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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Rat tails</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rat_tails-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_pets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_pets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>As pets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_pets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_subjects_for_scientific_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_subjects_for_scientific_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>As subjects for scientific research</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-As_subjects_for_scientific_research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon 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href="#Working_rats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Working rats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Working_rats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_pests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_pests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>As pests</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-As_pests-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle As pests subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-As_pests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_the_spread_of_disease" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_spread_of_disease"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>In the spread of disease</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_spread_of_disease-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_invasive_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_invasive_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>As invasive species</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_invasive_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rat-free_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rat-free_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Rat-free areas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rat-free_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>In culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Asian_cultures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asian_cultures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Asian cultures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asian_cultures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_cultures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_cultures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>European cultures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_cultures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2.1</span> <span>Terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Pied_Piper" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Pied_Piper"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3.1</span> <span>The Pied Piper</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Pied_Piper-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%B0" title="جرذ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جرذ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0" title="ধেড়ে ইঁদুর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ধেড়ে ইঁদুর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krysa" title="Krysa – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Krysa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A9" title="طوبة – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="طوبة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B4" title="خرموش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خرموش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rat" title="Rat – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rat" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9E%98%ED%8A%B8" title="래트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="래트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%81era" title="Ɓera – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ɓera" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rat" title="Rat – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Rat" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panya" title="Panya – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Panya" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Келестер – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Келестер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalamush" title="Kalamush – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kalamush" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%8E%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8A%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%9A_(Rat)" title="កណ្ដុរ (Rat) – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="កណ្ដុរ (Rat)" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyui_(nyam)" title="Cyui (nyam) – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Cyui (nyam)" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86" title="چاشقان – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="چاشقان" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q26018#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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Species of rats are found throughout the order Rodentia, but stereotypical rats are found in the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Rattus" title="Rattus">Rattus</a></i>. Other rat genera include <i><a href="/wiki/Neotoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Neotoma">Neotoma</a></i> (pack rats), <i><a href="/wiki/Bandicota" title="Bandicota">Bandicota</a></i> (bandicoot rats) and <i><a href="/wiki/Dipodomys" class="mw-redirect" title="Dipodomys">Dipodomys</a></i> (kangaroo rats). </p><p>Rats are typically distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Mouse" title="Mouse">mice</a> by their size. Usually the <a href="/wiki/Common_name" title="Common name">common name</a> of a large <a href="/wiki/Muroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Muroid">muroid</a> rodent will include the word "rat", while a smaller muroid's name will include "mouse". The common terms <i>rat</i> and <i>mouse</i> are not <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomically</a> specific. There are 56 known species of rats in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Species_and_description"><span class="anchor" id="Species"></span>Species and description</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rat_in_a_suburban_Vancouver_driveway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Rat_in_a_suburban_Vancouver_driveway.jpg/220px-Rat_in_a_suburban_Vancouver_driveway.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Rat_in_a_suburban_Vancouver_driveway.jpg/330px-Rat_in_a_suburban_Vancouver_driveway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Rat_in_a_suburban_Vancouver_driveway.jpg/440px-Rat_in_a_suburban_Vancouver_driveway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>A rat in a <a href="/wiki/Suburb" title="Suburb">suburb</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a></figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Rat_skeleton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Black_Rat_skeleton.jpg/250px-Black_Rat_skeleton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Black_Rat_skeleton.jpg/330px-Black_Rat_skeleton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Black_Rat_skeleton.jpg/500px-Black_Rat_skeleton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Skeleton of a black rat (<i><a href="/wiki/Black_rat" title="Black rat">Rattus rattus</a></i>) on display at the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Osteology" title="Museum of Osteology">Museum of Osteology</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The best-known rat <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> are the <a href="/wiki/Black_rat" title="Black rat">black rat</a> (<i>Rattus rattus</i>) and the <a href="/wiki/Brown_rat" title="Brown rat">brown rat</a> (<i>Rattus norvegicus</i>). This group, generally known as the <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a> rats or true rats, originated in <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>. Rats are bigger than most Old World <a href="/wiki/Mouse" title="Mouse">mice</a>, which are their relatives, but seldom weigh over <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>500 grams (<span class="frac">17<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> oz) in the wild.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i>rat</i> is also used in the names of other small <a href="/wiki/Mammals" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammals">mammals</a> that are not true rats. Examples include the North American <a href="/wiki/Pack_rats" class="mw-redirect" title="Pack rats">pack rats</a> (aka wood rats<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_Concise_Encyclopedia_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica_Concise_Encyclopedia-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and a number of species loosely called <a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_rats" class="mw-redirect" title="Kangaroo rats">kangaroo rats</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_Concise_Encyclopedia_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica_Concise_Encyclopedia-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rats such as the <a href="/wiki/Bandicoot_rat" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandicoot rat">bandicoot rat</a> (<i>Bandicota bengalensis</i>) are <a href="/wiki/Murine" class="mw-redirect" title="Murine">murine</a> rodents related to true rats but are not members of the genus <i>Rattus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Male rats are called <i>bucks</i>; unmated females, <i>does</i>, pregnant or parent females, <i>dams</i>; and infants, <i>kittens</i> or <i>pups</i>. A group of rats is referred to as a <i>mischief</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The common species are opportunistic survivors and often live with and near <a href="/wiki/Humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Humans">humans</a>; therefore, they are known as <a href="/wiki/Commensalism" title="Commensalism">commensals</a>. They may cause substantial food losses, especially in developing countries.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the widely distributed and problematic commensal species of rats are a minority in this diverse genus. Many species of rats are <a href="/wiki/Endemic_(ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic (ecology)">island endemics</a>, some of which have become <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangered</a> due to habitat loss or competition with the brown, black, or <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_rat" title="Polynesian rat">Polynesian rat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wild rodents, including rats, can carry many different <a href="/wiki/Zoonotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoonotic">zoonotic</a> pathogens, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Leptospira" title="Leptospira">Leptospira</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Toxoplasma_gondii" title="Toxoplasma gondii">Toxoplasma gondii</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Campylobacter" title="Campylobacter">Campylobacter</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Meerburg_BG,_Singleton_GR,_Kijlstra_A_2009_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meerburg_BG,_Singleton_GR,_Kijlstra_A_2009-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> is traditionally believed to have been caused by the microorganism <i><a href="/wiki/Yersinia_pestis" title="Yersinia pestis">Yersinia pestis</a></i>, carried by the tropical rat flea (<i><a href="/wiki/Xenopsylla_cheopis" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenopsylla cheopis">Xenopsylla cheopis</a></i>), which preyed on black rats living in European cities during the epidemic outbreaks of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>; these rats were used as transport hosts. Another zoonotic disease linked to the rat is <a href="/wiki/Foot-and-mouth_disease" title="Foot-and-mouth disease">foot-and-mouth disease</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rats become sexually mature at age 6 weeks, but reach social maturity at about 5 to 6 months of age. The average lifespan of rats varies by species, but many only live about a year due to predation.