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<span>Benefits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benefits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Delivery_platforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Delivery_platforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Delivery platforms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Delivery_platforms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Delivery platforms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Delivery_platforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Paper" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paper"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Paper</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paper-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electronic_devices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electronic_devices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Electronic devices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electronic_devices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Web_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Web_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Web applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Web_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-EHRs,_PHRs,_patient_portals_and_UHRs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#EHRs,_PHRs,_patient_portals_and_UHRs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>EHRs, PHRs, patient portals and UHRs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-EHRs,_PHRs,_patient_portals_and_UHRs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Barriers_to_adoption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Barriers_to_adoption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Barriers to adoption</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Barriers_to_adoption-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Barriers to adoption subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Barriers_to_adoption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Promotion_and_usability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Promotion_and_usability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Promotion and usability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Promotion_and_usability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Privacy_and_security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Privacy_and_security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Privacy and security</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Privacy_and_security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_public_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_public_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>In public health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_public_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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Available in 12 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">12 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AC%D9%84_%D8%B5%D8%AD%D9%8A_%D8%B4%D8%AE%D8%B5%D9%8A" title="سجل صحي شخصي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سجل صحي شخصي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektronische_Fallakte" title="Elektronische Fallakte – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Elektronische Fallakte" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpeta_de_Salud" title="Carpeta de Salud – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Carpeta de Salud" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA_%D8%B4%D8%AE%D8%B5%DB%8C" title="پرونده سلامت شخصی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پرونده سلامت شخصی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dossier_m%C3%A9dical_personnel" title="Dossier médical personnel – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dossier médical personnel" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%9C%EC%9D%B8_%EA%B1%B4%EA%B0%95_%EA%B8%B0%EB%A1%9D" title="개인 건강 기록 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="개인 건강 기록" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartella_clinica_personale" title="Cartella clinica personale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cartella clinica personale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%94_%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%AA" title="רשומה רפואית אישית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רשומה רפואית אישית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%80%8B%E4%BA%BA%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E6%83%85%E5%A0%B1%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86" title="個人健康情報管理 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="個人健康情報管理" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru 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href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%80%8B%E4%BA%BA%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7%E7%B4%80%E9%8C%84" title="個人健康紀錄 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="個人健康紀錄" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q574552#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Patient care log</div> <p>A <b>personal health record</b> (<b>PHR</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Health" title="Health">health</a> record where <a href="/wiki/Health_data" title="Health data">health data</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">information</a> related to the care of a patient is maintained by the patient.<sup id="cite_ref-Tang_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tang-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This stands in contrast to the more widely used <a href="/wiki/Electronic_medical_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic medical record">electronic medical record</a>, which is operated by institutions (such as <a href="/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital">hospitals</a>) and contains data entered by clinicians (such as billing data) to support insurance claims. The intention of a PHR is to provide a complete and accurate summary of an individual's medical history which is accessible <a href="/wiki/The_Internet" class="mw-redirect" title="The Internet">online</a>. The health data on a PHR might include patient-reported outcome data, lab results, and data from devices such as wireless electronic weighing scales or (collected passively) from a <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphone</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_health_record&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "personal health record" is not new. The term was used as early as June 1978,<sup id="cite_ref-FIRST_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FIRST-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1956, there was a reference was made to a "personal health log."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "PHR" may be applied to both paper-based and computerized systems;<sup id="cite_ref-AHIMA_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHIMA-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> usage in the late 2010s usually implies an electronic application used to collect and store health data. </p><p>In the early 2000s, healthcare organizations began to propose formal definitions of the term. For example: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Personal Health Record (PHR) is an Internet-based set of tools that allows people to access and coordinate their lifelong health information and make appropriate parts of it available to those who need it. PHRs offer an integrated and comprehensive view of health information, including information people generate themselves such as symptoms and medication use, information from doctors such as diagnoses and test results, and information from their pharmacies and insurance companies.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Markle_Foundation" title="Markle Foundation">Markle Foundation</a>'s Personal Health Working Group, <i>Connecting for Health</i> (2003)<sup id="cite_ref-CFH_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CFH-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3">: 3 </span></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The personal health record (PHR) is an electronic, universally available, lifelong resource of health information needed by individuals to make health decisions. Individuals own and manage the information in the PHR, which comes from healthcare providers and the individual. The PHR is maintained in a secure and private environment, with the individual determining rights of access. The PHR is separate from and does not replace the legal record of any provider.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/American_Health_Information_Management_Association" title="American Health Information Management Association">AHIMA</a> <abbr title="Electronic Health Information Management">e-HIM</abbr> Personal Health Record Work Group (2005)<sup id="cite_ref-AHIMA_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHIMA-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The industry model personal health record (PHR) is a private, secure web-based tool maintained by an insurer that contains claims and administrative information. PHRs may also include information that is entered by consumers themselves, as well as data from other sources such as pharmacies, labs, and care providers. PHRs enable individual patients and their designated caregivers to view and manage health information and play a greater role in their own health care.