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decoding="async" width="350" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Tellus_-_Ara_Pacis.jpg/525px-Tellus_-_Ara_Pacis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Tellus_-_Ara_Pacis.jpg/700px-Tellus_-_Ara_Pacis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2178" data-file-height="1404" /></a><figcaption>A pair of <i>velificantes</i> on the <a href="/wiki/Ara_Pacis" title="Ara Pacis">Augustan Altar of Peace</a> (late 1st century BC)</figcaption></figure> <p><i><b>Velificatio</b></i> is a stylistic device used in <a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">ancient Roman art</a> to frame a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_deities" title="List of Roman deities">deity</a> by means of a billowing garment. It represents "vigorous movement," an <a href="/wiki/Theophany" title="Theophany">epiphany</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "the vault of heaven," often appearing with celestial, weather, or sea deities.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is characteristic of the <a href="/wiki/Iconography" title="Iconography">iconography</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Aura_(mythology)" title="Aura (mythology)">Aurae</a>, the Breezes <a href="/wiki/Personification" title="Personification">personified</a>, and one of the elements which distinguish representations of Luna, the Roman <a href="/wiki/Moon_goddess" class="mw-redirect" title="Moon goddess">goddess of the Moon</a>, alluding to her astral course.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A figure so framed is a <i><b>velificans</b></i> (plural <i><b>velificantes</b></i>). Not all deities are portrayed as <i>velificantes</i>, but the device might be used to mark a member of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Emperor">Imperial family</a> who had been divinized (a <a href="/wiki/Divus" class="mw-redirect" title="Divus"><i>divus</i> or <i>diva</i></a>).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Villa_dei_Misteri_V_-_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Villa_dei_Misteri_V_-_2.jpg/220px-Villa_dei_Misteri_V_-_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Villa_dei_Misteri_V_-_2.jpg/330px-Villa_dei_Misteri_V_-_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Villa_dei_Misteri_V_-_2.jpg/440px-Villa_dei_Misteri_V_-_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2201" data-file-height="3107" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Villa_of_the_Mysteries" title="Villa of the Mysteries">Villa of the Mysteries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pompei" title="Pompei">Pompei</a>, 1st century</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Velificatio</i> is a frequent device in Roman art,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including painting, <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">relief</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roman_sculpture" title="Roman sculpture">sculpture</a>, though it poses technical difficulties for freestanding sculpture. The Athenian sculptor <a href="/wiki/Praxiteles" title="Praxiteles">Praxiteles</a> was able to achieve it.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term is also used to describe <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_art" title="Hellenistic art">Hellenistic art</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The device continued to be used in later <a href="/wiki/Western_art_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Western art history">Western art</a>, in which it is sometimes described as an <i>aura</i>, "a breeze that blows from either without or from within that lifts the veil to reveal the face of an otherwise invisible being."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage_and_examples">Usage and examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Velificatio&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Usage and examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">classical Latin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Abstract_noun" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstract noun">abstract noun</a> <i>velificatio</i> is uncommon,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and refers to the act of setting sail, from <i>velum</i>, "sail" (but also "cloth, garment, veil") and the <i>-fic-</i> combining element from <i>-ficio, -ficere</i> (= <i>facio, facere</i>, "do, make"). The verbal form was the basis for modern scholarly usage. <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a> describes <i><a href="/wiki/Aura_(mythology)" title="Aura (mythology)">Aurae</a> velificantes sua veste</i>, the Breezes "making a sail with their own garment"<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the <a href="/wiki/Porticus_Octaviae" title="Porticus Octaviae">Porticus Octaviae</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Portico" title="Portico">Portico</a> of <a href="/wiki/Octavia_the_Younger" title="Octavia the Younger">Octavia</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such depictions of the Aurae are known from extant Roman art, and have been used as comparative material to identify the pair of <i>velificantes</i> in a scene from the <a href="/wiki/Ara_Pacis" title="Ara Pacis">Augustan Altar of Peace</a>. On the basis of a passage from the <i><a href="/wiki/Carmen_Saeculare" title="Carmen Saeculare">Carmen Saeculare</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a>, composed and performed for <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>'s staging of the <a href="/wiki/Saecular_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Saecular Games">Saecular Games</a> in 17 BC, the central figure is often identified as Tellus (Earth): </p> <blockquote><p>Fertile in produce and cattle, let Tellus grant Ceres a crown of grain; let the healthful waters and breezes of Jove nourish offspring.