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The black and brown rats diverged from other <a href="/wiki/Murinae" title="Murinae">Old World rats</a> in the forests of Asia during the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rat_tails">Rat tails</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ratt_tail_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Ratt_tail_detail.jpg/250px-Ratt_tail_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Ratt_tail_detail.jpg/330px-Ratt_tail_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Ratt_tail_detail.jpg/440px-Ratt_tail_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="465" data-file-height="304" /></a><figcaption>A closeup of a rat tail</figcaption></figure> <p>The characteristic long tail of most rodents is a feature that has been extensively studied in various rat species models, which suggest three primary functions of this structure: <a href="/wiki/Thermoregulation" title="Thermoregulation">thermoregulation</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> minor <a href="/wiki/Proprioception" title="Proprioception">proprioception</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Nocifensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Nocifensive">nocifensive</a>-mediated <a href="/wiki/Degloving" title="Degloving">degloving</a> response.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rodent tails—particularly in rat models—have been implicated with a thermoregulation function that follows from its anatomical construction. This particular tail morphology is evident across the family Muridae, in contrast to the bushier tails of <a href="/wiki/Squirrel" title="Squirrel">Sciuridae</a>, the squirrel family. The tail is hairless and thin skinned but highly vascularized, thus allowing for efficient <a href="/wiki/Countercurrent_heat_exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Countercurrent heat exchange">countercurrent heat exchange</a> with the environment. The high <a href="/wiki/Muscular_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscular tissue">muscular</a> and <a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue" title="Connective tissue">connective tissue</a> densities of the tail, along with ample muscle attachment sites along its plentiful <a href="/wiki/Caudal_vertebrae" title="Caudal vertebrae">caudal vertebrae</a>, facilitate specific proprioceptive senses to help orient the rodent in a three-dimensional environment.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Murids have evolved a unique defense mechanism termed <i>degloving</i> that allows for escape from predation through the loss of the outermost <a href="/wiki/Integument" title="Integument">integumentary</a> layer on the tail. However, this mechanism is associated with multiple <a href="/wiki/Pathologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathologies">pathologies</a> that have been the subject of investigation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Murid_Tail_Microscopy_Cross_Section.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Murid_Tail_Microscopy_Cross_Section.jpg/250px-Murid_Tail_Microscopy_Cross_Section.jpg" decoding="async" width="219" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Murid_Tail_Microscopy_Cross_Section.jpg/330px-Murid_Tail_Microscopy_Cross_Section.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Murid_Tail_Microscopy_Cross_Section.jpg/500px-Murid_Tail_Microscopy_Cross_Section.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Microscopic cross section of <i>Rattus rattus</i> tail, delineating tendon bundles, vasculature, and vertebral canal.</figcaption></figure> <p>Multiple studies have explored the thermoregulatory capacity of rodent tails by subjecting test organisms to varying levels of physical activity and quantifying <a href="/wiki/Thermal_conduction" title="Thermal conduction">heat conduction</a> via the animals' tails. One study demonstrated a significant disparity in <a href="/wiki/Heat_dissipation" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat dissipation">heat dissipation</a> from a rat's tail relative to its abdomen.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This observation was attributed to the higher proportion of <a href="/wiki/Vascularity" title="Vascularity">vascularity</a> in the tail, as well as its higher <a href="/wiki/Surface-area-to-volume_ratio" title="Surface-area-to-volume ratio">surface-area-to-volume ratio</a>, which directly relates to heat's ability to dissipate via the skin. These findings were confirmed in a separate study analyzing the relationships of heat storage and <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_efficiency" title="Mechanical efficiency">mechanical efficiency</a> in rodents that exercise in warm environments. In this study, the tail was a focal point in measuring heat accumulation and modulation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On the other hand, the tail's ability to function as a proprioceptive sensor and modulator has also been investigated. As aforementioned, the tail demonstrates a high degree of muscularization and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Innervation" class="mw-redirect" title="Innervation">innervation</a> that ostensibly collaborate in orienting the organism.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically, this is accomplished by coordinated <a href="/wiki/Flexion" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexion">flexion</a> and extension of tail muscles to produce slight shifts in the organism's <a href="/wiki/Center_of_mass" title="Center of mass">center of mass</a>, orientation, etc., which ultimately assists it with achieving a state of proprioceptive balance in its environment. Further mechanobiological investigations of the constituent <a href="/wiki/Tendon" title="Tendon">tendons</a> in the tail of the rat have identified multiple factors that influence how the organism navigates its environment with this structure. A particular example is that of a study in which the morphology of these tendons is explicated in detail.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Namely, <a href="/wiki/Viability_assay" title="Viability assay">cell viability tests</a> of tendons of the rat's tail demonstrate a higher proportion of living <a href="/wiki/Fibroblast" title="Fibroblast">fibroblasts</a> that produce the <a href="/wiki/Collagen" title="Collagen">collagen</a> for these fibers. As in humans, these tendons contain a high density of <a href="/wiki/Golgi_tendon_organ" title="Golgi tendon organ">golgi tendon organs</a> that help the animal assess stretching of muscle <a href="/wiki/In_situ" title="In situ">in situ</a> and adjust accordingly by relaying the information to higher <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_cortex" title="Cerebral cortex">cortical</a> areas associated with balance, proprioception, and movement.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The characteristic tail of murids also displays a unique defense mechanism known as <i><a href="/wiki/Degloving" title="Degloving">degloving</a></i> in which the outer layer of the integument can be detached in order to facilitate the animal's escape from a predator. This evolutionary selective pressure has persisted despite a multitude of <a href="/wiki/Pathologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathologies">pathologies</a> that can manifest upon <a href="/wiki/Shedding_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shedding (biology)">shedding</a> part of the tail and exposing more interior elements to the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paramount among these are <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacterial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">viral</a> infection, as the high density of <a href="/wiki/Vascular_tissue" title="Vascular tissue">vascular tissue</a> within the tail becomes exposed upon <a href="/wiki/Avulsion_injury" title="Avulsion injury">avulsion</a> or similar injury to the structure. The degloving response is a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nocifensive" class="extiw" title="wikt:nocifensive">nocifensive</a> response, meaning that it occurs when the animal is subjected to <a href="/wiki/Acute_pain" class="mw-redirect" title="Acute pain">acute pain</a>, such as when a predator snatches the organism by the tail.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_pets">As pets</h2></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Pets"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fancy_rat" title="Fancy rat">Fancy rat</a></div> <p>Domesticated rats, selectively bred for specific traits, have been kept as pets since at least the late 19th century. Pet rats are most commonly domesticated variants of the <a href="/wiki/Brown_rat" title="Brown rat">brown rat</a> (<i>Rattus norvegicus</i>), though other species, such as the <a href="/wiki/Black_rat" title="Black rat">black rat</a> (<i>Rattus rattus</i>) and the <a href="/wiki/Giant_pouched_rat" title="Giant pouched rat">giant pouched rat</a> (<i>Cricetomys</i> spp.), are also occasionally kept. Pet rats behave differently from their wild counterparts depending on how many generations they have been kept as pets.<sup id="cite_ref-NaturalSelection_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NaturalSelection-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pet rats do not pose any more of a risk of <a href="/wiki/Zoonotic_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoonotic disease">zoonotic diseases</a> than pets such as <a href="/wiki/Cat" title="Cat">cats</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">dogs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zoonoses_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zoonoses-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tamed rats are generally friendly and can be taught to perform selected behaviors. </p><p>Selective breeding has brought about different color and marking varieties in rats. Genetic mutations have also created different fur types, such as rex and hairless. Congenital malformation in selective breeding have created the dumbo rat, a popular pet choice due to their low, saucer-shaped ears.<sup id="cite_ref-DumboCongenital_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DumboCongenital-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A breeding standard exists for rat fanciers wishing to breed and show their rat at a rat show.<sup id="cite_ref-afrmastandard_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-afrmastandard-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_subjects_for_scientific_research">As subjects for scientific research</h2></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Subjects_for_scientific_research"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Laboratory_rat" title="Laboratory rat">Laboratory rat</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rat_diabetic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Rat_diabetic.jpg/250px-Rat_diabetic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Rat_diabetic.jpg/330px-Rat_diabetic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Rat_diabetic.jpg/500px-Rat_diabetic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>A laboratory rat strain, known as a <a href="/wiki/Zucker_rat" class="mw-redirect" title="Zucker rat">Zucker rat</a>, bred to be genetically prone to <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus">diabetes</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_disorder" title="Metabolic disorder">metabolic disorder</a> also found among humans.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1895, <a href="/wiki/Clark_University" title="Clark University">Clark University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Worcester,_Massachusetts" title="Worcester, Massachusetts">Worcester, Massachusetts</a>, established a population of domestic <a href="/wiki/Albino" class="mw-redirect" title="Albino">albino</a> brown rats to study the effects of diet and for other <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiological</a> studies.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Over the years, rats have been used in many experimental studies, adding to our understanding of <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">diseases</a>, the effects of <a href="/wiki/Drug" title="Drug">drugs</a>, and other topics that have provided a great benefit for the <a href="/wiki/Health" title="Health">health</a> and wellbeing of humankind.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Aortic_arch" title="Aortic arch">aortic arches</a> of the rat are among the most commonly studied in murine models due to marked <a href="/wiki/Comparative_anatomy" title="Comparative anatomy">anatomical homology</a> to the human <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiovascular system">cardiovascular system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Casteleynetal2017_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Casteleynetal2017-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both rat and human aortic arches exhibit subsequent branching of the <a href="/wiki/Brachiocephalic_trunk" class="mw-redirect" title="Brachiocephalic trunk">brachiocephalic trunk</a>, left <a href="/wiki/Common_carotid_artery" title="Common carotid artery">common carotid artery</a>, and left <a href="/wiki/Subclavian_artery" title="Subclavian artery">subclavian artery</a>, as well as geometrically similar, nonplanar curvature in the <a href="/wiki/Aorta#Aortic_arch" title="Aorta">aortic branches</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Casteleynetal2017_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Casteleynetal2017-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aortic arches studied in rats exhibit abnormalities similar to those of humans, including altered <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_arteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonary arteries">pulmonary arteries</a> and double or absent aortic arches.