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/America%27s_Health_Insurance_Plans" class="mw-redirect" title="America's Health Insurance Plans">America's Health Insurance Plans</a> (2006)<sup id="cite_ref-AHIP_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHIP-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>It is important to note that PHRs are not the same as <a href="/wiki/Electronic_health_record" title="Electronic health record">electronic health records</a> (EHRs) or electronic medical records (EMRs), which are software systems designed for use by health care providers.<sup id="cite_ref-CFH_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CFH-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 19–20">: 19–20 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AHIP_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHIP-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like the data recorded in paper-based medical records, the data in EHRs are legally mandated notes on the care provided by clinicians to patients. However, generally there is no mandate requiring patients to track their own health data. Like EHRs and EMRs, PHRs may still fall under the regulatory scope of governments, depending on their origin,<sup id="cite_ref-FlaumenhaftPersonal18_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FlaumenhaftPersonal18-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HHS-PHR-HIPAA_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HHS-PHR-HIPAA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but rigorous regulatory protection of their data is still lacking in parts of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-FlaumenhaftPersonal18_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FlaumenhaftPersonal18-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>PHRs can contain a diverse range of data, including but not limited to: </p> <ul><li>Applicable diagnoses . medications, including over-the-counter and alternative treatments</li> <li>Past medical and surgical interventions</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allergies" class="mw-redirect" title="Allergies">Allergies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adverse_drug_reactions" class="mw-redirect" title="Adverse drug reactions">adverse drug reactions</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic diseases">Chronic diseases</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_history_(medicine)" title="Family history (medicine)">Family medical history</a>,</li> <li>Illnesses and hospitalizations,</li> <li>Imaging reports (e.g. <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a>),</li> <li>Laboratory test results,</li> <li>Medications and dosing,</li> <li>Prescription record,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surgeries" class="mw-redirect" title="Surgeries">Surgeries</a> and other procedures,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccinations" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaccinations">Vaccinations</a>, and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observations_of_daily_living" title="Observations of daily living">Observations of daily living</a> (ODLs)</li></ul></div> <p>There are two methods by which data can arrive in a PHR.<sup id="cite_ref-Tang_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tang-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A patient may enter it directly, either by typing into fields or uploading/transmitting data from a file or another website. The second is when the PHR is tethered to an electronic health record, which automatically updates the PHR. Not all PHRs have the same capabilities, and individual PHRs may support one or all of these methods.<sup id="cite_ref-Tang_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tang-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to storing an individual's personal health information, some PHRs provide added-value services such as drug-drug interaction checking, electronic messaging between patients and providers, managing appointments, and reminders.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Benefits">Benefits</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_health_record&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Benefits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>PHRs grant patients access to a wide range of health information sources, best medical practices, and health knowledge. All of an individual's medical records are stored in one place instead of paper-based files in various doctors’ offices. Upon encountering a medical condition, a patient can better access test results, communicate with their doctors, and share information with others suffering similarly.<sup id="cite_ref-ArcherPersonal11_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArcherPersonal11-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AssadiConsumer17_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AssadiConsumer17-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moreover, PHRs can benefit clinicians. PHRs offer patients the opportunity to submit their data to their clinicians' EHRs. This may help clinicians make better treatment decisions by providing more continuous data,<sup id="cite_ref-Tang_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tang-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> resulting in improved efficiency in care.<sup id="cite_ref-FordPersonal16_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FordPersonal16-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some physicians may have concerns about patient-entered information and its accuracy, as well as whether the added patient engagement creates more reimbursable work.<sup id="cite_ref-ArcherPersonal11_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArcherPersonal11-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>PHRs have the potential to help analyze an individual's health profile and identify health threats and improvement opportunities based on an analysis of drug interaction, current best medical practices, gaps in current medical care plans, and identification of medical errors.</li> <li>Patient illnesses can be tracked in conjunction with healthcare providers, and early interventions can be promoted upon encountering deviation of health status. PHRs also make it easier for clinicians to care for their patients by facilitating continuous communication as opposed to episodic.</li> <li>Eliminating communication barriers and allowing documentation flow between patients and clinicians in a timely fashion can save time consumed by face-to-face meetings and telephone communication. Improved communication can also ease the process for patients and caregivers to ask questions, to set up appointments, to request refills and referrals, and to report problems. Accessing their own records can also empower patients to actively manage their health conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>With the availability of healthcare data PHR enables health providers to response quickly.</li> <li>Additionally, in the case of an emergency a PHR can quickly provide critical information to proper diagnosis or treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-ArcherPersonal11_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArcherPersonal11-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AssadiConsumer17_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AssadiConsumer17-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FordPersonal16_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FordPersonal16-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_health_record&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like other <a href="/wiki/Health_information_technology" title="Health information technology">health information technology</a>, PHR architecture can be roughly organized into three main components:<sup id="cite_ref-ResearchAgenda2008_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ResearchAgenda2008-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Data</dt> <dd>The information collected, stored, analyzed, and exchanged by the PHR.</dd> <dd>Examples: <a href="/wiki/Medical_history" title="Medical history">medical history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medical_laboratory" title="Medical laboratory">laboratory</a> results, <a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">imaging</a> studies, <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical drug">medications</a></dd> <dt>Infrastructure</dt> <dd>The platform that handles data storage, processing, and exchange.</dd> <dd>Examples: stand-alone software programs or websites, provider- or payer-connected (tethered) websites</dd> <dt>Applications</dt> <dd>The information exchange, data analysis, and content delivery capabilities of the system.