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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prizes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Prizes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prizes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Prizes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Prizes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Medals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diplomas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diplomas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Diplomas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diplomas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laureates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laureates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Laureates </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Laureates-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Laureates subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Laureates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Interpretations_of_Nobel's_guidelines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interpretations_of_Nobel's_guidelines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Interpretations of Nobel's guidelines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interpretations_of_Nobel's_guidelines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shared_prize" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shared_prize"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Shared prize </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shared_prize-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recognition_of_a_specific_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recognition_of_a_specific_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Recognition of a specific work </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recognition_of_a_specific_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Potential_candidates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potential_candidates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Potential candidates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Potential_candidates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Criticism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Criticism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Controversies_about_Nobel_laureate_selections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies_about_Nobel_laureate_selections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Controversies about Nobel laureate selections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversies_about_Nobel_laureate_selections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nationality-based_criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nationality-based_criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Nationality-based criticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nationality-based_criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overlooked_literary_achievements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overlooked_literary_achievements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Overlooked literary achievements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overlooked_literary_achievements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies_about_Swedish_Academy_board_members" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies_about_Swedish_Academy_board_members"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Controversies about Swedish Academy board members </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversies_about_Swedish_Academy_board_members-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2018_controversy_and_award_cancellation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2018_controversy_and_award_cancellation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.1 2018 controversy and award cancellation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2018_controversy_and_award_cancellation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Similar_international_prizes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Similar_international_prizes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Similar international prizes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Similar_international_prizes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Nobel Prize in Literature</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 115 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-115" aria-hidden="true" > 115 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelprys_vir_Letterkunde" title="Nobelprys vir Letterkunde – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nobelprys vir Letterkunde" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelpreis_f%C3%BCr_Literatur" title="Nobelpreis für Literatur – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Nobelpreis für Literatur" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B2%D8%A9_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AF%D8%A8" title="جائزة نوبل في الأدب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جائزة نوبل في الأدب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premio_Nobel_de_Literatura" title="Premio Nobel de Literatura – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Premio Nobel de Literatura" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premiu_Nobel_de_Lliteratura" title="Premiu Nobel de Lliteratura – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Premiu Nobel de Lliteratura" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="साहित्य में नोबेल पुरस्कार – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="साहित्य में नोबेल पुरस्कार" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fd%C9%99biyyat_%C3%BCzr%C9%99_%22Nobel%22_m%C3%BCkafat%C4%B1" title="Ədəbiyyat