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite existing anatomical analogy in the inthrathoracic position of the heart itself, the murine model of the heart and its structures remains a valuable tool for studies of human cardiovascular conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-Casteleynetal2017_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Casteleynetal2017-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rat's larynx has been used in experimentations that involve inhalation toxicity, allograft rejection, and irradiation responses. One experiment described four features of the rat's larynx. The first being the location and attachments of the thyroarytenoid muscle, the alar cricoarytenoid muscle, and the superior cricoarytenoid muscle, the other of the newly named muscle that ran from the arytenoid to a midline tubercle on the cricoid. The newly named muscles were not seen in the human larynx. In addition, the location and configuration of the laryngeal alar cartilage was described. The second feature was that the way the newly named muscles appear to be familiar to those in the human larynx. The third feature was that a clear understanding of how MEPs are distributed in each of the laryngeal muscles was helpful in understanding the effects of botulinum toxin injection. The MEPs in the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle, lateral cricoarytenoid muscle, cricothyroid muscle, and superior cricoarytenoid muscle were focused mostly at the midbelly. In addition, the medial thyroarytenoid muscle were focused at the midbelly while the lateral thyroarytenoid muscle MEPs were focused at the anterior third of the belly. The fourth and final feature that was cleared up was how the MEPs were distributed in the thyroarytenoid muscle.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Laboratory rats have also proved valuable in psychological studies of learning and other mental processes (Barnett 2002), as well as to understand <a href="/wiki/Group_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Group behavior">group behavior</a> and overcrowding (with the work of <a href="/wiki/John_B._Calhoun" title="John B. Calhoun">John B. Calhoun</a> on <a href="/wiki/Behavioral_sink" title="Behavioral sink">behavioral sink</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2007 study found rats to possess <a href="/wiki/Metacognition" title="Metacognition">metacognition</a>, a mental ability previously only documented in humans and some <a href="/wiki/Primates" class="mw-redirect" title="Primates">primates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Domestic rats differ from wild rats in many ways. They are calmer and less likely to bite; they can tolerate greater crowding; they breed earlier and produce more offspring; and their <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">livers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidneys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adrenal_gland" title="Adrenal gland">adrenal glands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">hearts</a> are smaller (Barnett 2002). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Brown_rat" title="Brown rat">Brown rats</a> are often used as <a href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">model organisms</a> for scientific research. Since the publication of the rat <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</a> sequence,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other advances, such as the creation of a rat <a href="/wiki/SNP_genotyping" title="SNP genotyping">SNP chip</a>, and the production of <a href="/wiki/Knockout_rats" class="mw-redirect" title="Knockout rats">knockout rats</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Laboratory_rat" title="Laboratory rat">laboratory rat</a> has become a useful genetic tool, although not as popular as <a href="/wiki/Mice" class="mw-redirect" title="Mice">mice</a>. Entirely new <a href="/wiki/Breed" title="Breed">breeds</a> or "lines" of brown rats, such as the <a href="/wiki/Wistar_rat" class="mw-redirect" title="Wistar rat">Wistar rat</a>, have been bred for use in laboratories. Much of the genome of <i>Rattus norvegicus</i> has been sequenced.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When it comes to conducting tests related to <a href="/wiki/Intelligence" title="Intelligence">intelligence</a>, learning, and <a href="/wiki/Drug_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug abuse">drug abuse</a>, rats are a popular choice due to their high intelligence, ingenuity, <a href="/wiki/Aggressiveness" class="mw-redirect" title="Aggressiveness">aggressiveness</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Adaptability" title="Adaptability">adaptability</a>. Their <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a> seems in many ways similar to that of humans.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inspired by <a href="/wiki/B.F._Skinner" class="mw-redirect" title="B.F. Skinner">B.F. Skinner</a>’s famous box which dispensed food pellets when rats pushed a lever, photographer Augustin Lignier gave two rats periodic, unpredictable rewards for pressing a button. He likened their repeated button-pressing behaviors to people’s fascinations with digital and social media.<sup id="cite_ref-i735_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-i735-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_intelligence">General intelligence</h3></div> <p>Early studies found evidence both for and against measurable intelligence using the <a href="/wiki/G_factor_(psychometrics)" title="G factor (psychometrics)">"g factor"</a> in rats.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Part of the difficulty of understanding <a href="/wiki/Animal_cognition" title="Animal cognition">animal cognition</a>, generally, is determining what to measure.<sup id="cite_ref-Matzel2017_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matzel2017-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One aspect of intelligence is the ability to learn, which can be measured using a maze like the <a href="/wiki/T-maze" title="T-maze">T-maze</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Matzel2017_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matzel2017-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Experiments done in the 1920s showed that some rats performed better than others in maze tests, and if these rats were selectively bred, their offspring also performed better, suggesting that in rats an ability to learn was heritable in some way.<sup id="cite_ref-Matzel2017_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matzel2017-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_food">As food</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rat_meat" title="Rat meat">Rat meat</a></div> <p>Rat meat is a food that, while <a href="/wiki/Taboo_food_and_drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Taboo food and drink">taboo</a> in some cultures, is a dietary staple in others.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Working_rats">Working rats</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Working_rat" title="Working rat">Working rat</a></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Odor_detection"></span> </p><p>Rats have been used as working animals. Tasks for working rats include the sniffing of gunpowder residue, <a href="/wiki/Demining" title="Demining">demining</a>, acting and <a href="/wiki/Animal-assisted_therapy" title="Animal-assisted therapy">animal-assisted therapy</a>. Rats have a keen sense of smell and are easy to train. These characteristics have been employed, for example, by the Belgian <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">non-governmental organization</a> <a href="/wiki/APOPO" title="APOPO">APOPO</a>, which trains rats (specifically <a href="/wiki/Gambian_pouched_rat" title="Gambian pouched rat">African giant pouched rats</a>) to detect <a href="/wiki/Landmine" class="mw-redirect" title="Landmine">landmines</a> and diagnose <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> through smell.<sup id="cite_ref-Ted.com_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ted.com-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_pests">As pests</h2></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Rats_as_pests"></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rodent_Bait_Station,_Chennai,_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Rodent_Bait_Station%2C_Chennai%2C_India.jpg/250px-Rodent_Bait_Station%2C_Chennai%2C_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Rodent_Bait_Station%2C_Chennai%2C_India.jpg/330px-Rodent_Bait_Station%2C_Chennai%2C_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Rodent_Bait_Station%2C_Chennai%2C_India.jpg/500px-Rodent_Bait_Station%2C_Chennai%2C_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="516" /></a><figcaption>Rodent Bait Station, <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>, India</figcaption></figure> <p>Rats have long been considered deadly pests. Once considered a modern myth, the <a href="/wiki/Mautam" title="Mautam">rat flood</a> in India occurs every fifty years, as armies of <a href="/wiki/Bamboo_rat" title="Bamboo rat">bamboo rats</a> descend upon rural areas and devour everything in their path.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rats have long been held up as the chief villain in the spread of the <a href="/wiki/Bubonic_Plague" class="mw-redirect" title="Bubonic Plague">Bubonic Plague</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, recent studies show that rats alone could not account for the rapid spread of the disease through Europe in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Still, the <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control" class="mw-redirect" title="Centers for Disease Control">Centers for Disease Control</a> does list nearly a dozen diseases<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> directly linked to rats. </p><p>Most urban areas battle rat infestations. A 2015 study by the <a href="/wiki/American_Housing_Survey" title="American Housing Survey">American Housing Survey</a> (AHS) found that eighteen percent of homes in Philadelphia showed evidence of rodents. <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, also demonstrated significant rodent infestations.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, <a href="/wiki/Rats_in_New_York_City" title="Rats in New York City">rats in New York City</a> are famous for their size and prevalence. The urban legend that the rat population in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a> equals that of its human population was definitively refuted by Robert Sullivan in his book <i>Rats</i> but illustrates New Yorkers' awareness of the presence, and on occasion boldness and cleverness, of the rodents.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New York has specific regulations for eradicating rats; multifamily residences and commercial businesses must use a specially trained and licensed <a href="/wiki/Rat_catcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Rat catcher">rat catcher</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chicago was declared the "rattiest city" in the US by the pest control company <a href="/wiki/Orkin" title="Orkin">Orkin</a> in 2020, for the sixth consecutive time. It's followed by <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, New York, Washington, DC, and <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To help combat the problem, a Chicago animal shelter has placed more than 1000 feral cats (sterilized and vaccinated) outside of homes and businesses since 2012, where they hunt and catch rats while also providing a deterrent simply by their presence.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rats have the ability to swim up sewer pipes into toilets.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rats will infest any area that provides shelter and easy access to sources of food and water, including under sinks, near garbage, and inside walls or cabinets.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_spread_of_disease">In the spread of disease</h3></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Medicine"></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:He_Spreads_Disease_Art.IWMPST14211.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/He_Spreads_Disease_Art.IWMPST14211.jpg/250px-He_Spreads_Disease_Art.IWMPST14211.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/He_Spreads_Disease_Art.IWMPST14211.jpg/330px-He_Spreads_Disease_Art.IWMPST14211.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/He_Spreads_Disease_Art.IWMPST14211.jpg/500px-He_Spreads_Disease_Art.IWMPST14211.jpg 2x" data-file-width="868" data-file-height="1177" /></a><figcaption>World War II-era poster warning about rats as a disease vector and pest</figcaption></figure> <p>Rats can serve as <a href="/wiki/Zoonotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoonotic">zoonotic</a> vectors for certain pathogens and thus spread disease, such as <a href="/wiki/Bubonic_plague" title="Bubonic plague">bubonic plague</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lassa_fever" title="Lassa fever">Lassa fever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leptospirosis" title="Leptospirosis">leptospirosis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hantavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hantavirus">hantavirus</a> infection.