</dd> <dd>Examples: scheduling appointments, medication refill or renewal, <a href="/wiki/Decision_aids" title="Decision aids">decision aids</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Patient_education" title="Patient education">patient education</a> materials.</dd></dl> <p>Architecture types remain various. However, in 2017, Roehrs <i>et al.</i> performed a systematic literature review of PHRs and were able to divide architecture types into two groups: model-based and coverage-based. Model architectures represent more traditional takes on PHRs, including health data that is still stored on paper. Coverage architectures represent more hybrid takes on the PHR, "with the PHR distributed inside and outside the health care organizations" based on the data's physical location.<sup id="cite_ref-RoehrsPersonal17_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RoehrsPersonal17-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The associated architectural types have different costs and benefits. Likewise, stand-alone, provider-tethered, and payer-tethered PHRs have different advantages and disadvantages for patients related to their individual circumstances. Such differences are among the priority areas in PHR research.<sup id="cite_ref-ResearchAgenda2008_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ResearchAgenda2008-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As PHRs may play a key role in advancing health information exchange, <a href="/wiki/Interoperability" title="Interoperability">interoperability</a> with other health IT systems is an important consideration for PHR architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-ResearchAgenda2008_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ResearchAgenda2008-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, PHR systems requires users to put forth an "'ongoing' effort to keep their account up to date" (maintain an active role in managing their own health), which in turn requires further examination of PHR architecture and adoption models by developers.<sup id="cite_ref-AssadiConsumer17_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AssadiConsumer17-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Delivery_platforms">Delivery platforms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_health_record&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Delivery platforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the principal distinguishing features of a PHR is the platform by which it is delivered. The types of platforms include: paper, electronic device, and web. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paper">Paper</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_health_record&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Paper"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Personal health information is recorded and stored in paper format. Printed laboratory reports, copies of clinic notes, and health histories created by the individual may be parts of a paper-based PHR. This method is low cost, reliable, and accessible without the need for a computer or any other hardware. Probably the most successful paper PHR is the hand-held pregnancy record, developed in Milton Keynes in the mid-1980s<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and now in use throughout the United Kingdom. These include the Scottish Woman-Held Maternity Record,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All Wales Maternity Record,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Perinatal Institute notes.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Paper-based PHRs may be difficult to locate, update, and share with others. Paper-based PHRs are subject to physical loss and damage, such as can occur during a natural disaster. Paper records can also be printed from most electronic PHRs. However, Fawdry <i>et al.</i> have shown that paper records are extremely flexible and do have distinct advantages over rigid electronic systems.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electronic_devices">Electronic devices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_health_record&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Electronic devices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Personal health information is recorded and stored in <a href="/wiki/Personal_Computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal Computer">personal computer</a>-based software that may have the capability to print, backup, encrypt, and import data from other sources such as a hospital laboratory. The most basic form of a PC-based PHR would be a health history created in a word-processing program. The health history compiled in computer based software can be printed, copied, and shared with anyone with a compatible <a href="/wiki/Word_processor" title="Word processor">word processor</a>. </p><p>PHR software can provide more sophisticated features such as data <a href="/wiki/Encryption" title="Encryption">encryption</a>, data importation, and <a href="/wiki/Data_sharing" title="Data sharing">data sharing</a> with health care providers. Some PHR products allow the copying of health records to a mass-storage device such as a <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smart_card" title="Smart card">smart card</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/USB_flash_drive" title="USB flash drive">USB flash drive</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EncryptionUSB2007_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncryptionUSB2007-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>PC-based PHRs are subject to physical loss and damage of the personal computer and the data that it contains. Some other methods of device solution may entail cards with embedded chips containing health information that may or may not be linked to a personal computer application or a web solution. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Web_applications">Web applications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_health_record&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Web applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Web-based PHR solutions are essentially the same as electronic device PHR solutions, however, web-based solutions have the advantage of being easily integrated with other services. For example, some solutions allow for import of medical data from external sources. Solutions including <a href="/wiki/HealthVault" class="mw-redirect" title="HealthVault">HealthVault</a>, and <a href="/wiki/PatientsLikeMe" title="PatientsLikeMe">PatientsLikeMe</a> allow data to be shared with other applications or specific people. Mobile solutions often integrate themselves with web solutions and use the web-based solution as the platform. </p><p>A large number of companies have emerged to provide consumers the opportunity to develop online PHRs. Some have been developed by non-profit organizations, while others have been developed by commercial ventures. These web-based applications allow users to directly enter their information such as diagnosis, medications, laboratory tests, immunizations and other data associated with their health. They generate records that can be displayed for review or transmitted to authorized receivers. </p><p>Despite the need for PHRs and the availability of various online PHR providers, there has not been wide adoption of PHR services. E.g. <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> discontinued its PHR service called <a href="/wiki/Google_Health" title="Google Health">Google Health</a> on January 12, 2012. The reason cited for shutting down Google Health was that the service did not translate from its limited usage into widespread usage in the daily health routines of millions of people.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Surveys of web-based services have found wide variations in functions between services and only limited data on efficacy and safety concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One analyst, describing the public's reluctance to adopt the services, called PHRs "a technology in search of a market."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An emerging standard from <a href="/wiki/HL7" class="mw-redirect" title="HL7">HL7</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fast_Healthcare_Interoperability_Resources" title="Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources">Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources</a> (FHIR), is designed to make it easier for developers of personal health record applications to access relevant medical records.