üzrə "Nobel" mükafatı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ədəbiyyat üzrə "Nobel" mükafatı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%AC%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="ادبیات‌دا نوبل جایزه‌سی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ادبیات‌دا نوبل جایزه‌سی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="সাহিত্যে নোবেল পুরস্কার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সাহিত্যে নোবেল পুরস্কার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadiah_Nobel_Sastra" title="Hadiah Nobel Sastra – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Hadiah Nobel Sastra" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_B%C3%BBn-ha%CC%8Dk_Chi%C3%B3ng" title="Nobel Bûn-ha̍k Chióng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Nobel Bûn-ha̍k Chióng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Нобелеўская прэмія па літаратуры – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нобелеўская прэмія па літаратуры" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F_%D1%9E_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Нобэлеўская прэмія ў галіне літаратуры – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нобэлеўская прэмія ў галіне літаратуры" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premyo_Nobel_sa_Literatura" title="Premyo Nobel sa Literatura – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Premyo Nobel sa Literatura" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Нобелова награда за литература – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нобелова награда за литература" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_knji%C5%BEevnost" title="Nobelova nagrada za književnost – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nobelova nagrada za književnost" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priz_Nobel_al_Lennegezh" title="Priz Nobel al Lennegezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Priz Nobel al Lennegezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premi_Nobel_de_Literatura" title="Premi Nobel de Literatura – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Premi Nobel de Literatura" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelova_cena_za_literaturu" title="Nobelova cena za literaturu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nobelova cena za literaturu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwobr_Lenyddol_Nobel" title="Gwobr Lenyddol Nobel – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwobr Lenyddol Nobel" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelprisen_i_litteratur" title="Nobelprisen i litteratur – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nobelprisen i litteratur" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B2%D8%A9_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%AF_%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="جايزة نوبل د لأداب – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="جايزة نوبل د لأداب" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelpreis_f%C3%BCr_Literatur" title="Nobelpreis für Literatur – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nobelpreis für Literatur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="नोबेल साहित्य पुरस्कार – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="नोबेल साहित्य पुरस्कार" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobeli_kirjandusauhind" title="Nobeli kirjandusauhind – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nobeli kirjandusauhind" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF_%CE%9D%CF%8C%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%BB_%CE%9B%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%87%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Βραβείο Νόμπελ Λογοτεχνίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βραβείο Νόμπελ Λογοτεχνίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premio_Nobel_de_Literatura" title="Premio Nobel de Literatura – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Premio Nobel de Literatura" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel-premio_pri_literaturo" title="Nobel-premio pri literaturo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nobel-premio pri literaturo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literaturako_Nobel_Saria" title="Literaturako Nobel Saria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Literaturako Nobel Saria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%87_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="جایزه نوبل ادبیات – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جایزه نوبل ادبیات" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelvir%C3%B0isl%C3%B8nin_%C3%AD_b%C3%B3kmentum" title="Nobelvirðislønin í bókmentum – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Nobelvirðislønin í bókmentum" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_Nobel_de_litt%C3%A9rature" title="Prix Nobel de littérature – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Prix Nobel de littérature" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelpriis_foar_de_Literatuer" title="Nobelpriis foar de Literatuer – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Nobelpriis foar de Literatuer" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duais_Nobel_na_Litr%C3%ADochta" title="Duais Nobel na Litríochta – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Duais Nobel na Litríochta" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aundyr_Nobel_ayns_Lettyraght" title="Aundyr Nobel ayns Lettyraght – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Aundyr Nobel ayns Lettyraght" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duais_Nobel_ann_an_Litreachas" title="Duais Nobel ann an Litreachas – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Duais Nobel ann an Litreachas" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premio_Nobel_de_Literatura" title="Premio Nobel de Literatura – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Premio Nobel de Literatura" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EB%B2%A8_%EB%AC%B8%ED%95%99%EC%83%81" title="노벨 문학상 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="노벨 문학상" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%86%D5%B8%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B4%D6%80%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Գրականության Նոբելյան մրցանակ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գրականության Նոբելյան մրցանակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="साहित्य में नोबेल पुरस्कार – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="साहित्य में नोबेल पुरस्कार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_knji%C5%BEevnost" title="Nobelova nagrada za književnost – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nobelova nagrada za književnost" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premio_Nobel_iti_Literatura" title="Premio Nobel iti Literatura – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Premio Nobel iti Literatura" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penghargaan_Nobel_Kesusastraan" title="Penghargaan Nobel Kesusastraan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penghargaan Nobel Kesusastraan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premio_Nobel_pro_Litteratura" title="Premio Nobel pro Litteratura – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Premio Nobel pro Litteratura" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Premie_de_litteratura" title="Nobel Premie de litteratura – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Nobel Premie de litteratura" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B3belsver%C3%B0launin_%C3%AD_b%C3%B3kmenntum" title="Nóbelsverðlaunin í bókmenntum – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Nóbelsverðlaunin í bókmenntum" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premio_Nobel_per_la_letteratura" title="Premio Nobel per la letteratura – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Premio Nobel per la letteratura" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A1_%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%91%D7%9C_%D7%9C%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA" title="פרס נובל לספרות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרס נובל לספרות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prat%C3%A9laning_panampa_Nobel_Sastra" title="Pratélaning panampa Nobel Sastra – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pratélaning panampa Nobel Sastra" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF" title="ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯದಲ್ಲಿ ನೊಬೆಲ್ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಾಹಿತ್ಯದಲ್ಲಿ ನೊಬೆಲ್ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98" title="ნობელის პრემია ლიტერატურაში – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნობელის პრემია ლიტერატურაში" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D2%93%D1%8B_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B" title="Әдебиет саласындағы Нобель сыйлығы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Әдебиет саласындағы Нобель сыйлығы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuzo_ya_Nobel_ya_Fasihi" title="Tuzo ya Nobel ya Fasihi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Tuzo ya Nobel ya Fasihi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_suterotafo_poradro" title="Nobel suterotafo poradro – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Nobel suterotafo poradro" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pri_Nob%C3%A8l_literati" title="Pri Nobèl literati – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Pri Nobèl literati" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xelata_Nobel%C3%AA_ya_W%C3%AAjey%C3%AA" title="Xelata Nobelê ya Wêjeyê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Xelata Nobelê ya Wêjeyê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest_Nobel_per_la_leteratura" title="Pest Nobel per la leteratura – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Pest Nobel per la leteratura" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praemium_Nobelianum_litterarum" title="Praemium Nobelianum litterarum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Praemium Nobelianum litterarum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobela_pr%C4%93mija_literat%C5%ABr%C4%81" title="Nobela prēmija literatūrā – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nobela prēmija literatūrā" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelpr%C3%A4is_fir_Literatur" title="Nobelpräis fir Literatur – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Nobelpräis fir Literatur" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelio_literat%C5%ABros_premija" title="Nobelio literatūros premija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nobelio literatūros premija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irodalmi_Nobel-d%C3%ADj" title="Irodalmi Nobel-díj – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Irodalmi Nobel-díj" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="नोबेल साहित्य पुरस्कार – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="नोबेल साहित्य पुरस्कार" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Нобелова награда за литература – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Нобелова награда за литература" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B3_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="സാഹിത്യത്തിനുള്ള നോബൽ സമ്മാനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സാഹിത്യത്തിനുള്ള നോബൽ സമ്മാനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="साहित्यातील नोबेल पारितोषिक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="साहित्यातील नोबेल पारितोषिक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B2%D8%A9_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84_%D9%81%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8" title="جايزة