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Researchers studying <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> wastewater have also cited rats as the potential source of "cryptic" <a href="/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_coronavirus_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2">SARS-CoV-2</a> lineages, due to unknown viral RNA fragments in sewage matching mutations previously shown to make SARS-CoV-2 more adept at rodent-based transmission.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rats are also associated with human <a href="/wiki/Dermatitis" title="Dermatitis">dermatitis</a> because they are frequently infested with blood feeding rodent mites such as the tropical rat mite (<i><a href="/wiki/Ornithonyssus_bacoti" title="Ornithonyssus bacoti">Ornithonyssus bacoti</a></i>) and spiny rat mite (<i>Laelaps echidnina</i>), which will opportunistically bite and feed on humans,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where the condition is known as <a href="/wiki/Rat_mite_dermatitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Rat mite dermatitis">rat mite dermatitis</a><i>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_invasive_species">As invasive species</h2></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Rats_as_invasive_species"></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rat_catching_etching_E_Landseer_SLNSW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Rat_catching_etching_E_Landseer_SLNSW.jpg/250px-Rat_catching_etching_E_Landseer_SLNSW.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Rat_catching_etching_E_Landseer_SLNSW.jpg/330px-Rat_catching_etching_E_Landseer_SLNSW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Rat_catching_etching_E_Landseer_SLNSW.jpg/500px-Rat_catching_etching_E_Landseer_SLNSW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1066" /></a><figcaption>Rat-catching, 1823, by <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Landseer" title="Edwin Landseer">Edwin Landseer</a>, engraving, published by Hurst, Robinson & Co.</figcaption></figure> <p>When introduced into locations where rats previously did not exist, they can wreak an enormous degree of <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Rattus_rattus" class="mw-redirect" title="Rattus rattus">Rattus rattus</a></i>, the <b>black rat</b>, is considered to be one of the world's worst invasive species.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also known as the <b>ship rat</b>, it has been carried worldwide as a <a href="/wiki/Stowaway" title="Stowaway">stowaway</a> on <a href="/wiki/Ship" title="Ship">seagoing vessels</a> for millennia and has usually accompanied men to any new area visited or settled by human beings by sea. Rats first got to countries such as America and Australia by stowing away on ships.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The similar species <i><a href="/wiki/Rattus_norvegicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Rattus norvegicus">Rattus norvegicus</a></i>, the <b>brown rat</b> or <b>wharf rat</b>, has also been carried worldwide by ships in recent centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ship or wharf rat has contributed to the extinction of many species of wildlife, including birds, small mammals, reptiles, invertebrates, and plants, especially on islands. <b>True rats</b> are <a href="/wiki/Omnivore" title="Omnivore">omnivorous</a>, capable of eating a wide range of plant and animal foods, and have a very high <a href="/wiki/Birth_rate" title="Birth rate">birth rate</a>. When introduced to a new area, they quickly reproduce to take advantage of the new food supply. In particular, they prey on the eggs and young of forest birds, which on isolated islands often have no other predators and thus have <a href="/wiki/Island_tameness" title="Island tameness">no fear of predators</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some experts believe that rats are to blame for between forty percent and sixty percent of all seabird and reptile extinctions, with ninety percent of those occurring on islands. Thus man has indirectly caused the extinction of many species by accidentally introducing rats to new areas.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rat-free_areas">Rat-free areas</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Rat_caged.webm/220px--Rat_caged.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="31" data-mwtitle="Rat_caged.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Rat_caged.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ef/Rat_caged.webm/Rat_caged.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Rat_caged.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ef/Rat_caged.webm/Rat_caged.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ef/Rat_caged.webm/Rat_caged.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ef/Rat_caged.webm/Rat_caged.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ef/Rat_caged.webm/Rat_caged.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Rat trapped in a cage</figcaption></figure> <p>Rats are found in nearly all areas of Earth which are inhabited by human beings. The only rat-free continent is <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>, which is too cold for rat survival outdoors, and its lack of human habitation does not provide buildings to shelter them from the weather. However, rats have been introduced to many of the islands near Antarctica, and because of their destructive effect on native flora and fauna, efforts to eradicate them are ongoing. In particular, <a href="/wiki/Bird_Island,_South_Georgia" title="Bird Island, South Georgia">Bird Island</a> (just off rat-infested <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="South Georgia Island">South Georgia Island</a>), where breeding seabirds could be badly affected if rats were introduced, is subject to special measures and regularly monitored for rat invasions.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As part of <a href="/wiki/Island_restoration" title="Island restoration">island restoration</a>, some islands' rat populations have been eradicated to protect or restore the <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecology</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hawadax_Island,_Alaska" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawadax Island, Alaska">Hawadax Island, Alaska</a> was declared rat free after 229 years<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Campbell_Island,_New_Zealand" title="Campbell Island, New Zealand">Campbell Island, New Zealand</a> after almost 200 years.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Breaksea_Island_(Fiordland)" title="Breaksea Island (Fiordland)">Breaksea Island</a> in New Zealand was declared rat free in 1988 after an eradication campaign based on a successful trial on the smaller Hawea Island nearby.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2015, an international "Rat Team" (organized by the South Georgia Heritage Trust) set sail from the <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a> for the <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="British Overseas Territory">British Overseas Territory</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a> on board a ship carrying three helicopters and 100 tons of rat poison with the objective of "reclaiming the island for its seabirds". Rats had wiped out more than 90% of the seabirds on South Georgia, and the sponsors hoped that once the rats were gone, it would regain its former status as home to the greatest concentration of seabirds in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Canadian province of <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a> is notable for being the largest inhabited area on Earth which is free of true rats due to very aggressive government rat control policies. It has large numbers of native <a href="/wiki/Pack_rat" title="Pack rat">pack rats</a>, also called bushy-tailed wood rats, but they are forest-dwelling vegetarians which are much less destructive than true rats.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alberta was settled by Europeans relatively late in North American history and only became a province in 1905. Black rats cannot survive in its climate at all, and brown rats must live near people and in their structures to survive the winters. There are numerous predators in Canada's vast natural areas which will eat non-native rats, so it took until 1950 for invading rats to make their way over land from Eastern Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Immediately upon their arrival at the eastern border with <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a>, the Alberta government implemented an extremely aggressive rat control program to stop them from advancing further. A systematic detection and eradication system was used throughout a control zone about 600 kilometres (400 mi) long and 30 kilometres (20 mi) wide along the eastern border<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="location on Sask. or Alta. border? (December 2024)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> to eliminate rat infestations before the rats could spread further into the province. Shotguns, bulldozers, high explosives, poison gas, and incendiaries were used to destroy rats. Numerous farm buildings were destroyed in the process. Initially, tons of <a href="/wiki/Arsenic_trioxide" title="Arsenic trioxide">arsenic trioxide</a> were spread around thousands of farm yards to poison rats, but soon after the program commenced the <a href="/wiki/Rodenticide" title="Rodenticide">rodenticide</a> and medical drug <a href="/wiki/Warfarin" title="Warfarin">warfarin</a> was introduced, which is much safer for people and more effective at killing rats than arsenic.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Forceful government control measures, strong public support and enthusiastic citizen participation continue to keep rat infestations to a minimum.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The effectiveness has been aided by a similar but newer program in Saskatchewan which prevents rats from even reaching the Alberta border. Alberta still employs an armed rat patrol to control rats along Alberta's borders. About ten single rats are found and killed per year, and occasionally a large localized infestation has to be dug out with heavy machinery, but the number of permanent rat infestations is zero.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_culture">In culture</h2></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Culture"></span> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Romans" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Romans">Ancient Romans</a> did not generally differentiate between rats and mice, instead referring to the former as <i>mus maximus</i> (big mouse) and the latter as <i>mus minimus</i> (little mouse).<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a>, there is a <a href="/wiki/Taboo" title="Taboo">taboo</a> against the word "<a href="/wiki/Longtail_(rat)" title="Longtail (rat)">rat</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asian_cultures">Asian cultures</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rat_(zodiac)" title="Rat (zodiac)">Rat (zodiac)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:5_Rat_and_bat_pendant_TT-26.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/5_Rat_and_bat_pendant_TT-26.jpg/250px-5_Rat_and_bat_pendant_TT-26.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/5_Rat_and_bat_pendant_TT-26.jpg/330px-5_Rat_and_bat_pendant_TT-26.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/5_Rat_and_bat_pendant_TT-26.jpg/500px-5_Rat_and_bat_pendant_TT-26.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2927" data-file-height="3759" /></a><figcaption>Chinese zodiac pendant with 5 rats climbing <a href="/wiki/Ruyi_(scepter)" title="Ruyi (scepter)">ruyi</a>, bat at top of pendant</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Two_mice,_Viet_-_Vietnam_Museum_of_Ethnology_-_Hanoi,_Vietnam_-_DSC02599.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Two_mice%2C_Viet_-_Vietnam_Museum_of_Ethnology_-_Hanoi%2C_Vietnam_-_DSC02599.JPG/250px-Two_mice%2C_Viet_-_Vietnam_Museum_of_Ethnology_-_Hanoi%2C_Vietnam_-_DSC02599.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Two_mice%2C_Viet_-_Vietnam_Museum_of_Ethnology_-_Hanoi%2C_Vietnam_-_DSC02599.JPG/330px-Two_mice%2C_Viet_-_Vietnam_Museum_of_Ethnology_-_Hanoi%2C_Vietnam_-_DSC02599.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Two_mice%2C_Viet_-_Vietnam_Museum_of_Ethnology_-_Hanoi%2C_Vietnam_-_DSC02599.JPG/500px-Two_mice%2C_Viet_-_Vietnam_Museum_of_Ethnology_-_Hanoi%2C_Vietnam_-_DSC02599.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4529" data-file-height="3226" /></a><figcaption>Two mice, Vietnam Museum of Ethnology - Hanoi</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chu%E1%BB%99t_r%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_%C4%91%C3%A8n.