CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Orchid - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"56a4625f-f7d1-469f-b910-8325d50d69fc","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Orchid","wgTitle":"Orchid","wgCurRevisionId":1258725985,"wgRevisionId":1258725985,"wgArticleId":22719,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from October 2021","Articles with 'species' microformats","Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014","Commons category link from Wikidata","Pages using eFloras template without author names", "Pages using eFloras template without volume","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","Taxonbars with 30–34 taxon IDs","Orchids","Extant Campanian first appearances"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Orchid","wgRelevantArticleId":22719,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[], "wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q25308","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.gallery","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/White_orchid_in_Clara_bog._03.jpg/1200px-White_orchid_in_Clara_bog._03.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="2133"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/White_orchid_in_Clara_bog._03.jpg/800px-White_orchid_in_Clara_bog._03.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1422"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/White_orchid_in_Clara_bog._03.jpg/640px-White_orchid_in_Clara_bog._03.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1138"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Orchid - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchid"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Orchid&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchid"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Orchid rootpage-Orchid skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Orchid" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Orchid" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Orchid" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Orchid" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Description-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Description subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stem_and_roots" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stem_and_roots"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Stem and roots</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stem_and_roots-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leaves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leaves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Leaves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leaves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flowers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flowers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Flowers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flowers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Reproduction</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reproduction-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reproduction subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reproduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pollination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pollination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Pollination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pollination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asexual_reproduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asexual_reproduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Asexual reproduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asexual_reproduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fruits_and_seeds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fruits_and_seeds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Fruits and seeds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fruits_and_seeds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Taxonomy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Taxonomy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Genera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hybrids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hybrids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Hybrids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hybrids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abbreviations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abbreviations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Abbreviations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abbreviations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Perfumery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perfumery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Perfumery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perfumery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Horticulture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horticulture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Horticulture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horticulture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Food</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_symbolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_symbolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Cultural symbolism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_symbolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Conservation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Conservation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Conservation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Assisted_migration_as_conservation_tool" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assisted_migration_as_conservation_tool"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Assisted migration as conservation tool</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assisted_migration_as_conservation_tool-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toxicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toxicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Toxicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toxicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Documentaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Documentaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Documentaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Documentaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Orchid</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 117 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-117" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">117 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchidaceae" title="Orchidaceae – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Orchidaceae" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A6%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%AA%E1%8B%B5" title="ኦርኪድ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኦርኪድ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="سحلبية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سحلبية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchidaceae" title="Orchidaceae – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Orchidaceae" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1" title="অৰ্কিড – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="অৰ্কিড" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchidaceae" title="Orchidaceae – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Orchidaceae" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamanakuna" title="Tamanakuna – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tamanakuna" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C9%99hl%C9%99bkimil%C9%99r" title="Səhləbkimilər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Səhləbkimilər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchidaceae" title="Orchidaceae – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Orchidaceae" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1" title="অর্কিড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অর্কিড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A2n-hoe" title="Lân-hoe – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lân-hoe" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Архідныя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Архідныя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Архідныя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Архідныя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkids" title="Orkids – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Orkids" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B8" title="Орхидеи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Орхидеи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8F%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%82" title="སྣ་མའི་མེ་ཏོག – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྣ་མའི་མེ་ཏོག" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orhideje" title="Orhideje – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Orhideje" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkide" title="Orkide – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Orkide" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orqu%C3%ADdies" title="Orquídies – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Orquídies" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Орхидлисем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Орхидлисем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkidya" title="Orkidya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Orkidya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vstava%C4%8Dovit%C3%A9" title="Vstavačovité – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vstavačovité" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchidaceae" title="Orchidaceae – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Orchidaceae" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegeirian" title="Tegeirian – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tegeirian" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B8geurt-familien" title="Gøgeurt-familien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gøgeurt-familien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchideen" title="Orchideen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Orchideen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4palised" title="Käpalised – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Käpalised" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%AD%CE%B1" title="Ορχιδέα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ορχιδέα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchidaceae" title="Orchidaceae – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Orchidaceae" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkidacoj" title="Orkidacoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Orkidacoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkidea" title="Orkidea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Orkidea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ثعلبیان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ثعلبیان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchidaceae" title="Orchidaceae – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Orchidaceae" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magairl%C3%ADn" title="Magairlín – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Magairlín" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orqu%C3%ADdea" title="Orquídea – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Orquídea" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A0n-f%C3%A2" title="Làn-fâ – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Làn-fâ" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%9C%EC%B4%88%EA%B3%BC" title="난초과 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="난초과" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1" title="ऑर्किड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ऑर्किड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchidejowe_rostliny" title="Orchidejowe rostliny – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Orchidejowe rostliny" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orhideje" title="Orhideje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Orhideje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkideo" title="Orkideo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Orkideo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchid" title="Orchid – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Orchid" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchidaceae" title="Orchidaceae – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orchidaceae" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%C3%A6" title="Орхидейæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Орхидейæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%B6nugrasa%C3%A6tt" title="Brönugrasaætt – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Brönugrasaætt" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchidaceae" title="Orchidaceae – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Orchidaceae" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="סחלביים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סחלביים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anggr%C3%A8k" title="Anggrèk – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Anggrèk" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D" title="ಆರ್ಕೀಡ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆರ್ಕೀಡ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ჯადვარისებრნი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯადვარისებრნი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D2%AF%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80_%D1%82%D2%B1%D2%9B%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Сүйсіндер тұқымдасы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сүйсіндер тұқымдасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Орхидея котыр – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Орхидея котыр" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92kide" title="Òkide – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Òkide" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Орхидейлер – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Орхидейлер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%93" title="Орхидейвлӓ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Орхидейвлӓ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchidaceae" title="Orchidaceae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Orchidaceae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orhideju_dzimta" title="Orhideju dzimta – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Orhideju dzimta" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchidee%C3%ABn" title="Orchideeën – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Orchideeën" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Орхидея – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Орхидея" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gegu%C5%BEraibiniai" title="Gegužraibiniai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gegužraibiniai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchidee" title="Orchidee – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Orchidee" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosborf%C3%A9l%C3%A9k" title="Kosborfélék – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kosborfélék" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B8" title="Орхидеи – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Орхидеи" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94rkide" title="Ôrkide – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ôrkide" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%93%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%80" title="ഓർക്കിഡേസീ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഓർക്കിഡേസീ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1" title="ऑर्किड – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ऑर्किड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%87" title="سحلبيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سحلبيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B2" title="ဂရဲ – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ဂရဲ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anggerik" title="Anggerik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Anggerik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8E%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A9" title="ꯎꯂꯩ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯎꯂꯩ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A0ng-hu%C4%83" title="Làng-huă – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Làng-huă" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Орхидея – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Орхидея" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BD" title="သစ်ခွ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သစ်ခွ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchidee%C3%ABnfamilie" title="Orchideeënfamilie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Orchideeënfamilie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE" title="सुनगाभा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सुनगाभा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E7%A7%91" title="ラン科 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラン科" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchideen" title="Orchideen – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Orchideen" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkid%C3%A9familien" title="Orkidéfamilien – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Orkidéfamilien" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkid%C3%A9familien" title="Orkidéfamilien – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Orkidéfamilien" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchidaceae" title="Orchidaceae – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Orchidaceae" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9-%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Орхидей-влак – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Орхидей-влак" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="رنگرتی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="رنگرتی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Орхидея котыр – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Орхидея котыр" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storczykowate" title="Storczykowate – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Storczykowate" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orqu%C3%ADdea" title="Orquídea – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Orquídea" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orxideya" title="Orxideya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Orxideya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchidaceae" title="Orchidaceae – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Orchidaceae" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillurina_yura_rikch%27aq_ayllu" title="Hillurina yura rikch'aq ayllu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Hillurina yura rikch'aq ayllu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5" title="Орхидные – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Орхидные" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchidaceae" title="Orchidaceae – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Orchidaceae" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkidea" title="Orkidea – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Orkidea" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%8B%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F" title="උඩවැඩියා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="උඩවැඩියා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchid" title="Orchid – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Orchid" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%DA%AA%DA%8A" title="آرڪڊ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="آرڪڊ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vstava%C4%8Dovit%C3%A9" title="Vstavačovité – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vstavačovité" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kukavi%C4%8Devke" title="Kukavičevke – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kukavičevke" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Орхидеје – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Орхидеје" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orhideje" title="Orhideje – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Orhideje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchidaceae" title="Orchidaceae – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Orchidaceae" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4mmekk%C3%A4kasvit" title="Kämmekkäkasvit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kämmekkäkasvit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkid%C3%A9er" title="Orkidéer – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Orkidéer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkidya" title="Orkidya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Orkidya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆர்க்கிட் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆர்க்கிட்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF" title="ఆర్కిడేసి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఆర్కిడేసి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%89" title="กล้วยไม้ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กล้วยไม้" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Саълабиҳо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Саълабиҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBOketi" title="ʻOketi – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="ʻOketi" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchidaceae" title="Orchidaceae – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Orchidaceae" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%8A%D1%91%D1%81" title="Орхидной будосъёс – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Орхидной будосъёс" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96" title="Зозулинцеві – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Зозулинцеві" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%DA%A9%DA%88" title="آرکڈ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آرکڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%8D_Lan" title="Họ Lan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Họ Lan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orchidaceae" title="Orchidaceae – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Orchidaceae" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%B0%E7%A7%91" title="兰科 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="兰科" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%98%AD%E8%8A%B1" title="蘭花 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="蘭花" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%98%AD%E7%A7%91" title="蘭科 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="蘭科" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anggrek" title="Anggrek – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Anggrek" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q25308#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Orchid" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Orchid" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Orchid"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orchid&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orchid&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Orchid"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orchid&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orchid&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Orchid" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Orchid" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orchid&oldid=1258725985" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orchid&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Orchid&id=1258725985&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FOrchid"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FOrchid"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Orchid&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orchid&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Orchidaceae" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-species mw-list-item"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Orchidaceae" hreflang="en"><span>Wikispecies</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q25308" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Family of flowering plants in the order Asparagales</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the color, see <a href="/wiki/Orchid_(color)" title="Orchid (color)">Orchid (color)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Orchid_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Orchid (disambiguation)">Orchid (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Orchid<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">80–0 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:192.92307692308px; width:27.076923076923px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:192.92307692308px; width:27.076923076923px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:193.92307692308px; width:25.076923076923px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span><a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Late Cretaceous</a> – Present</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:White_orchid_in_Clara_bog._03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/White_orchid_in_Clara_bog._03.jpg/220px-White_orchid_in_Clara_bog._03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/White_orchid_in_Clara_bog._03.jpg/330px-White_orchid_in_Clara_bog._03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/White_orchid_in_Clara_bog._03.jpg/440px-White_orchid_in_Clara_bog._03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2268" data-file-height="4032" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Orchidaceae" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Monocotyledon" title="Monocotyledon">Monocots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asparagales" title="Asparagales">Asparagales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Orchidaceae</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Laurent_de_Jussieu" title="Antoine Laurent de Jussieu">Juss.</a><sup id="cite_ref-APGIII2009_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APGIII2009-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Type_genus" title="Type genus">Type genus</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><i><a href="/wiki/Orchis" title="Orchis">Orchis</a></i><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Tourn." class="mw-redirect" title="Tourn.">Tourn.</a> <i>ex</i> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">L.</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Subfamilies </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasioideae" title="Apostasioideae">Apostasioideae</a> <small>Horaninov</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypripedioideae" title="Cypripedioideae">Cypripedioideae</a> <small>Kosteletzky</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidendroideae" title="Epidendroideae">Epidendroideae</a> <small>Kosteletzky</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchidoideae" title="Orchidoideae">Orchidoideae</a> <small>Eaton</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanilloideae" title="Vanilloideae">Vanilloideae</a> <small>Szlachetko</small></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Orchidaceae.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Orchidaceae.png/220px-Orchidaceae.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Orchidaceae.png/330px-Orchidaceae.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Orchidaceae.png/440px-Orchidaceae.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="628" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Distribution range of family Orchidaceae </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Orchids</b> are plants that belong to the <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> <b>Orchidaceae</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/ɔːr/: 'ar' in 'war'">ɔːr</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a diverse and widespread group of <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plants</a> with blooms that are often colourful and fragrant. Orchids are <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitan_distribution" title="Cosmopolitan distribution">cosmopolitan</a> plants that are found in almost every <a href="/wiki/Habitat_(ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitat (ecology)">habitat</a> on Earth except <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a>. The world's richest diversity of orchid genera and species is found in the <a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">tropics</a>. </p><p>Orchidaceae is one of the two largest families of flowering plants, along with the <a href="/wiki/Asteraceae" title="Asteraceae">Asteraceae</a>. It contains about 28,000 currently accepted <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> distributed across 763 <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genera</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Orchidaceae family encompasses about 6–11% of all species of <a href="/wiki/Seed_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Seed plants">seed plants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest genera are <i><a href="/wiki/Bulbophyllum" title="Bulbophyllum">Bulbophyllum</a></i> (2,000 species), <i><a href="/wiki/Epidendrum" title="Epidendrum">Epidendrum</a></i> (1,500 species), <i><a href="/wiki/Dendrobium" title="Dendrobium">Dendrobium</a></i> (1,400 species) and <i><a href="/wiki/Pleurothallis" title="Pleurothallis">Pleurothallis</a></i> (1,000 species). It also includes <i><a href="/wiki/Vanilla_(genus)" title="Vanilla (genus)">Vanilla</a></i> (the genus of the <a href="/wiki/Vanilla_planifolia" title="Vanilla planifolia">vanilla plant</a>), the type genus <i><a href="/wiki/Orchis" title="Orchis">Orchis</a></i>, and many commonly cultivated plants such as <i><a href="/wiki/Phalaenopsis" title="Phalaenopsis">Phalaenopsis</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Cattleya" title="Cattleya">Cattleya</a></i>. Moreover, since the introduction of tropical species into cultivation in the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">horticulturists</a> have produced many <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybrids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultivar" title="Cultivar">cultivars</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orchid&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orchid_high_resolution.