نوبل فى الادب – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جايزة نوبل فى الادب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AC%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%87" title="نوبل ادبیات جایزه – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="نوبل ادبیات جایزه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadiah_Nobel_dalam_Kesusasteraan" title="Hadiah Nobel dalam Kesusasteraan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hadiah Nobel dalam Kesusasteraan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_%C3%99ng-h%C5%8Fk_Ci%C5%8Dng" title="Nobel Ùng-hŏk Ciōng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Nobel Ùng-hŏk Ciōng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Нобелийн утга зохиолын шагнал – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Нобелийн утга зохиолын шагнал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%95%E1%80%B1%E1%80%86%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%98%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%AF" title="စာပေဆိုင်ရာ နိုဘယ်ဆု – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စာပေဆိုင်ရာ နိုဘယ်ဆု" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelprijs_voor_Literatuur" title="Nobelprijs voor Literatuur – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nobelprijs voor Literatuur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="नोबेल साहित्य पुरस्कार – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="नोबेल साहित्य पुरस्कार" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E8%B3%9E" title="ノーベル文学賞 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ノーベル文学賞" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelprisen_i_litteratur" title="Nobelprisen i litteratur – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nobelprisen i litteratur" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelprisen_i_litteratur" title="Nobelprisen i litteratur – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nobelprisen i litteratur" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A8mi_Nobel_de_Literatura" title="Prèmi Nobel de Literatura – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Prèmi Nobel de Literatura" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adabiyot_bo%CA%BByicha_Nobel_mukofoti" title="Adabiyot boʻyicha Nobel mukofoti – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Adabiyot boʻyicha Nobel mukofoti" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A4_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%88_%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE" title="ਸਾਹਿਤ ਲਈ ਨੋਬਲ ਇਨਾਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਾਹਿਤ ਲਈ ਨੋਬਲ ਇਨਾਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%81%D8%AA_%D9%84%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85" title="ساہت لئی نوبل انعام – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ساہت لئی نوبل انعام" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pwn mw-list-item"><a href="https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/papuligu_ni_nuabil_tua_venecik_ta_kininemeneman" title="papuligu ni nuabil tua venecik ta kininemeneman – Paiwan" lang="pwn" hreflang="pwn" data-title="papuligu ni nuabil tua venecik ta kininemeneman" data-language-autonym="Pinayuanan" data-language-local-name="Paiwan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pinayuanan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelpries_f%C3%B6r_Literatur" title="Nobelpries för Literatur – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Nobelpries för Literatur" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagroda_Nobla_w_dziedzinie_literatury" title="Nagroda Nobla w dziedzinie literatury – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nagroda Nobla w dziedzinie literatury" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%AAmio_Nobel_de_Literatura" title="Prêmio Nobel de Literatura – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Prêmio Nobel de Literatura" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premiul_Nobel_pentru_literatur%C4%83" title="Premiul Nobel pentru literatură – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Premiul Nobel pentru literatură" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Su%C3%B1ay_Simi_Kapchiypi" title="Nobel Suñay Simi Kapchiypi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Nobel Suñay Simi Kapchiypi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Нобелевская премия по литературе – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нобелевская премия по литературе" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8D%D2%95%D1%8D_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8D" title="Литэрэтиирэҕэ Нобель бириэмийэтэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Литэрэтиирэҕэ Нобель бириэмийэтэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelpries_foar_Literatuur" title="Nobelpries foar Literatuur – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Nobelpries foar Literatuur" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87mimi_Nobel_p%C3%ABr_Let%C3%ABrsi" title="Çmimi Nobel për Letërsi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Çmimi Nobel për Letërsi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincitura_d%C3%BB_Nobel_p%C3%A2_littiratura_(crunul%C3%B2ggicu)" title="Vincitura dû Nobel pâ littiratura (crunulòggicu) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Vincitura dû Nobel pâ littiratura (crunulòggicu)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A8_%D8%AC%D9%88_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85" title="ادب جو نوبل انعام – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ادب جو نوبل انعام" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_knji%C5%BEevnost" title="Nobelova nagrada za književnost – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nobelova nagrada za