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Chu%E1%BB%99t_r%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_%C4%91%C3%A8n.JPG/250px-Chu%E1%BB%99t_r%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_%C4%91%C3%A8n.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Chu%E1%BB%99t_r%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_%C4%91%C3%A8n.JPG/330px-Chu%E1%BB%99t_r%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_%C4%91%C3%A8n.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Chu%E1%BB%99t_r%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_%C4%91%C3%A8n.JPG/500px-Chu%E1%BB%99t_r%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_%C4%91%C3%A8n.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1681" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><i>Chuột rước đèn</i> (The mouse carries the lamp), Vietnamese <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%B4ng_H%E1%BB%93_painting" title="Đông Hồ painting">Đông Hồ painting</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The rat (sometimes referred to as a mouse) is the first of the twelve animals of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_zodiac" title="Chinese zodiac">Chinese zodiac</a>. People born in this year are expected to possess qualities associated with rats, including creativity, intelligence, honesty, generosity, ambition, a quick temper and wastefulness. People born in a year of the rat are said to get along well with "monkeys" and "dragons", and to get along poorly with "horses". </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rat_temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Rat_temple.jpg/220px-Rat_temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Rat_temple.jpg/330px-Rat_temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Rat_temple.jpg/440px-Rat_temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="495" /></a><figcaption>Indigenous rats are allowed to run freely throughout the <a href="/wiki/Karni_Mata_Temple" title="Karni Mata Temple">Karni Mata Temple</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In Indian tradition, rats are seen as the vehicle of <a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a>, and a rat's statue is always found in a temple of Ganesh. In the northwestern Indian city of <a href="/wiki/Deshnoke" title="Deshnoke">Deshnoke</a>, the rats at the <a href="/wiki/Karni_Mata_Temple" title="Karni Mata Temple">Karni Mata Temple</a> are held to be destined for <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">reincarnation</a> as <a href="/wiki/Sadhu" title="Sadhu">Sadhus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> holy men). The attending priests feed milk and grain to the rats, of which the pilgrims also partake. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_cultures">European cultures</h3></div> <p>European associations with the rat are generally negative. For instance, "Rats!" is used as a substitute for various vulgar <a href="/wiki/Interjection" title="Interjection">interjections</a> in the English language. These associations do not draw, <i>per se</i>, from any biological or behavioral trait of the rat, but possibly from the association of rats (and <a href="/wiki/Fleas" class="mw-redirect" title="Fleas">fleas</a>) with the 14th-century medieval plague called the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a>. Rats are seen as vicious, unclean, parasitic animals that steal food and spread disease. In 1522, the rats in <a href="/wiki/Autun" title="Autun">Autun</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> were charged and put on <a href="/wiki/Animal_trial" title="Animal trial">trial</a> for destroying crops.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some people in European cultures keep <a href="/wiki/Fancy_rat" title="Fancy rat">rats as pets</a> and conversely find them to be tame, clean, intelligent, and playful. </p><p>Rats are often used in scientific <a href="/wiki/Experiment" title="Experiment">experiments</a>; <a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">animal rights</a> activists allege the treatment of rats in this context is cruel. The term "lab rat" is used, typically in a self-effacing manner, to describe a person whose job function requires them to spend a majority of their work time engaged in bench-level research (such as <a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">postgraduate students</a> in the sciences). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Terminology">Terminology</h4></div> <p>Rats are frequently blamed for damaging food supplies and other goods, or spreading disease. Their reputation has carried into common parlance: in the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a>, "rat" is often an insult or is generally used to signify an unscrupulous character; it is also used, as a synonym for the term <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nark" class="extiw" title="wikt:nark">nark</a></i>, to mean an individual who works as a police <a href="/wiki/Informant" title="Informant">informant</a> or who has turned <a href="/wiki/State%27s_evidence" class="mw-redirect" title="State's evidence">state's evidence</a>. Writer/director <a href="/wiki/Preston_Sturges" title="Preston Sturges">Preston Sturges</a> created the humorous alias "Ratskywatsky" for a soldier who seduced, impregnated, and abandoned the heroine of his 1944 film, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Miracle_of_Morgan%27s_Creek" title="The Miracle of Morgan's Creek">The Miracle of Morgan's Creek</a></i>. It is a term (<a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">noun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verb</a>) in criminal slang for an <a href="/wiki/Informant" title="Informant">informant</a> – "to rat on someone" is to betray them by informing the authorities of a <a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">crime</a> or misdeed they committed. Describing a person as "rat-like" usually implies he or she is unattractive and suspicious. </p><p>Among <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade unions</a>, the word "rat" is also a term for nonunion employers or breakers of union contracts, and this is why unions use <a href="/wiki/Inflatable_rat" title="Inflatable rat">inflatable rats</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fiction">Fiction</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fancy_rat#Fiction" title="Fancy rat">Fancy rat § Fiction</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alaska_Death_Trap.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Alaska_Death_Trap.jpg/170px-Alaska_Death_Trap.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Alaska_Death_Trap.jpg/255px-Alaska_Death_Trap.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Alaska_Death_Trap.jpg/340px-Alaska_Death_Trap.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1120" data-file-height="1448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japan">Imperial Japan</a> depicted as a rat in a <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> United States Navy propaganda poster.</figcaption></figure> <p>Depictions of rats in fiction are historically inaccurate and negative. The most common falsehood is the squeaking almost always heard in otherwise realistic portrayals (i.e. non<a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropomorphic">anthropomorphic</a>). While the recordings may be of actual squeaking rats, the noise is uncommon – they may do so only if distressed, hurt, or annoyed. Normal vocalizations are very high-pitched, well outside the range of human hearing. Rats are also often cast in vicious and aggressive roles when in fact, their shyness helps keep them undiscovered for so long in an infested home. </p><p>The actual portrayals of rats vary from negative to positive with a majority in the negative and ambiguous.<sup id="cite_ref-clute_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clute-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rat plays a villain in several mouse societies; from Brian Jacques's <i><a href="/wiki/Redwall" title="Redwall">Redwall</a></i> and Robin Jarvis's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Deptford_Mice" title="The Deptford Mice">The Deptford Mice</a></i>, to the roles of Disney's <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Mouse_Detective#Voice_cast" title="The Great Mouse Detective">Professor Ratigan</a> and Kate DiCamillo's <a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_Despereaux" title="The Tale of Despereaux">Roscuro</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Tale_of_Despereaux_(film)" title="The Tale of Despereaux (film)">Botticelli</a>. They have often been used as a mechanism in horror; being the titular evil in stories like <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rats_(novel)" title="The Rats (novel)">The Rats</a></i> or H.P. Lovecraft's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rats_in_the_Walls" title="The Rats in the Walls">The Rats in the Walls</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-clute_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clute-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in films like <i><a href="/wiki/Willard_(1971_film)" title="Willard (1971 film)">Willard</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ben_(1972_film)" title="Ben (1972 film)">Ben</a></i>. Another terrifying use of rats is as a method of <a href="/wiki/Rat_torture" title="Rat torture">torture</a>, for instance in <a href="/wiki/Room_101" class="mw-redirect" title="Room 101">Room 101</a> in George Orwell's <i><a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four">Nineteen Eighty-Four</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/The_Pit_and_the_Pendulum" title="The Pit and the Pendulum">The Pit and the Pendulum</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a>. </p><p>Selfish helpfulness —those willing to help for a price— has also been attributed to fictional rats.<sup id="cite_ref-clute_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-clute-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Templeton, from E. B. White's <i><a href="/wiki/Charlotte%27s_Web" title="Charlotte's Web">Charlotte's Web</a></i>, repeatedly reminds the other characters that he is only involved because it means more food for him, and the cellar-rat of John Masefield's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Midnight_Folk" title="The Midnight Folk">The Midnight Folk</a></i> requires bribery to be of any assistance. </p><p>By contrast, the rats appearing in the <a href="/wiki/Doctor_Dolittle" title="Doctor Dolittle">Doctor Dolittle</a> books tend to be highly positive and likeable characters, many of whom tell their remarkable life stories in the Mouse and Rat Club established by the animal-loving doctor. </p><p>Some fictional works use rats as the main characters. Notable examples include the society created by O'Brien's <i><a href="/wiki/Mrs._Frisby_and_the_Rats_of_NIMH" title="Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH">Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH</a></i>, and others include <i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Rat" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor Rat">Doctor Rat</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Rizzo_the_Rat" title="Rizzo the Rat">Rizzo the Rat</a> from <a href="/wiki/The_Muppets" title="The Muppets">The Muppets</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pixar" title="Pixar">Pixar</a>'s 2007 animated film <i><a href="/wiki/Ratatouille_(film)" title="Ratatouille (film)">Ratatouille</a></i> is about a rat described by <a href="/wiki/Roger_Ebert" title="Roger Ebert">Roger Ebert</a> as "earnest... lovable, determined, [and] gifted" who lives with a Parisian garbage-boy-turned-chef.<sup id="cite_ref-ebert_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebert-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Mon_oncle_d%27Am%C3%A9rique" class="mw-redirect" title="Mon oncle d'Amérique">Mon oncle d'Amérique</a></i> ("<i>My American Uncle</i>"), a 1980 <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_France" title="Cinema of France">French film</a>, illustrates <a href="/wiki/Henri_Laborit" title="Henri Laborit">Henri Laborit</a>'s theories on <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">evolutionary psychology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_behavior" title="Human behavior">human behaviors</a> by using short sequences in the storyline showing lab rat experiments. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Harry_Turtledove" title="Harry Turtledove">Harry Turtledove</a>'s science fiction novel <i><a href="/wiki/Homeward_Bound_(Turtledove_novel)" title="Homeward Bound (Turtledove novel)">Homeward Bound</a></i>, humans unintentionally introduce rats to the ecology at the home world of an alien race which previously invaded Earth and introduced some of its own fauna into its environment. <a href="/wiki/A._Bertram_Chandler" title="A. Bertram Chandler">A. Bertram Chandler</a> pitted the space-bound protagonist of a long series of novels, Commodore Grimes, against giant, intelligent rats who took over several stellar systems and enslaved their human inhabitants. "<a href="/wiki/The_Stainless_Steel_Rat" title="The Stainless Steel Rat">The Stainless Steel Rat</a>" is nickname of the (human) protagonist of a series of humorous <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> <a href="/wiki/Novels" class="mw-redirect" title="Novels">novels</a> written by <a href="/wiki/Harry_Harrison_(writer)" title="Harry Harrison (writer)">Harry Harrison</a>. </p><p>Wererats, <a href="/wiki/Therianthropic" class="mw-redirect" title="Therianthropic">therianthropic</a> creatures able to take the shape of a rat,<sup id="cite_ref-MC1_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MC1-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have appeared in the fantasy or horror genre since the 1970s. The term is a neologism coined in analogy to <a href="/wiki/Werewolf" title="Werewolf">werewolf</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The concept has since become common in <a href="/wiki/Role_playing_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Role playing game">role playing games</a> like <i><a href="/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons" title="Dungeons & Dragons">Dungeons & Dragons</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-MC1_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MC1-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and fantasy fiction like the <i><a href="/wiki/Anita_Blake:_Vampire_Hunter" title="Anita Blake: Vampire Hunter">Anita Blake</a></i> series.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Pied_Piper">The Pied Piper</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pied_Piper_of_Hamelin" title="Pied Piper of Hamelin">Pied Piper of Hamelin</a></div> <p>One of the oldest and most historic stories about rats is "<a href="/wiki/The_Pied_Piper_of_Hamelin" class="mw-redirect" title="The Pied Piper of Hamelin">The Pied Piper of Hamelin</a>", in which a <a href="/wiki/Rat-catcher" title="Rat-catcher">rat-catcher</a> leads away an infestation with enchanted music.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The piper is later refused payment, so he in turn leads away the town's children. This tale, traced to <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> around the late 13th century, has inspired adaptations in film, theatre, literature, and even opera. The subject of much research, some theories have intertwined the tale with events related to the <a href="/wiki/Black_Plague" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Plague">Black Plague</a>, in which <a href="/wiki/Black_rat" title="Black rat">black rats</a> played an important role. Fictional works based on the tale that focus heavily on the rat aspect include Pratchett's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Amazing_Maurice_and_his_Educated_Rodents" class="mw-redirect" title="The Amazing Maurice and his Educated Rodents">The Amazing Maurice and his Educated Rodents</a></i>, and Belgian graphic novel <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Bal_du_Rat_Mort&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Le Bal du Rat Mort (page does not exist)">Le Bal du Rat Mort</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Bal_du_Rat_Mort" class="extiw" title="fr:Le Bal du Rat Mort">fr</a>]</span></i> (<i>The Ball of the Dead Rat</i>). Furthermore, a linguistic phenomenon when a wh-expression drags with it an entire encompassing phrase to the front of the clause has been named <a href="/wiki/Pied-piping" title="Pied-piping">pied-piping</a> after "Pied Piper of Hamlin" (see also <a href="/wiki/Pied-piping_with_inversion" title="Pied-piping with inversion">pied-piping with inversion</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_rat_hole" title="Chicago rat hole">Chicago rat hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_rodents" title="List of fictional rodents">List of fictional rodents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rat-baiting" title="Rat-baiting">Rat-baiting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rat_king" title="Rat king">Rat king</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodentology" title="Rodentology">Rodentology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rat_Guard" title="Rat Guard">Rat Guard</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/blog/rat-fact-sheet/">"Rat Fact Sheet"</a>. <i>Nature</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/agdex816">the original</a> on 26 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rat+Control+in+Alberta&rft.pub=Alberta+Department+of+Agriculture+and+Rural+Development&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.agric.gov.ab.ca%2F%24department%2Fdeptdocs.nsf%2Fall%2Fagdex816&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGiovannetti2015" class="citation news cs1">Giovannetti, Justin (26 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/on-the-frontlines-of-albertas-war-against-rats/article27504057/">"On the frontlines of Alberta's war against rats"</a>. Toronto Globe and Mail. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170122205721/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/on-the-frontlines-of-albertas-war-against-rats/article27504057/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=On+the+frontlines+of+Alberta%27s+war+against+rats&rft.date=2015-11-26&rft.aulast=Giovannetti&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fon-the-frontlines-of-albertas-war-against-rats%2Farticle27504057%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190202042429/https://www.wigantoday.net/news/opinion/nature-notes-mus-maximus-1-173573">"NATURE NOTES: Mus Maximus"</a>. <i>www.wigantoday.net</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wigantoday.net/news/opinion/nature-notes-mus-maximus-1-173573">the original</a> on 2019-02-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-02-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wigantoday.net&rft.atitle=NATURE+NOTES%3A+Mus+Maximus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wigantoday.net%2Fnews%2Fopinion%2Fnature-notes-mus-maximus-1-173573&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eyers, Jonathan (2011). <i>Don't Shoot the Albatross!: Nautical Myths and Superstitions</i>. A&C Black, London, UK. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-3131-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-3131-2">978-1-4081-3131-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacKinnon2023" class="citation web cs1">MacKinnon, J. B. (September 26, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231003061426/https://hakaimagazine.com/features/in-defense-of-the-rat/">"In Defense of the Rat"</a>. <i>hakaimagazine.com</i>. Hakai Magazine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hakaimagazine.com/features/in-defense-of-the-rat/">the original</a> on October 3, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 8,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hakaimagazine.com&rft.atitle=In+Defense+of+the+Rat&rft.date=2023-09-26&rft.aulast=MacKinnon&rft.aufirst=J.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhakaimagazine.com%2Ffeatures%2Fin-defense-of-the-rat%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130520200437/http://nj.npri.org/nj98/07/power%26privilege.htm">"Nevada Journal: Louts and the Rat World"</a>. Nj.npri.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nj.npri.org/nj98/07/power&privilege.htm">the original</a> on 2013-05-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-09-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nevada+Journal%3A+Louts+and+the+Rat+World&rft.pub=Nj.npri.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnj.npri.org%2Fnj98%2F07%2Fpower%26privilege.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-clute-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-clute_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-clute_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-clute_78-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCluteJohn_Grant1999" class="citation book cs1">Clute, John; John Grant (March 15, 1999). <i>The Encyclopedia of Fantasy</i>. St. Martin's Griffin. p. 642. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-19869-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-19869-5"><bdi>978-0-312-19869-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Fantasy&rft.pages=642&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Griffin&rft.date=1999-03-15&rft.isbn=978-0-312-19869-5&rft.aulast=Clute&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=John+Grant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ebert-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ebert_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEbert2008" class="citation book cs1">Ebert, Roger (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v43dJNPMJIkC&pg=PA637"><i>Roger Ebert's Four-Star Reviews 1967–2007</i></a>. Andrews McMeel Publishing. p. 637. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7407-7179-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7407-7179-8"><bdi>978-0-7407-7179-8</bdi></a>. <q>Remy, the earnest little rat who is its hero, is such a lovable, determined, gifted rodent that I want to know what happens to him next, now that he has conquered the summit of French cuisine.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roger+Ebert%27s+Four-Star+Reviews+1967%E2%80%932007&rft.pages=637&rft.pub=Andrews+McMeel+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7407-7179-8&rft.aulast=Ebert&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv43dJNPMJIkC%26pg%3DPA637&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MC1-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MC1_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MC1_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavid_"Zeb"_CookSteve_WinterJon_PickensJay_Battista1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_%22Zeb%22_Cook" class="mw-redirect" title="David "Zeb" Cook">David "Zeb" Cook</a>; <a href="/wiki/Steve_Winter" title="Steve Winter">Steve Winter</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jon_Pickens" title="Jon Pickens">Jon Pickens</a>; et al. (1989). <i><a href="/wiki/Monstrous_Compendium" title="Monstrous Compendium">Monstrous Compendium Volume One</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/TSR,_Inc." title="TSR, Inc.">TSR, Inc.</a> <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8803-8738-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8803-8738-6"><bdi>0-8803-8738-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monstrous+Compendium+Volume+One&rft.pub=TSR%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-8803-8738-6&rft.au=David+%22Zeb%22+Cook&rft.au=Steve+Winter&rft.au=Jon+Pickens&rft.au=Jay+Battista&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gary_Gygax" title="Gary Gygax">Gygax, Gary</a> and Robert Kuntz. <i><a href="/wiki/Greyhawk_(supplement)" title="Greyhawk (supplement)">Supplement I: Greyhawk</a></i> (TSR, 1975).<br /><a href="/wiki/Gary_Gygax" title="Gary Gygax">Gygax, Gary</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Monster_Manual" title="Monster Manual">Monster Manual</a></i> (TSR, 1977).<br /><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Allston" title="Aaron Allston">Allston, Aaron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steven_Schend" title="Steven Schend">Steven E. Schend</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jon_Pickens" title="Jon Pickens">Jon Pickens</a>, and Dori Watry. <i><a href="/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons_Rules_Cyclopedia" title="Dungeons & Dragons Rules Cyclopedia">Dungeons & Dragons Rules Cyclopedia</a></i> (TSR, 1991).<br /><a href="/wiki/Ann_Dupuis" title="Ann Dupuis">Dupuis, Ann</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Night_Howlers" title="Night Howlers">Night Howlers</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/TSR,_Inc." title="TSR, Inc.">TSR</a>, 1992).<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSwan1993" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rick_Swan" title="Rick Swan">Swan, Rick</a> (April 1993). "Role-playing Reviews". <i><a href="/wiki/Dragon_(magazine)" title="Dragon (magazine)">Dragon</a></i> (#192). <a href="/wiki/Lake_Geneva,_Wisconsin" title="Lake Geneva, Wisconsin">Lake Geneva, Wisconsin</a>: <a href="/wiki/TSR,_Inc." title="TSR, Inc.">TSR</a>: 86.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dragon&rft.atitle=Role-playing+Reviews&rft.issue=%23192&rft.pages=86&rft.date=1993-04&rft.aulast=Swan&rft.aufirst=Rick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARat" class="Z3988"></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Doug_Stewart_(game_designer)" title="Doug Stewart (game designer)">Stewart, Doug</a>, ed. <i><a href="/wiki/Monstrous_Manual" class="mw-redirect" title="Monstrous Manual">Monstrous Manual</a></i> (TSR, 1993).