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Orchid_high_resolution.jpg/220px-Orchid_high_resolution.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Orchid_high_resolution.jpg/330px-Orchid_high_resolution.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Orchid_high_resolution.jpg/440px-Orchid_high_resolution.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4912" /></a><figcaption>A <i>Phalaenopsis</i> flower</figcaption></figure> <p>Orchids are easily distinguished from other plants, as they share some very evident derived characteristics or <a href="/wiki/Synapomorphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Synapomorphy">synapomorphies</a>. Among these are: <a href="/wiki/Symmetry_(biology)#Bilateral_symmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Symmetry (biology)">bilateral symmetry</a> of the flower (<a href="/wiki/Zygomorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Zygomorphic">zygomorphism</a>), many <a href="/wiki/Resupination#Orchidaceae" title="Resupination">resupinate</a> flowers, a nearly always highly modified <a href="/wiki/Petal" title="Petal">petal</a> (labellum), fused <a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">stamens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carpel" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpel">carpels</a>, and extremely small <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seeds</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stem_and_roots">Stem and roots</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orchid&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Stem and roots"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anacamptis_fragrans.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Anacamptis_fragrans.JPG/220px-Anacamptis_fragrans.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Anacamptis_fragrans.JPG/330px-Anacamptis_fragrans.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Anacamptis_fragrans.JPG/440px-Anacamptis_fragrans.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2594" data-file-height="1951" /></a><figcaption>Germinating seeds of the temperate orchid <i><a href="/wiki/Anacamptis_coriophora" title="Anacamptis coriophora">Anacamptis coriophora</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>All orchids are <a href="/wiki/Perennial_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Perennial plant">perennial</a> <a href="/wiki/Herbaceous_plant" title="Herbaceous plant">herbs</a> that lack any permanent <a href="/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin">woody</a> structure. They can grow according to two patterns: </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Monopodial" title="Monopodial">Monopodial</a></b>: The stem grows from a single bud, leaves are added from the apex each year, and the stem grows longer accordingly. The stem of orchids with a monopodial growth can reach several metres in length, as in <i><a href="/wiki/Vanda" title="Vanda">Vanda</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Vanilla_(genus)" title="Vanilla (genus)">Vanilla</a></i>.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sympodial" class="mw-redirect" title="Sympodial">Sympodial</a></b>: Sympodial orchids have a front (the newest growth) and a back (the oldest growth).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plant produces a series of adjacent shoots, which grow to a certain size, bloom and then stop growing and are replaced. Sympodial orchids grow horizontally, rather than vertically, following the surface of their support. The growth continues by development of new leads, with their own leaves and roots, sprouting from or next to those of the previous year, as in <i><a href="/wiki/Cattleya" title="Cattleya">Cattleya</a></i>. While a new lead is developing, the <a href="/wiki/Rhizome" title="Rhizome">rhizome</a> may start its growth again from a so-called 'eye', an undeveloped bud, thereby branching. Sympodial orchids may have visible <a href="/wiki/Pseudobulb" title="Pseudobulb">pseudobulbs</a> joined by a <i><a href="/wiki/Rhizome" title="Rhizome">rhizome</a></i>, which creeps along the top or just beneath the soil.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orchis_lactea_rhizotubers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Orchis_lactea_rhizotubers.jpg/220px-Orchis_lactea_rhizotubers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Orchis_lactea_rhizotubers.jpg/330px-Orchis_lactea_rhizotubers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Orchis_lactea_rhizotubers.jpg/440px-Orchis_lactea_rhizotubers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Neotinea_lactea" title="Neotinea lactea">Neotinea lactea</a></i>, collected in <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>; the small size, compared to a one-Euro coin, and the two <a href="/wiki/Globose_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Globose (botany)">globose</a> tuberoids typical of the <i><a href="/wiki/Neotinea" title="Neotinea">Neotinea</a></i> genus are highlighted</figcaption></figure> <p>Terrestrial orchids may be <a href="/wiki/Rhizome" title="Rhizome">rhizomatous</a> or form <a href="/wiki/Corm" title="Corm">corms</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tuber" title="Tuber">tubers</a>. The root caps of terrestrial orchids are smooth and white. </p><p>Some sympodial terrestrial orchids, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Orchis" title="Orchis">Orchis</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ophrys" title="Ophrys">Ophrys</a></i>, have two subterranean <a href="/wiki/Tuberous_root" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuberous root">tuberous roots</a>. One is used as a food reserve for wintry periods, and provides for the development of the other one, from which visible growth develops. </p><p>In warm and constantly humid climates, many terrestrial orchids do not need pseudobulbs. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Epiphyte" title="Epiphyte">Epiphytic</a> orchids, those that grow upon a support, have modified <a href="/wiki/Aerial_root" title="Aerial root">aerial roots</a> that can sometimes be a few meters long. In the older parts of the roots, a modified spongy <a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)" title="Epidermis (botany)">epidermis</a>, called a <a href="/wiki/Velamen" title="Velamen">velamen</a>, has the function of absorbing humidity. It is made of dead cells and can have a silvery-grey, white or brown appearance. In some orchids, the velamen includes spongy and fibrous bodies near the passage cells, called tilosomes. </p><p>The cells of the root epidermis grow at a right angle to the axis of the root to allow them to get a firm grasp on their support. Nutrients for epiphytic orchids mainly come from mineral dust, organic detritus, animal droppings and other substances collecting among on their supporting surfaces. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pseudobulbe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Pseudobulbe.jpg/220px-Pseudobulbe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Pseudobulbe.jpg/330px-Pseudobulbe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Pseudobulbe.jpg/440px-Pseudobulbe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="547" data-file-height="685" /></a><figcaption>Pseudobulb of <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prosthechea_fragrans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prosthechea fragrans (page does not exist)">Prosthechea fragrans</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>The base of the stem of sympodial epiphytes, or in some species essentially the entire stem, may be thickened to form a <a href="/wiki/Pseudobulb" title="Pseudobulb">pseudobulb</a> that contains nutrients and water for drier periods. </p><p>The pseudobulb typically has a smooth surface with lengthwise grooves, and can have different shapes, often conical or oblong. Its size is very variable; in some small species of <i><a href="/wiki/Bulbophyllum" title="Bulbophyllum">Bulbophyllum</a></i>, it is no longer than two millimeters, while in the largest orchid in the world, <i><a href="/wiki/Grammatophyllum_speciosum" title="Grammatophyllum speciosum">Grammatophyllum speciosum</a></i> (giant orchid), it can reach three meters. Some <i><a href="/wiki/Dendrobium" title="Dendrobium">Dendrobium</a></i> species have long, canelike pseudobulbs with short, rounded leaves over the whole length; some other orchids have hidden or extremely small pseudobulbs, completely included inside the leaves. </p><p>With ageing the pseudobulb sheds its leaves and becomes dormant. At this stage it is often called a backbulb. Backbulbs still hold nutrition for the plant, but then a pseudobulb usually takes over, exploiting the last reserves accumulated in the backbulb, which eventually dies off, too. A pseudobulb typically lives for about five years. Orchids without noticeable pseudobulbs are also said to have growths, an individual component of a sympodial plant. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leaves">Leaves</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orchid&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Leaves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like most <a href="/wiki/Monocot" class="mw-redirect" title="Monocot">monocots</a>, orchids generally have simple <a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">leaves</a> with <a href="/wiki/Leaf#Vein" title="Leaf">parallel veins</a>, although some <a href="/wiki/Vanilloideae" title="Vanilloideae">Vanilloideae</a> have reticulate <a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">venation</a>. Leaves may be ovate, lanceolate, or orbiculate, and very variable in size on the individual plant. Their characteristics are often diagnostic. They are normally <a href="/wiki/Phyllotaxis" title="Phyllotaxis">alternate</a> on the stem, often folded lengthwise along the centre ("plicate"), and have no <a href="/wiki/Stipule" title="Stipule">stipules</a>. Orchid leaves often have <a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">siliceous</a> bodies called stegmata in the <a href="/wiki/Vascular_bundle" title="Vascular bundle">vascular bundle</a> sheaths (not present in the <a href="/wiki/Orchidoideae" title="Orchidoideae">Orchidoideae</a>) and are fibrous. </p><p>The structure of the leaves corresponds to the specific habitat of the plant. Species that typically bask in sunlight, or grow on sites which can be occasionally very dry, have thick, leathery leaves and the <a href="/wiki/Leaf_anatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaf anatomy">laminae</a> are covered by a waxy <a href="/wiki/Plant_cuticle" title="Plant cuticle">cuticle</a> to retain their necessary water supply. Shade-loving species, on the other hand, have long, thin leaves. </p><p>The leaves of most orchids are perennial, that is, they live for several years, while others, especially those with plicate leaves as in <i><a href="/wiki/Catasetum" title="Catasetum">Catasetum</a></i>, shed them annually and develop new leaves together with new pseudobulbs. </p><p>The leaves of some orchids are considered ornamental. The leaves of <i><a href="/wiki/Macodes_sanderiana" title="Macodes sanderiana">Macodes sanderiana</a></i>, a semiterrestrial or rock-hugging ("<a href="/wiki/Lithophyte" title="Lithophyte">lithophyte</a>") orchid, show a sparkling silver and gold veining on a light green background. The cordate leaves of <i><a href="/wiki/Psychopsiella" title="Psychopsiella">Psychopsiella limminghei</a></i> are light brownish-green with maroon-puce markings, created by flower pigments. The attractive mottle of the leaves of <a href="/wiki/Lady%27s_slipper" class="mw-redirect" title="Lady's slipper">lady's slippers</a> from tropical and subtropical Asia (<i><a href="/wiki/Paphiopedilum" title="Paphiopedilum">Paphiopedilum</a></i>), is caused by uneven distribution of chlorophyll. Also, <i><a href="/wiki/Phalaenopsis_schilleriana" title="Phalaenopsis schilleriana">Phalaenopsis schilleriana</a></i> is a pastel pink orchid with leaves spotted dark green and light green. The jewel orchid (<i><a href="/wiki/Ludisia" title="Ludisia">Ludisia discolor</a></i>) is grown more for its colorful leaves than its white flowers. </p><p>Some orchids, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Dendrophylax_lindenii" title="Dendrophylax lindenii">Dendrophylax lindenii</a></i> (ghost orchid), <i><a href="/wiki/Aphyllorchis" title="Aphyllorchis">Aphyllorchis</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Taeniophyllum" title="Taeniophyllum">Taeniophyllum</a></i> depend on their green roots for <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a> and lack normally developed leaves, as do all of the <a href="/wiki/Heterotrophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterotrophy">heterotrophic</a> species. </p><p>Orchids of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Corallorhiza" title="Corallorhiza">Corallorhiza</a></i> (coralroot orchids) lack leaves altogether and instead have symbiotic or parasitic associations with fungal mycelium, though which they absorb sugars.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flowers">Flowers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orchid&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Flowers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Orchid flowers have three <a href="/wiki/Sepal" title="Sepal">sepals</a>, three petals and a three-chambered <a href="/wiki/Ovary_(botany)" title="Ovary (botany)">ovary</a>. The three sepals and two of the petals are often similar to each other but one petal is usually highly modified, forming a "lip" or <a href="/wiki/Labellum_(botany)" title="Labellum (botany)">labellum</a>. In most orchid genera, as the flower develops, it undergoes a twisting through 180°, called <a href="/wiki/Resupination" title="Resupination">resupination</a>, so that the labellum lies below the <a href="/wiki/Column_(botany)" title="Column (botany)">column</a>. The labellum functions to attract insects, and in resupinate flowers, also acts as a landing stage, or sometimes a trap.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoffman_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoffman-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brown_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nzpcn_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nzpcn-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-boo_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boo-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caladenia_alpina_(labelled).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Caladenia_alpina_%28labelled%29.jpg/220px-Caladenia_alpina_%28labelled%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Caladenia_alpina_%28labelled%29.jpg/330px-Caladenia_alpina_%28labelled%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Caladenia_alpina_%28labelled%29.jpg/440px-Caladenia_alpina_%28labelled%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Labelled image of <i><a href="/wiki/Caladenia_alpina" title="Caladenia alpina">Caladenia alpina</a></i></figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diuris_(labelled).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Diuris_%28labelled%29.jpg/220px-Diuris_%28labelled%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Diuris_%28labelled%29.jpg/330px-Diuris_%28labelled%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Diuris_%28labelled%29.jpg/440px-Diuris_%28labelled%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Labelled image of <i><a href="/wiki/Diuris_carinata" title="Diuris carinata">Diuris carinata</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>The reproductive parts of an orchid flower are unique in that the <a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">stamens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Style_(botany)" title="Style (botany)">style</a> are joined to form a single structure, the <a href="/wiki/Column_(botany)" title="Column (botany)">column</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nzpcn_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nzpcn-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-boo_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boo-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead of being released singly, thousands of <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a> grains are contained in one or two bundles called <a href="/wiki/Pollinium" title="Pollinium">pollinia</a> that are attached to a sticky disc near the top of the column. Just below the pollinia is a second, larger sticky plate called the <a href="/wiki/Stigma_(botany)" title="Stigma (botany)">stigma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hoffman_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoffman-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brown_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nzpcn_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nzpcn-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-boo_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boo-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reproduction">Reproduction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orchid&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reproduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pollination">Pollination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orchid&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pollination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pollination_of_orchids" title="Pollination of orchids">Pollination of orchids</a></div> <p>The complex mechanisms that orchids have evolved to achieve <a href="/wiki/Allogamy" title="Allogamy">cross-pollination</a> were investigated by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> and described in <i><a href="/wiki/Fertilisation_of_Orchids" title="Fertilisation of Orchids">Fertilisation of Orchids</a></i> (1862). Orchids have developed highly specialized <a href="/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">pollination</a> systems, thus the chances of being pollinated are often scarce, so orchid flowers usually remain receptive for very long periods, rendering unpollinated flowers long-lasting in cultivation. Most orchids deliver pollen in a single mass. Each time pollination succeeds, thousands of ovules can be fertilized. </p><p>Pollinators are often visually attracted by the shape and colours of the labellum. However, some <i><a href="/wiki/Bulbophyllum" title="Bulbophyllum">Bulbophyllum</a></i> species attract male fruit flies (<i><a href="/wiki/Bactrocera" title="Bactrocera">Bactrocera</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Zeugodacus" title="Zeugodacus">Zeugodacus</a></i> spp.) solely via a floral chemical which simultaneously acts as a floral reward (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Methyl_eugenol" title="Methyl eugenol">methyl eugenol</a>, raspberry <a href="/wiki/Ketone" title="Ketone">ketone</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Zingerone" title="Zingerone">zingerone</a>) to perform pollination.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The flowers may produce attractive odours. Although absent in most species, <a href="/wiki/Nectar" title="Nectar">nectar</a> may be produced in a <a href="/wiki/Spur_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spur (biology)">spur</a> of the labellum (<b>8</b> in the illustration above), or on the point of the sepals, or in the septa of the ovary, the most typical position amongst the <a href="/wiki/Asparagales" title="Asparagales">Asparagales</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phalaenopsis_pollinia_on_toothpick.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Phalaenopsis_pollinia_on_toothpick.jpg/220px-Phalaenopsis_pollinia_on_toothpick.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Phalaenopsis_pollinia_on_toothpick.jpg/330px-Phalaenopsis_pollinia_on_toothpick.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Phalaenopsis_pollinia_on_toothpick.jpg/440px-Phalaenopsis_pollinia_on_toothpick.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1015" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Phalaenopsis" title="Phalaenopsis">Phalaenopsis</a></i> pollinia (orange) attached to a toothpick with its sticky <a href="/wiki/Viscidium" class="mw-redirect" title="Viscidium">viscidium</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In orchids that produce pollinia, pollination happens as some variant of the following sequence: when the pollinator enters into the flower, it touches a viscidium, which promptly sticks to its body, generally on the head or abdomen. While leaving the flower, it pulls the pollinium out of the anther, as it is connected to the viscidium by the caudicle or stipe. The caudicle then bends and the pollinium is moved forwards and downwards. When the pollinator enters another flower of the same species, the pollinium has taken such position that it will stick to the stigma of the second flower, just below the rostellum, pollinating it. In horticulture, <a href="/wiki/Hand-pollination" title="Hand-pollination">artificial orchid pollination</a> is achieved by removing the pollinia with a small instrument such as a toothpick from the pollen parent and transferring them to the seed parent. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ophrys_apifera_flower2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ophrys_apifera_flower2.jpg/220px-Ophrys_apifera_flower2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ophrys_apifera_flower2.jpg/330px-Ophrys_apifera_flower2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ophrys_apifera_flower2.jpg/440px-Ophrys_apifera_flower2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="927" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Ophrys_apifera" title="Ophrys apifera">Ophrys apifera</a></i> is about to self-pollinate</figcaption></figure> <p>Some orchids mainly or totally rely on <a href="/wiki/Self-pollination" title="Self-pollination">self-pollination</a>, especially in colder regions where pollinators are particularly rare. The caudicles may dry up if the flower has not been visited by any pollinator, and the pollinia then fall directly on the stigma. Otherwise, the anther may rotate and then enter the stigma cavity of the flower (as in <i><a href="/wiki/Holcoglossum_amesianum" title="Holcoglossum amesianum">Holcoglossum amesianum</a></i>). </p><p>The slipper orchid <i><a href="/wiki/Paphiopedilum_parishii" title="Paphiopedilum parishii">Paphiopedilum parishii</a></i> reproduces by <a href="/wiki/Self-pollination" title="Self-pollination">self-fertilization</a>. This occurs when the anther changes from a solid to a liquid state and directly contacts the stigma surface without the aid of any pollinating agent or floral assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The labellum of the <a href="/wiki/Cypripedioideae" title="Cypripedioideae">Cypripedioideae</a> is <a href="/wiki/Poke_bonnet" title="Poke bonnet">poke bonnet-shaped</a>, and has the function of trapping visiting insects. The only exit leads to the anthers that deposit pollen on the visitor. </p><p>In some extremely specialized orchids, such as the Eurasian genus <i><a href="/wiki/Ophrys" title="Ophrys">Ophrys</a></i>, the labellum is adapted to have a colour, shape, and odour which attracts male insects via <a href="/wiki/Mimicry" title="Mimicry">mimicry</a> of a receptive female. Pollination happens as the insect attempts to mate with flowers. </p><p>Many neotropical orchids are pollinated by male <a href="/wiki/Euglossini" title="Euglossini">orchid bees</a>, which visit the flowers to gather volatile chemicals they require to synthesize <a href="/wiki/Pheromone" title="Pheromone">pheromonal</a> attractants. Males of such species as <i><a href="/wiki/Euglossa_imperialis" title="Euglossa imperialis">Euglossa imperialis</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Eulaema_meriana" title="Eulaema meriana">Eulaema meriana</a></i> have been observed to leave their territories periodically to forage for aromatic compounds, such as cineole, to synthesize pheromone for attracting and mating with females.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each type of orchid places the pollinia on a different body part of a different species of bee, so as to enforce proper cross-pollination. </p><p>A rare <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/achlorophyllous" class="extiw" title="wikt:achlorophyllous">achlorophyllous</a> <a href="/wiki/Saprophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Saprophyte">saprophytic</a> orchid growing entirely underground in Australia, <i><a href="/wiki/Rhizanthella_slateri" title="Rhizanthella slateri">Rhizanthella slateri</a></i>, is never exposed to light, and depends on <a href="/wiki/Ant" title="Ant">ants</a> and other terrestrial insects to pollinate it. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Catasetum" title="Catasetum">Catasetum</a></i>, a genus discussed briefly by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Darwin</a>, actually launches its viscid pollinia with explosive force when an insect touches a <a href="/wiki/Seta" title="Seta">seta</a>, knocking the pollinator off the flower. </p><p>After pollination, the sepals and petals fade and wilt, but they usually remain attached to the ovary. </p><p>In 2011, <i><a href="/wiki/Bulbophyllum_nocturnum" title="Bulbophyllum nocturnum">Bulbophyllum nocturnum</a></i> was discovered to flower nocturnally.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asexual_reproduction">Asexual reproduction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orchid&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Asexual reproduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some species, such as in the genera <i>Phalaenopsis</i>, <i>Dendrobium</i>, and <i>Vanda</i>, produce offshoots or plantlets formed from one of the <a href="/wiki/Node_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Node (botany)">nodes</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">stem</a>, through the accumulation of growth hormones at that point. These shoots are known as <a href="/wiki/Keiki" title="Keiki">keiki</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Epipogium_aphyllum" title="Epipogium aphyllum">Epipogium aphyllum</a></i> exhibits a dual reproductive strategy, engaging in both sexual and asexual seed production. The likelihood of <a href="/wiki/Apomixis" title="Apomixis">apomixis</a> playing a substantial role in successful reproduction appears minimal. Within certain petite orchid species groups, there is a noteworthy preparation of female gametes for fertilization preceding the act of pollination. <sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fruits_and_seeds">Fruits and seeds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orchid&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Fruits and seeds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kapselquerschnitte_Orchideen.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Kapselquerschnitte_Orchideen.png/220px-Kapselquerschnitte_Orchideen.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Kapselquerschnitte_Orchideen.png/330px-Kapselquerschnitte_Orchideen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Kapselquerschnitte_Orchideen.png/440px-Kapselquerschnitte_Orchideen.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="515" /></a><figcaption>Cross-sections of orchid capsules showing the longitudinal slits</figcaption></figure> <p>The ovary typically develops into a <a href="/wiki/Capsule_(fruit)" title="Capsule (fruit)">capsule</a> that is <a href="/wiki/Dehiscent" class="mw-redirect" title="Dehiscent">dehiscent</a> by three or six longitudinal slits, while remaining closed at both ends. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seeds</a> are generally almost microscopic and very numerous, in some species over a million per capsule. After ripening, they blow off like dust particles or spores. Most orchid species lack <a href="/wiki/Endosperm" title="Endosperm">endosperm</a> in their seed and must enter symbiotic relationships with various <a href="/wiki/Orchid_mycorrhiza" title="Orchid mycorrhiza">mycorrhizal</a> <a href="/wiki/Basidiomycete" class="mw-redirect" title="Basidiomycete">basidiomyceteous</a> <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a> that provide them the necessary nutrients to germinate, so almost all orchid species are <a href="/wiki/Mycoheterotrophic" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycoheterotrophic">mycoheterotrophic</a> during germination and reliant upon fungi to complete their lifecycles. Only a handful of orchid species have seed that can germinate without <a href="/wiki/Orchid_mycorrhiza" title="Orchid mycorrhiza">mycorrhiza</a>, namely the species within the genus <a href="/wiki/Disa_(plant)" title="Disa (plant)"><i>Disa</i></a> with <a href="/wiki/Seed_dispersal#Water" title="Seed dispersal">hydrochorous</a> seeds.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Disa_seedling_on_a_thumbtack.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Disa_seedling_on_a_thumbtack.jpg/220px-Disa_seedling_on_a_thumbtack.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Disa_seedling_on_a_thumbtack.jpg/330px-Disa_seedling_on_a_thumbtack.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Disa_seedling_on_a_thumbtack.jpg/440px-Disa_seedling_on_a_thumbtack.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1045" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Disa_uniflora" title="Disa uniflora">Disa uniflora</a></i> seedling on a sphagnum leaf, on a thumbtack</figcaption></figure> <p>As the chance for a seed to meet a suitable fungus is very small, only a minute fraction of all the seeds released grow into adult plants. In cultivation, germination typically takes weeks. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Horticultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Horticultural">Horticultural</a> techniques have been devised for germinating orchid seeds on an artificial nutrient medium, eliminating the requirement of the <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungus</a> for germination and greatly aiding the propagation of ornamental orchids. The usual medium for the sowing of orchids in artificial conditions is <a href="/wiki/Agar" title="Agar">agar</a> gel combined with a <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrate</a> energy source. The carbohydrate source can be combinations of discrete sugars or can be derived from other sources such as <a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">banana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pineapple" title="Pineapple">pineapple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peach" title="Peach">peach</a>, or even <a href="/wiki/Tomato" title="Tomato">tomato</a> puree or <a href="/wiki/Coconut_water" title="Coconut water">coconut water</a>. After the preparation of the agar medium, it is poured into <a href="/wiki/Test_tubes" class="mw-redirect" title="Test tubes">test tubes</a> or jars which are then autoclaved (or cooked in a pressure cooker) to sterilize the medium. After cooking, the medium begins to gel as it cools. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orchid&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_of_the_Orchid_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxonomy of the Orchid family">Taxonomy of the Orchid family</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomy</a> of this family is in constant flux, as new studies continue to clarify the relationships between species and groups of species, allowing more <a href="/wiki/Taxa" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxa">taxa</a> at several <a href="/wiki/Taxonomic_rank" title="Taxonomic rank">ranks</a> to be recognized. The Orchidaceae is currently placed in the <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">order</a> <a href="/wiki/Asparagales" title="Asparagales">Asparagales</a> by the <a href="/wiki/APG_III_system" title="APG III system">APG III system</a> of 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-APGIII2009_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APGIII2009-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Five <a href="/wiki/Subfamilies" class="mw-redirect" title="Subfamilies">subfamilies</a> are recognised. The <a href="/wiki/Cladogram" title="Cladogram">cladogram</a> below was made according to the <a href="/wiki/APG_system" title="APG system">APG system</a> of 1998. It represents the view that most botanists had held up to that time. It was supported by <a href="/wiki/Plant_morphology" title="Plant morphology">morphological</a> <a href="/wiki/Research" title="Research">studies</a>, but never received strong support in <a href="/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular phylogenetic">molecular phylogenetic</a> studies. </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:80%;line-height:75%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Apostasioideae" title="Apostasioideae">Apostasioideae</a></b>: 2 genera and 16 species, south-eastern <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Cypripedioideae" title="Cypripedioideae">Cypripedioideae</a></b>: 5 genera and 130 species, from the temperate regions of the world, as well as tropical <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">America</a> and tropical Asia </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> Monandrae  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Vanilloideae" title="Vanilloideae">Vanilloideae</a></b>: 15 genera and 180 species, humid tropical and subtropical regions, eastern <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Epidendroideae" title="Epidendroideae">Epidendroideae</a></b>: more than 500 genera and more or less 20,000 species, cosmopolitan </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Orchidoideae" title="Orchidoideae">Orchidoideae</a></b>: 208 genera and 3,630 species, cosmopolitan </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>In 2015, a <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogenetic">phylogenetic</a> study<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> showed strong <a href="/wiki/Resampling_(statistics)" title="Resampling (statistics)">statistical support</a> for the following <a href="/wiki/Topology" title="Topology">topology</a> of the orchid <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">tree</a>, using 9 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">kb</a> of <a href="/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid">plastid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cell_nucleus" title="Cell nucleus">nuclear</a> <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> from 7 <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">genes</a>, a topology that was confirmed by a <a href="/wiki/Phylogenomic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogenomic">phylogenomic</a> study in the same year.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade" style="font-size:80%;line-height:75%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Apostasioideae" title="Apostasioideae">Apostasioideae</a></b> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Vanilloideae" title="Vanilloideae">Vanilloideae</a></b> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Cypripedioideae" title="Cypripedioideae">Cypripedioideae</a></b> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Epidendroideae" title="Epidendroideae">Epidendroideae</a></b> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Orchidoideae" title="Orchidoideae">Orchidoideae</a></b> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution">Evolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orchid&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A study in the scientific journal <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i> has hypothesised that the origin of the orchids goes back much longer than originally expected.<sup id="cite_ref-Origin_of_the_orchids_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Origin_of_the_orchids-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An extinct species of stingless bee, <i>Proplebeia dominicana</i>, was found trapped in <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a> <a href="/wiki/Amber" title="Amber">amber</a> from about 15-20 million years ago. The bee was carrying <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a> of a previously unknown orchid taxon, <i><a href="/wiki/Meliorchis_caribea" class="mw-redirect" title="Meliorchis caribea">Meliorchis caribea</a></i>, on its wings. This find is the first evidence of fossilised orchids to date<sup id="cite_ref-Origin_of_the_orchids_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Origin_of_the_orchids-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and shows insects were active <a href="/wiki/Pollinator" title="Pollinator">pollinators</a> of orchids then. This extinct orchid, <i>M. caribea</i>, has been placed within the extant tribe <a href="/wiki/Cranichideae" title="Cranichideae">Cranichideae</a>, subtribe <a href="/wiki/Goodyerinae" title="Goodyerinae">Goodyerinae</a> (subfamily <a href="/wiki/Orchidoideae" title="Orchidoideae">Orchidoideae</a>). An even older orchid species, <i><a href="/wiki/Succinanthera_baltica" class="mw-redirect" title="Succinanthera baltica">Succinanthera baltica</a></i>, was described from the <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a> <a href="/wiki/Baltic_amber" title="Baltic amber">Baltic amber</a> by <a href="/wiki/George_Poinar_Jr." title="George Poinar Jr.">Poinar</a> & Rasmussen (2017).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Genetic sequencing indicates orchids may have arisen earlier, 76 to 84 million years ago during the <a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Late Cretaceous</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Mark_W._Chase" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark W. Chase">Mark W. Chase</a> <i>et al.</i> (2001), the overall biogeography and phylogenetic patterns of Orchidaceae show they are even older and may go back roughly 100 million years.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Using the <a href="/wiki/Molecular_clock" title="Molecular clock">molecular clock</a> method, it was possible to determine the age of the major branches of the orchid family. This also confirmed that the subfamily <a href="/wiki/Vanilloideae" title="Vanilloideae">Vanilloideae</a> is a branch at the basal dichotomy of the <a href="/wiki/Monandrous" class="mw-redirect" title="Monandrous">monandrous</a> orchids, and must have evolved very early in the evolution of the family. Since this subfamily occurs worldwide in tropical and subtropical regions, from tropical America to tropical Asia, New Guinea and West Africa, and the continents began to split about 100 million years ago, significant biotic exchange must have occurred after this split (since the age of <i>Vanilla</i> is estimated at 60 to 70 million years). Recent biogeographic studies conducted on densely sampled phylogenies indicated that the <a href="/wiki/Most_recent_common_ancestor" title="Most recent common ancestor">most recent common ancestor</a> of all extant orchids probably originated somewhere 83 million years ago in the supercontinent <a href="/wiki/Laurasia" title="Laurasia">Laurasia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Perez-Escobar-2024_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perez-Escobar-2024-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite their long evolutionary history on Earth, the extant orchid diversity is also inferred to have originated during the last 5 million years,<sup id="cite_ref-Perez-Escobar-2024_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perez-Escobar-2024-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the American and Asian tropics as the geopgraphic areas exhibiting the highest speciation rates (i.e., number of speciation events per million years) on Earth. </p><p>Genome duplication occurred prior to the divergence of this taxon.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genera">Genera</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orchid&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Genera"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Orchidaceae_genera" title="List of Orchidaceae genera">List of Orchidaceae genera</a></div> <p>There are around 800 genera of orchids. The following are amongst the most notable genera of the orchid family:<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 9em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aa_(plant)" title="Aa (plant)">Aa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abdominea" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdominea">Abdominea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Acampe" title="Acampe">Acampe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Acanthophippium" title="Acanthophippium">Acanthophippium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aceratorchis" class="mw-redirect" title="Aceratorchis">Aceratorchis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Acianthus" title="Acianthus">Acianthus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Acineta" title="Acineta">Acineta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Acrorchis" title="Acrorchis">Acrorchis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ada_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ada (plant)">Ada</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aerangis" title="Aerangis">Aerangis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aeranthes" title="Aeranthes">Aeranthes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aerides" title="Aerides">Aerides</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aganisia" title="Aganisia">Aganisia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Agrostophyllum" title="Agrostophyllum">Agrostophyllum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anacamptis" title="Anacamptis">Anacamptis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ancistrochilus" title="Ancistrochilus">Ancistrochilus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Angraecum" title="Angraecum">Angraecum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anguloa" title="Anguloa">Anguloa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ansellia" title="Ansellia">Ansellia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aorchis" class="mw-redirect" title="Aorchis">Aorchis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aplectrum" title="Aplectrum">Aplectrum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arachnis_(plant)" title="Arachnis (plant)">Arachnis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arethusa_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arethusa (plant)">Arethusa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Armodorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Armodorum">Armodorum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ascoglossum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascoglossum">Ascoglossum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Australorchis" class="mw-redirect" title="Australorchis">Australorchis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Auxopus" title="Auxopus">Auxopus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barkeria" title="Barkeria">Barkeria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bartholina" title="Bartholina">Bartholina</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beloglottis" title="Beloglottis">Beloglottis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Biermannia" title="Biermannia">Biermannia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bletilla" title="Bletilla">Bletilla</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brassavola" title="Brassavola">Brassavola</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brassia" title="Brassia">Brassia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bulbophyllum" title="Bulbophyllum">Bulbophyllum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Calanthe" title="Calanthe">Calanthe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Calypso_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calypso (plant)">Calypso</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Catasetum" title="Catasetum">Catasetum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cattleya" title="Cattleya">Cattleya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chiloschista" title="Chiloschista">Chiloschista</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cirrhopetalum" class="mw-redirect" title="Cirrhopetalum">Cirrhopetalum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cleisostoma" title="Cleisostoma">Cleisostoma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clowesia" title="Clowesia">Clowesia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coelogyne" title="Coelogyne">Coelogyne</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coryanthes" title="Coryanthes">Coryanthes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cycnoches" title="Cycnoches">Cycnoches</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cymbidium" title="Cymbidium">Cymbidium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cyrtopodium" title="Cyrtopodium">Cyrtopodium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cypripedium" title="Cypripedium">Cypripedium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dactylorhiza" title="Dactylorhiza">Dactylorhiza</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dendrobium" title="Dendrobium">Dendrobium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Disa_(plant)" title="Disa (plant)">Disa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dracula_(plant)" title="Dracula (plant)">Dracula</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclia" title="Encyclia">Encyclia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epidendrum" title="Epidendrum">Epidendrum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epipactis" title="Epipactis">Epipactis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eria" title="Eria">Eria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eulophia" title="Eulophia">Eulophia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gastrochilus" title="Gastrochilus">Gastrochilus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gongora" title="Gongora">Gongora</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Goodyera" title="Goodyera">Goodyera</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Grammatophyllum" title="Grammatophyllum">Grammatophyllum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gymnadenia" title="Gymnadenia">Gymnadenia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Habenaria" title="Habenaria">Habenaria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Herschelia" class="mw-redirect" title="Herschelia">Herschelia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ionopsis" title="Ionopsis">Ionopsis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laelia" title="Laelia">Laelia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lepanthes" title="Lepanthes">Lepanthes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liparis_(plant)" title="Liparis (plant)">Liparis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ludisia" title="Ludisia">Ludisia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lycaste" title="Lycaste">Lycaste</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Masdevallia" title="Masdevallia">Masdevallia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maxillaria" title="Maxillaria">Maxillaria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meliorchis" title="Meliorchis">Meliorchis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mexipedium" title="Mexipedium">Mexipedium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miltonia" title="Miltonia">Miltonia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mormodes" title="Mormodes">Mormodes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Odontoglossum" title="Odontoglossum">Odontoglossum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oeceoclades" title="Oeceoclades">Oeceoclades</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oncidium" title="Oncidium">Oncidium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ophrys" title="Ophrys">Ophrys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orchis" title="Orchis">Orchis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paphiopedilum" title="Paphiopedilum">Paphiopedilum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Papilionanthe" title="Papilionanthe">Papilionanthe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paraphalaenopsis" title="Paraphalaenopsis">Paraphalaenopsis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peristeria_(plant)" title="Peristeria (plant)">Peristeria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phaius" title="Phaius">Phaius</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phalaenopsis" title="Phalaenopsis">Phalaenopsis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pholidota_(plant)" title="Pholidota (plant)">Pholidota</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phragmipedium" title="Phragmipedium">Phragmipedium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Platanthera" title="Platanthera">Platanthera</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Platystele" title="Platystele">Platystele</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pleione_(plant)" title="Pleione (plant)">Pleione</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pleurothallis" title="Pleurothallis">Pleurothallis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pomatocalpa" title="Pomatocalpa">Pomatocalpa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Promenaea" title="Promenaea">Promenaea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pterostylis" title="Pterostylis">Pterostylis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Renanthera" title="Renanthera">Renanthera</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Restrepia" title="Restrepia">Restrepia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Restrepiella" title="Restrepiella">Restrepiella</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhynchostylis" title="Rhynchostylis">Rhynchostylis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roezliella" class="mw-redirect" title="Roezliella">Roezliella</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saccolabium" title="Saccolabium">Saccolabium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarcochilus" title="Sarcochilus">Sarcochilus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Satyrium_(plant)" title="Satyrium (plant)">Satyrium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seidenfadenia" title="Seidenfadenia">Seidenfadenia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Selenipedium" title="Selenipedium">Selenipedium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Serapias" title="Serapias">Serapias</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sobralia" title="Sobralia">Sobralia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spiranthes" title="Spiranthes">Spiranthes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stanhopea" title="Stanhopea">Stanhopea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stelis" title="Stelis">Stelis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thrixspermum" title="Thrixspermum">Thrixspermum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tolumnia_(plant)" title="Tolumnia (plant)">Tolumnia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trias_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trias (plant)">Trias</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trichocentrum" title="Trichocentrum">Trichocentrum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trichoglottis" title="Trichoglottis">Trichoglottis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vanda" title="Vanda">Vanda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vanilla_(genus)" title="Vanilla (genus)">Vanilla</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoania" title="Yoania">Yoania</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zeuxine" title="Zeuxine">Zeuxine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zygopetalum" title="Zygopetalum">Zygopetalum</a></i></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orchid&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Type_(biology)" title="Type (biology)">type</a> <a href="/wiki/Genus_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genus (biology)">genus</a> (i.e. the genus after which the family is named) is <i><a href="/wiki/Orchis" title="Orchis">Orchis</a></i>. The genus name comes from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BD%84%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B9%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:ὄρχις">ὄρχις</a></span></span> (<i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc">órkhis</i></span></i>), literally meaning "<a href="/wiki/Testicle" title="Testicle">testicle</a>", because of the shape of the twin tubers in some species of <i>Orchis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "orchid" was introduced in 1845 by <a href="/wiki/John_Lindley" title="John Lindley">John Lindley</a> in <i>School Botany</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a shortened form of <i>Orchidaceae</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a>, the name <i>bollockwort</i> was used for some orchids, based on "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bollock" class="extiw" title="wikt:bollock">bollock</a>" meaning testicle and "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/wort#Etymology_1" class="extiw" title="wikt:wort">wort</a>" meaning plant.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hybrids">Hybrids</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orchid&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Hybrids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Orchid species hybridize readily in cultivation, leading to a large number of hybrids with complex naming. Hybridization is possible across genera, and therefore many cultivated orchids are placed into <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_name" title="Hybrid name">nothogenera</a>. For instance, the nothogenus <a href="/wiki/%C3%97_Brassocattleya" title="× Brassocattleya">× <i>Brassocattleya</i></a> is used for all hybrids of species from the genera <i><a href="/wiki/Brassavola" title="Brassavola">Brassavola</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Cattleya" title="Cattleya">Cattleya</a></i>. Nothogenera based on at least three genera may have names based on a person's name with the suffix <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-ara" class="extiw" title="wikt:-ara">-ara</a></i>, for instance <a href="/wiki/%C3%97_Colmanara" title="× Colmanara">× <i>Colmanara</i></a> = <i><a href="/wiki/Miltonia" title="Miltonia">Miltonia</a></i> × <i><a href="/wiki/Odontoglossum" title="Odontoglossum">Odontoglossum</a></i> × <i><a href="/wiki/Oncidium" title="Oncidium">Oncidium</a></i>. (The suffix is obligatory starting at four genera.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p><p>Cultivated hybrids in the orchid family are also special in that they are named by using <a href="/wiki/Grex_(horticulture)" title="Grex (horticulture)">grex</a> nomenclature, rather than nothospecies. For instance, hybrids between <i><a href="/wiki/Brassavola_nodosa" title="Brassavola nodosa">Brassavola nodosa</a></i> and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brassavola_acaulis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brassavola acaulis (page does not exist)">Brassavola acaulis</a></i> are placed in the grex <i>Brassavola</i> Guiseppi.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name of the grex ("Guiseppi" in this example) is written in a non-italic font without quotes.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abbreviations">Abbreviations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orchid&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Abbreviations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a unique feature of the orchid family, a system of abbreviations exists that applies to names of genera and nothogenera. The system is maintained by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society" title="Royal Horticultural Society">Royal Horticultural Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These abbreviations consist of at least one character, but may be longer. As opposed to the usual one-letter abbreviations used for names of genera, orchid abbreviations uniquely determine the (notho)genus. They are widely used in cultivation. Examples are <i>Phal</i> for <i><a href="/wiki/Phalaenopsis" title="Phalaenopsis">Phalaenopsis</a></i>, <i>V</i> for <i><a href="/wiki/Vanda" title="Vanda">Vanda</a></i> and <i>Cleis</i> for <i><a href="/wiki/Cleisostoma" title="Cleisostoma">Cleisostoma</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orchid&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Orchidaceae are <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitan_distribution" title="Cosmopolitan distribution">cosmopolitan</a>, occurring in almost every <a href="/wiki/Habitat_(ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitat (ecology)">habitat</a> apart from <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a>. The world's richest diversity of orchid genera and species is found in the <a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">tropics</a>, but they are also found above the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Circle" title="Arctic Circle">Arctic Circle</a>, in southern <a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a>, and two species of <i><a href="/wiki/Nematoceras" class="mw-redirect" title="Nematoceras">Nematoceras</a></i> on <a href="/wiki/Macquarie_Island" title="Macquarie Island">Macquarie Island</a> at <a href="/wiki/54th_parallel_south" title="54th parallel south">54° south</a>. </p><p>The following list gives a rough overview of their distribution:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>Oceania: 50 to 70 genera</li> <li>North America: 20 to 26 genera</li> <li>tropical America: 212 to 250 genera</li> <li>tropical Asia: 260 to 300 genera</li> <li>tropical Africa: 230 to 270 genera</li> <li>Europe and temperate Asia: 40 to 60 genera</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orchid&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A majority of orchids are <a href="/wiki/Perennial_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Perennial plant">perennial</a> <a href="/wiki/Epiphyte" title="Epiphyte">epiphytes</a>, which grow anchored to <a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">trees</a> or <a href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">shrubs</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">tropics</a> and subtropics. Species such as <i><a href="/wiki/Angraecum" title="Angraecum">Angraecum</a> sororium</i> are <a href="/wiki/Lithophyte" title="Lithophyte">lithophytes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> growing on rocks or very rocky soil. Other orchids (including the majority of <a href="/wiki/Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">temperate</a> Orchidaceae) are terrestrial and can be found in habitat areas such as grasslands or forest. </p><p>Some orchids, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Neottia" title="Neottia">Neottia</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Corallorhiza" title="Corallorhiza">Corallorhiza</a></i>, lack <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">chlorophyll</a>, so are unable to photosynthesise. Instead, these species obtain energy and nutrients by <a href="/wiki/Parasitism" title="Parasitism">parasitising</a> soil fungi through the formation of <a href="/wiki/Orchid_mycorrhiza" title="Orchid mycorrhiza">orchid mycorrhizae</a>. The fungi involved include those that form <a href="/wiki/Ectomycorrhizal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ectomycorrhizal">ectomycorrhizas</a> with trees and other woody plants, parasites such as <i><a href="/wiki/Armillaria" title="Armillaria">Armillaria</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Saprotroph" class="mw-redirect" title="Saprotroph">saprotrophs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These orchids are known as <a href="/wiki/Myco-heterotroph" class="mw-redirect" title="Myco-heterotroph">myco-heterotrophs</a>, but were formerly (incorrectly) described as saprophytes as it was believed they gained their nutrition by breaking down organic matter. While only a few species are achlorophyllous <a href="/wiki/Parasitic_plant" title="Parasitic plant">holoparasites</a>, all orchids are myco-heterotrophic during germination and seedling growth, and even photosynthetic adult plants may continue to obtain carbon from their <a href="/wiki/Mycorrhiza" title="Mycorrhiza">mycorrhizal</a> fungi.