književnost" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%95%DA%B5%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%86%D8%A8%DB%8E%D9%84_%D9%84%DB%95_%D9%88%DB%8E%DA%98%DB%95" title="خەڵاتی نۆبێل لە وێژە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خەڵاتی نۆبێل لە وێژە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%9A%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Нобелова награда за књижевност – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нобелова награда за књижевност" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada_za_knji%C5%BEevnost" title="Nobelova nagrada za književnost – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nobelova nagrada za književnost" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelin_kirjallisuuspalkinto" title="Nobelin kirjallisuuspalkinto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nobelin kirjallisuuspalkinto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelpriset_i_litteratur" title="Nobelpriset i litteratur – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nobelpriset i litteratur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gantimpalang_Nobel_sa_Panitikan" title="Gantimpalang Nobel sa Panitikan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Gantimpalang Nobel sa Panitikan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="இலக்கியத்திற்கான நோபல் பரிசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இலக்கியத்திற்கான நோபல் பரிசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%98%D0%B4%D3%99%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82_%D3%A9%D0%BB%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D3%99_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%B5" title="Әдәбият өлкәсендә Нобель премиясе – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Әдәбият өлкәсендә Нобель премиясе" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1" title="รางวัลโนเบลสาขาวรรณกรรม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รางวัลโนเบลสาขาวรรณกรรม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Edebiyat_%C3%96d%C3%BCl%C3%BC" title="Nobel Edebiyat Ödülü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nobel Edebiyat Ödülü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a list of the award's laureates, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Literature" title="List of Nobel laureates in Literature">List of Nobel laureates in Literature</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Award</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary">Nobel Prize in Literature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Nobel_Prize.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/220px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/330px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/440px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width: 33%;">Awarded for</th><td class="infobox-data">Outstanding contributions in literature</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width: 33%;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location"><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, Sweden</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width: 33%;">Presented by</th><td class="infobox-data attendee"><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Academy" title="Swedish Academy">Swedish Academy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width: 33%;">Reward(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">11 million <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Krona" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish Krona">SEK</a> (2023)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width: 33%;">First awarded</th><td class="infobox-data">1901</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width: 33%;">Last awarded</th><td class="infobox-data">2024</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width: 33%;">Currently held by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Han_Kang" title="Han Kang">Han Kang</a> (2024)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width: 33%;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/">nobelprize.org/literature</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint nowrap" style="border-top: 1px solid #000; padding-top: 5px; font-weight: bold;"><table style="width:100%; margin:1px; display:inline-table;"><tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:left; vertical-align:middle; padding:0 0.5em 0 0;" class="noprint">← <a href="/wiki/2023_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2023 Nobel Prize in Literature">2023</a> ·</td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;; padding:0 1px;" class=""><a href="/wiki/2024_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2024 Nobel Prize in Literature">2024</a></td> <td style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;; padding:0 0 0 0.5em;" class="noprint">· <a href="/w/index.php?title=2025_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2025 Nobel Prize in Literature (page does not exist)">2025</a> →</td> </tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> The Nobel Prize in Literature, here meaning for Literature, (<a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: Nobelpriset i litteratur) is a Swedish <a href="/wiki/Literature_prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature prize">literature prize</a> that is awarded annually, since 1901, to an author from any country who has, in the words of the will of Swedish industrialist <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel">Alfred Nobel</a>, "in the field of literature, produced the most outstanding work in an idealistic direction" (original Swedish: den som inom litteraturen har producerat det utmärktaste i idealisk riktning).