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Not all scholars agree on this analysis of the scene. The creatures on which the <i>velificantes</i> are seated also suggest <a href="/wiki/Nereids" title="Nereids">Nereids</a>, and the reference may point to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cult_of_the_Nymphs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cult of the Nymphs (page does not exist)">Cult of the Nymphs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The significance of the veil is sometimes explained in terms of the <a href="/wiki/Initiation_rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Initiation rite">initiation rites</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mystery_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystery religions">mystery religions</a>. Initiates wore drapery or a veil which was lifted by a priestess. The veil was a symbol of death, and its removal in the rite signified the initiate's rebirth. The <i>velificatio</i> thus appears in scenes on <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarcophagi">sarcophagi</a> and in other <a href="/wiki/Funerary_art" title="Funerary art">funerary art</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 221.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 219.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Kidnapping_of_Europa_Mosaic.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Europa (mosaic, 1st–2nd century)"><img alt="Europa (mosaic, 1st–2nd century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/The_Kidnapping_of_Europa_Mosaic.jpg/329px-The_Kidnapping_of_Europa_Mosaic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/The_Kidnapping_of_Europa_Mosaic.jpg/494px-The_Kidnapping_of_Europa_Mosaic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/The_Kidnapping_of_Europa_Mosaic.jpg/658px-The_Kidnapping_of_Europa_Mosaic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2760" data-file-height="1889" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Europa_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Europa (mythology)">Europa</a> (mosaic, 1st–2nd century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Proserpina_kidnapped_Kircheriano_Terme.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pluto (cinerary urn, 2nd century)"><img alt="Pluto (cinerary urn, 2nd century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Proserpina_kidnapped_Kircheriano_Terme.jpg/168px-Proserpina_kidnapped_Kircheriano_Terme.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Proserpina_kidnapped_Kircheriano_Terme.jpg/253px-Proserpina_kidnapped_Kircheriano_Terme.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Proserpina_kidnapped_Kircheriano_Terme.jpg/337px-Proserpina_kidnapped_Kircheriano_Terme.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="2270" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pluto_(mythology)" title="Pluto (mythology)">Pluto</a> (cinerary urn, 2nd century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 153.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Clipeus_Selene_Terme.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Selene (clipeus from a sarcophagus, early 3rd century)"><img alt="Selene (clipeus from a sarcophagus, early 3rd century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Clipeus_Selene_Terme.jpg/230px-Clipeus_Selene_Terme.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Clipeus_Selene_Terme.jpg/345px-Clipeus_Selene_Terme.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Clipeus_Selene_Terme.jpg/459px-Clipeus_Selene_Terme.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1530" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Selene" title="Selene">Selene</a> (<a href="/wiki/Clipeus" title="Clipeus">clipeus</a> from a <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagus" title="Sarcophagus">sarcophagus</a>, early 3rd century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 178.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 176.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sousse_neptune.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Neptune (mosaic, 3rd century)"><img alt="Neptune (mosaic, 3rd century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Sousse_neptune.jpg/265px-Sousse_neptune.jpg" decoding="async" width="177" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Sousse_neptune.jpg/398px-Sousse_neptune.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Sousse_neptune.jpg/529px-Sousse_neptune.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1530" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Neptune_(mythology)" title="Neptune (mythology)">Neptune</a> (mosaic, 3rd century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:French_Empire_mantel_clock.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="French Empire mantel clock (1822) depicting the nereid Galatea"><img alt="French Empire mantel clock (1822) depicting the nereid Galatea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/French_Empire_mantel_clock.jpg/168px-French_Empire_mantel_clock.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/French_Empire_mantel_clock.jpg/252px-French_Empire_mantel_clock.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/French_Empire_mantel_clock.jpg/335px-French_Empire_mantel_clock.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2669" data-file-height="3581" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/French_Empire_mantel_clock" title="French Empire mantel clock">French Empire mantel clock</a> (1822) depicting the nereid Galatea</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Las_Incantadas_(Louvre)_Aura.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aura of Las Incantadas (marble relief, 2nd century AD)"><img alt="Aura of Las Incantadas (marble relief, 2nd century AD)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Las_Incantadas_%28Louvre%29_Aura.jpg/169px-Las_Incantadas_%28Louvre%29_Aura.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Las_Incantadas_%28Louvre%29_Aura.jpg/253px-Las_Incantadas_%28Louvre%29_Aura.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Las_Incantadas_%28Louvre%29_Aura.jpg/337px-Las_Incantadas_%28Louvre%29_Aura.