordan-border/">"Israel says it foiled bid to smuggle Iran-made explosives over Jordan border"</a>. <i>The Times of Israel</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Israel+says+it+foiled+bid+to+smuggle+Iran-made+explosives+over+Jordan+border&rft.date=2023-08-27&rft.aulast=Fabian&rft.aufirst=Emanuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fisrael-says-it-foiled-bid-to-smuggle-iran-made-explosives-over-jordan-border%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovised+explosive+device" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BVGEF-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BVGEF_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BVGEF_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsletter.co.uk/news/republic-ireland-played-integral-role-supporting-ira-says-historian-988519"><i>Republic of Ireland played integral role in supporting IRA, says historian</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/News_Letter" title="News Letter">News Letter</a>, 5 April 2019</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Republic+of+Ireland+played+integral+role+in+supporting+IRA%2C+says+historian&rft.pub=News+Letter&rft.date=2019-04-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsletter.co.uk%2Fnews%2Frepublic-ireland-played-integral-role-supporting-ira-says-historian-988519&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovised+explosive+device" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NRG-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NRG_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NRG_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Manley2019" class="citation news cs1">John Manley (6 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishnews.com/news/northernirelandnews/2019/04/06/news/headline-1591367/">"Support in Republic during Troubles 'key for IRA', book claims"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Irish_News" title="The Irish News">The Irish News</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Support+in+Republic+during+Troubles+%27key+for+IRA%27%2C+book+claims&rft.date=2019-04-06&rft.au=John+Manley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishnews.com%2Fnews%2Fnorthernirelandnews%2F2019%2F04%2F06%2Fnews%2Fheadline-1591367%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovised+explosive+device" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parry, Gareth; Pallister, David. <i>Timer clue to Brighton bombing</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>; 10 May 10, 1986</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Examples:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/3739803.stm">UVF 'behind blast bomb'</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>, 23 May 2004.</li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230319134441/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/northernireland/4968359/Frank-OReilly-the-catholic-RUC-officer-killed-by-loyalists-in-1998.html">"Frank O'Reilly, the catholic RUC officer killed by loyalists in 1998"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. 11 March 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/northernireland/4968359/Frank-OReilly-the-catholic-RUC-officer-killed-by-loyalists-in-1998.html">the original</a> on 19 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Frank+O%27Reilly%2C+the+catholic+RUC+officer+killed+by+loyalists+in+1998&rft.date=2009-03-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2Fnorthernireland%2F4968359%2FFrank-OReilly-the-catholic-RUC-officer-killed-by-loyalists-in-1998.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovised+explosive+device" class="Z3988"></span></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/2760481.stm">Blast bomb defused at police station</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>, 14 February 2003</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGearóid_Ó_Faoleán2019" class="citation book cs1">Gearóid Ó Faoleán (23 April 2019). <i>A Broad Church: The Provisional IRA in the Republic of Ireland, 1969–1980</i>. Merrion Press. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7853-7245-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7853-7245-2"><bdi>978-1-7853-7245-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Broad+Church%3A+The+Provisional+IRA+in+the+Republic+of+Ireland%2C+1969%E2%80%931980&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Merrion+Press&rft.date=2019-04-23&rft.isbn=978-1-7853-7245-2&rft.au=Gear%C3%B3id+%C3%93+Faole%C3%A1n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovised+explosive+device" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160506161615/http://digital.ipcprintservices.com/display_article.php?id=177490">"IRA TECHNOLOGY"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.ipcprintservices.com/display_article.php?id=177490">the original</a> on 6 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IRA+TECHNOLOGY&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.ipcprintservices.com%2Fdisplay_article.php%3Fid%3D177490&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovised+explosive+device" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190501151935/http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/ForeignPolicy/Terrorism/Palestinian/Pages/Wave-of-terror-October-2015.aspx">"Wave of terror (October 2015)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mfa.gov.il/MFA/ForeignPolicy/Terrorism/Palestinian/Pages/Wave-of-terror-October-2015.aspx">the original</a> on 1 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wave+of+terror+%28October+2015%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmfa.gov.il%2FMFA%2FForeignPolicy%2FTerrorism%2FPalestinian%2FPages%2FWave-of-terror-October-2015.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovised+explosive+device" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEiran2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Eiran, Ehud (May 2007). <i>The Essence of Longing: General Erez Gerstein and the War in Lebanon</i> (in Hebrew). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Strategic+Studies+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Divine+Victory+for+Whom%3F+Airpower+in+the+2006+Israel-Hezbollah+War&rft.volume=Winter+2007&rft.pages=9&rft.date=2007-08&rft.aulast=Arkin&rft.aufirst=William+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maxwell.af.mil%2Fau%2Fssq%2F2007%2FWinter%2Farkin.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovised+explosive+device" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2025">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libya.usembassy.gov/em_060612.html">IED Attack in Benghazi</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235640/http://libya.usembassy.gov/em_060612.html">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Embassy of the United States, Tripoli-Libya, 6 June 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.libyaherald.com/2012/10/01/uk-experts-help-with-libya-with-ied-detection/">UK experts help Libya with IED detection</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220506004827/https://www.libyaherald.com/2012/10/uk-experts-help-with-libya-with-ied-detection/">Archived</a> May 6, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Libya_Herald" title="Libya Herald">Libya Herald</a>, 1 October 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tavernkeepers.com/ied-explodes-in-front-of-benghazi-police-station-injures-3/">IED explodes in front of Benghazi police station, injures 3</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160105131405/http://tavernkeepers.com/ied-explodes-in-front-of-benghazi-police-station-injures-3/">Archived</a> 5 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Tavernkeepers.com, 5 November 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOjoye2017" class="citation news cs1">Ojoye, Taiwo (21 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220516131251/https://punchng.com/boko-haram-ied-kills-three-soldiers-in-borno/">"Boko Haram IED kills three soldiers in Borno"</a>. <i>Punch Newspapers</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.naij.com/843917-just-boko-haram-kills-four-people-buhari-marks-one-year-office.html">the original</a> on 18 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Just+In%3A+Boko+Haram+kills+four+people+as+Buhari+marks+one+year+in+office&rft.date=2016-05-29&rft.aulast=Buari&rft.aufirst=Jasmine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.naij.com%2F843917-just-boko-haram-kills-four-people-buhari-marks-one-year-office.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovised+explosive+device" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://allafrica.com/stories/201703240502.html">"Nigeria: Troops Destroy Boko Haram IED factory, Rescue 4 Women, 6 Children"</a>. <i>Allafrica.com</i>. 24 March 2017 – via AllAfrica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Allafrica.com&rft.atitle=Nigeria%3A+Troops+Destroy+Boko+Haram+IED+factory%2C+Rescue+4+Women%2C+6+Children&rft.date=2017-03-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fallafrica.com%2Fstories%2F201703240502.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovised+explosive+device" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220523120646/https://aoav.org.uk/2016/pakistan-ieds-law-overview/">"Pakistan, IEDs and the law: an overview – AOAV"</a>. 5 March 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aoav.org.uk/2016/pakistan-ieds-law-overview/">the original</a> on 23 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pakistan%2C+IEDs+and+the+law%3A+an+overview+%E2%80%93+AOAV&rft.date=2016-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faoav.org.uk%2F2016%2Fpakistan-ieds-law-overview%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovised+explosive+device" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYousafzai2016" class="citation web cs1">Yousafzai, Salman (7 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220924223505/https://www.dawn.com/news/1282616">"Why IEDs are weapon of choice for militants in KP"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1282616">the original</a> on 24 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+IEDs+are+weapon+of+choice+for+militants+in+KP&rft.date=2016-09-07&rft.aulast=Yousafzai&rft.aufirst=Salman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1282616&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovised+explosive+device" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220506003311/https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/usaedition/2011-10-03-ied-pakistan-story_ST_U.htm">"Majority of IEDs are traced to Pakistan - USATODAY.com"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/usaedition/2011-10-03-ied-pakistan-story_ST_U.htm">the original</a> on 6 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Majority+of+IEDs+are+traced+to+Pakistan+-+USATODAY.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fusatoday30.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fusaedition%2F2011-10-03-ied-pakistan-story_ST_U.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovised+explosive+device" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170422033335/http://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2017/03/08/kdf-soldier-killed-five-injured-in-al-shabaab-attack-near-kenya-somali_c1520559">"KDF soldier killed, five injured in al Shabaab attack near Kenya-Somali border"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2017/03/08/kdf-soldier-killed-five-injured-in-al-shabaab-attack-near-kenya-somali_c1520559">the original</a> on 22 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=KDF+soldier+killed%2C+five+injured+in+al+Shabaab+attack+near+Kenya-Somali+border&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-star.co.ke%2Fnews%2F2017%2F03%2F08%2Fkdf-soldier-killed-five-injured-in-al-shabaab-attack-near-kenya-somali_c1520559&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovised+explosive+device" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNBS_TV_Uganda2016" class="citation web cs1">NBS TV Uganda (3 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170817211319/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kxqlX5KY0Qc">"AMISOM Calls for Support against Al Shabab's IEDs"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kxqlX5KY0Qc">the original</a> on 17 August 2017 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AMISOM+Calls+for+Support+against+Al+Shabab%27s+IEDs&rft.date=2016-09-03&rft.au=NBS+TV+Uganda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DkxqlX5KY0Qc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovised+explosive+device" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170422034735/http://idalenews.com/archives/69651">"Bomb hits AMISOM convoy near Leego district – idalenews.com"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+Its+Own+Words&rft.pub=Hrw.