<a href="#cite_note-nobelorglit-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-swedishref-3">[3]</a> Though individual works are sometimes cited as being particularly noteworthy, the award is based on an author's body of work as a whole. The <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Academy" title="Swedish Academy">Swedish Academy</a> decides who, if anyone, will receive the prize. The academy announces the name of the laureate in early October. It is one of the five <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prizes</a> established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895. Literature is traditionally the final award presented at the Nobel Prize ceremony. On some occasions, the award has been postponed to the following year, most recently in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-nobelBBC-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-akademi2018-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-krisen-6">[6]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize_in_Literature&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sully-Prudhomme.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Sully-Prudhomme.jpg/220px-Sully-Prudhomme.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Sully-Prudhomme.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption>In 1901, French poet and essayist <a href="/wiki/Sully_Prudhomme" title="Sully Prudhomme">Sully Prudhomme</a> (1839–1907) was the first person to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, "in special recognition of his poetic composition, which gives evidence of lofty idealism, artistic perfection, and a rare combination of the qualities of both heart and intellect."</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Telegram_Nobel_Prize_for_Literature_1954.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Telegram_Nobel_Prize_for_Literature_1954.jpg/220px-Telegram_Nobel_Prize_for_Literature_1954.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Telegram_Nobel_Prize_for_Literature_1954.jpg/330px-Telegram_Nobel_Prize_for_Literature_1954.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Telegram_Nobel_Prize_for_Literature_1954.jpg/440px-Telegram_Nobel_Prize_for_Literature_1954.jpg 2x" data-file-width="936" data-file-height="905" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Hemingway's</a> telegram in 1954 (the academy has alternately used for Literature and in Literature over the years, the latter becoming the norm today)</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel">Alfred Nobel</a> stipulated in his last will and testament that his money be used to create a series of prizes for those who confer the "greatest benefit on mankind" in <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">peace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a> or medicine, and literature.<a href="#cite_note-BBCHistory-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Britannica6-8">[8]</a> Although Nobel wrote several wills during his lifetime, the last was written a little over a year before he died, and it was signed at the Swedish-Norwegian Club in Paris on 27 November 1895.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Nobel bequeathed 94% of his total assets, 31 million <a href="/wiki/Swedish_krona" title="Swedish krona">Swedish kronor</a> (<a href="/wiki/USD" class="mw-redirect" title="USD">US$</a>198 million, €176 million in 2016), to establish and endow the five Nobel Prizes.<a href="#cite_note-Nobelwill-11">[11]</a> Due to the level of scepticism surrounding the will, it was not until 26 April 1897 that the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Norway">Storting</a> (Norwegian Parliament) approved it.<a href="#cite_note-nobelprize1-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Levinovitz13-13">[13]</a> The executors of his will were <a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Sohlman" title="Ragnar Sohlman">Ragnar Sohlman</a> and Rudolf Lilljequist, who formed the Nobel Foundation to take care of Nobel's fortune and organise the prizes. The members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee that were to award the Peace Prize were appointed shortly after the will was approved. The prize-awarding organisations followed: the Karolinska Institutet on 7 June, the Swedish Academy on 9 June, and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences on 11 June.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The Nobel Foundation then reached an agreement on guidelines for how the Nobel Prize should be awarded. In 1900, the Nobel Foundation's newly created <a href="/wiki/Statute" title="Statute">statutes</a> were promulgated by King <a href="/wiki/Oscar_II_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Oscar II of Sweden">Oscar II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Levinovitz13-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-thelocal1-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-BritannicaWill-17">[17]</a> According to Nobel's will, the prize in literature should be determined by "the Academy in Stockholm", which was specified by the statutes of the Nobel Foundation to mean the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Academy" title="Swedish Academy">Swedish Academy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Espmark-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomination_and_award_procedure">Nomination and award procedure</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize_in_Literature&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Nomination and award procedure">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_nominees_for_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="List of nominees for the Nobel Prize in Literature">List of nominees for the Nobel Prize in Literature</a>.</div> Each year, the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Academy" title="Swedish Academy">Swedish Academy</a> sends out requests for nominations of candidates for the Nobel Prize in Literature. Members of the Academy, members of literature academies and societies, professors of literature and language, former Nobel literature laureates, and the presidents of writers' organisations are all allowed to nominate a candidate. It is not allowed to nominate oneself.