<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1998" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson, Kristin (September 1998). "Ecology of the Wererat". <i><a href="/wiki/Dragon_(magazine)" title="Dragon (magazine)">Dragon</a></i> (251). TSR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dragon&rft.atitle=Ecology+of+the+Wererat&rft.issue=251&rft.date=1998-09&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Kristin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARat" class="Z3988"></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Skip_Williams" title="Skip Williams">Williams, Skip</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Tweet" title="Jonathan Tweet">Jonathan Tweet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Monte_Cook" title="Monte Cook">Monte Cook</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Monster_Manual" title="Monster Manual">Monster Manual</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Wizards_of_the_Coast" title="Wizards of the Coast">Wizards of the Coast</a>, 2000.<br />Poisso, Dean. "Animal Ancestry." <i><a href="/wiki/Dragon_(magazine)" title="Dragon (magazine)">Dragon</a></i> #313 (<a href="/wiki/Paizo_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Paizo Publishing">Paizo Publishing</a>, 2003).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBryan_ArmorChristine_GregoryEllen_KileySteve_Long2000" class="citation book cs1">Bryan Armor; Christine Gregory; Ellen Kiley; et al. (2000). <i>Dragons of the East</i>. <a href="/wiki/White_Wolf_Publishing,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="White Wolf Publishing, Inc.">White Wolf Publishing, Inc.</a> p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56504-428-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-56504-428-2"><bdi>1-56504-428-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dragons+of+the+East&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=White+Wolf+Publishing%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-56504-428-2&rft.au=Bryan+Armor&rft.au=Christine+Gregory&rft.au=Ellen+Kiley&rft.au=Steve+Long&rft.au=Malcolm+Sheppard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFusco2015" class="citation thesis cs1">Fusco, Virginia (2015). <i>Monstrous Figurations: Notes for a Feminist Reading</i> (Tesis doctoral). Universidad Carlos III de Madrid. pp. 4, 122.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Monstrous+Figurations%3A+Notes+for+a+Feminist+Reading&rft.inst=Universidad+Carlos+III+de+Madrid&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Fusco&rft.aufirst=Virginia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKadushin2020" class="citation web cs1">Kadushin, Raphael (3 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20200902-the-grim-truth-behind-the-pied-piper">"The grim truth behind the Pied Piper"</a>. <i>BBC Travel</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Travel&rft.atitle=The+grim+truth+behind+the+Pied+Piper&rft.date=2020-09-03&rft.aulast=Kadushin&rft.aufirst=Raphael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ftravel%2Farticle%2F20200902-the-grim-truth-behind-the-pied-piper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARat" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_and_articles_about_rats" title="List of books and articles about rats">List of books and articles about rats</a>, is a <a href="/wiki/Non-fiction" title="Non-fiction">non-fiction</a> list.</li> <li>Smith, Robert (Rat-catcher) (1786) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/74196">The universal directory for taking alive and destroying rats</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/120px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/rat" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/rat">rat</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/40px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/60px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/120px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Rats" class="extiw" title="q:Rats">Rats</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rats" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Rats">Rats</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303202127/http://brainmaps.org/index.php?p=speciesdata&species=rattus-norvegicus">High-Resolution Images of the Rat Brain</a> (archived 3 March 2016)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050429174806/http://www.anim.med.kyoto-u.ac.jp/NBR/home.htm">National Bio Resource Project for the Rat in Japan</a> (archived 29 April 2005)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ratbehavior.org/rats.html">Rat Behaviour and Biology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rgd.mcw.edu/">Rat Genome Database</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/20px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> Texts on Wikisource: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Rat" class="extiw" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Rat">Rat</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rat&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Rat" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Rat">Rat</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rat&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARat" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Rat" class="extiw" title="s:The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Rat">Rat</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana">Encyclopedia Americana</a></i>. 1920.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rat&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Americana&rft.date=1920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARat" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extant_species_of_subfamily_Murinae_(Rattus)1965" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Murinae_(Rattus)" title="Template:Murinae (Rattus)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Murinae_(Rattus)" title="Template talk:Murinae (Rattus)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Murinae_(Rattus)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Murinae (Rattus)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extant_species_of_subfamily_Murinae_(Rattus)1965" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extant species of subfamily <a href="/wiki/Murinae" title="Murinae">Murinae</a> (Rattus)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordate</a></li> <li>Class: <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a></li> <li>Superorder: <a href="/wiki/Euarchontoglires" title="Euarchontoglires">Euarchontoglires</a></li> <li>Order: <a href="/wiki/Rodent" title="Rodent">Rodentia</a></li> <li>Family: <a href="/wiki/Muridae" title="Muridae">Muridae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Abditomys</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luzon_broad-toothed_rat" title="Luzon broad-toothed rat">Luzon broad-toothed rat (<i>A. latidens</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Bandicota" title="Bandicota">Bandicota</a></i><br /><span style="font-size: 85%;"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#696969"><span class="nobold">(Bandicoot rats)</span></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_bandicoot_rat" title="Lesser bandicoot rat">Lesser bandicoot rat (<i>B. bengalensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_bandicoot_rat" title="Greater bandicoot rat">Greater bandicoot rat (<i>B. indica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savile%27s_bandicoot_rat" title="Savile's bandicoot rat">Savile's bandicoot rat (<i>B. savilei</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/White-toothed_rat" title="White-toothed rat">Berylmys</a></i><br /><span style="font-size: 85%;"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#696969"><span class="nobold">(White-toothed rats)</span></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_white-toothed_rat" title="Small white-toothed rat">Small white-toothed rat (<i>B. berdmorei</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bower%27s_white-toothed_rat" title="Bower's white-toothed rat">Bower's white-toothed rat (<i>B. bowersi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth%27s_white-toothed_rat" title="Kenneth's white-toothed rat">Kenneth's white-toothed rat (<i>B. mackenziei</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipur_white-toothed_rat" title="Manipur white-toothed rat">Manipur white-toothed rat (<i>B. manipulus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Bullimus" title="Bullimus">Bullimus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagobo_rat" title="Bagobo rat">Bagobo rat (<i>B. bagobus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camiguin_forest_rat" title="Camiguin forest rat">Camiguin forest rat (<i>B. gamay</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_Luzon_forest_rat" title="Large Luzon forest rat">Lagre Luzon forest rat (<i>B. luzonicus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Bunomys" title="Bunomys">Bunomys</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew%27s_hill_rat" title="Andrew's hill rat">Andrew's hill rat (<i>B. andrewsi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow-haired_hill_rat" title="Yellow-haired hill rat">Yellow-haired hill rat (<i>B. chrysocomus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_hill_rat" title="Heavenly hill rat">Heavenly hill rat (<i>B. coelestis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraternal_hill_rat" title="Fraternal hill rat">Fraternal hill rat (<i>B. fratrorum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karoko_hill_rat" title="Karoko hill rat">Karoko hill rat (<i>B. karokophilus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inland_hill_rat" title="Inland hill rat">Inland hill rat (<i>B. penitus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-headed_hill_rat" title="Long-headed hill rat">Long-headed hill rat (<i>B. prolatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tana_Toraja_hill_rat" title="Tana Toraja hill rat">Tana Toraja hill rat (<i>B. torajae</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Diplothrix</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_long-tailed_giant_rat" title="Ryukyu long-tailed giant rat">Ryukyu long-tailed giant rat (<i>D. legatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Kadarsanomys</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sody%27s_tree_rat" title="Sody's tree rat">Sody's tree rat (<i>K. sodyi</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Komodomys</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Komodo_rat" title="Komodo rat">Komodo rat (<i>K. rintjanus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Limnomys" title="Limnomys">Limnomys</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gray-bellied_mountain_rat" title="Gray-bellied mountain rat">Gray-bellied mountain rat (<i>L. bryophilus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindanao_mountain_rat" title="Mindanao mountain rat">Mindanao mountain rat (<i>L. sibuanus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Nesokia" title="Nesokia">Nesokia</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunn%27s_short-tailed_bandicoot_rat" title="Bunn's short-tailed bandicoot rat">Bunn's short-tailed bandicoot rat (<i>N. bunnii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short-tailed_bandicoot_rat" title="Short-tailed bandicoot rat">Short-tailed bandicoot rat (<i>N. indica</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Nesoromys</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceram_rat" title="Ceram rat">Ceram rat (<i>N. ceramicus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Palawanomys</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palawan_soft-furred_mountain_rat" title="Palawan soft-furred mountain rat">Palawan soft-furred mountain rat (<i>P. furvus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Papagomys" title="Papagomys">Papagomys</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flores_giant_rat" title="Flores giant rat">Flores giant rat (<i>P. armandvillei</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Paruromys</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sulawesi_giant_rat" title="Sulawesi giant rat">Sulawesi giant rat (<i>P. dominator</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Paulamys</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paulamys" title="Paulamys">Flores long-nosed rat (<i>P. naso</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Rattus" title="Rattus">Rattus</a></i><br /><span style="font-size: 85%;"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#696969"><span class="nobold">(Typical rats)</span></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enggano_rat" title="Enggano rat">Enggano rat (<i>R. enganus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_forest_rat" title="Philippine forest rat">Philippine forest rat (<i>R. everetti</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_rat" title="Polynesian rat">Polynesian rat (<i>R. exulans</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainald%27s_rat" class="mw-redirect" title="Hainald's rat">Hainald's rat (<i>R. hainaldi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halmahera_Island_rat" title="Halmahera Island rat">Halmahera Island rat (<i>R. halmaheraensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoogerwerf%27s_rat" title="Hoogerwerf's rat">Hoogerwerf's rat (<i>R. hoogerwerfi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korinch%27s_rat" title="Korinch's rat">Korinch's rat (<i>R. korinchi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nillu_rat" title="Nillu rat">Nillu rat (<i>R. montanus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molaccan_prehensile-tailed_rat" title="Molaccan prehensile-tailed rat">Molaccan prehensile-tailed rat (<i>R. morotaiensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_rat" title="Kerala rat">Kerala rat (<i>R. ranjiniae</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Ireland_forest_rat" title="New Ireland forest rat">New Ireland forest rat (<i>R. sanila</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_rat" title="Andaman rat">Andaman rat (<i>R. stoicus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timor_rat" title="Timor rat">Timor rat (<i>R. timorensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><i>R. norvegicus</i> group</u>: <a href="/wiki/Himalayan_field_rat" title="Himalayan field rat">Himalayan field rat (<i>R. nitidus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_rat" title="Brown rat">Brown rat (<i>R. norvegicus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkestan_rat" title="Turkestan rat">Turkestan rat (<i>R. pyctoris</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><i>R. rattus</i> group</u>: <a href="/wiki/Sunburned_rat" title="Sunburned rat">Sunburned rat (<i>R. adustus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkim_rat" title="Sikkim rat">Sikkim rat (<i>R. andamanensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricefield_rat" title="Ricefield rat">Ricefield rat (<i>R. argentiventer</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summit_rat" title="Summit rat">Summit rat (<i>R. baluensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aceh_rat" title="Aceh rat">Aceh rat (<i>R. blangorum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonsense_rat" title="Nonsense rat">Nonsense rat (<i>R. burrus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoffmann%27s_rat" title="Hoffmann's rat">Hoffmann's rat (<i>R. hoffmanni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koopman%27s_rat" title="Koopman's rat">Koopman's rat (<i>R. koopmani</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_ricefield_rat" title="Lesser ricefield rat">Lesser ricefield rat (<i>R. losea</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentawai_rat" title="Mentawai rat">Mentawai rat (<i>R. lugens</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindoro_black_rat" title="Mindoro black rat">Mindoro black rat (<i>R. mindorensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_soft-furred_rat" title="Little soft-furred rat">Little soft-furred rat (<i>R. mollicomulus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osgood%27s_rat" title="Osgood's rat">Osgood's rat (<i>R. osgoodi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_rat" title="Palm rat">Palm rat (<i>R. palmarum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_rat" title="Black rat">Black rat (<i>R. rattus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahyadris_forest_rat" title="Sahyadris forest rat">Sahyadris forest rat (<i>R. satarae</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simalur_rat" title="Simalur rat">Simalur rat (<i>R. simalurensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanezumi_rat" title="Tanezumi rat">Tanezumi rat (<i>R. tanezumi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawitawi_forest_rat" title="Tawitawi forest rat">Tawitawi forest rat (<i>R. tawitawiensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_field_rat" title="Malayan field rat">Malayan field rat (<i>R. tiomanicus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><i>R. xanthurus</i> group</u>: <a href="/wiki/Bonthain_rat" title="Bonthain rat">Bonthain rat (<i>R. bontanus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opossum_rat" title="Opossum rat">Opossum rat (<i>R. marmosurus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peleng_rat" title="Peleng rat">Peleng rat (<i>R. pelurus</i>)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rattus_salocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Rattus salocco">R. salocco</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow-tailed_rat" title="Yellow-tailed rat">Yellow-tailed rat (<i>R. xanthurus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><i>R. leucopus</i> group</u>: <a href="/wiki/Vogelkop_mountain_rat" title="Vogelkop mountain rat">Vogelkop mountain rat (<i>R. arfakiensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea_mountain_rat" title="Western New Guinea mountain rat">Western New Guinea mountain rat (<i>R. arrogans</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manus_Island_spiny_rat" title="Manus Island spiny rat">Manus Island spiny rat (<i>R. detentus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sula_rat" title="Sula rat">Sula rat (<i>R. elaphinus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiny_Ceram_rat" title="Spiny Ceram rat">Spiny Ceram rat (<i>R. feliceus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giluwe_rat" title="Giluwe rat">Giluwe rat (<i>R. giluwensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japen_rat" title="Japen rat">Japen rat (<i>R. jobiensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_York_rat" title="Cape York rat">Cape York rat (<i>R. leucopus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_rat" title="Eastern rat">Eastern rat (<i>R. mordax</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moss-forest_rat" title="Moss-forest rat">Moss-forest rat (<i>R. niobe</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guinean_rat" title="New Guinean rat">New Guinean rat (<i>R. novaeguineae</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arianus%27s_rat" title="Arianus's rat">Arianus's rat (<i>R. omichlodes</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocock%27s_highland_rat" title="Pocock's highland rat">Pocock's highland rat (<i>R. pococki</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_New_Guinea_spiny_rat" title="Large New Guinea spiny rat">Spiny rat (<i>R. praetor</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacier_rat" title="Glacier rat">Glacier rat (<i>R. richardsoni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stein%27s_rat" title="Stein's rat">Stein's rat (<i>R. steini</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Deusen%27s_rat" title="Van Deusen's rat">Van Deusen's rat (<i>R. vandeuseni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slender_rat" title="Slender rat">Slender rat (<i>R. verecundus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><u><i>R. fuscipes</i> group</u>: <a href="/wiki/Dusky_rat" title="Dusky rat">Dusky rat (<i>R. colletti</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_rat" title="Bush rat">Bush rat (<i>R. fuscipes</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_swamp_rat" title="Australian swamp rat">Australian swamp rat (<i>R. lutreolus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dusky_field_rat" title="Dusky field rat">Dusky field rat (<i>R. sordidus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pale_field_rat" title="Pale field rat">Pale field rat (<i>R. tunneyi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rattus_villosissimus" class="mw-redirect" title="Rattus villosissimus">Rattus villosissimus (<i>R. villosissimus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Sundamys" title="Sundamys">Sundamys</a></i><br /><span style="font-size: 85%;"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#696969"><span class="nobold">(Giant Sunda rats)</span></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annandale%27s_rat" title="Annandale's rat">Annandale's rat (<i>S. annandalei</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_giant_Sunda_rat" title="Mountain giant Sunda rat">Mountain giant Sunda rat (<i>S. infraluteus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartels%27s_rat" title="Bartels's rat">Bartels's rat (<i>S. maxi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCller%27s_giant_Sunda_rat" title="Müller's giant Sunda rat">Müller's giant Sunda rat (<i>S. muelleri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Taeromys" title="Taeromys">Taeromys</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salokko_rat" title="Salokko rat">Salokko rat (<i>T. arcuatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovely-haired_rat" title="Lovely-haired rat">Lovely-haired rat (<i>T. callitrichus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celebes_rat" title="Celebes rat">Celebes rat (<i>T. celebensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulawesi_montane_rat" title="Sulawesi montane rat">Sulawesi montane rat (<i>T. hamatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-eared_rat" title="Small-eared rat">Small-eared rat (<i>T. microbullatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulawesi_forest_rat" title="Sulawesi forest rat">Sulawesi forest rat (<i>T. punicans</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tondano_rat" title="Tondano rat">Tondano rat (<i>T. taerae</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Tarsomys" title="Tarsomys">Tarsomys</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long-footed_rat" title="Long-footed rat">Long-footed rat (<i>T. apoensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiny_long-footed_rat" title="Spiny long-footed rat">Spiny long-footed rat (<i>T. echinatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampalili_moss_mouse" title="Kampalili moss mouse">Kampalili moss mouse (<i>T. orientalis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>Tryphomys</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luzon_short-nosed_rat" title="Luzon short-nosed rat">Luzon short-nosed rat (<i>T. adustus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Murinae_(Aethomys%E2%80%93Chrotomys)" title="Template:Murinae (Aethomys–Chrotomys)">Aethomys–Chrotomys</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Murinae_(Colomys%E2%80%93Golunda)" title="Template:Murinae (Colomys–Golunda)">Colomys–Golunda</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Murinae_(Hadromys%E2%80%93Maxomys)" title="Template:Murinae (Hadromys–Maxomys)">Hadromys–Maxomys</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Murinae_(Melasmothrix%E2%80%93Mus)" title="Template:Murinae (Melasmothrix–Mus)">Melasmothrix–Mus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Murinae_(Oenomys%E2%80%93Pithecheir)" title="Template:Murinae (Oenomys–Pithecheir)">Oenomys–Pithecheir</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Murinae_(Pogonomys%E2%80%93Pseudomys)" title="Template:Murinae (Pogonomys–Pseudomys)">Pogonomys–Pseudomys</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Murinae_(Stenocephalomys%E2%80%93Xeromys)" title="Template:Murinae (Stenocephalomys–Xeromys)">Stenocephalomys–Xeromys</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Murinae_(Otomys)" title="Template:Murinae (Otomys)">Otomys</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Murinae_(Others)" title="Template:Murinae (Others)">Others</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers3762" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers3762" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Rattus</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36396" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q36396">Q36396</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Rattus" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Rattus">Rattus</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Rattus/">Rattus</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Rattus">Rattus</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id20619">20619</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bench.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=3156">3156</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/63QK6">63QK6</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/42343">42343</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1RATTG">1RATTG</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:305698">305698</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea (new)</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/43546787-59c2-48b9-8179-bad7e7352126">43546787-59c2-48b9-8179-bad7e7352126</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2439223">2439223</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/44540">44540</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=180361">180361</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Mammal_Species_of_the_World" title="Mammal Species of the World">MSW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?s=y&id=13001727">13001727</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NHMSYS0000376191">NHMSYS0000376191</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=10114">10114</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/15a069c6-ffbc-42da-a4d9-2d987bc6adf3">15a069c6-ffbc-42da-a4d9-2d987bc6adf3</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=271578">271578</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=41923">41923</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plazi" title="Plazi">Plazi</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treatment.plazi.org/id/6502AA63-E05C-FFBC-19FD-FDDBFE284835">6502AA63-E05C-FFBC-19FD-FDDBFE284835</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=993633">993633</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox681" 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