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3216" data-file-height="4288" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Aura of <a href="/wiki/Las_Incantadas" title="Las Incantadas">Las Incantadas</a> (marble relief, 2nd century AD)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outside_Greco-Roman_culture">Outside Greco-Roman culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Velificatio&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Outside Greco-Roman culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Greek deities were abundantly used in <a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist art</a>, so too their depiction elements, as with the <a href="/wiki/Boreas_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boreas (god)">Boreas</a> and its velificatio element. Boreas became the Japanese wind god <a href="/wiki/F%C5%ABjin" title="Fūjin">Fujin</a> through the Greco-Buddhist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wardo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wardo (page does not exist)">Wardo</a>/Oado and Chinese <a href="/wiki/Fengbo_(deity)" title="Fengbo (deity)">Feng Bo</a>/Feng Po ("Uncle Wind"; among various other names), spreading the velificatio as an element of portraying deities of the sky.<sup id="cite_ref-Konidaris_2020_p._15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Konidaris_2020_p.-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Archaeopress_Archaeology_2020_p._17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archaeopress_Archaeology_2020_p.-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_velificantes">List of <i>velificantes</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Velificatio&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: List of velificantes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>velificatio</i> motif may be found with numerous deities, divine beings, and <i>divi</i>, including:<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Enl%C3%A8vement_d%27Europe_by_N%C3%B6el-Nicolas_Coypel_(detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Enl%C3%A8vement_d%27Europe_by_N%C3%B6el-Nicolas_Coypel_%28detail%29.jpg/170px-Enl%C3%A8vement_d%27Europe_by_N%C3%B6el-Nicolas_Coypel_%28detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Enl%C3%A8vement_d%27Europe_by_N%C3%B6el-Nicolas_Coypel_%28detail%29.jpg/255px-Enl%C3%A8vement_d%27Europe_by_N%C3%B6el-Nicolas_Coypel_%28detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Enl%C3%A8vement_d%27Europe_by_N%C3%B6el-Nicolas_Coypel_%28detail%29.jpg/340px-Enl%C3%A8vement_d%27Europe_by_N%C3%B6el-Nicolas_Coypel_%28detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><i>Enlèvement d'Europe</i> (1726–27) by <a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl-Nicolas_Coypel" title="Noël-Nicolas Coypel">Noël-Nicolas Coypel</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nyx" title="Nyx">Nyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aura_(mythology)" title="Aura (mythology)">Aura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nereids" title="Nereids">Nereids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horae" title="Horae">Horae</a> (Seasons)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maenad" title="Maenad">Maenads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobids" title="Niobids">Niobids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobe" title="Niobe">Niobe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selene" title="Selene">Selene</a> or Luna<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">Helios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caelus" title="Caelus">Caelus</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Europa (mythology)">Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariadne" title="Ariadne">Ariadne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a> or <a href="/wiki/Neptune_(mythology)" title="Neptune (mythology)">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphitrite" title="Amphitrite">Amphitrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a> or <a href="/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_(mythology)" title="Mars (mythology)">Mars</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarpeia" title="Tarpeia">Tarpeia</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibia_Sabina" title="Vibia Sabina">Vibia Sabina</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Velificatio&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halo_(religious_iconography)" title="Halo (religious iconography)">Halo (religious iconography)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aureola" title="Aureola">Aureola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aura_(paranormal)" title="Aura (paranormal)">Aura (paranormal)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Velificatio&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Rehak, <i>Imperium and Cosmos: Augustus and the Northern Campus Martius</i> (University of Wisconsin Press, 2006), p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Turcan, <i>Les religions de l'Asie dans la vallée du Rhône</i> (Brill, 1972), p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stefania Sorrenti, "Les représentations figurées de Jupiter Dolichénien à Rome", in <i>La terra sigillata tardo-italica decorata del Museo nazionale romano</i>, «L'Erma» di Bretschneider, 1999), p. 370.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lise Vogel, <i>The Column of Antoninus Pius</i> (Harvard University Press, 1973), p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hélène Walter, <i>La Porte Noire de Besançon</i> (Presses Univ. Franche-Comté, 1984), vol. 1, p. 332.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pliny, <i>Natural History</i> 36.29; Davide Stimilli, <i>The Face of Immortality: Physiognomy and Criticism</i> (State University of New York Press, 2005), p. 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brunilde Sismondo Ridgway, <i>Hellenistic Sculpture II: The Styles of ca. 200–100 B.C.</i> (University of Wisconsin Press, 2000), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6Jj6rcIup4C&dq=velificatio+OR+velificantes+OR+velificans&pg=PA124">passim.</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The term is so used in the art criticism of <a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Walter Benjamin</a>; Aleida Assmann and Jan Assmann, "Air From Other Planets Blowing: The Logic of Authenticity and the Prophet of the Aura", in <i>Mapping Benjamin: The Work of Art in the Digital Age</i> (Stanford University Press, 2003), pp. 153–154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It occurs in <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>, <i>Ad familiares</i> 1.9.21, and not again in Latin literature until Fronto, 267,4–5; Michel P.J. van den Hout, <i>A Commentary on the Letters of M. Cornelius Fronto</i> (Brill, 1999), p. 608.