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="EHRs,_PHRs,_patient_portals_and_UHRs"><span id="EHRs.2C_PHRs.2C_patient_portals_and_UHRs"></span>EHRs, PHRs, patient portals and UHRs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_health_record&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: EHRs, PHRs, patient portals and UHRs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Electronic_health_records_in_England" title="Electronic health records in England">Electronic health records in England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electronic_health_records_in_the_United_States" title="Electronic health records in the United States">Electronic health records in the United States</a></div><p>The terms <a href="/wiki/Electronic_health_records" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic health records">electronic health records</a>, personal health records, and <a href="/wiki/Patient_portals" class="mw-redirect" title="Patient portals">patient portals</a> are often used interchangeably. By definition and working they are different from each other. The generally agreed upon definition of these terms relates mainly to the <i>ownership</i> of the data. Once data is in a PHR it usually owned and controlled by the patient. Patient can edit, save or share this record with any one. Finally, PHRs are data that resides with the patient, in a system of the patient's choosing. This data may have been exported directly from an EMR, but the point is it now resides in a location of the patient's choosing. Access to that information is controlled entirely by the patient. While PHRs can help patients keep track of their personal health information, the value of PHRs to healthcare organizations is still unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Electronic_health_records" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic health records">Electronic health records</a> and electronic medical records contain clinical data created by and for health professionals in the course of providing care. The data is about the patient but the data resides in a health care provider's system. Most EHRs, however, are the property of the provider, although the content can be co-created by both the provider and patient. A patient has a legal right in most states to request their healthcare data and under recent USA legislation those providers using a certified EHR will be required to provide an electronic copy as well. </p><p>In the UK, according to the governments' information strategy for the NHS every primary care practice in England will have to offer patients online access to their care records by 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, only 1% did so.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Patient_portal" title="Patient portal">patient portal</a> is typically defined as a view into the electronic medical records. In addition, ancillary functions that support a health care provider's interaction with a patient are also found in those systems e.g. prescription refill requests, appointment requests, electronic case management, etc. </p><p>A new concept being discussed is the UHR or "universal health record",<sup id="cite_ref-UHR_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UHR-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which would be a patient-centered and patient-controlled body of information that could be shared in a granular way with particular health care providers at the patient's discretion in support of the patient's work with health care providers. This project would enlist <a href="/wiki/Open-source_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-source model">open source</a> contributions and enhancements from developers, with particular emphasis on supporting patient expectations of privacy and responsible patient control of private health information (PHI). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Barriers_to_adoption">Barriers to adoption</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_health_record&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Barriers to adoption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Medicine" title="National Academy of Medicine">National Academy of Medicine</a> (previously the Institute of Medicine) called for greater adoption of PHRs in 1999,<sup id="cite_ref-FordPersonal16_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FordPersonal16-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the software has faced many barriers to adoption, including economic, technological, regulatory, behavioral, and organizational issues at both the environmental and individual levels.<sup id="cite_ref-Tang_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tang-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AssadiConsumer17_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AssadiConsumer17-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FordPersonal16_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FordPersonal16-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kim_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kim-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ShowellBarriers17_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShowellBarriers17-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study from 2002 was carried out in an effort to assess the functionality and utility of the budding online PHR. It found that most people did not keep record of minute details of their healthcare experiences and therefore made it difficult to get full value from web-based PHRs. The PHRs selected for evaluation offered limited functionality to the general public, with limitations in data entry, validation, and information display methods.<sup id="cite_ref-Kim_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kim-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2005 survey found that limited access to computers and the internet access, as well as low computer literacy levels, known as the <a href="/wiki/Digital_divide" title="Digital divide">digital divide</a>, was a barrier for low-income and aged populations.<sup id="cite_ref-ElderlyBarriers2008_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ElderlyBarriers2008-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2010–11 set of interviews of clinicians and patients found "that both usability concerns and socio-cultural influences are barriers to PHR adoption and use."<sup id="cite_ref-LiuBarriers11_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LiuBarriers11-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recent studies and reviews in the mid- to late 2010s have revealed other issues such as privacy and confidentiality concerns, lack of motivation, low health literacy, health- and disease-related disabilities, and even administrative burdens.<sup id="cite_ref-AssadiConsumer17_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AssadiConsumer17-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FordPersonal16_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FordPersonal16-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ShowellBarriers17_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShowellBarriers17-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Promotion_and_usability">Promotion and usability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_health_record&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Promotion and usability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Additionally, how the PHR is promoted by healthcare organizations, how useful their features are, and how well the care provider uses it, particularly in the realm of patient communication, can influence adoption and usage rates.<sup id="cite_ref-RedlingPersonal12_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RedlingPersonal12-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PushpangadanConsumer15_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PushpangadanConsumer15-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Promotion may occur at several steps of the development and implementation process, from developers talking with providers about a proposed system, clinics forming patient focus groups, and providers posting physical and digital news of the PHR to patients.<sup id="cite_ref-RedlingPersonal12_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RedlingPersonal12-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The features and usability of the system also drive adoption, with groups such as Kaiser Permanente and Cleveland Clinic seeing substantial increases in PHR use when adding the features users want.<sup id="cite_ref-RedlingPersonal12_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RedlingPersonal12-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PushpangadanConsumer15_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PushpangadanConsumer15-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Provider use and communication has also proved important; "[s]ecure communication with the physician is important because the patients will eventually leave (the PHR) if there is no conversation going on with the physician."<sup id="cite_ref-RedlingPersonal12_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RedlingPersonal12-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additional studies have also shown that when put to use, PHR's ability to enhance communication and collaboration can change patient patterns from sporadic visits to steady visits, and more significant PHR use.