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The symbiosis is typically maintained throughout the lifetime of the orchid because they depend on the fungus for nutrients, sugars and minerals.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orchid&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2007-12-17AdventFlowerShop02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/2007-12-17AdventFlowerShop02.jpg/170px-2007-12-17AdventFlowerShop02.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/2007-12-17AdventFlowerShop02.jpg/255px-2007-12-17AdventFlowerShop02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/2007-12-17AdventFlowerShop02.jpg/340px-2007-12-17AdventFlowerShop02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>As decoration in a flowerpot</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blc._Paradise_Jewel_%27Flame%27_Orchid_bloom.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Blc._Paradise_Jewel_%27Flame%27_Orchid_bloom.JPG/170px-Blc._Paradise_Jewel_%27Flame%27_Orchid_bloom.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Blc._Paradise_Jewel_%27Flame%27_Orchid_bloom.JPG/255px-Blc._Paradise_Jewel_%27Flame%27_Orchid_bloom.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Blc._Paradise_Jewel_%27Flame%27_Orchid_bloom.JPG/340px-Blc._Paradise_Jewel_%27Flame%27_Orchid_bloom.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/%C3%97_Brassolaeliocattleya" title="× Brassolaeliocattleya">× <i>Brassolaeliocattleya</i></a> ("BLC") Paradise Jewel 'Flame' hybrid orchid. Blooms of the <i><a href="/wiki/Cattleya" title="Cattleya">Cattleya</a></i> alliance are often used in ladies' <a href="/wiki/Corsage" title="Corsage">corsages</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perfumery">Perfumery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orchid&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Perfumery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Scent" class="mw-redirect" title="Scent">scent</a> of orchids is frequently analysed by <a href="/wiki/Perfumer" title="Perfumer">perfumers</a> (using <a href="/wiki/Headspace_technology" title="Headspace technology">headspace technology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gas-liquid_chromatography" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas-liquid chromatography">gas-liquid chromatography</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">mass spectrometry</a>) to identify potential fragrance chemicals.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Horticulture">Horticulture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orchid&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Horticulture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The other important use of orchids is their cultivation for the enjoyment of the flowers. Most cultivated orchids are <a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">tropical</a> or <a href="/wiki/Subtropics" title="Subtropics">subtropical</a>, but quite a few that grow in colder climates can be found on the market. Temperate species available at nurseries include <i><a href="/wiki/Ophrys_apifera" title="Ophrys apifera">Ophrys apifera</a></i> (bee orchid), <i><a href="/wiki/Gymnadenia_conopsea" title="Gymnadenia conopsea">Gymnadenia conopsea</a></i> (fragrant orchid), <i><a href="/wiki/Anacamptis_pyramidalis" title="Anacamptis pyramidalis">Anacamptis pyramidalis</a></i> (pyramidal orchid) and <i><a href="/wiki/Dactylorhiza_fuchsii" class="mw-redirect" title="Dactylorhiza fuchsii">Dactylorhiza fuchsii</a></i> (common spotted orchid). </p><p>Orchids of all types have also often been sought by collectors of both species and hybrids. Many hundreds of societies and clubs worldwide have been established. These can be small, local clubs, or larger, national organisations such as the <a href="/wiki/American_Orchid_Society" title="American Orchid Society">American Orchid Society</a>. Both serve to encourage cultivation and collection of orchids, but some go further by concentrating on conservation or research. </p><p>The term "botanical orchid" loosely denotes those small-flowered, tropical orchids belonging to several genera that do not fit into the "florist" orchid category. A few of these genera contain enormous numbers of species. Some, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Pleurothallis" title="Pleurothallis">Pleurothallis</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Bulbophyllum" title="Bulbophyllum">Bulbophyllum</a></i>, contain approximately 1700 and 2000 species, respectively, and are often extremely vegetatively diverse. The primary use of the term is among orchid hobbyists wishing to describe unusual species they grow, though it is also used to distinguish naturally occurring orchid species from horticulturally created <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybrids</a>. </p><p>New orchids are registered with the International Orchid Register, maintained by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society" title="Royal Horticultural Society">Royal Horticultural Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERHS2016_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERHS2016-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food">Food</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orchid&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Food"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">Vanilla</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vanilla_fragrans_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Vanilla_fragrans_4.jpg/220px-Vanilla_fragrans_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Vanilla_fragrans_4.jpg/330px-Vanilla_fragrans_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Vanilla_fragrans_4.jpg/440px-Vanilla_fragrans_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="933" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Vanilla fruit drying</figcaption></figure> <p>The dried seed pods of one orchid genus, <i><a href="/wiki/Vanilla_(genus)" title="Vanilla (genus)">Vanilla</a></i> (especially <i><a href="/wiki/Vanilla_planifolia" title="Vanilla planifolia">Vanilla planifolia</a></i>), are commercially important as a flavouring in <a href="/wiki/Baking" title="Baking">baking</a>, for <a href="/wiki/Perfume" title="Perfume">perfume</a> manufacture and <a href="/wiki/Aromatherapy" title="Aromatherapy">aromatherapy</a>. </p><p>The underground tubers of terrestrial orchids [mainly <i><a href="/wiki/Orchis_mascula" title="Orchis mascula">Orchis mascula</a></i> (early purple orchid)] are ground to a powder and used for cooking, such as in the hot beverage <i><a href="/wiki/Salep" title="Salep">salep</a></i> or in the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine" title="Turkish cuisine">Turkish</a> mastic ice cream <i><a href="/wiki/Dondurma" title="Dondurma">dondurma</a></i>. The name <i>salep</i> has been claimed to come from the <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> expression <i><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ḥasyu al-tha‘lab</i></span></i>, "fox testicles", but it appears more likely the name comes directly from the Arabic name <i><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">saḥlab</i></span></i>. The similarity in appearance to testes naturally accounts for <i>salep</i> being considered an aphrodisiac. </p><p>The dried leaves of <i><a href="/wiki/Jumellea_fragrans" title="Jumellea fragrans">Jumellea fragrans</a></i> are used to flavour rum on <a href="/wiki/Reunion_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Reunion Island">Reunion Island</a>. </p><p>Some saprophytic orchid species of the group <i><a href="/wiki/Gastrodia" title="Gastrodia">Gastrodia</a></i> produce potato-like tubers and were consumed as food by native peoples in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and can be successfully cultivated, notably <i><a href="/wiki/Gastrodia_sesamoides" title="Gastrodia sesamoides">Gastrodia sesamoides</a></i>. Wild stands of these plants can still be found in the same areas as early Aboriginal settlements, such as <a href="/wiki/Ku-ring-gai_Chase_National_Park" title="Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park">Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal peoples</a> located the plants in habitat by observing where <a href="/wiki/Bandicoot" title="Bandicoot">bandicoots</a> had scratched in search of the tubers after detecting the plants underground by scent.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_symbolism">Cultural symbolism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orchid&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Cultural symbolism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Orchids have many associations with symbolic values. For example, the orchid is the City Flower of <a href="/wiki/Shaoxing" title="Shaoxing">Shaoxing</a>, China. <i><a href="/wiki/Cattleya_mossiae" title="Cattleya mossiae">Cattleya mossiae</a></i> is the national Venezuelan flower, while <i><a href="/wiki/Cattleya_trianae" title="Cattleya trianae">Cattleya trianae</a></i> is the national flower of <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Papilionanthe_Miss_Joaquim" title="Papilionanthe Miss Joaquim"><i>Vanda</i> Miss Joaquim</a> is the national flower of <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Guarianthe_skinneri" title="Guarianthe skinneri">Guarianthe skinneri</a></i> is the national flower of <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Rhyncholaelia_digbyana" title="Rhyncholaelia digbyana">Rhyncholaelia digbyana</a></i> is the national flower of <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Prosthechea_cochleata" title="Prosthechea cochleata">Prosthechea cochleata</a></i> is the national flower of <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a>, where it is known as the <i>black orchid</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Lycaste_skinneri" title="Lycaste skinneri">Lycaste skinneri</a></i> has a white variety (alba) that is the national flower of <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>, commonly known as <i>Monja Blanca</i> (White Nun). <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a>'s national flower is the <i>Holy Ghost orchid</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Peristeria_elata" title="Peristeria elata">Peristeria elata</a></i>), or 'the flor del Espiritu Santo'. <a href="/wiki/Rhynchostylis_retusa" title="Rhynchostylis retusa"><i>Rhynchostylis</i> <i>retusa</i></a> is the state flower of the Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a> where it is known as <i>Kopou Phul.</i><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Orchids native to the Mediterranean are depicted on the <i><a href="/wiki/Ara_Pacis" title="Ara Pacis">Ara Pacis</a></i> in Rome, until now the only known instance of orchids in ancient art, and the earliest in European art.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A French writer and agronomist, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Liger" title="Louis Liger">Louis Liger</a>, invented a classical myth in his book <i>Le Jardinier Fleuriste et Historiographe</i> published in 1704, attributing it to the ancient Greeks and Romans, in which <a href="/wiki/Orchis_(mythology)" title="Orchis (mythology)">Orchis</a> the son of a nymph and a satyr rapes a priestess of <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Bacchus</a> during one of his festivals the Bacchanalia and is then killed and transformed into an orchid flower as punishment by the gods, paralleling the various myths of youths dying and becoming flowers, like <a href="/wiki/Adonis" title="Adonis">Adonis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Narcissus_(mythology)" title="Narcissus (mythology)">Narcissus</a>; this myth however does not appear any earlier than Liger, and is not part of traditional Greek and Roman mythologies.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Some cultivars</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 131.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 129.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_and_B_Larsen_orchids_-_Cattleya_Mrs_Mahler_Mem_Fred_Tompkins_659-9.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cattleya Mrs. Mahler 'Mem. Fred Tompkins'"><img alt="Cattleya Mrs. Mahler 'Mem. Fred Tompkins'" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/A_and_B_Larsen_orchids_-_Cattleya_Mrs_Mahler_Mem_Fred_Tompkins_659-9.jpg/194px-A_and_B_Larsen_orchids_-_Cattleya_Mrs_Mahler_Mem_Fred_Tompkins_659-9.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/A_and_B_Larsen_orchids_-_Cattleya_Mrs_Mahler_Mem_Fred_Tompkins_659-9.jpg/291px-A_and_B_Larsen_orchids_-_Cattleya_Mrs_Mahler_Mem_Fred_Tompkins_659-9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/A_and_B_Larsen_orchids_-_Cattleya_Mrs_Mahler_Mem_Fred_Tompkins_659-9.jpg/387px-A_and_B_Larsen_orchids_-_Cattleya_Mrs_Mahler_Mem_Fred_Tompkins_659-9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="1208" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Cattleya</i> Mrs. Mahler 'Mem. Fred Tompkins'</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 119.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 117.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_and_B_Larsen_orchids_-_Cattleya_Queen_Sirikhit_Diamond_Crown_DSCN4414.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Cattleya Queen Sirikit 'Diamond Crown'"><img alt="Cattleya Queen Sirikit 'Diamond Crown'" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/A_and_B_Larsen_orchids_-_Cattleya_Queen_Sirikhit_Diamond_Crown_DSCN4414.JPG/176px-A_and_B_Larsen_orchids_-_Cattleya_Queen_Sirikhit_Diamond_Crown_DSCN4414.JPG" decoding="async" width="118" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/A_and_B_Larsen_orchids_-_Cattleya_Queen_Sirikhit_Diamond_Crown_DSCN4414.JPG/264px-A_and_B_Larsen_orchids_-_Cattleya_Queen_Sirikhit_Diamond_Crown_DSCN4414.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/A_and_B_Larsen_orchids_-_Cattleya_Queen_Sirikhit_Diamond_Crown_DSCN4414.JPG/352px-A_and_B_Larsen_orchids_-_Cattleya_Queen_Sirikhit_Diamond_Crown_DSCN4414.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Cattleya</i> Queen <a href="/wiki/Sirikit" title="Sirikit">Sirikit</a> 'Diamond Crown'</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 130px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 128px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_and_B_Larsen_orchids_-_Cattleya_Hawaiian_Wedding_Song_Virgin_674-23.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cattleya Hawaiian Wedding Song 'Virgin'"><img alt="Cattleya Hawaiian Wedding Song 'Virgin'" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/A_and_B_Larsen_orchids_-_Cattleya_Hawaiian_Wedding_Song_Virgin_674-23.jpg/192px-A_and_B_Larsen_orchids_-_Cattleya_Hawaiian_Wedding_Song_Virgin_674-23.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/A_and_B_Larsen_orchids_-_Cattleya_Hawaiian_Wedding_Song_Virgin_674-23.jpg/288px-A_and_B_Larsen_orchids_-_Cattleya_Hawaiian_Wedding_Song_Virgin_674-23.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/A_and_B_Larsen_orchids_-_Cattleya_Hawaiian_Wedding_Song_Virgin_674-23.jpg/384px-A_and_B_Larsen_orchids_-_Cattleya_Hawaiian_Wedding_Song_Virgin_674-23.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="1220" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Cattleya</i> Hawaiian Wedding Song 'Virgin'</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 119.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 117.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blc_Chia-lin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rhyncholaeliocattleya Chia Lin"><img alt="Rhyncholaeliocattleya Chia Lin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Blc_Chia-lin.jpg/176px-Blc_Chia-lin.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Blc_Chia-lin.jpg/264px-Blc_Chia-lin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Blc_Chia-lin.jpg/352px-Blc_Chia-lin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Rhyncholaeliocattleya</i> Chia Lin</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 130.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 128.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_and_B_Larsen_orchids_-_Cattleya_Hawaian_Variable_Prasan_336-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cattleya Hawaiian Variable 'Prasan'"><img alt="Cattleya Hawaiian Variable 'Prasan'" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/A_and_B_Larsen_orchids_-_Cattleya_Hawaian_Variable_Prasan_336-2.jpg/193px-A_and_B_Larsen_orchids_-_Cattleya_Hawaian_Variable_Prasan_336-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/A_and_B_Larsen_orchids_-_Cattleya_Hawaian_Variable_Prasan_336-2.jpg/290px-A_and_B_Larsen_orchids_-_Cattleya_Hawaian_Variable_Prasan_336-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/A_and_B_Larsen_orchids_-_Cattleya_Hawaian_Variable_Prasan_336-2.jpg/386px-A_and_B_Larsen_orchids_-_Cattleya_Hawaian_Variable_Prasan_336-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="1212" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Cattleya</i> Hawaiian Variable 'Prasan'</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 119.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 117.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_and_B_Larsen_orchids_-_Cattleya_Barbara_Belle_DSCN8696.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Cattlianthe Barbara Belle"><img alt="Cattlianthe Barbara Belle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/A_and_B_Larsen_orchids_-_Cattleya_Barbara_Belle_DSCN8696.JPG/176px-A_and_B_Larsen_orchids_-_Cattleya_Barbara_Belle_DSCN8696.JPG" decoding="async" width="118" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/A_and_B_Larsen_orchids_-_Cattleya_Barbara_Belle_DSCN8696.JPG/264px-A_and_B_Larsen_orchids_-_Cattleya_Barbara_Belle_DSCN8696.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/A_and_B_Larsen_orchids_-_Cattleya_Barbara_Belle_DSCN8696.JPG/352px-A_and_B_Larsen_orchids_-_Cattleya_Barbara_Belle_DSCN8696.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Cattlianthe</i> Barbara Belle</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 68px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 66px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cattleya_Beaumesnil_Parme_1001_Orchids.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cattleya Beaumesnil 'Parme'"><img alt="Cattleya Beaumesnil 'Parme'" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Cattleya_Beaumesnil_Parme_1001_Orchids.jpg/99px-Cattleya_Beaumesnil_Parme_1001_Orchids.jpg" decoding="async" width="66" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Cattleya_Beaumesnil_Parme_1001_Orchids.jpg/148px-Cattleya_Beaumesnil_Parme_1001_Orchids.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Cattleya_Beaumesnil_Parme_1001_Orchids.jpg/198px-Cattleya_Beaumesnil_Parme_1001_Orchids.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Cattleya</i> Beaumesnil 'Parme'</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 130.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 128.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_and_B_Larsen_orchids_-_Cattleya_Chocolate_Drop_x_Pao_de_Acucar_507-21.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cattlianthe Chocolate Drop x Cattleya Pão de Açúcar"><img alt="Cattlianthe Chocolate Drop x Cattleya Pão de Açúcar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/A_and_B_Larsen_orchids_-_Cattleya_Chocolate_Drop_x_Pao_de_Acucar_507-21.jpg/193px-A_and_B_Larsen_orchids_-_Cattleya_Chocolate_Drop_x_Pao_de_Acucar_507-21.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/A_and_B_Larsen_orchids_-_Cattleya_Chocolate_Drop_x_Pao_de_Acucar_507-21.jpg/290px-A_and_B_Larsen_orchids_-_Cattleya_Chocolate_Drop_x_Pao_de_Acucar_507-21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/A_and_B_Larsen_orchids_-_Cattleya_Chocolate_Drop_x_Pao_de_Acucar_507-21.jpg/386px-A_and_B_Larsen_orchids_-_Cattleya_Chocolate_Drop_x_Pao_de_Acucar_507-21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="1212" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Cattlianthe</i> Chocolate Drop x <i>Cattleya</i> Pão de Açúcar</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 125.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 123.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cattleya_Empress_Frederick_C_mossiae.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cattleya mossiae 'Empress Frederick'"><img alt="Cattleya mossiae 'Empress Frederick'" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Cattleya_Empress_Frederick_C_mossiae.jpg/185px-Cattleya_Empress_Frederick_C_mossiae.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Cattleya_Empress_Frederick_C_mossiae.jpg/277px-Cattleya_Empress_Frederick_C_mossiae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Cattleya_Empress_Frederick_C_mossiae.jpg/369px-Cattleya_Empress_Frederick_C_mossiae.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="429" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Cattleya_mossiae" title="Cattleya mossiae">Cattleya mossiae</a></i> 'Empress Frederick'</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cattleya_Hermine.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="'Hermine'"><img alt="'Hermine'" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Cattleya_Hermine.jpg/180px-Cattleya_Hermine.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Cattleya_Hermine.jpg/270px-Cattleya_Hermine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Cattleya_Hermine.jpg/360px-Cattleya_Hermine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="440" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">'Hermine'</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 119.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 117.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_and_B_Larsen_orchids_-_Cattleya_Little_AngelDSCN3349.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Cattleya Little Angel"><img alt="Cattleya Little Angel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/A_and_B_Larsen_orchids_-_Cattleya_Little_AngelDSCN3349.JPG/176px-A_and_B_Larsen_orchids_-_Cattleya_Little_AngelDSCN3349.JPG" decoding="async" width="118" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/A_and_B_Larsen_orchids_-_Cattleya_Little_AngelDSCN3349.JPG/264px-A_and_B_Larsen_orchids_-_Cattleya_Little_AngelDSCN3349.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/A_and_B_Larsen_orchids_-_Cattleya_Little_AngelDSCN3349.JPG/352px-A_and_B_Larsen_orchids_-_Cattleya_Little_AngelDSCN3349.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Cattleya</i> Little Angel</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 129.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 127.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_and_B_Larsen_orchids_-_Cattleya_Marjorie_Hausermann_York_812-4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cattleya Marjorie Hausermann 'York'"><img alt="Cattleya Marjorie Hausermann 'York'" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/A_and_B_Larsen_orchids_-_Cattleya_Marjorie_Hausermann_York_812-4.jpg/191px-A_and_B_Larsen_orchids_-_Cattleya_Marjorie_Hausermann_York_812-4.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/A_and_B_Larsen_orchids_-_Cattleya_Marjorie_Hausermann_York_812-4.jpg/287px-A_and_B_Larsen_orchids_-_Cattleya_Marjorie_Hausermann_York_812-4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/A_and_B_Larsen_orchids_-_Cattleya_Marjorie_Hausermann_York_812-4.jpg/383px-A_and_B_Larsen_orchids_-_Cattleya_Marjorie_Hausermann_York_812-4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1756" data-file-height="1212" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Cattleya</i> Marjorie Hausermann 'York'</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 62px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 60px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_and_B_Larsen_orchids_-_Cattleya_Miva_Breeze_Alize_930-23.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="'Miva Breeze Alize'"><img alt="'Miva Breeze Alize'" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/A_and_B_Larsen_orchids_-_Cattleya_Miva_Breeze_Alize_930-23.jpg/89px-A_and_B_Larsen_orchids_-_Cattleya_Miva_Breeze_Alize_930-23.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/A_and_B_Larsen_orchids_-_Cattleya_Miva_Breeze_Alize_930-23.jpg/133px-A_and_B_Larsen_orchids_-_Cattleya_Miva_Breeze_Alize_930-23.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/A_and_B_Larsen_orchids_-_Cattleya_Miva_Breeze_Alize_930-23.jpg/177px-A_and_B_Larsen_orchids_-_Cattleya_Miva_Breeze_Alize_930-23.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1196" data-file-height="1780" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">'Miva Breeze Alize'</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 119.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 117.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blc_Nobiles_carnival.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rhyncholaeliocattleya 'Nobile's carnival'"><img alt="Rhyncholaeliocattleya 'Nobile's carnival'" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Blc_Nobiles_carnival.jpg/176px-Blc_Nobiles_carnival.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Blc_Nobiles_carnival.jpg/264px-Blc_Nobiles_carnival.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Blc_Nobiles_carnival.jpg/352px-Blc_Nobiles_carnival.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Rhyncholaeliocattleya</i> 'Nobile's carnival'</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 62px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 60px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cattleya_Pernell_George_Barnett_%22Yankee_Clipper%22_(3072486817).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cattleya Pernel George Barnett 'Yankee Clipper'"><img alt="Cattleya Pernel George Barnett 'Yankee Clipper'" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Cattleya_Pernell_George_Barnett_%22Yankee_Clipper%22_%283072486817%29.jpg/88px-Cattleya_Pernell_George_Barnett_%22Yankee_Clipper%22_%283072486817%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="59" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Cattleya_Pernell_George_Barnett_%22Yankee_Clipper%22_%283072486817%29.jpg/132px-Cattleya_Pernell_George_Barnett_%22Yankee_Clipper%22_%283072486817%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Cattleya_Pernell_George_Barnett_%22Yankee_Clipper%22_%283072486817%29.jpg/176px-Cattleya_Pernell_George_Barnett_%22Yankee_Clipper%22_%283072486817%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Cattleya</i> Pernel George Barnett 'Yankee Clipper'</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 107.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 105.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cattleya_Portia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cattlianthe Portia"><img alt="Cattlianthe Portia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Cattleya_Portia.jpg/158px-Cattleya_Portia.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Cattleya_Portia.jpg/238px-Cattleya_Portia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Cattleya_Portia.jpg/317px-Cattleya_Portia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Cattlianthe</i> Portia</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation">Conservation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orchid&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Conservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Almost all orchids are included in Appendix II of the <a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species</a> (CITES), meaning that international trade (including in their parts/derivatives) is regulated by the CITES permit system.<sup id="cite_ref-CITES_App_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITES_App-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A smaller number of orchids such as <i>Paphiopedilum</i> sp. are listed in CITES Appendix I meaning that commercial international trade in wild-sourced specimens is prohibited and all other trade is strictly controlled.<sup id="cite_ref-CITES_App_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CITES_App-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assisted_migration_as_conservation_tool">Assisted migration as conservation tool</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orchid&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Assisted migration as conservation tool"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2006 the <a href="/wiki/Longtan_Dam" title="Longtan Dam">Longtan Dam</a> was constructed at the <a href="/wiki/Hongshui_River" title="Hongshui River">Hongshui River</a>, near the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yachang_Orchid_Nature_Reserve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yachang Orchid Nature Reserve (page does not exist)">Yachang Orchid Nature Reserve</a>. In response to threats of <a href="/wiki/Inundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Inundation">inundation</a> of wild orchids at lower altitudes (350-400 m above sea level), 1000 endangered orchid plants of 16 genera and 29 species were translocated to higher elevation (approximately 1000 m above sea level). After relocation the 5 year survival of low and wide elevation species did not significantly differ and the mortality due to <a href="/wiki/Transplant_shock" class="mw-redirect" title="Transplant shock">transplant shock</a> was at only 10%. From this it was concluded that <a href="/wiki/Assisted_migration" title="Assisted migration">assisted migration</a> might be a viable conservation tool for orchid species endangered by <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toxicity">Toxicity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orchid&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Toxicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Plants in the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Phalaenopsis" title="Phalaenopsis">Phalaenopsis</a></i> are not toxic to pets, according to the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_the_Prevention_of_Cruelty_to_Animals" title="American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals">American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orchid&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 32em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptation_(film)" title="Adaptation (film)"><i>Adaptation</i> (film)</a>, based on <i><a href="/wiki/The_Orchid_Thief" title="The Orchid Thief">The Orchid Thief</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchid_Conservation_Coalition" title="Orchid Conservation Coalition">Orchid Conservation Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchid_Pavilion_Gathering" title="Orchid Pavilion Gathering">Orchid Pavilion Gathering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchidelirium" title="Orchidelirium">Orchidelirium</a>, the Victorian era of flower madness in which collecting and discovering orchids reached extraordinary levels</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchids_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Orchids of the Philippines">Orchids of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchids_of_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Orchids of Western Australia">Orchids of Western Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangsi_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Shangsi Festival">Shangsi Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_rot_on_orchids" title="Black rot on orchids">Black rot on orchids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_taxa_named_after_human_genitals" title="List of taxa named after human genitals">List of taxa named after human genitals</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orchid&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Early western district (Vic.) settler gives account of local Aboriginal people gathering potato orchid tubers, digging where bandicoots had scratched.