<a href="#cite_note-nobnoma-19">[19]</a> Between the years 1901 and 1950, around 20 to 35 nominations were usually received each year.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Today thousands of requests are sent out each year, and as of 2011<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize_in_Literature&action=edit">[update]</a> about 220 proposals were returned.<a href="#cite_note-wastberg-21">[21]</a> These proposals must be received by the Academy by 1 February, after which they are examined by the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Committee_in_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Committee in Literature">Nobel Committee</a>, a working group within the Academy comprising four to five members.<a href="#cite_note-nobnomb-22">[22]</a> By April, the committee narrows the field to around 20 candidates.<a href="#cite_note-wastberg-21">[21]</a> By May, a shortlist of five names is approved by the Academy.<a href="#cite_note-wastberg-21">[21]</a> The next four months are spent reading and reviewing the works of the five candidates.<a href="#cite_note-wastberg-21">[21]</a> In October, members of the Academy vote, and the candidate who receives more than half of the votes is named the Nobel laureate in Literature. No one can get the prize without being on the shortlist at least twice; thus, many authors reappear and are reviewed repeatedly over the years.<a href="#cite_note-wastberg-21">[21]</a> The academicians read works in their original language, but when a candidate is shortlisted from a language that no member masters, they call on translators and oath-sworn experts to provide samples of that writer's work.<a href="#cite_note-wastberg-21">[21]</a> Other elements of the process are similar to those of other Nobel Prizes.<a href="#cite_note-nobnomb-22">[22]</a> The Swedish Academy is composed of 18 members who are elected for life and, until 2018, not technically permitted to leave.<a href="#cite_note-keyton-23">[23]</a> On 2 May 2018, <a href="/wiki/King_Carl_XVI_Gustaf" class="mw-redirect" title="King Carl XVI Gustaf">King Carl XVI Gustaf</a> amended the rules of the academy and made it possible for members to resign. The new rules also mention that a member who has been inactive in the work of the academy for more than two years can be asked to resign.<a href="#cite_note-DN-April-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-aftonbladetApril-25">[25]</a> The members of the Nobel committee are elected for a period of three years from among the members of the academy and are assisted by specially appointed expert advisers.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> The award is usually announced in October. Sometimes, however, the award has been announced the year after the nominal year, the latest such case being the <a href="/wiki/2018_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2018 Nobel Prize in Literature">2018 award</a>. In the midst of controversy surrounding claims of sexual assault, conflict of interest, and resignations by officials, on 4 May 2018, the Swedish Academy announced that the 2018 laureate would be announced in 2019 along with the 2019 laureate.<a href="#cite_note-akademi2018-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-nobelBBC-4">[4]</a> Some years, such as in <a href="/wiki/1949_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1949 Nobel Prize in Literature">1949</a>, no candidate received the required majority of the votes, and for that reason, the prize was postponed and announced the following year.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prizes">Prizes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize_in_Literature&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prizes">edit</a>]</div> A Literature Nobel Prize laureate receives a <a href="/wiki/Gold_medal" title="Gold medal">gold medal</a>, a diploma bearing a <a href="/wiki/Citation" title="Citation">citation</a>, and a sum of money.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> The amount of money awarded depends on the income of the Nobel Foundation that year.<a href="#cite_note-nobelprize2-29">[29]</a> The literature prize can be shared between two, but not three, laureates.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> If a prize is awarded jointly, the prize money is split equally between them.<a href="#cite_note-BritannicaPrizes-31">[31]</a> The prize money of the Nobel Prize has been fluctuating since its inauguration but as of 2012<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize_in_Literature&action=edit">[update]</a> it stood at <a href="/wiki/Swedish_krona" title="Swedish krona">kr</a> 8,000,000 (about <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>1,100,000), previously it was kr 10,000,000.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-prizemoneyref-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-prizemoneyrefpdf-34">[34]</a> This was not the first time the prize amount was decreased—beginning with a nominal value of kr 150,782 in 1901 (worth 8,123,951 in 2011 <a href="/wiki/Swedish_krona" title="Swedish krona">SKr</a>) the nominal value has been as low as kr 121,333 (2,370,660 in 2011 SKr) in 1945—but it has been uphill or stable since then, peaking at an SKr-2011 value of 11,659,016 in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-prizemoneyrefpdf-34">[34]</a> The laureate is also invited to give a lecture during "Nobel Week" in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>; the highlight is the prize-giving ceremony and banquet on 10 December.