<sup id="cite_ref-PushpangadanConsumer15_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PushpangadanConsumer15-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Privacy_and_security">Privacy and security</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_health_record&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Privacy and security"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the most controversial issues for PHRs is how the technology could threaten the privacy of patient's protected health information (PHI). <a href="/wiki/Medical_data_breach" title="Medical data breach">Network computer break-ins</a> are becoming more common,<sup id="cite_ref-ONCBreaches16_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ONCBreaches16-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus storing medical information online can cause fear of the exposure of health information to unauthorized individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-CerratoMedical17_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CerratoMedical17-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to height, weight, blood pressure and other quantitative information about a patient's physical body, medical records can reveal very sensitive information. This includes fertility, surgical procedures, emotional and psychological disorders, and diseases, which many patients are reluctant to share even voluntarily.<sup id="cite_ref-WeitzmanWilling12_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WeitzmanWilling12-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various threats exist to patient information confidentiality: </p> <dl><dt>Accidental disclosure</dt> <dd>During multiple electronic transfers of data to various entities, medical personnel can make innocent mistakes to cause disclosure of data.<sup id="cite_ref-EllisonTopThree14_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EllisonTopThree14-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Insider curiosity</dt> <dd>Medical personnel may misuse their access to patient information out of curiosity or for another purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-EllisonTopThree14_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EllisonTopThree14-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Insider subordination</dt> <dd>Medical personnel may leak out personal medical information for spite, profit, revenge, or other purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-EllisonTopThree14_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EllisonTopThree14-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Uncontrolled secondary usage</dt> <dd>Those who are granted access to patient information solely for the purpose of supporting primary care can exploit that permission for reasons not listed in the contract, such as research.<sup id="cite_ref-HIQAInternat12_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HIQAInternat12-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Outsider intrusion</dt> <dd>Former employees, network intruders, hackers, or others may access and steal information, steal hardware, damage systems, and disrupt operations.<sup id="cite_ref-EllisonTopThree14_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EllisonTopThree14-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LeBrisState17_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LeBrisState17-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Technological and regulatory issues play important roles in the privacy, security, and patient concerns surrounding PHI. On the technological side, failures occur at numerous points: </p> <ul><li>breach of a patient data server connected to other unsecure systems<sup id="cite_ref-DavisOCR18_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavisOCR18-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phishing" title="Phishing">phishing</a> and hacks of company email accounts<sup id="cite_ref-SanbornUnityPoint18_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SanbornUnityPoint18-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>breach of a misconfigured public-facing server<sup id="cite_ref-DavisMedical18_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavisMedical18-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>theft of unencrypted computing devices<sup id="cite_ref-DavisData18_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavisData18-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">malware</a> intentionally or accidentally installed on a server<sup id="cite_ref-SanbornLifeBridge18_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SanbornLifeBridge18-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The state of PHR regulations are also worth mentioning. A 2018 review and comparison of five legislative jurisdictions around the world found "considerable variances with regards to legal terminology and the degree of compliance required from entities offering PHR services across various jurisdictions."<sup id="cite_ref-FlaumenhaftPersonal18_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FlaumenhaftPersonal18-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even in the European Union, which provides some of the most significant protections to PHR data through the <a href="/wiki/General_Data_Protection_Regulation" title="General Data Protection Regulation">General Data Protection Regulation</a> (GDPR), the reviewers found "significant room for interpretation and a degree of ambiguity in key areas."<sup id="cite_ref-FlaumenhaftPersonal18_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FlaumenhaftPersonal18-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With further questions arising about the security and privacy of PHI that makes its ways to expanding platforms such as smartphones and associated applications,<sup id="cite_ref-ChouffaniMedical18_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChouffaniMedical18-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> clearer regulations and policies will likely be required.<sup id="cite_ref-AlSahanPerceived16_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AlSahanPerceived16-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_public_health">In public health</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_health_record&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In public health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>PHRs have the potential to benefit the public health sector in areas such as health monitoring, outbreak monitoring, empowerment through information and resources, linking to services, and research.<sup id="cite_ref-BowerActive17_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BowerActive17-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BonanderPublic10_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BonanderPublic10-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, tapping into this potential has been a slow process due to both the public health sector not fully engaging with adopters<sup id="cite_ref-BonanderPublic10_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BonanderPublic10-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the adopters themselves exhibiting "reticence to share sensitive information."<sup id="cite_ref-WeitzmanWilling12_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WeitzmanWilling12-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several surveys of Americans in the twenty-first century have indicated that anywhere between 63 and 73% would be willing to share at least some personal health information with public health officials for detecting disease outbreaks and other purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-WeitzmanWilling12_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WeitzmanWilling12-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MarkleSurvey06_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MarkleSurvey06-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, caveats about retaining control of how the information is presented and used remain strong among respondents,<sup id="cite_ref-WeitzmanWilling12_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WeitzmanWilling12-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MarkleSurvey06_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MarkleSurvey06-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with concerns about anonymity, government insensitivity, and discrimination.<sup id="cite_ref-WeitzmanWilling12_42-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WeitzmanWilling12-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given the questionable state of regulatory efforts to protect PHR data<sup id="cite_ref-FlaumenhaftPersonal18_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FlaumenhaftPersonal18-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from these and other concerns, the standard use of health data from PHRs in public health may still be far away. </p><p>The U.S. <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> has taken the idea of PHR integration with public health efforts a step further, in 2016 suggesting a framework for a community health record "for integrating and transforming multisector data into actionable information."<sup id="cite_ref-KingAComm16_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KingAComm16-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Integration of EHR, PHR, and county health data would allow the integration and presentation of data across residential blocks to entire zip codes. However, like PHR, significant social approval would have to occur, and data use agreements would have to be established.