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Freports%2F1997%2Fgen1%2FGeneral-03.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovised+explosive+device" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNorton-Taylor2016" class="citation news cs1">Norton-Taylor, Richard (26 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221027102834/https://www.theguardian.com/law/2016/apr/27/civilians-killed-injured-explosives-rises-turkey-yemen">"Number of civilians killed or injured by explosives rises 50% in five years"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/law/2016/apr/27/civilians-killed-injured-explosives-rises-turkey-yemen">the original</a> on 27 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Number+of+civilians+killed+or+injured+by+explosives+rises+50%25+in+five+years&rft.date=2016-04-26&rft.aulast=Norton-Taylor&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Flaw%2F2016%2Fapr%2F27%2Fcivilians-killed-injured-explosives-rises-turkey-yemen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovised+explosive+device" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRam_Z2016" class="citation web cs1">Ram_Z (14 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161127224828/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GgKkT_f3epE">"Yemen: Houthi IED Ambush on Pro-Hadi Convoy near al-Ba'aqa Crossing"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GgKkT_f3epE">the original</a> on 27 November 2016 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yemen%3A+Houthi+IED+Ambush+on+Pro-Hadi+Convoy+near+al-Ba%27aqa+Crossing&rft.date=2016-10-14&rft.au=Ram_Z&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DGgKkT_f3epE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovised+explosive+device" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNews_Of_Yemen2016" class="citation web cs1">News Of Yemen (8 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hnUlqSIurKs">"Yemen war 2016– Houthis fighters destroyed Saudi M1 Abrams Tank by IED in Jizan"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211031/hnUlqSIurKs">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2021 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yemen+war+2016%E2%80%93+Houthis+fighters+destroyed+Saudi+M1+Abrams+Tank+by+IED+in+Jizan&rft.date=2016-02-08&rft.au=News+Of+Yemen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DhnUlqSIurKs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovised+explosive+device" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAl-Masdar_News2016" class="citation web cs1">Al-Masdar News (26 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160510065120/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0sjRFo70Ebw">"Houthis ambush a convoy of Saudi Vehicles in Najran"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0sjRFo70Ebw">the original</a> on 10 May 2016 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Houthis+ambush+a+convoy+of+Saudi+Vehicles+in+Najran&rft.date=2016-01-26&rft.au=Al-Masdar+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D0sjRFo70Ebw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovised+explosive+device" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYEMEN_WAR2017" class="citation web cs1">YEMEN WAR (11 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170406173701/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1t2gkalQnsg&t=11s">"Ambush against a #Saudi military vehicle in Alhgelh site in #Najran"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1t2gkalQnsg&t=11s">the original</a> on 6 April 2017 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ambush+against+a+%23Saudi+military+vehicle+in+Alhgelh+site+in+%23Najran&rft.date=2017-03-11&rft.au=YEMEN+WAR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D1t2gkalQnsg%26t%3D11s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovised+explosive+device" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170414085059/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VePjhSlt0LM">"When Houthis attack IV – March 2017 – Saudi Arabia"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VePjhSlt0LM">the original</a> on 14 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=When+Houthis+attack+IV+%E2%80%93+March+2017+%E2%80%93+Saudi+Arabia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DVePjhSlt0LM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovised+explosive+device" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221113115650/https://aoav.org.uk/2017/national-c-ied-initiatives-middle-east-yemen/">"National C-IED initiatives: Middle East – Yemen – AOAV"</a>. 1 June 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aoav.org.uk/2017/national-c-ied-initiatives-middle-east-yemen/">the original</a> on 13 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+C-IED+initiatives%3A+Middle+East+%E2%80%93+Yemen+%E2%80%93+AOAV&rft.date=2017-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faoav.org.uk%2F2017%2Fnational-c-ied-initiatives-middle-east-yemen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImprovised+explosive+device" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Improvised_explosive_device&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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