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The symbolic (or even religious) meaning of the <i>Ara Pacis</i> orchids is not yet known.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orchid&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-APGIII2009-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-APGIII2009_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-APGIII2009_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAngiosperm_Phylogeny_Group2009" class="citation journal cs1">Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8339.2009.00996.x">"An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III"</a>. <i>Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</i>. <b>161</b> (2): 105–121. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8339.2009.00996.x">10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10654%2F18083">10654/18083</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Botanical+Journal+of+the+Linnean+Society&rft.atitle=An+update+of+the+Angiosperm+Phylogeny+Group+classification+for+the+orders+and+families+of+flowering+plants%3A+APG+III&rft.volume=161&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=105-121&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10654%2F18083&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1095-8339.2009.00996.x&rft.au=Angiosperm+Phylogeny+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1095-8339.2009.00996.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrchid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGove1961" class="citation book cs1">Gove, Philip B., ed. (1961). <i>Webster's Third New International Dictionary</i>. G. & C. Merriam.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Webster%27s+Third+New+International+Dictionary&rft.pub=G.+%26+C.+Merriam&rft.date=1961&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrchid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristenhusz,_M._J._M.Byng,_J._W.2016" class="citation journal cs1">Christenhusz, M. J. M. & Byng, J. W. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598">"The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase"</a>. <i>Phytotaxa</i>. <b>261</b> (3): 201–217. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.11646%2Fphytotaxa.261.3.1">10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phytotaxa&rft.atitle=The+number+of+known+plants+species+in+the+world+and+its+annual+increase&rft.volume=261&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=201-217&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.11646%2Fphytotaxa.261.3.1&rft.au=Christenhusz%2C+M.+J.+M.&rft.au=Byng%2C+J.+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiotaxa.org%2FPhytotaxa%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2Fphytotaxa.261.3.1%2F20598&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrchid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.kew.org/cgi-bin/vpfg1992/genlist.pl?ORCHIDACEAE">"WCSP"</a>. <i>World Checklist of Selected Plant Families</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Checklist+of+Selected+Plant+Families&rft.atitle=WCSP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.kew.org%2Fcgi-bin%2Fvpfg1992%2Fgenlist.pl%3FORCHIDACEAE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrchid" class="Z3988"></span> (See <i>External links</i> below).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYohan_PillonMark_W._Chase2007" class="citation journal cs1">Yohan Pillon & Mark W. Chase (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.ird.fr/ird-03644811">"Taxonomic exaggeration and its effects on orchid conservation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Conservation_Biology_(journal)" title="Conservation Biology (journal)">Conservation Biology</a></i>. <b>21</b> (1): 263–265. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007ConBi..21..263P">2007ConBi..21..263P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1523-1739.2006.00573.x">10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00573.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17298532">17298532</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30157588">30157588</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Conservation+Biology&rft.atitle=Taxonomic+exaggeration+and+its+effects+on+orchid+conservation&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=263-265&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1523-1739.2006.00573.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A30157588%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17298532&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007ConBi..21..263P&rft.au=Yohan+Pillon&rft.au=Mark+W.+Chase&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.ird.fr%2Fird-03644811&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrchid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nash, N., and Frownie, S. (2008). <i>Complete guide to orchids</i>. (Meredith Publishing Group) p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenny_King2011" class="citation web cs1">Jenny King (10 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111021054855/http://www.exploresmos.org/nature/orchids-northern-washington-state/">"The coralroot orchid"</a>. <i>Orchids in Northern Washington State</i>. Silvercrown Mountain Outdoor School. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.exploresmos.org/nature/orchids-northern-washington-state/">the original</a> on 21 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Orchids+in+Northern+Washington+State&rft.atitle=The+coralroot+orchid&rft.date=2011-06-10&rft.au=Jenny+King&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.exploresmos.org%2Fnature%2Forchids-northern-washington-state%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrchid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoffman-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hoffman_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hoffman_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffmanBrown2011" class="citation book cs1">Hoffman, Noel; Brown, Andrew (August 2011). <i>Orchids of South-West Australia</i> (3rd ed.). Gooseberry Hill: Noel Hoffman. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780646562322" title="Special:BookSources/9780646562322"><bdi>9780646562322</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orchids+of+South-West+Australia.&rft.place=Gooseberry+Hill&rft.pages=13&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Noel+Hoffman&rft.date=2011-08&rft.isbn=9780646562322&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Noel&rft.au=Brown%2C+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrchid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownDixonFrenchBrockman2013" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Andrew; Dixon, Kingsley; French, Christopher; Brockman, Gary (2013). <i>Field guide to the orchids of Western Australia : the definitive guide to the native orchids of Western Australia</i>. Floreat, W.A.: Simon Nevill Publications. pp. 16–17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780980348149" title="Special:BookSources/9780980348149"><bdi>9780980348149</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Field+guide+to+the+orchids+of+Western+Australia+%3A+the+definitive+guide+to+the+native+orchids+of+Western+Australia&rft.place=Floreat%2C+W.A.&rft.pages=16-17&rft.pub=Simon+Nevill+Publications&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780980348149&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Dixon%2C+Kingsley&rft.au=French%2C+Christopher&rft.au=Brockman%2C+Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrchid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nzpcn-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nzpcn_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nzpcn_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nzpcn_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzpcn.org.nz/flora/vascular/flowering-plants/monocots/orchids/structure/">"Structure of orchid flowers"</a>. New Zealand Plant Conservation Network<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Structure+of+orchid+flowers&rft.pub=New+Zealand+Plant+Conservation+Network&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzpcn.org.nz%2Fflora%2Fvascular%2Fflowering-plants%2Fmonocots%2Forchids%2Fstructure%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrchid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-boo-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-boo_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boo_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boo_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmermann" class="citation web cs1">Zimmermann, Pedro. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.millersville.edu/jasheeha/webDesign/websites/OOroot/anatomy.html">"Anatomy of an Orchid"</a>. Brasilian Orchid Organisation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anatomy+of+an+Orchid&rft.pub=Brasilian+Orchid+Organisation&rft.aulast=Zimmermann&rft.aufirst=Pedro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.millersville.edu%2Fjasheeha%2FwebDesign%2Fwebsites%2FOOroot%2Fanatomy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrchid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarr2005" class="citation web cs1">Carr, Gerald (30 October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/orchid.htm">"Flowering Plant Families"</a>. <i>Vascular Plant Family</i>. University of Hawaii Botany Department<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vascular+Plant+Family&rft.atitle=Flowering+Plant+Families&rft.date=2005-10-30&rft.aulast=Carr&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.botany.hawaii.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fcarr%2Forchid.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrchid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTan_K.H.Nishida_R.2000" class="citation journal cs1">Tan K.H.; Nishida R. (2000). "Mutual reproductive benefits between a wild orchid, <i>Bulbophyllum patens</i>, and <i>Bactrocera</i> fruit flies via a floral synomone". <i>Journal of Chemical Ecology</i>. <b>26</b> (2): 533–546. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1005477926244">10.1023/A:1005477926244</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24971928">24971928</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Ecology&rft.atitle=Mutual+reproductive+benefits+between+a+wild+orchid%2C+Bulbophyllum+patens%2C+and+Bactrocera+fruit+flies+via+a+floral+synomone&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=533-546&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1005477926244&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24971928%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Tan+K.H.&rft.au=Nishida+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrchid" class="Z3988"></span>, <b>28</b>:1161-1172 and <b>31</b>(3): 509-519.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChenLiuXiaoTsai2012" class="citation journal cs1">Chen LJ, Liu KW, Xiao XJ, Tsai WC, Hsiao YY, Huang J, Liu ZJ (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3359306">"The anther steps onto the stigma for self-fertilization in a slipper orchid"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>7</b> (5): e37478. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PLoSO...737478C">2012PLoSO...737478C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0037478">10.1371/journal.pone.0037478</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3359306">3359306</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22649529">22649529</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=The+anther+steps+onto+the+stigma+for+self-fertilization+in+a+slipper+orchid&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=e37478&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3359306%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22649529&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0037478&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PLoSO...737478C&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=LJ&rft.au=Liu%2C+KW&rft.au=Xiao%2C+XJ&rft.au=Tsai%2C+WC&rft.au=Hsiao%2C+YY&rft.au=Huang%2C+J&rft.au=Liu%2C+ZJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3359306&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrchid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimsey_Lynn_Siri1980" class="citation journal cs1">Kimsey Lynn Siri (1980). "The behaviour of male orchid bees (Apidae, Hymenoptera, Insecta) and the question of leks". <i>Animal Behaviour</i>. <b>28</b> (4): 996–1004. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0003-3472%2880%2980088-1">10.1016/s0003-3472(80)80088-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53161684">53161684</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Animal+Behaviour&rft.atitle=The+behaviour+of+male+orchid+bees+%28Apidae%2C+Hymenoptera%2C+Insecta%29+and+the+question+of+leks&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=996-1004&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0003-3472%2880%2980088-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53161684%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Kimsey+Lynn+Siri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrchid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmermannRoubikEltz2006" class="citation journal cs1">Zimmermann, Yvonne; Roubik, David W.; Eltz, Thomas (19 July 2006). "Species-specific attraction to pheromonal analogues in orchid bees". <i>Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology</i>. <b>60</b> (6): 833–843. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006BEcoS..60..833Z">2006BEcoS..60..833Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00265-006-0227-8">10.1007/s00265-006-0227-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0340-5443">0340-5443</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20819411">20819411</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Behavioral+Ecology+and+Sociobiology&rft.atitle=Species-specific+attraction+to+pheromonal+analogues+in+orchid+bees&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=833-843&rft.date=2006-07-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00265-006-0227-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A20819411%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0340-5443&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006BEcoS..60..833Z&rft.aulast=Zimmermann&rft.aufirst=Yvonne&rft.au=Roubik%2C+David+W.&rft.au=Eltz%2C+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrchid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTom_Lawrie2010" class="citation web cs1">Tom Lawrie (23 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111130073555/http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/journal/worlds-first-night-flowering-orchid-discovered-in-papua-new-guinea.htm">"World's first night-flowering orchid discovered"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Geographic" title="Australian Geographic">Australian Geographic</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/journal/worlds-first-night-flowering-orchid-discovered-in-papua-new-guinea.htm/">the original</a> on 30 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World%27s+first+night-flowering+orchid+discovered&rft.pub=Australian+Geographic&rft.date=2010-11-23&rft.au=Tom+Lawrie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.australiangeographic.com.au%2Fjournal%2Fworlds-first-night-flowering-orchid-discovered-in-papua-new-guinea.htm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrchid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matthew Blanchard, Roberto Lopez, Erik Runkle, PhD, and Yin-Tung Wang, PhD <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sharepoint.agriculture.purdue.edu/agriculture/flowers/Shared%20Documents/3%20-%20Growing%20the%20Best%20Phalaenopsis%20Part%204.pdf">"Growing the Best <i>Phalaenopsis</i>"</a>, <i>WWW.AOS.ORG</i> ORCHIDS APRIL 2007 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100627082834/https://sharepoint.agriculture.purdue.edu/agriculture/flowers/Shared%20Documents/3%20-%20Growing%20the%20Best%20Phalaenopsis%20Part%204.pdf">Archived</a> June 27, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrawczykRojekKowalkowskaKapusta2016" class="citation journal cs1">Krawczyk, Emilia; Rojek, Joanna; Kowalkowska, Agnieszka K.; Kapusta, Małgorzata; Znaniecka, Joanna; Minasiewicz, Julita (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4934402">"Evidence for mixed sexual and asexual reproduction in the rare European mycoheterotrophic orchid Epipogium aphyllum , Orchidaceae (ghost orchid)"</a>. <i>Annals of Botany</i>. <b>118</b> (1): 159–172. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Faob%2Fmcw084">10.1093/aob/mcw084</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0305-7364">0305-7364</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4934402">4934402</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27288512">27288512</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Botany&rft.atitle=Evidence+for+mixed+sexual+and+asexual+reproduction+in+the+rare+European+mycoheterotrophic+orchid+Epipogium+aphyllum+%2C+Orchidaceae+%28ghost+orchid%29&rft.volume=118&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=159-172&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4934402%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0305-7364&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27288512&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Faob%2Fmcw084&rft.aulast=Krawczyk&rft.aufirst=Emilia&rft.au=Rojek%2C+Joanna&rft.au=Kowalkowska%2C+Agnieszka+K.&rft.au=Kapusta%2C+Ma%C5%82gorzata&rft.au=Znaniecka%2C+Joanna&rft.au=Minasiewicz%2C+Julita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4934402&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrchid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2003" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, David Ian (2003). <i>Conservation of select South African Disa Berg. Species (Orchidaceae) through in vitro seed germination</i>. University of Natal.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conservation+of+select+South+African+Disa+Berg.+Species+%28Orchidaceae%29+through+in+vitro+seed+germination&rft.pub=University+of+Natal&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=David+Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrchid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurzweil1993" class="citation journal cs1">Kurzweil, H. (September 1993). "Seed morphology in Southern African Orchidoideae (Orchidaceae)". <i>Plant Systematics and Evolution</i>. <b>185</b> (3–4): 229–247. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993PSyEv.185..229K">1993PSyEv.185..229K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00937660">10.1007/BF00937660</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41321812">41321812</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plant+Systematics+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Seed+morphology+in+Southern+African+Orchidoideae+%28Orchidaceae%29&rft.volume=185&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=229-247&rft.date=1993-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A41321812%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00937660&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1993PSyEv.185..229K&rft.aulast=Kurzweil&rft.aufirst=H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrchid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuillaume_ChomickiLuc_P.R._BidelFeng_MingMario_Coiro2015" class="citation journal cs1">Guillaume Chomicki; Luc P.R. Bidel; Feng Ming; Mario Coiro; Xuan Zhang; Yaofeng Wang; Yves Baissac; Christian Jay-Allemand & Susanne S. Renner (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fnph.13106">"The velamen protects photosynthetic orchid roots against UV-B damage, and a large dated phylogeny implies multiple gains and losses of this function during the Cenozoic"</a>. <i>New Phytologist</i>. <b>205</b> (3): 1330–1341. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fnph.13106">10.1111/nph.13106</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25345817">25345817</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Phytologist&rft.atitle=The+velamen+protects+photosynthetic+orchid+roots+against+UV-B+damage%2C+and+a+large+dated+phylogeny+implies+multiple+gains+and+losses+of+this+function+during+the+Cenozoic&rft.volume=205&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1330-1341&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fnph.13106&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25345817&rft.au=Guillaume+Chomicki&rft.au=Luc+P.R.+Bidel&rft.au=Feng+Ming&rft.au=Mario+Coiro&rft.au=Xuan+Zhang&rft.au=Yaofeng+Wang&rft.au=Yves+Baissac&rft.au=Christian+Jay-Allemand&rft.au=Susanne+S.+Renner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fnph.13106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrchid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGivnishSpalinkAmesLyon2015" class="citation journal cs1">Givnish, Thomas J.; Spalink, Daniel; Ames, Mercedes; Lyon, Stephanie P.; Hunter, Steven J.; Zuluaga, Alejandro; Iles, William J.D.; Clements, Mark A.; Arroyo, Mary T.K.; Leebens-Mack, James; Endara, Lorena; Kriebel, Ricardo; Neubig, Kurt M.; Whitten, W. Mark; Williams, Norris H.; Cameron, Kenneth M. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4571710">"Orchid phylogenomics and multiple drivers of their extraordinary diversification"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</i>. <b>282</b> (1814): 20151553. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2015.1553">10.1098/rspb.2015.1553</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4571710">4571710</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26311671">26311671</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Orchid+phylogenomics+and+multiple+drivers+of+their+extraordinary+diversification&rft.volume=282&rft.issue=1814&rft.pages=20151553&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4571710%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26311671&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2015.1553&rft.aulast=Givnish&rft.aufirst=Thomas+J.&rft.au=Spalink%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Ames%2C+Mercedes&rft.au=Lyon%2C+Stephanie+P.&rft.au=Hunter%2C+Steven+J.&rft.au=Zuluaga%2C+Alejandro&rft.au=Iles%2C+William+J.D.&rft.au=Clements%2C+Mark+A.&rft.au=Arroyo%2C+Mary+T.K.&rft.au=Leebens-Mack%2C+James&rft.au=Endara%2C+Lorena&rft.au=Kriebel%2C+Ricardo&rft.au=Neubig%2C+Kurt+M.&rft.au=Whitten%2C+W.+Mark&rft.au=Williams%2C+Norris+H.&rft.au=Cameron%2C+Kenneth+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4571710&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrchid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Origin_of_the_orchids-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Origin_of_the_orchids_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Origin_of_the_orchids_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSantiago_R._RamírezBarbara_GravendeelRodrigo_B._SingerCharles_R._Marshall2007" class="citation journal cs1">Santiago R. Ramírez; Barbara Gravendeel; Rodrigo B. Singer; Charles R. Marshall; Naomi E. Pierce (30 August 2007). "Dating the origin of the Orchidaceae from a fossil orchid with its pollinator". <i>Nature</i>. <b>448</b> (7157): 1042–5. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Natur.448.1042R">2007Natur.448.1042R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature06039">10.1038/nature06039</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17728756">17728756</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4402181">4402181</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Dating+the+origin+of+the+Orchidaceae+from+a+fossil+orchid+with+its+pollinator&rft.volume=448&rft.issue=7157&rft.pages=1042-5&rft.date=2007-08-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature06039&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4402181%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17728756&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007Natur.448.1042R&rft.au=Santiago+R.+Ram%C3%ADrez&rft.au=Barbara+Gravendeel&rft.au=Rodrigo+B.+Singer&rft.au=Charles+R.+Marshall&rft.au=Naomi+E.+Pierce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrchid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Poinar,_Jr.Finn_N._Rasmussen2017" class="citation journal cs1">George Poinar, Jr.; Finn N. Rasmussen (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbotlinnean%2Fbow018">"Orchids from the past, with a new species in Baltic amber"</a>. <i>Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society</i>. <b>183</b> (3): 327–333. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbotlinnean%2Fbow018">10.1093/botlinnean/bow018</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Botanical+Journal+of+the+Linnean+Society&rft.atitle=Orchids+from+the+past%2C+with+a+new+species+in+Baltic+amber&rft.volume=183&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=327-333&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbotlinnean%2Fbow018&rft.au=George+Poinar%2C+Jr.&rft.au=Finn+N.+Rasmussen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fbotlinnean%252Fbow018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrchid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ir.lib.ncku.edu.tw/bitstream/987654321/108263/2/An%20overview%20of%20the%20Phalaenopsis%20orchid%20genome%20by%20BAC%20end%20sequence%20analysis.pdf">"An overview of the <i>Phalaenopsis</i> orchid genome by BAC sequence analysis" (pdf format)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140320133049/http://ir.lib.ncku.edu.tw/bitstream/987654321/108263/2/An%20overview%20of%20the%20Phalaenopsis%20orchid%20genome%20by%20BAC%20end%20sequence%20analysis.pdf">Archived</a> 20 March 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_W._Chase2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_W._Chase" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark W. Chase">Mark W. Chase</a> (2001). "The origin and biogeography of Orchidaceae". In A. M. Pridgeon; P. J. Cribb; M. W. Chase; F. Rasmussen (eds.). <i>Orchidoideae (Part 1)</i>. Genera Orchidacearum. Vol. 2. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 1–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-850710-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-850710-9"><bdi>978-0-19-850710-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+origin+and+biogeography+of+Orchidaceae&rft.btitle=Orchidoideae+%28Part+1%29&rft.series=Genera+Orchidacearum&rft.pages=1-5&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-850710-9&rft.au=Mark+W.+Chase&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrchid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perez-Escobar-2024-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Perez-Escobar-2024_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perez-Escobar-2024_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPérez-EscobarBogarínPrzelomskaAckerman2024" class="citation journal cs1">Pérez-Escobar, Oscar A.; Bogarín, Diego; Przelomska, Natalia A. S.; Ackerman, James D.; Balbuena, Juan A.; Bellot, Sidonie; Bühlmann, Roland P.; Cabrera, Betsaida; Cano, Jose Aguilar; Charitonidou, Martha; Chomicki, Guillaume; Clements, Mark A.; Cribb, Phillip; Fernández, Melania; Flanagan, Nicola S. (April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nph.19580">"The origin and speciation of orchids"</a>. <i>New Phytologist</i>. <b>242</b> (2): 700–716. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fnph.19580">10.1111/nph.19580</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10550%2F97112">10550/97112</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-646X">0028-646X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38382573">38382573</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Phytologist&rft.atitle=The+origin+and+speciation+of+orchids&rft.volume=242&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=700-716&rft.date=2024-04&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10550%2F97112&rft.issn=0028-646X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F38382573&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fnph.19580&rft.aulast=P%C3%A9rez-Escobar&rft.aufirst=Oscar+A.&rft.au=Bogar%C3%ADn%2C+Diego&rft.au=Przelomska%2C+Natalia+A.+S.&rft.au=Ackerman%2C+James+D.&rft.au=Balbuena%2C+Juan+A.&rft.au=Bellot%2C+Sidonie&rft.au=B%C3%BChlmann%2C+Roland+P.&rft.au=Cabrera%2C+Betsaida&rft.au=Cano%2C+Jose+Aguilar&rft.au=Charitonidou%2C+Martha&rft.au=Chomicki%2C+Guillaume&rft.au=Clements%2C+Mark+A.&rft.au=Cribb%2C+Phillip&rft.au=Fern%C3%A1ndez%2C+Melania&rft.au=Flanagan%2C+Nicola+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fnph.19580&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrchid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhangLiuLiLohaus2017" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang, Guo-Qiang; Liu, Ke-Wei; Li, Zhen; Lohaus, Rolf; Hsiao, Yu-Yun; Niu, Shan-Ce; Wang, Jie-Yu; Lin, Yao-Cheng; Xu, Qing; Chen, Li-Jun; Yoshida, Kouki; Fujiwara, Sumire; Wang, Zhi-Wen; Zhang, Yong-Qiang; Mitsuda, Nobutaka; Wang, Meina; Liu, Guo-Hui; Pecoraro, Lorenzo; Huang, Hui-Xia; Xiao, Xin-Ju; Lin, Min; Wu, Xin-Yi; Wu, Wan-Lin; Chen, You-Yi; Chang, Song-Bin; Sakamoto, Shingo; Ohme-Takagi, Masaru; Yagi, Masafumi; Zeng, Si-Jin; et al. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8533332/file/8533333.pdf">"The Apostasia genome and the evolution of orchids"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>549</b> (7672): 379–383. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017Natur.549..379Z">2017Natur.549..379Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature23897">10.1038/nature23897</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7416622">7416622</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28902843">28902843</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+Apostasia+genome+and+the+evolution+of+orchids&rft.volume=549&rft.issue=7672&rft.pages=379-383&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7416622%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28902843&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature23897&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017Natur.549..379Z&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Guo-Qiang&rft.au=Liu%2C+Ke-Wei&rft.au=Li%2C+Zhen&rft.au=Lohaus%2C+Rolf&rft.au=Hsiao%2C+Yu-Yun&rft.au=Niu%2C+Shan-Ce&rft.au=Wang%2C+Jie-Yu&rft.au=Lin%2C+Yao-Cheng&rft.au=Xu%2C+Qing&rft.au=Chen%2C+Li-Jun&rft.au=Yoshida%2C+Kouki&rft.au=Fujiwara%2C+Sumire&rft.au=Wang%2C+Zhi-Wen&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Yong-Qiang&rft.au=Mitsuda%2C+Nobutaka&rft.au=Wang%2C+Meina&rft.au=Liu%2C+Guo-Hui&rft.au=Pecoraro%2C+Lorenzo&rft.au=Huang%2C+Hui-Xia&rft.au=Xiao%2C+Xin-Ju&rft.au=Lin%2C+Min&rft.au=Wu%2C+Xin-Yi&rft.au=Wu%2C+Wan-Lin&rft.au=Chen%2C+You-Yi&rft.au=Chang%2C+Song-Bin&rft.au=Sakamoto%2C+Shingo&rft.au=Ohme-Takagi%2C+Masaru&rft.au=Yagi%2C+Masafumi&rft.au=Zeng%2C+Si-Jin&rft.au=Shen%2C+Ching-Yu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblio.ugent.be%2Fpublication%2F8533332%2Ffile%2F8533333.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrchid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/orchidaceae">"Orchidaceae - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"</a>. <i>www.sciencedirect.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sciencedirect.com&rft.atitle=Orchidaceae+-+an+overview+%7C+ScienceDirect+Topics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Ftopics%2Fbiochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology%2Forchidaceae&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrchid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoan_Corominas1980" class="citation book cs1">Joan Corominas (1980). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/brevediccionario00colo/page/328"><i>Breve Diccionario Etimológico de la Lengua Castellana</i></a></span>. Ed. Gredos. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/brevediccionario00colo/page/328">328</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-249-1332-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-249-1332-8"><bdi>978-84-249-1332-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Breve+Diccionario+Etimol%C3%B3gico+de+la+Lengua+Castellana&rft.pages=328&rft.pub=Ed.+Gredos&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-84-249-1332-8&rft.au=Joan+Corominas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbrevediccionario00colo%2Fpage%2F328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrchid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyamPankhurst1995" class="citation book cs1">Hyam, R. & Pankhurst, R.J. (1995). <i>Plants and their names : a concise dictionary</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866189-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866189-4"><bdi>978-0-19-866189-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plants+and+their+names+%3A+a+concise+dictionary&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-19-866189-4&rft.aulast=Hyam&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Pankhurst%2C+R.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrchid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiddellScott1940" class="citation web cs1">Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=o)/rxis">"ὄρχις"</a>. <i>A Greek-English Lexicon</i>. Perseus Digital Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Greek-English+Lexicon&rft.atitle=%E1%BD%84%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B9%CF%82&rft.date=1940&rft.aulast=Liddell&rft.aufirst=Henry+George&rft.au=Scott%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Do%29%2Frxis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrchid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=orchid">Online Etymology Dictionary, "orchid"</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrigson1973" class="citation book cs1">Grigson, G. (1973). <i>A Dictionary of English Plant Names</i>. London: Allen Lane. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-0442-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-0442-0"><bdi>978-0-7139-0442-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+English+Plant+Names&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-7139-0442-0&rft.aulast=Grigson&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrchid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/21112">"bollock, n. and adj"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=bollock%2C+n.+and+adj.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fview%2FEntry%2F21112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrchid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_Cultivated_Plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants">International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants</a> 9th edition (2016), Article H.6 and H.7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bluenanta.com/common/information/100023580/?family=Orchidaceae&role=pri">Brassavola Guiseppi Casa Luna 1968</a>, BlueNanta.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_Cultivated_Plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants">International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants</a> 9th edition, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/pdfs/plant-registration-forms/orchid-name-abbreviations-list.pdf">"Alphabetical List of Standard Abbreviations for Natural and Hybrid Generic Names"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alphabetical+List+of+Standard+Abbreviations+for+Natural+and+Hybrid+Generic+Names&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhs.org.uk%2Fplants%2Fpdfs%2Fplant-registration-forms%2Forchid-name-abbreviations-list.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrchid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelissa_WhitmanMichael_MedlerJean_Jacques_RandriamanindryElisabeth_Rabakonandrianina2011" class="citation journal cs1">Melissa Whitman; Michael Medler; Jean Jacques Randriamanindry; Elisabeth Rabakonandrianina (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lankesteriana.org/lankesteriana/LANKESTERIANA%2011%281%29/9_Whitman%20et%20al.%202011.pdf">"Conservation of Madagascar's granite outcrop orchids: influence of fire and moisture"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lankesteriana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lankesteriana (page does not exist)">Lankesteriana</a></i>. <b>11</b> (1): 55–67. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15517%2Flank.v11i1.18315">10.15517/lank.v11i1.18315</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lankesteriana&rft.atitle=Conservation+of+Madagascar%27s+granite+outcrop+orchids%3A+influence+of+fire+and+moisture&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=55-67&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15517%2Flank.v11i1.18315&rft.au=Melissa+Whitman&rft.au=Michael+Medler&rft.au=Jean+Jacques+Randriamanindry&rft.au=Elisabeth+Rabakonandrianina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flankesteriana.org%2Flankesteriana%2FLANKESTERIANA%252011%25281%2529%2F9_Whitman%2520et%2520al.%25202011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrchid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_R._Leake2005" class="citation journal cs1">Jonathan R. Leake (2005). "Plants parasitic on fungi: unearthing the fungi in myco-heterotrophs and debunking the 'saprophytic' plant myth". <i><a href="/wiki/Mycologist_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycologist (journal)">Mycologist</a></i>. <b>19</b> (3): 113–122. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0269915X05003046">10.1017/S0269915X05003046</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mycologist&rft.atitle=Plants+parasitic+on+fungi%3A+unearthing+the+fungi+in+myco-heterotrophs+and+debunking+the+%27saprophytic%27+plant+myth&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=113-122&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0269915X05003046&rft.au=Jonathan+R.+Leake&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrchid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSathiyadashMuthukumarUmaPandey2012" class="citation journal cs1">Sathiyadash, Kullaiyan; Muthukumar, Thangavelu; Uma, Eswaranpillai; Pandey, Radha Raman (1 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17429145.2012.699105">"Mycorrhizal association and morphology in orchids"</a>. <i>Journal of Plant Interactions</i>. <b>7</b> (3): 238–247. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012JPlaI...7..238S">2012JPlaI...7..238S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17429145.2012.699105">10.1080/17429145.2012.699105</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1742-9145">1742-9145</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Plant+Interactions&rft.atitle=Mycorrhizal+association+and+morphology+in+orchids&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=238-247&rft.date=2012-09-01&rft.issn=1742-9145&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F17429145.2012.699105&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012JPlaI...7..238S&rft.aulast=Sathiyadash&rft.aufirst=Kullaiyan&rft.au=Muthukumar%2C+Thangavelu&rft.au=Uma%2C+Eswaranpillai&rft.au=Pandey%2C+Radha+Raman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F17429145.2012.699105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrchid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGebauerMeyer2003" class="citation journal cs1">Gebauer, Gerhard; Meyer, M. (October 2003). "15 N and 13 C natural abundance of autotrophic and myco-heterotrophic orchids provides insight into nitrogen and carbon gain from fungal association". <i>New Phytologist</i>. <b>160</b> (1): 209–223. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1469-8137.2003.00872.x">10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00872.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33873535">33873535</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86046305">86046305</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Phytologist&rft.atitle=15+N+and+13+C+natural+abundance+of+autotrophic+and+myco-heterotrophic+orchids+provides+insight+into+nitrogen+and+carbon+gain+from+fungal+association&rft.volume=160&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=209-223&rft.date=2003-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A86046305%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33873535&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1469-8137.2003.00872.x&rft.aulast=Gebauer&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rft.au=Meyer%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrchid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPecoraroGirlandaKullPerini2012" class="citation journal cs1">Pecoraro, L.; Girlanda, M.; Kull, T.; Perini, C.; Perotto, S. (1 December 2012). "Molecular identification of root fungal associates in Orchis pauciflora Tenore". <i>Plant Biosystems</i>. <b>146</b> (4): 985–991. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PBios.146..985P">2012PBios.146..985P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F11263504.2011.634447">10.1080/11263504.2011.634447</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2318%2F93116">2318/93116</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1126-3504">1126-3504</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59939679">59939679</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plant+Biosystems&rft.atitle=Molecular+identification+of+root+fungal+associates+in+Orchis+pauciflora+Tenore&rft.volume=146&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=985-991&rft.date=2012-12-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2318%2F93116&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A59939679%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PBios.146..985P&rft.issn=1126-3504&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F11263504.2011.634447&rft.aulast=Pecoraro&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Girlanda%2C+M.&rft.au=Kull%2C+T.&rft.au=Perini%2C+C.&rft.au=Perotto%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrchid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrossSunSchiestl2016" class="citation journal cs1">Gross, K.; Sun, M; Schiestl, F. P. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4757410">"Why Do Floral Perfumes Become Different? Region-Specific Selection on Floral Scent in a Terrestrial Orchid"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>11</b> (2): e0147975. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PLoSO..1147975G">2016PLoSO..1147975G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0147975">10.1371/journal.pone.0147975</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4757410">4757410</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26886766">26886766</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Why+Do+Floral+Perfumes+Become+Different%3F+Region-Specific+Selection+on+Floral+Scent+in+a+Terrestrial+Orchid&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=e0147975&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4757410%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26886766&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0147975&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016PLoSO..1147975G&rft.aulast=Gross&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Sun%2C+M&rft.au=Schiestl%2C+F.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4757410&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrchid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERHS2016-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERHS2016_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRHS2016">RHS 2016</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZolaGott1992" class="citation book cs1">Zola, Nellie; Gott, Beth (1992). <i>Koorie Plants, Koorie People: Traditional Aboriginal Food, Fibre and Healing Plants of Victoria</i>. Koorie Heritage Trust Incorporated. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-875606-10-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-875606-10-8"><bdi>978-1-875606-10-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Koorie+Plants%2C+Koorie+People%3A+Traditional+Aboriginal+Food%2C+Fibre+and+Healing+Plants+of+Victoria&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Koorie+Heritage+Trust+Incorporated&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-875606-10-8&rft.aulast=Zola&rft.aufirst=Nellie&rft.au=Gott%2C+Beth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrchid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.angelfire.com/ca5/mas/simbolos/simb001.html">"Simbolos Patrios"</a> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Simbolos+Patrios&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.angelfire.com%2Fca5%2Fmas%2Fsimbolos%2Fsimb001.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrchid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012043935/http://www.governmentofbelize.gov.bz/ab_symbols.html">"National Symbols"</a>. Government of Belize. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.governmentofbelize.gov.bz/ab_symbols.html">the original</a> on 12 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Symbols&rft.pub=Government+of+Belize&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.governmentofbelize.gov.bz%2Fab_symbols.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrchid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.assamyellowpage.com/ayp/list-assam-state-symbols-state-animal-state-flower-state-tree">"List of Assam State Symbols | State Animal| State Flower | State Tree"</a>. <i>assamyellowpage.com</i>. 1 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=assamyellowpage.com&rft.atitle=List+of+Assam+State+Symbols+%7C+State+Animal%7C+State+Flower+%7C+State+Tree&rft.date=2012-03-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.assamyellowpage.com%2Fayp%2Flist-assam-state-symbols-state-animal-state-flower-state-tree&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrchid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLobelli2012" class="citation journal cs1">Lobelli, Jarrett A. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121217013248/http://www.archaeology.org/1301/trenches/roman_ara_pacis_altar_flowers.html">"The Emperor's orchids"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_(magazine)" title="Archaeology (magazine)">Archaeology</a></i>. <b>66</b> (1): 16. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archaeology.org/1301/trenches/roman_ara_pacis_altar_flowers.html">the original</a> on 17 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+Emperor%27s+orchids&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=16&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Lobelli&rft.aufirst=Jarrett+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archaeology.org%2F1301%2Ftrenches%2Froman_ara_pacis_altar_flowers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrchid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEndersby2016" class="citation book cs1">Endersby, Jim (7 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bmgpDQAAQBAJ"><i>Orchid: A Cultural History</i></a>. Chicago, London: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bmgpDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA59">59</a>-<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bmgpDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA60">60</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-37632-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-37632-5"><bdi>978-0-226-37632-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orchid%3A+A+Cultural+History&rft.place=Chicago%2C+London&rft.pages=59-60&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2016-11-07&rft.isbn=978-0-226-37632-5&rft.aulast=Endersby&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbmgpDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrchid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CITES_App-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CITES_App_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CITES_App_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cites.org/eng/app/index.php"><i>The CITES Appendices</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">CITES</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120414034639/http://www.cites.org/eng/app/index.php">archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+CITES+Appendices&rft.pub=CITES&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cites.org%2Feng%2Fapp%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrchid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiuFengChenWang2012" class="citation journal cs1">Liu, Hong; Feng, Chang-Lin; Chen, Bao-Shan; Wang, Zhong-Sheng; Xie, Xiao-Qing; Deng, Zheng-Hai; Wei, Xin-Lian; Liu, Shi-Yong; Zhang, Zi-Bin; Luo, Yi-Bo (June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0006320712001358">"Overcoming extreme weather challenges: Successful but variable assisted colonization of wild orchids in southwestern China"</a>. <i>Biological Conservation</i>. <b>150</b> (1): 68–75. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012BCons.150...68L">2012BCons.150...68L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.biocon.2012.02.018">10.1016/j.biocon.2012.02.018</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-3207">0006-3207</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biological+Conservation&rft.atitle=Overcoming+extreme+weather+challenges%3A+Successful+but+variable+assisted+colonization+of+wild+orchids+in+southwestern+China&rft.volume=150&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=68-75&rft.date=2012-06&rft.issn=0006-3207&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.biocon.2012.02.018&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012BCons.150...68L&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Hong&rft.au=Feng%2C+Chang-Lin&rft.au=Chen%2C+Bao-Shan&rft.au=Wang%2C+Zhong-Sheng&rft.au=Xie%2C+Xiao-Qing&rft.au=Deng%2C+Zheng-Hai&rft.au=Wei%2C+Xin-Lian&rft.au=Liu%2C+Shi-Yong&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Zi-Bin&rft.au=Luo%2C+Yi-Bo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fpii%2FS0006320712001358&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrchid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/animal-poison-control/toxic-and-non-toxic-plants/phalaenopsis-orchid">"Phalaenopsis Orchid | ASPCA"</a>. <i>www.aspca.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aspca.org&rft.atitle=Phalaenopsis+Orchid+%7C+ASPCA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aspca.org%2Fpet-care%2Fanimal-poison-control%2Ftoxic-and-non-toxic-plants%2Fphalaenopsis-orchid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrchid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orchid&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRHS2016" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society" title="Royal Horticultural Society">RHS</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.rhs.org.uk/horticulturaldatabase/orchidregister/orchidregister.asp">"Search The International Orchid Register"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society" title="Royal Horticultural Society">Royal Horticultural Society</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Search+The+International+Orchid+Register&rft.pub=Royal+Horticultural+Society&rft.date=2016&rft.au=RHS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapps.rhs.org.uk%2Fhorticulturaldatabase%2Forchidregister%2Forchidregister.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrchid" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Documentaries">Documentaries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orchid&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Documentaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>2017: <i>Hidden Beauty – The Orchids of the Saale Valley</i>, directed by <a href="/wiki/David_Cebulla" title="David Cebulla">David Cebulla</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orchid&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Orchidaceae" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Orchidaceae">Orchidaceae</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/47217">Citizen science observations for Orchidaceae</a> at <a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theplantlist.org/1.1/browse/A/Orchidaceae/">"<i>Orchidaceae</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Plant_List" title="The Plant List">The Plant List</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew" title="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew">Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Plant+List&rft.atitle=Orchidaceae&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theplantlist.org%2F1.1%2Fbrowse%2FA%2FOrchidaceae%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrchid" class="Z3988"></span> Note that this website has been superseded by <a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">World Flora Online</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/asparagalesweb.htm#Orchidaceae">Orchidaceae</a> at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/"><i>Angiosperm Phylogeny Website</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catalogueoflife.org/annual-checklist/2019/browse/classification/family/Orchidaceae/fossil/1/match/1">World checklist of Orchidaceae species from the Catalogue of Life</a>, 29,572 species supplied by World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (R. Govaerts & al.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlora_of_North_America_Editorial_Committee" class="citation cs1">Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10638">"Orchidaceae"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=1"><i>Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA)</i></a>. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org, <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Garden" title="Missouri Botanical Garden">Missouri Botanical Garden</a>, St. Louis, MO & <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Herbaria" title="Harvard University Herbaria">Harvard University Herbaria</a>, Cambridge, MA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Orchidaceae&rft.btitle=Flora+of+North+America+North+of+Mexico+%28FNA%29&rft.place=New+York+and+Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.efloras.org%2Fflorataxon.aspx%3Fflora_id%3D1%26taxon_id%3D10638&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrchid" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=10638">"Orchidaceae"</a>. <i>Flora of China</i> – via eFloras.org, <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Botanical_Garden" title="Missouri Botanical Garden">Missouri Botanical Garden</a>, St. Louis, MO & <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Herbaria" title="Harvard University Herbaria">Harvard University Herbaria</a>, Cambridge, MA.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Orchidaceae&rft.btitle=Flora+of+China&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.efloras.org%2Fflorataxon.aspx%3Fflora_id%3D2%26taxon_id%3D10638&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrchid" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/speciesdata/family.php?family_id=161">Orchidaceae</a> at the online <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zimbabweflora.co.zw/index.php"><i>Flora of Zimbabwe</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://florabase.calm.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/22787">Orchidaceae</a> at the online <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://florabase.calm.wa.gov.au/"><i>Flora of the Western Australian</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://floraseries.landcareresearch.co.nz/pages/Taxon.aspx?id=_5200364d-6ee3-40d1-9031-4539ee3c4a22&fileName=Flora%202.xml">Orchidaceae</a> at the online <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://floraseries.landcareresearch.co.nz/pages/index.aspx"><i>Flora of New Zealand</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epidendra.org/">The Global Orchid Information Network</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orchidconservationcoalition.org/">Orchid Conservation Coalition</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Orchids"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Orchids">"Orchids" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 170–172.