<sup id="cite_ref-KingAComm16_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KingAComm16-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_health_record&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_health_record" title="Electronic health record">Electronic health record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MHealth" title="MHealth">mHealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_HealthVault" title="Microsoft HealthVault">Microsoft HealthVault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid health">Solid health</a><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration#Health" title="Immigration">REHEALTH 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_portal" title="Patient portal">Patient portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_health_application" title="Personal health application">Personal health application</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_health_record&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Tang-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tang_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tang_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tang_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tang_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tang_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output 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American Viewpoint (1 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.markle.org/sites/default/files/research_doc_120706.pdf">"Survey Finds Americans Want Electronic Personal Health Information to Improve Own Health Care"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Markle Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Survey+Finds+Americans+Want+Electronic+Personal+Health+Information+to+Improve+Own+Health+Care&rft.pub=Markle+Foundation&rft.date=2006-11-01&rft.au=Lake+Research+Partners%3B+American+Viewpoint&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.markle.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fresearch_doc_120706.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+health+record" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KingAComm16-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KingAComm16_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KingAComm16_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing,_R.J.Garrett,_N.Kriseman,_J.2016" class="citation journal cs1">King, R.J.; Garrett, N.; Kriseman, J.; et al. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5027852">"A Community Health Record: Improving Health Through Multisector Collaboration, Information Sharing, and Technology"</a>. <i>Preventing Chronic Disease</i>. <b>13</b>: 160101. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5888%2Fpcd13.160101">10.5888/pcd13.160101</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5027852">5027852</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27609300">27609300</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Preventing+Chronic+Disease&rft.atitle=A+Community+Health+Record%3A+Improving+Health+Through+Multisector+Collaboration%2C+Information+Sharing%2C+and+Technology&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=160101&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5027852%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27609300&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5888%2Fpcd13.160101&rft.au=King%2C+R.J.&rft.au=Garrett%2C+N.&rft.au=Kriseman%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5027852&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+health+record" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csail.mit.edu/research/solid-social-linked-data">Investigating Decentralized Management of Health and Fitness Data</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_health_record&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAssadi,_V.Hassanein,_K.2017" class="citation journal cs1">Assadi, V.; Hassanein, K. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5553007">"Consumer Adoption of Personal Health Record Systems: A Self-Determination Theory Perspective"</a>. <i>Journal of Medical Internet Research</i>. <b>19</b> (7): e270. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2196%2Fjmir.7721">10.2196/jmir.7721</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5553007">5553007</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28751301">28751301</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Medical+Internet+Research&rft.atitle=Consumer+Adoption+of+Personal+Health+Record+Systems%3A+A+Self-Determination+Theory+Perspective&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=e270&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5553007%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28751301&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2196%2Fjmir.7721&rft.au=Assadi%2C+V.&rft.au=Hassanein%2C+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5553007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+health+record" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlaumenhaft,_Y.Ben-Assuli,_O.2018" class="citation journal cs1">Flaumenhaft, Y.; Ben-Assuli, O. (2018). "Personal health records, global policy and regulation review". <i>Health Policy</i>. <b>122</b> (8): 815–826. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.healthpol.2018.05.002">10.1016/j.healthpol.2018.05.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29884294">29884294</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46998430">46998430</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Health+Policy&rft.atitle=Personal+health+records%2C+global+policy+and+regulation+review&rft.volume=122&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=815-826&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A46998430%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29884294&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.healthpol.2018.05.002&rft.au=Flaumenhaft%2C+Y.&rft.au=Ben-Assuli%2C+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+health+record" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPushpangadan,_S.Seckman,_C.2015" class="citation journal cs1">Pushpangadan, S.; Seckman, C. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.himss.org/consumer-perspective-personal-health-records-review-literature">"Consumer Perspective on Personal Health Records: A Review of the Literature"</a>. <i>Online Journal of Nursing Informatics</i>. <b>19</b> (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Online+Journal+of+Nursing+Informatics&rft.atitle=Consumer+Perspective+on+Personal+Health+Records%3A+A+Review+of+the+Literature&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Pushpangadan%2C+S.&rft.au=Seckman%2C+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.himss.org%2Fconsumer-perspective-personal-health-records-review-literature&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+health+record" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoehrs,_A.da_Costa,_C.A.da_Rosa_Righi,_R.de_Oliveira,_K.S.F.2017" class="citation journal cs1">Roehrs, A.; da Costa, C.A.; da Rosa Righi, R.; de Oliveira, K.S.F. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5251169">"Personal Health Records: A Systematic Literature Review"</a>. <i>Journal of Medical Internet Research</i>. <b>19</b> (1): e13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2196%2Fjmir.5876">10.2196/jmir.5876</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5251169">5251169</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28062391">28062391</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Medical+Internet+Research&rft.atitle=Personal+Health+Records%3A+A+Systematic+Literature+Review&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=e13&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5251169%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28062391&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2196%2Fjmir.5876&rft.au=Roehrs%2C+A.&rft.au=da+Costa%2C+C.A.&rft.au=da+Rosa+Righi%2C+R.&rft.au=de+Oliveira%2C+K.S.F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5251169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+health+record" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShowell,_C.2017" class="citation journal cs1">Showell, C. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5410160">"Barriers to the use of personal health records by patients: A structured review"</a>. <i>PeerJ</i>. <b>5</b>: e3268. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7717%2Fpeerj.3268">10.7717/peerj.3268</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5410160">5410160</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28462058">28462058</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PeerJ&rft.atitle=Barriers+to+the+use+of+personal+health+records+by+patients%3A+A+structured+review&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=e3268&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5410160%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28462058&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7717%2Fpeerj.3268&rft.au=Showell%2C+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5410160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+health+record" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Personal_health_record&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/personalhealthrecords.html">"Personal Health Records"</a>. <i>MedlinePlus</i>. U.S. National Library of Medicine.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MedlinePlus&rft.atitle=Personal+Health+Records&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nlm.nih.gov%2Fmedlineplus%2Fpersonalhealthrecords.