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a>, <i>Natural History</i> 36.29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Köves-Zulauf, "Plinius d. Ä. und die römische Religion," <i>Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt</i> II.16.1 (1978), p. 277.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Fertilis frugum pecorisque Tellus / spicea donet Cererem corona; / nutriant fetus et aquae salubres / et Iovis aurae</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Babette Stanley Spaeth, "The Goddess Ceres in the Ara Pacis Augustae and the Carthage Relief", <i>American Journal of Archaeology</i> 98 (1994), pp. 77–78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elisabeth Matelli, "Hieronymous in Athens and Rhodes", in <i>Lyco of Troas and Hieronymous of Rhodes</i> (Transaction Publishers, 2004), pp. 294–295.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Konidaris_2020_p.-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Konidaris_2020_p._15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKonidaris2020" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Konidaris, Dimitrios (2020-06-12). <i>Chinese Civilisation and Its Aegean Affinities</i> (in Greek). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-618-84901-1-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-618-84901-1-6"><bdi>978-618-84901-1-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Civilisation+and+Its+Aegean+Affinities&rft.date=2020-06-12&rft.isbn=978-618-84901-1-6&rft.aulast=Konidaris&rft.aufirst=Dimitrios&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVelificatio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTanabe2003" class="citation book cs1">Tanabe, Katsumi (2003). <i>Alexander the Great: East-West Cultural Contact from Greece to Japan</i>. Tokyo: NHK Puromōshon and Tokyo National Museum. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/937316326">937316326</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+the+Great%3A+East-West+Cultural+Contact+from+Greece+to+Japan&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pub=NHK+Purom%C5%8Dshon+and+Tokyo+National+Museum&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F937316326&rft.aulast=Tanabe&rft.aufirst=Katsumi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVelificatio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Archaeopress_Archaeology_2020_p.-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Archaeopress_Archaeology_2020_p._17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation conference cs1"><i>The Global Connections of Gandhāran Art</i>. Archaeopress Archaeology. 2020. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.32028%2F9781789696950">10.32028/9781789696950</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78969-695-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78969-695-0"><bdi>978-1-78969-695-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=The+Global+Connections+of+Gandh%C4%81ran+Art&rft.pub=Archaeopress+Archaeology&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.32028%2F9781789696950&rft.isbn=978-1-78969-695-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVelificatio" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Unless otherwise noted, the following examples are given by Babette Stanley Spaeth, <i>The Roman Goddess Ceres</i> (University of Texas Press, 1996), p. 223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Particularly on Roman-era sarcophagi that depict the myth of <a href="/wiki/Endymion_(mythology)" title="Endymion (mythology)">Endymion</a>; Sorrenti, "Les représentations figurées", pp. 370, 376.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The figure at the top of the <a href="/wiki/Muscle_cuirass" title="Muscle cuirass">figured cuirass</a> on the <i><a href="/wiki/Augustus_of_Prima_Porta" title="Augustus of Prima Porta">Augustus of Prima Porta</a></i> is most often identified as Caelus; he is barechested with arms uplifted to support the <i>velificatio</i>; Jane Clark Reeder, "The Statue of Augustus from Prima Porta, the Underground Complex, and the Omen of the Gallina Alba", <i>American Journal of Philology</i> 118 (1997), p. 109. The Caelus on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Belvedere_altar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belvedere altar (page does not exist)">Belvedere altar</a> is also a <i>velificans</i>; Rehak, <i>Imperium and Cosmos</i>, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On the <a href="/wiki/Muscle_cuirass" title="Muscle cuirass">cuirass</a> of a statue in <a href="/wiki/Cherchel" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherchel">Cherchel</a>; Rehak, <i>Imperium and Cosmos</i>, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_Aemilia" title="Basilica Aemilia">Basilica Aemilia</a> <a href="/wiki/Frieze" title="Frieze">frieze</a> in Rome; Rehak, <i>Imperium and Cosmos</i>, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vogel, <i>The Column of Antoninus Pius</i>, p. 45.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Velificatio&oldid=1241744014">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Velificatio&oldid=1241744014</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Art_criticism" title="Category:Art criticism">Art criticism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Roman_art" title="Category:Ancient Roman art">Ancient Roman art</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Roman_Empire_art" title="Category:Roman Empire art">Roman Empire art</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Roman_religion" title="Category:Ancient Roman religion">Ancient Roman religion</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religious_symbols" title="Category:Religious symbols">Religious symbols</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Iconography" title="Category:Iconography">Iconography</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Visual_motifs" title="Category:Visual motifs">Visual motifs</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Greek-language_sources_(el)" title="Category:CS1 Greek-language sources (el)">CS1 Greek-language sources (el)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 August 2024, at 22:26<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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