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Orchids&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=170-172&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOrchid" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Families_of_flowering_plants_(APG_IV)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#C3EEC3;;background:#90EE90;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Angiosperm_families" title="Template:Angiosperm families"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Angiosperm_families" title="Template talk:Angiosperm families"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Angiosperm_families" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Angiosperm families"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Families_of_flowering_plants_(APG_IV)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Families of <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">flowering plants</a> (<a href="/wiki/APG_IV_system" title="APG IV system">APG IV</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#C3EEC3;"><div> <ul><li>Supergroup <a href="/wiki/Template:Plant_classification" title="Template:Plant classification">Plant</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Bryophyta" title="Template:Bryophyta">Bryophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Marchantiophyta" title="Template:Marchantiophyta">Marchantiophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Fern_classification" title="Template:Fern classification">Polypodiophyta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Acrogymnospermae_classification" title="Template:Acrogymnospermae classification">Acrogymnospermae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Angiosperm_families" title="Template:Angiosperm families">Angiospermae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C3EEC3;;width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Basal_angiosperms" title="Basal angiosperms">Basal<div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>angio<div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>sperms</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Amborellales" class="mw-redirect" title="Amborellales">Amborellales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amborellaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Amborellaceae">Amborellaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Nymphaeales" title="Nymphaeales">Nymphaeales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydatellaceae" title="Hydatellaceae">Hydatellaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabombaceae" title="Cabombaceae">Cabombaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaeaceae" title="Nymphaeaceae">Nymphaeaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Austrobaileyales" title="Austrobaileyales">Austrobaileyales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrobaileyaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrobaileyaceae">Austrobaileyaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimeniaceae" title="Trimeniaceae">Trimeniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schisandraceae" title="Schisandraceae">Schisandraceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C3EEC3;;width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="margin:+20px; position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"> <a href="/wiki/Mesangiospermae" title="Mesangiospermae">Mesangiospermae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Magnoliids" title="Magnoliids">Magnoliidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Canellales" title="Canellales">Canellales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canellaceae" title="Canellaceae">Canellaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winteraceae" title="Winteraceae">Winteraceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Piperales" title="Piperales">Piperales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristolochiaceae" title="Aristolochiaceae">Aristolochiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saururaceae" title="Saururaceae">Saururaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piperaceae" title="Piperaceae">Piperaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Magnoliales" title="Magnoliales">Magnoliales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myristicaceae" title="Myristicaceae">Myristicaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnoliaceae" title="Magnoliaceae">Magnoliaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degeneriaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Degeneriaceae">Degeneriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himantandraceae" title="Himantandraceae">Himantandraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupomatiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Eupomatiaceae">Eupomatiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annonaceae" title="Annonaceae">Annonaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Laurales" title="Laurales">Laurales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calycanthaceae" title="Calycanthaceae">Calycanthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siparunaceae" title="Siparunaceae">Siparunaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gomortegaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Gomortegaceae">Gomortegaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atherospermataceae" title="Atherospermataceae">Atherospermataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hernandiaceae" title="Hernandiaceae">Hernandiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monimiaceae" title="Monimiaceae">Monimiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauraceae" title="Lauraceae">Lauraceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><b>Chloranthidae</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Chloranthales" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Chloranthales" class="mw-redirect" title="Chloranthales">Chloranthales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chloranthaceae" title="Chloranthaceae">Chloranthaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><b>Lilidae</b> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Monocots" class="mw-redirect" title="Monocots">Monocots</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Acorales" class="mw-redirect" title="Acorales">Acorales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Acoraceae">Acoraceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Alismatales" title="Alismatales">Alismatales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Araceae" title="Araceae">Araceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofieldiaceae" title="Tofieldiaceae">Tofieldiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alismataceae" title="Alismataceae">Alismataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butomaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Butomaceae">Butomaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocharitaceae" title="Hydrocharitaceae">Hydrocharitaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scheuchzeriaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Scheuchzeriaceae">Scheuchzeriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aponogetonaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aponogetonaceae">Aponogetonaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juncaginaceae" title="Juncaginaceae">Juncaginaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maundiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Maundiaceae">Maundiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zosteraceae" title="Zosteraceae">Zosteraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potamogetonaceae" title="Potamogetonaceae">Potamogetonaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posidoniaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Posidoniaceae">Posidoniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruppiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruppiaceae">Ruppiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymodoceaceae" title="Cymodoceaceae">Cymodoceaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Petrosaviales" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrosaviales">Petrosaviales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petrosaviaceae" title="Petrosaviaceae">Petrosaviaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Dioscoreales" title="Dioscoreales">Dioscoreales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nartheciaceae" title="Nartheciaceae">Nartheciaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmanniaceae" title="Burmanniaceae">Burmanniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioscoreaceae" title="Dioscoreaceae">Dioscoreaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Pandanales" title="Pandanales">Pandanales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triuridaceae" title="Triuridaceae">Triuridaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velloziaceae" title="Velloziaceae">Velloziaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stemonaceae" title="Stemonaceae">Stemonaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclanthaceae" title="Cyclanthaceae">Cyclanthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandanaceae" title="Pandanaceae">Pandanaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Liliales" title="Liliales">Liliales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campynemataceae" title="Campynemataceae">Campynemataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsiaceae" title="Corsiaceae">Corsiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanthiaceae" title="Melanthiaceae">Melanthiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petermanniaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Petermanniaceae">Petermanniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alstroemeriaceae" title="Alstroemeriaceae">Alstroemeriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchicaceae" title="Colchicaceae">Colchicaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philesiaceae" title="Philesiaceae">Philesiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripogonaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ripogonaceae">Ripogonaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smilacaceae" title="Smilacaceae">Smilacaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liliaceae" title="Liliaceae">Liliaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Asparagales" title="Asparagales">Asparagales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Orchidaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boryaceae" title="Boryaceae">Boryaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blandfordiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Blandfordiaceae">Blandfordiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteliaceae" title="Asteliaceae">Asteliaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanariaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Lanariaceae">Lanariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxidaceae" title="Hypoxidaceae">Hypoxidaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doryanthaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Doryanthaceae">Doryanthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixioliriaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ixioliriaceae">Ixioliriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tecophilaeaceae" title="Tecophilaeaceae">Tecophilaeaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridaceae" title="Iridaceae">Iridaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xeronemataceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Xeronemataceae">Xeronemataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asphodelaceae" title="Asphodelaceae">Asphodelaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaryllidaceae" title="Amaryllidaceae">Amaryllidaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asparagaceae" title="Asparagaceae">Asparagaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Arecales" title="Arecales">Arecales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dasypogonaceae" title="Dasypogonaceae">Dasypogonaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arecaceae" title="Arecaceae">Arecaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Commelinales" title="Commelinales">Commelinales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanguanaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanguanaceae">Hanguanaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commelinaceae" title="Commelinaceae">Commelinaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philydraceae" title="Philydraceae">Philydraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontederiaceae" title="Pontederiaceae">Pontederiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haemodoraceae" title="Haemodoraceae">Haemodoraceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Zingiberales" title="Zingiberales">Zingiberales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strelitziaceae" title="Strelitziaceae">Strelitziaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Lowiaceae">Lowiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliconiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliconiaceae">Heliconiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musaceae" title="Musaceae">Musaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cannaceae">Cannaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marantaceae" title="Marantaceae">Marantaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costaceae" title="Costaceae">Costaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zingiberaceae" title="Zingiberaceae">Zingiberaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Poales" title="Poales">Poales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Typhaceae" title="Typhaceae">Typhaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromeliaceae" title="Bromeliaceae">Bromeliaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapateaceae" title="Rapateaceae">Rapateaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xyridaceae" title="Xyridaceae">Xyridaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eriocaulaceae" title="Eriocaulaceae">Eriocaulaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayacaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayacaceae">Mayacaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurniaceae" title="Thurniaceae">Thurniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juncaceae" title="Juncaceae">Juncaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyperaceae" title="Cyperaceae">Cyperaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restionaceae" title="Restionaceae">Restionaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flagellariaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Flagellariaceae">Flagellariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joinvilleaceae" title="Joinvilleaceae">Joinvilleaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecdeiocoleaceae" title="Ecdeiocoleaceae">Ecdeiocoleaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">Poaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><b>Ceratophyllidae</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ceratophyllales" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Ceratophyllales" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceratophyllales">Ceratophyllales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceratophyllaceae" title="Ceratophyllaceae">Ceratophyllaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Eudicots" title="Eudicots">Eudicots</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Buxales" title="Buxales">Buxales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buxaceae" title="Buxaceae">Buxaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Proteales" title="Proteales">Proteales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabiaceae" title="Sabiaceae">Sabiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelumbonaceae" title="Nelumbonaceae">Nelumbonaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platanaceae" title="Platanaceae">Platanaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteaceae" title="Proteaceae">Proteaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Ranunculales" title="Ranunculales">Ranunculales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eupteleaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Eupteleaceae">Eupteleaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papaveraceae" title="Papaveraceae">Papaveraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circaeasteraceae" title="Circaeasteraceae">Circaeasteraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lardizabalaceae" title="Lardizabalaceae">Lardizabalaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menispermaceae" title="Menispermaceae">Menispermaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berberidaceae" title="Berberidaceae">Berberidaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranunculaceae" title="Ranunculaceae">Ranunculaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Trochodendrales" class="mw-redirect" title="Trochodendrales">Trochodendrales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trochodendraceae" title="Trochodendraceae">Trochodendraceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Dilleniales" title="Dilleniales">Dilleniales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dilleniaceae" title="Dilleniaceae">Dilleniaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Gunnerales" title="Gunnerales">Gunnerales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myrothamnaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Myrothamnaceae">Myrothamnaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunneraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Gunneraceae">Gunneraceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"> <a href="/wiki/Superrosids" title="Superrosids">Superrosids</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Saxifragales" title="Saxifragales">Saxifragales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peridiscaceae" title="Peridiscaceae">Peridiscaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paeoniaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Paeoniaceae">Paeoniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altingiaceae" title="Altingiaceae">Altingiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamamelidaceae" title="Hamamelidaceae">Hamamelidaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cercidiphyllaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cercidiphyllaceae">Cercidiphyllaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daphniphyllaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Daphniphyllaceae">Daphniphyllaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iteaceae" title="Iteaceae">Iteaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grossulariaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Grossulariaceae">Grossulariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxifragaceae" title="Saxifragaceae">Saxifragaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crassulaceae" title="Crassulaceae">Crassulaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphanopetalaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphanopetalaceae">Aphanopetalaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetracarpaeaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetracarpaeaceae">Tetracarpaeaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penthoraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Penthoraceae">Penthoraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haloragaceae" title="Haloragaceae">Haloragaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynomoriaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cynomoriaceae">Cynomoriaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Rosids" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"> <a href="/wiki/Rosids" title="Rosids">Rosids</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Vitales" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Vitales" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitales">Vitales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vitaceae" title="Vitaceae">Vitaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"> <a href="/wiki/Fabids" class="mw-redirect" title="Fabids">Fabids</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Cucurbitales" title="Cucurbitales">Cucurbitales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apodanthaceae" title="Apodanthaceae">Apodanthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anisophylleaceae" title="Anisophylleaceae">Anisophylleaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corynocarpaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Corynocarpaceae">Corynocarpaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriariaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Coriariaceae">Coriariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucurbitaceae" title="Cucurbitaceae">Cucurbitaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetramelaceae" title="Tetramelaceae">Tetramelaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datiscaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Datiscaceae">Datiscaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begoniaceae" title="Begoniaceae">Begoniaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Fabales" title="Fabales">Fabales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quillajaceae" title="Quillajaceae">Quillajaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabaceae" title="Fabaceae">Fabaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surianaceae" title="Surianaceae">Surianaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygalaceae" title="Polygalaceae">Polygalaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Fagales" title="Fagales">Fagales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nothofagaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Nothofagaceae">Nothofagaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagaceae" title="Fagaceae">Fagaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myricaceae" title="Myricaceae">Myricaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juglandaceae" title="Juglandaceae">Juglandaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuarinaceae" title="Casuarinaceae">Casuarinaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticodendraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ticodendraceae">Ticodendraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betulaceae" title="Betulaceae">Betulaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Rosales" title="Rosales">Rosales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosaceae" title="Rosaceae">Rosaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbeyaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbeyaceae">Barbeyaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirachmaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirachmaceae">Dirachmaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaeagnaceae" title="Elaeagnaceae">Elaeagnaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhamnaceae" title="Rhamnaceae">Rhamnaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulmaceae" title="Ulmaceae">Ulmaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabaceae" title="Cannabaceae">Cannabaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moraceae" title="Moraceae">Moraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urticaceae" title="Urticaceae">Urticaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Zygophyllales" title="Zygophyllales">Zygophyllales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krameriaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Krameriaceae">Krameriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygophyllaceae" title="Zygophyllaceae">Zygophyllaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Celastrales" title="Celastrales">Celastrales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lepidobotryaceae" title="Lepidobotryaceae">Lepidobotryaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celastraceae" title="Celastraceae">Celastraceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Malpighiales" title="Malpighiales">Malpighiales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pandaceae" title="Pandaceae">Pandaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irvingiaceae" title="Irvingiaceae">Irvingiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ctenolophonaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ctenolophonaceae">Ctenolophonaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizophoraceae" title="Rhizophoraceae">Rhizophoraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythroxylaceae" title="Erythroxylaceae">Erythroxylaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochnaceae" title="Ochnaceae">Ochnaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonnetiaceae" title="Bonnetiaceae">Bonnetiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clusiaceae" title="Clusiaceae">Clusiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calophyllaceae" title="Calophyllaceae">Calophyllaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podostemaceae" title="Podostemaceae">Podostemaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypericaceae" title="Hypericaceae">Hypericaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caryocaraceae" title="Caryocaraceae">Caryocaraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lophopyxidaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Lophopyxidaceae">Lophopyxidaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putranjivaceae" title="Putranjivaceae">Putranjivaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centroplacaceae" title="Centroplacaceae">Centroplacaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elatinaceae" title="Elatinaceae">Elatinaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malpighiaceae" title="Malpighiaceae">Malpighiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balanopaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Balanopaceae">Balanopaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trigoniaceae" title="Trigoniaceae">Trigoniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichapetalaceae" title="Dichapetalaceae">Dichapetalaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphroniaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphroniaceae">Euphroniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysobalanaceae" title="Chrysobalanaceae">Chrysobalanaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humiriaceae" title="Humiriaceae">Humiriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achariaceae" title="Achariaceae">Achariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violaceae" title="Violaceae">Violaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goupiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Goupiaceae">Goupiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passifloraceae" title="Passifloraceae">Passifloraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacistemataceae" title="Lacistemataceae">Lacistemataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salicaceae" title="Salicaceae">Salicaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peraceae" title="Peraceae">Peraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafflesiaceae" title="Rafflesiaceae">Rafflesiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphorbiaceae" title="Euphorbiaceae">Euphorbiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linaceae" title="Linaceae">Linaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixonanthaceae" title="Ixonanthaceae">Ixonanthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picrodendraceae" title="Picrodendraceae">Picrodendraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllanthaceae" title="Phyllanthaceae">Phyllanthaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Oxalidales" title="Oxalidales">Oxalidales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huaceae" title="Huaceae">Huaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connaraceae" title="Connaraceae">Connaraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxalidaceae" title="Oxalidaceae">Oxalidaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunoniaceae" title="Cunoniaceae">Cunoniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaeocarpaceae" title="Elaeocarpaceae">Elaeocarpaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephalotaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cephalotaceae">Cephalotaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunelliaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunelliaceae">Brunelliaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"> <a href="/wiki/Malvids" class="mw-redirect" title="Malvids">Malvids</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Brassicales" title="Brassicales">Brassicales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akaniaceae" title="Akaniaceae">Akaniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropaeolaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropaeolaceae">Tropaeolaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moringaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Moringaceae">Moringaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caricaceae" title="Caricaceae">Caricaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limnanthaceae" title="Limnanthaceae">Limnanthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setchellanthaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Setchellanthaceae">Setchellanthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koeberliniaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Koeberliniaceae">Koeberliniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bataceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Bataceae">Bataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoraceae" title="Salvadoraceae">Salvadoraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblingiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Emblingiaceae">Emblingiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tovariaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tovariaceae">Tovariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentadiplandraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentadiplandraceae">Pentadiplandraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyrostemonaceae" title="Gyrostemonaceae">Gyrostemonaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resedaceae" title="Resedaceae">Resedaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capparaceae" title="Capparaceae">Capparaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleomaceae" title="Cleomaceae">Cleomaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brassicaceae" title="Brassicaceae">Brassicaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Crossosomatales" title="Crossosomatales">Crossosomatales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aphloiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphloiaceae">Aphloiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geissolomataceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Geissolomataceae">Geissolomataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasburgeriaceae" title="Strasburgeriaceae">Strasburgeriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staphyleaceae" title="Staphyleaceae">Staphyleaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guamatelaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Guamatelaceae">Guamatelaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stachyuraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Stachyuraceae">Stachyuraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossosomataceae" title="Crossosomataceae">Crossosomataceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Geraniales" title="Geraniales">Geraniales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geraniaceae" title="Geraniaceae">Geraniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoaceae" title="Francoaceae">Francoaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Huerteales" title="Huerteales">Huerteales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerrardinaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerrardinaceae">Gerrardinaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petenaeaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Petenaeaceae">Petenaeaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapisciaceae" title="Tapisciaceae">Tapisciaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipentodontaceae" title="Dipentodontaceae">Dipentodontaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Malvales" title="Malvales">Malvales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cytinaceae" title="Cytinaceae">Cytinaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muntingiaceae" title="Muntingiaceae">Muntingiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuradaceae" title="Neuradaceae">Neuradaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malvaceae" title="Malvaceae">Malvaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphaerosepalaceae" title="Sphaerosepalaceae">Sphaerosepalaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymelaeaceae" title="Thymelaeaceae">Thymelaeaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bixaceae" title="Bixaceae">Bixaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistaceae" title="Cistaceae">Cistaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcolaenaceae" title="Sarcolaenaceae">Sarcolaenaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipterocarpaceae" title="Dipterocarpaceae">Dipterocarpaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Myrtales" title="Myrtales">Myrtales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combretaceae" title="Combretaceae">Combretaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lythraceae" title="Lythraceae">Lythraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onagraceae" title="Onagraceae">Onagraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vochysiaceae" title="Vochysiaceae">Vochysiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrtaceae" title="Myrtaceae">Myrtaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melastomataceae" title="Melastomataceae">Melastomataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypteroniaceae" title="Crypteroniaceae">Crypteroniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alzateaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Alzateaceae">Alzateaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penaeaceae" title="Penaeaceae">Penaeaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Picramniales" class="mw-redirect" title="Picramniales">Picramniales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Picramniaceae" title="Picramniaceae">Picramniaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Sapindales" title="Sapindales">Sapindales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biebersteiniaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Biebersteiniaceae">Biebersteiniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrariaceae" title="Nitrariaceae">Nitrariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkiaceae" title="Kirkiaceae">Kirkiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burseraceae" title="Burseraceae">Burseraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anacardiaceae" title="Anacardiaceae">Anacardiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapindaceae" title="Sapindaceae">Sapindaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutaceae" title="Rutaceae">Rutaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simaroubaceae" title="Simaroubaceae">Simaroubaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meliaceae" title="Meliaceae">Meliaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"> <a