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APersonal+health+record" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150421010107/https://www.healthpapa.com/health/difference-between-ehr-emr-phr/19/">"Difference between EHR EMR and PHR"</a>. <i>HealthPapa</i>. 10 September 2014. 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title="Neuroinformatics">Neuroinformatics</a> in healthcare</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavior_informatics" title="Behavior informatics">Behavior informatics</a> in healthcare</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_biology" title="Computational biology">Computational biology</a> in healthcare</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translational_bioinformatics" title="Translational bioinformatics">Translational bioinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translational_medicine" title="Translational medicine">Translational medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_information_technology" title="Health information technology">health information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telemedicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Telemedicine">Telemedicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health_informatics" title="Public health informatics">Public health informatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_information_management" title="Health information management">Health information management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_health_informatics" title="Consumer health informatics">Consumer health informatics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_classification" title="Medical classification">Medical classification</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continuity_of_Care_Record" title="Continuity of Care Record">Continuity of Care Record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HRHIS" title="HRHIS">HRHIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_27799" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 27799">ISO 27799</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LOINC" title="LOINC">LOINC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professional organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_Medical_Systems_and_Informatics" title="American Association for Medical Systems and Informatics">American Association for Medical Systems and Informatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Medical_Informatics_Association" title="American Medical Informatics Association">American Medical Informatics Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_Informatics_Society_of_Australia" title="Health Informatics Society of Australia">Australian Society</a> / <a href="/wiki/Australasian_College_of_Health_Informatics" title="Australasian College of Health Informatics">Australasian College</a> (to merge from 2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Society_of_Health_Informatics" title="Brazilian Society of Health Informatics">Brazilian Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Federation_for_Medical_Informatics" title="European Federation for Medical Informatics">European Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Association_for_Medical_Informatics" title="Indian Association for Medical Informatics">Indian Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Medical_Informatics_Association" title="International Medical Informatics Association">International Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_College_of_Medical_Informatics" title="American College of Medical Informatics">American College of Medical Informatics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_health_record" title="Electronic health record">Electronic health record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_Level_7" title="Health Level 7">Health Level 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_manipulator" title="Remote manipulator">Remote manipulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalized_medicine" title="Personalized medicine">Personalized medicine</a> / <a href="/wiki/Precision_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Precision medicine">precision medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_and_health_informatics_journals" title="List of medical and health informatics journals">List of medical and health informatics journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenEHR" title="OpenEHR">openEHR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Health_software" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Health_software" title="Template:Health software"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Health_software" title="Template talk:Health software"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Health_software" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Health software"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Health_software" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Health software</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_technology_in_healthcare" title="Barcode technology in healthcare">Barcoding</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bar_code_medication_administration" title="Bar code medication administration">Bar code medication administration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Databases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epocrates" title="Epocrates">Epocrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexicomp" title="Lexicomp">Lexicomp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medscape" title="Medscape">Medscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micromedex" class="mw-redirect" title="Micromedex">Micromedex</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diagnostics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bioimaging</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="DICOM" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/DICOM" title="DICOM">DICOM</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3DSlicer" class="mw-redirect" title="3DSlicer">3DSlicer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drishti_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drishti (software)">Drishti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIMIAS" title="GIMIAS">GIMIAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginkgo_CADx" title="Ginkgo CADx">Ginkgo CADx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InVesalius" title="InVesalius">InVesalius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITK-SNAP" title="ITK-SNAP">ITK-SNAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OsiriX" title="OsiriX">OsiriX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VistA_Imaging" title="VistA Imaging">VistA Imaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voreen" title="Voreen">Voreen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Servers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthanc_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthanc (software)">Orthanc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Heuristics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Bestbets</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CommonGround_(software)" title="CommonGround (software)">CommonGround</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EuResist" title="EuResist">EuResist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dental_software" title="Dental software">Odontologic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybermed" title="Cybermed">Cybermed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Probe" title="Florida Probe">Florida Probe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electronic_health_record" title="Electronic health record">Electronic<br />health records</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Platforms" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Platforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Apache <a href="/wiki/CTAKES" class="mw-redirect" title="CTAKES">cTAKES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Health_Longitudinal_Technology_Application" title="Armed Forces Health Longitudinal Technology Application">AHLTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AthenaClinicals" class="mw-redirect" title="AthenaClinicals">athenaClinicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centricity" title="Centricity">Centricity</a> EMR</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certify_Data_Systems" title="Certify Data Systems">Certify HealthLogix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerner" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerner">Cerner</a> EHR</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Stored_Ambulatory_Record" title="Computer Stored Ambulatory Record">COSTAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datix_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Datix Limited">Datix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMIAS" title="EMIAS">EMIAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMIS_Health" title="EMIS Health">EMIS Web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_Systems" title="Epic Systems">EpicCare