href="/wiki/Superasterids" title="Superasterids">Superasterids</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Berberidopsidales" title="Berberidopsidales">Berberidopsidales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aextoxicaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aextoxicaceae">Aextoxicaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berberidopsidaceae" title="Berberidopsidaceae">Berberidopsidaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Caryophyllales" title="Caryophyllales">Caryophyllales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankeniaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankeniaceae">Frankeniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamaricaceae" title="Tamaricaceae">Tamaricaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumbaginaceae" title="Plumbaginaceae">Plumbaginaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygonaceae" title="Polygonaceae">Polygonaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droseraceae" title="Droseraceae">Droseraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepenthaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepenthaceae">Nepenthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drosophyllaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Drosophyllaceae">Drosophyllaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioncophyllaceae" title="Dioncophyllaceae">Dioncophyllaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancistrocladaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancistrocladaceae">Ancistrocladaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhabdodendraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhabdodendraceae">Rhabdodendraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simmondsiaceae" title="Simmondsiaceae">Simmondsiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physenaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Physenaceae">Physenaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteropeiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Asteropeiaceae">Asteropeiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macarthuriaceae" title="Macarthuriaceae">Macarthuriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microteaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Microteaceae">Microteaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caryophyllaceae" title="Caryophyllaceae">Caryophyllaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achatocarpaceae" title="Achatocarpaceae">Achatocarpaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amaranthaceae" title="Amaranthaceae">Amaranthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stegnospermataceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Stegnospermataceae">Stegnospermataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limeaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Limeaceae">Limeaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lophiocarpaceae" title="Lophiocarpaceae">Lophiocarpaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kewaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Kewaceae">Kewaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbeuiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbeuiaceae">Barbeuiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gisekiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Gisekiaceae">Gisekiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aizoaceae" title="Aizoaceae">Aizoaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytolaccaceae" title="Phytolaccaceae">Phytolaccaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petiveriaceae" title="Petiveriaceae">Petiveriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcobataceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarcobataceae">Sarcobataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyctaginaceae" title="Nyctaginaceae">Nyctaginaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molluginaceae" title="Molluginaceae">Molluginaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montiaceae" title="Montiaceae">Montiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didiereaceae" title="Didiereaceae">Didiereaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basellaceae" title="Basellaceae">Basellaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halophytaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Halophytaceae">Halophytaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talinaceae" title="Talinaceae">Talinaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portulacaceae" title="Portulacaceae">Portulacaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anacampserotaceae" title="Anacampserotaceae">Anacampserotaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cactaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cactaceae">Cactaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Santalales" title="Santalales">Santalales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olacaceae" title="Olacaceae">Olacaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opiliaceae" title="Opiliaceae">Opiliaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balanophoraceae" title="Balanophoraceae">Balanophoraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santalaceae" title="Santalaceae">Santalaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misodendraceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Misodendraceae">Misodendraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schoepfiaceae" title="Schoepfiaceae">Schoepfiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loranthaceae" title="Loranthaceae">Loranthaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Asterids" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"> <a href="/wiki/Asterids" title="Asterids">Asterids</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Cornales" title="Cornales">Cornales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nyssaceae" title="Nyssaceae">Nyssaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrostachyaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrostachyaceae">Hydrostachyaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrangeaceae" title="Hydrangeaceae">Hydrangeaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loasaceae" title="Loasaceae">Loasaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtisiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Curtisiaceae">Curtisiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grubbiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Grubbiaceae">Grubbiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornaceae" title="Cornaceae">Cornaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Ericales" title="Ericales">Ericales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balsaminaceae" title="Balsaminaceae">Balsaminaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcgraviaceae" title="Marcgraviaceae">Marcgraviaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrameristaceae" title="Tetrameristaceae">Tetrameristaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fouquieriaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Fouquieriaceae">Fouquieriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polemoniaceae" title="Polemoniaceae">Polemoniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lecythidaceae" title="Lecythidaceae">Lecythidaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sladeniaceae" title="Sladeniaceae">Sladeniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentaphylacaceae" title="Pentaphylacaceae">Pentaphylacaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapotaceae" title="Sapotaceae">Sapotaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenaceae" title="Ebenaceae">Ebenaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primulaceae" title="Primulaceae">Primulaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theaceae" title="Theaceae">Theaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symplocaceae" title="Symplocaceae">Symplocaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diapensiaceae" title="Diapensiaceae">Diapensiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styracaceae" title="Styracaceae">Styracaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarraceniaceae" title="Sarraceniaceae">Sarraceniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roridulaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Roridulaceae">Roridulaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinidiaceae" title="Actinidiaceae">Actinidiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clethraceae" title="Clethraceae">Clethraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillaceae" title="Cyrillaceae">Cyrillaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ericaceae" title="Ericaceae">Ericaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitrastemonaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitrastemonaceae">Mitrastemonaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"> <a href="/wiki/Lamiids" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamiids">Lamiids</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Icacinales" title="Icacinales">Icacinales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oncothecaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Oncothecaceae">Oncothecaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icacinaceae" title="Icacinaceae">Icacinaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Metteniusales" class="mw-redirect" title="Metteniusales">Metteniusales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metteniusaceae" title="Metteniusaceae">Metteniusaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Garryales" title="Garryales">Garryales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eucommiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Eucommiaceae">Eucommiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garryaceae" title="Garryaceae">Garryaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Gentianales" title="Gentianales">Gentianales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rubiaceae" title="Rubiaceae">Rubiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentianaceae" title="Gentianaceae">Gentianaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loganiaceae" title="Loganiaceae">Loganiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelsemiaceae" title="Gelsemiaceae">Gelsemiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocynaceae" title="Apocynaceae">Apocynaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Boraginales" title="Boraginales">Boraginales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boraginaceae" title="Boraginaceae">Boraginaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Vahliales" class="mw-redirect" title="Vahliales">Vahliales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vahliaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Vahliaceae">Vahliaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Solanales" title="Solanales">Solanales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convolvulaceae" title="Convolvulaceae">Convolvulaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solanaceae" title="Solanaceae">Solanaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montiniaceae" title="Montiniaceae">Montiniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphenocleaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Sphenocleaceae">Sphenocleaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroleaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroleaceae">Hydroleaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Lamiales" title="Lamiales">Lamiales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plocospermataceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Plocospermataceae">Plocospermataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlemanniaceae" title="Carlemanniaceae">Carlemanniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleaceae" title="Oleaceae">Oleaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrachondraceae" title="Tetrachondraceae">Tetrachondraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calceolariaceae" title="Calceolariaceae">Calceolariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gesneriaceae" title="Gesneriaceae">Gesneriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantaginaceae" title="Plantaginaceae">Plantaginaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrophulariaceae" title="Scrophulariaceae">Scrophulariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stilbaceae" title="Stilbaceae">Stilbaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linderniaceae" title="Linderniaceae">Linderniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblidaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Byblidaceae">Byblidaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyniaceae" title="Martyniaceae">Martyniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedaliaceae" title="Pedaliaceae">Pedaliaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acanthaceae" title="Acanthaceae">Acanthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bignoniaceae" title="Bignoniaceae">Bignoniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentibulariaceae" title="Lentibulariaceae">Lentibulariaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schlegeliaceae" title="Schlegeliaceae">Schlegeliaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomandersiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomandersiaceae">Thomandersiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbenaceae" title="Verbenaceae">Verbenaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamiaceae" title="Lamiaceae">Lamiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazaceae" title="Mazaceae">Mazaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrymaceae" title="Phrymaceae">Phrymaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulowniaceae" title="Paulowniaceae">Paulowniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orobanchaceae" title="Orobanchaceae">Orobanchaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><div style="position:absolute;transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);;"> <a href="/wiki/Campanulids" class="mw-redirect" title="Campanulids">Campanulids</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Apiales" title="Apiales">Apiales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pennantiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pennantiaceae">Pennantiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torricelliaceae" title="Torricelliaceae">Torricelliaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griseliniaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Griseliniaceae">Griseliniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pittosporaceae" title="Pittosporaceae">Pittosporaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araliaceae" title="Araliaceae">Araliaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myodocarpaceae" title="Myodocarpaceae">Myodocarpaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apiaceae" title="Apiaceae">Apiaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Aquifoliales" title="Aquifoliales">Aquifoliales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stemonuraceae" title="Stemonuraceae">Stemonuraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiopteridaceae" title="Cardiopteridaceae">Cardiopteridaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllonomaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Phyllonomaceae">Phyllonomaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helwingiaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Helwingiaceae">Helwingiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquifoliaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquifoliaceae">Aquifoliaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Asterales" title="Asterales">Asterales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rousseaceae" title="Rousseaceae">Rousseaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campanulaceae" title="Campanulaceae">Campanulaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentaphragmataceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentaphragmataceae">Pentaphragmataceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stylidiaceae" title="Stylidiaceae">Stylidiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alseuosmiaceae" title="Alseuosmiaceae">Alseuosmiaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phellinaceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Phellinaceae">Phellinaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argophyllaceae" title="Argophyllaceae">Argophyllaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menyanthaceae" title="Menyanthaceae">Menyanthaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goodeniaceae" title="Goodeniaceae">Goodeniaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calyceraceae" title="Calyceraceae">Calyceraceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteraceae" title="Asteraceae">Asteraceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Bruniales" title="Bruniales">Bruniales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columelliaceae" title="Columelliaceae">Columelliaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruniaceae" title="Bruniaceae">Bruniaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Dipsacales" title="Dipsacales">Dipsacales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoxaceae" title="Adoxaceae">Adoxaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caprifoliaceae" title="Caprifoliaceae">Caprifoliaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Escalloniales" class="mw-redirect" title="Escalloniales">Escalloniales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Escalloniaceae" title="Escalloniaceae">Escalloniaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#D4EED4;"><a href="/wiki/Paracryphiales" class="mw-redirect" title="Paracryphiales">Paracryphiales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paracryphiaceae" title="Paracryphiaceae">Paracryphiaceae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#C3EEC3;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Angiosperm_families" title="Category:Angiosperm families">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Orchidaceae</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25308" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q25308">Q25308</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Orchidaceae" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Orchidaceae">Orchidaceae</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/54444">54444</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Tropical_Rainforest_Plants" title="Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants">ATRF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.lucidcentral.org/rainforest/text/entities/Orchidaceae.htm">Orchidaceae</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id3388">3388</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=124684">124684</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/DPL">DPL</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/8156">8156</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1ORCF">1ORCF</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/FloraBase" title="FloraBase">FloraBase</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/22787">22787</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10638">10638</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Australia" title="Flora of Australia">FoAO2</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Orchidaceae">Orchidaceae</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China_(series)" title="Flora of China (series)">FoC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=10638">10638</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">FoIO: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://flora.org.il/en/plants/systematics/orchidaceae">orchidaceae</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/7689">7689</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomyfamily.aspx?id=798">798</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/47217">47217</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/30000046-2">30000046-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=114451">114451</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=43397">43397</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NBNSYS0000160580">NBNSYS0000160580</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=4747">4747</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/f0c1993e-e036-4074-bdae-936c9854ef2b">f0c1993e-e036-4074-bdae-936c9854ef2b</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=568878">568878</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=55864">55864</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plazi" title="Plazi">Plazi</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FE514B44-9E44-C00B-FEF3-F9BC6F23EBAD">FE514B44-9E44-C00B-FEF3-F9BC6F23EBAD</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A30000046-2">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30000046-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/42000388">42000388</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">VASCAN: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/181">181</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Herbarium_of_Victoria" title="National Herbarium of Victoria">VicFlora</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/8b0d8fd4-1b56-449f-a2de-2b153e84399c">8b0d8fd4-1b56-449f-a2de-2b153e84399c</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Watson & Dallwitz: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/orchidac.htm">orchidac</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-7000000429">wfo-7000000429</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=414854">414854</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25308#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4043721-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85095334">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Orchidées"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11932898q">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Orchidées"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11932898q">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00569277">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="vstavačovité"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph116637&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007550830805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orchid&oldid=1258725985">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orchid&oldid=1258725985</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Orchids" title="Category:Orchids">Orchids</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Extant_Campanian_first_appearances" title="Category:Extant Campanian first appearances">Extant Campanian first appearances</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2021" title="Category:Use dmy dates from October 2021">Use dmy dates from October 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_%27species%27_microformats" title="Category:Articles with 'species' microformats">Articles with 'species' microformats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2014" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_eFloras_template_without_author_names" title="Category:Pages using eFloras template without author names">Pages using eFloras template without author names</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_eFloras_template_without_volume" title="Category:Pages using eFloras template without volume">Pages using eFloras template without volume</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Taxonbars_with_30%E2%80%9334_taxon_IDs" title="Category:Taxonbars with 30–34 taxon IDs">Taxonbars with 30–34 taxon IDs</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 November 2024, at 07:34<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Orchid&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5ddd465f49-59d7q","wgBackendResponseTime":177,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.514","walltime":"1.972","ppvisitednodes":{"value":18816,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":528930,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":24857,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":22,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":39,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":263410,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":31,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1635.472 1 -total"," 23.13% 378.346 2 Template:Reflist"," 16.02% 262.044 1 Template:Automatic_taxobox"," 14.45% 236.266 21 Template:Navbox"," 13.59% 222.284 1 Template:Taxonbar"," 13.41% 219.283 23 Template:Cite_journal"," 9.12% 149.083 10 Template:Clade"," 7.82% 127.878 1 Template:Angiosperm_families"," 6.36% 104.024 1 Template:Commons_category"," 6.27% 102.568 1 Template:Sister_project"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.954","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":26792570,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAngiosperm_Phylogeny_Group2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrownDixonFrenchBrockman2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarr2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChenLiuXiaoTsai2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChisholm1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristenhusz,_M._J._M.Byng,_J._W.2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEndersby2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGebauerMeyer2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorge_Poinar,_Jr.Finn_N._Rasmussen2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGivnishSpalinkAmesLyon2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGove1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrigson1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrossSunSchiestl2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuillaume_ChomickiLuc_P.R._BidelFeng_MingMario_Coiro2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoffmanBrown2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHyamPankhurst1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJenny_King2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoan_Corominas1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonathan_R._Leake2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKimsey_Lynn_Siri1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrawczykRojekKowalkowskaKapusta2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKurzweil1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiddellScott1940\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiuFengChenWang2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLobelli2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMark_W._Chase2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMelissa_WhitmanMichael_MedlerJean_Jacques_RandriamanindryElisabeth_Rabakonandrianina2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPecoraroGirlandaKullPerini2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPérez-EscobarBogarínPrzelomskaAckerman2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRHS2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSantiago_R._RamírezBarbara_GravendeelRodrigo_B._SingerCharles_R._Marshall2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSathiyadashMuthukumarUmaPandey2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTan_K.H.Nishida_R.2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompson2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTom_Lawrie2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYohan_PillonMark_W._Chase2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhangLiuLiLohaus2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZimmermann\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZimmermannRoubikEltz2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZolaGott1992\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 5,\n [\"Angiosperm families\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Automatic taxobox\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 23,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 15,\n [\"Clade\"] = 10,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 2,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 2,\n [\"Efloras\"] = 2,\n [\"For multi\"] = 1,\n [\"Fossil range\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"Inaturalist taxon\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"NoteFoot\"] = 1,\n [\"NoteTag\"] = 2,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Taxonbar\"] = 1,\n [\"ThePlantList\"] = 1,\n [\"Transl\"] = 2,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-bsbcq","timestamp":"20241125142934","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Orchid","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Orchid","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q25308","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q25308","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-12-09T20:18:22Z","dateModified":"2024-11-21T07:34:09Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/2a\/White_orchid_in_Clara_bog._03.jpg","headline":"family of plants"}</script> </body> </html>