EMR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EviMed" title="EviMed">EviMed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GaiaEHR" title="GaiaEHR">GaiaEHR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNUmed" title="GNUmed">GNUmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPASS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPASS">GPASS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HOSxP" title="HOSxP">HOSxP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_Practice_Systems_Limited" title="In Practice Systems Limited">INPS Vision</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microtest_Health&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Microtest Health (page does not exist)">Microtest Open Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MTBC" class="mw-redirect" title="MTBC">MTBC</a> WebEHR2.0</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NextGen_Healthcare_Information_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="NextGen Healthcare Information Systems">NextGen Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NHS_Care_Records_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="NHS Care Records Service">NHS Care Records Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NHS_Connecting_for_Health" title="NHS Connecting for Health">NHS Connecting for Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenEMR" title="OpenEMR">OpenEMR</a></li> <li>[<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openhealthhub.com">Open HealthHub</a>]</li> <li>[<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://houseofoutsourcing.com/solutions/medical-billing-services-for-small-practices/">Small Medical Practice Billing</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenMRS" title="OpenMRS">OpenMRS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practice_Fusion" title="Practice Fusion">Practice Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PrognoCIS" title="PrognoCIS">PrognoCIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RXNT" title="RXNT">RXNT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summary_Care_Record" title="Summary Care Record">Summary Care Record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tebra" title="Tebra">Tebra</a> EHR</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Phoenix_Partnership" title="The Phoenix Partnership">TPP</a> <a href="/wiki/SystmOne" title="SystmOne">SystmOne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VistA" title="VistA">VistA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VITAband" title="VITAband">VITAband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZEPRS" title="ZEPRS">ZEPRS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Read_code" title="Read code">Read code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNOMED_CT" title="SNOMED CT">SNOMED CT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MEDCIN" title="MEDCIN">MEDCIN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LOINC" title="LOINC">LOINC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UCUM" class="mw-redirect" title="UCUM">UCUM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RxNorm" title="RxNorm">RxNorm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_information_management_system" title="Laboratory information management system">Laboratory<br />management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cerner" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerner">Cerner CoPath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LabLynx,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="LabLynx, Inc.">ELab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_Systems" title="Epic Systems">Epic Beaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LabKey_Server" title="LabKey Server">LabKey Server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MEDITECH" class="mw-redirect" title="MEDITECH">MEDITECH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STARLIMS" class="mw-redirect" title="STARLIMS">STARLIMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LabLynx,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="LabLynx, Inc.">webLIMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapio_Sciences" title="Sapio Sciences">Sapio Sciences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Patient_portal" title="Patient portal">Patient portals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AbbaDox&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AbbaDox (page does not exist)">AbbaDox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenahealth" title="Athenahealth">athenaCommunicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerner" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerner">Cerner</a> Patient Portal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_Systems" title="Epic Systems">MyChart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_practice_management_software" title="Medical practice management software">Practice<br />management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comprehensive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ClearHealth" title="ClearHealth">ClearHealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenHospital" title="OpenHospital">OpenHospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RXNT" title="RXNT">RXNT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tebra" title="Tebra">Tebra</a> Practice Management</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialty</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dentrix" title="Dentrix">Dentrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Dental" title="Open Dental">Open Dental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SoftDent" title="SoftDent">SoftDent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Appointment_scheduling_software" title="Appointment scheduling software">Scheduling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AbbaDox&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AbbaDox (page does not exist)">AbbaDox</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radix_Health&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radix Health (page does not exist)">Radix Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tebra" title="Tebra">Tebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zocdoc" title="Zocdoc">Zocdoc</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vezeeta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vezeeta (page does not exist)">Vezeeta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dentaltap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dentaltap (page does not exist)">Dentaltap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Patient engagement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AbbaDox&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AbbaDox (page does not exist)">AbbaDox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tebra" title="Tebra">Tebra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vezeeta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vezeeta (page does not exist)">Vezeeta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Behavioral <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PEBL_(software)" title="PEBL (software)">PEBL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presentation_(software)" title="Presentation (software)">Presentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PsychoPy" title="PsychoPy">PsychoPy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychtoolbox_for_MATLAB" title="Psychtoolbox for MATLAB">Psychtoolbox for MATLAB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PsyScope" title="PsyScope">PsyScope</a></li></ul></li> <li>Cancer <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caisis" title="Caisis">Caisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DreamLab" title="DreamLab">DreamLab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folding@home" title="Folding@home">Folding@home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial_management_system" title="Clinical trial management system">Clinical trials</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oracle_Health_Sciences&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oracle Health Sciences (page does not exist)">Oracle Argus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Surgical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer-assisted_surgery" title="Computer-assisted surgery">Assistive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HipNav" title="HipNav">HipNav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Health_Level_7" title="Health Level 7">Transmission</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Amalga" title="Microsoft Amalga">Microsoft Amalga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirth_Connect" title="Mirth Connect">Mirth Connect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biomedical_cybernetics_software" title="List of biomedical cybernetics software">List of biomedical cybernetics software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_freeware_health_software" title="List of freeware health software">List of freeware health software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_health_software" title="List of open-source health software">List of open-source health software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Health_software" 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