<a href="#cite_note-lectureref-35">[35]</a> It is the second <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_world%27s_richest_literary_prizes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of the world's richest literary prizes">richest literary prize in the world</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medals">Medals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize_in_Literature&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Medals">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_medal#Literature" title="Nobel Prize medal">Nobel Prize medal § Literature</a></div> The literature medal features a portrait of <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel">Alfred Nobel</a> in left profile on the <a href="/wiki/Obverse_and_reverse" title="Obverse and reverse">obverse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NobelUnique-36">[36]</a> It was designed by <a href="/wiki/Erik_Lindberg" title="Erik Lindberg">Erik Lindberg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NobelUnique-36">[36]</a> The reverse of the medal depicts a 'young man sitting under a laurel tree who, enchanted, listens to and writes down the song of the Muse'.<a href="#cite_note-NobelLit-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-NobelUnique-36">[36]</a> It is inscribed "Inventas vitam iuvat excoluisse per artes" ("It is beneficial to have improved (human) life through discovered arts"), an adaptation of "inventas aut qui vitam excoluere per artes" from line 663 of book 6 of the <a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a> by the Roman poet <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NobelLit-37">[37]</a> A plate below the figures is inscribed with the name of the recipient. The text "ACAD. SUEC." denoting the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Academy" title="Swedish Academy">Swedish Academy</a> is also inscribed on the reverse.<a href="#cite_note-NobelLit-37">[37]</a> Between 1902 and 2010, the Nobel Prize medals were struck by the <a href="/wiki/Myntverket" title="Myntverket">Myntverket</a>, the Swedish royal <a href="/wiki/Mint_(facility)" title="Mint (facility)">mint</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Eskilstuna" title="Eskilstuna">Eskilstuna</a>. In 2011, the medals were made by the Det Norske Myntverket in <a href="/wiki/Kongsberg" title="Kongsberg">Kongsberg</a>. The medals have been made by Svenska Medalj in <a href="/wiki/Eskilstuna" title="Eskilstuna">Eskilstuna</a> since 2012.<a href="#cite_note-NobelUnique-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diplomas">Diplomas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize_in_Literature&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Diplomas">edit</a>]</div> Nobel laureates receive a diploma directly from the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Sweden">King of Sweden</a>. Each diploma is uniquely designed by the prize-awarding institutions for the laureate who receives it.<a href="#cite_note-nobelprize5-38">[38]</a> The diploma contains a picture and text that states the name of the laureate and normally a citation of why they received the prize.<a href="#cite_note-nobelprize5-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Laureates">Laureates</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize_in_Literature&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Laureates">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Literature" title="List of Nobel laureates in Literature">List of Nobel laureates in Literature</a>.</div> The Nobel Prize in Literature has been awarded 116 times between 1901 and 2024 to 121 individuals: 103 men and 18 women.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> The prize has been shared between two individuals on four occasions. It was not awarded on seven occasions. The laureates have included writers in 25 languages. The youngest laureate was <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a>, who was 41 years old when he was awarded in 1907. The oldest laureate to receive the prize was <a href="/wiki/Doris_Lessing" title="Doris Lessing">Doris Lessing</a>, who was 88 when she was awarded in 2007. It has been awarded <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/posthumous" class="extiw" title="wikt:posthumous">posthumously</a> once, to <a href="/wiki/Erik_Axel_Karlfeldt" title="Erik Axel Karlfeldt">Erik Axel Karlfeldt</a> in 1931. On some occasions, the awarding institution, the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Academy" title="Swedish Academy">Swedish Academy</a>, has awarded the prize to its own members; <a href="/wiki/Verner_von_Heidenstam" title="Verner von Heidenstam">Verner von Heidenstam</a> in 1916, the posthumous prize to Karlfeldt in 1931, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A4r_Lagerkvist" title="Pär Lagerkvist">Pär Lagerkvist</a> in 1951, and the shared prize to <a href="/wiki/Eyvind_Johnson" title="Eyvind Johnson">Eyvind Johnson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harry_Martinson" title="Harry Martinson">Harry Martinson</a> in 1974. <a href="/wiki/Selma_Lagerl%C3%B6f" title="Selma Lagerlöf">Selma Lagerlöf</a> was elected a member of the Swedish Academy in 1914, five years after she was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1909. Three writers have declined the prize, Erik Axel Karlfeldt in 1919,<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Boris_Pasternak" title="Boris Pasternak">Boris Pasternak</a> in 1958 ("Accepted first, later caused by the authorities of his country (Soviet Union) to decline the Prize", according to the Nobel Foundation) and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a> in 1964.<a href="#cite_note-facts-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interpretations_of_Nobel's_guidelines">Interpretations of Nobel's guidelines</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize_in_Literature&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Interpretations of Nobel's guidelines">edit</a>]</div> Alfred Nobel's guidelines for the prize, stating that the candidate should have bestowed "the greatest benefit on mankind" and written "in an idealistic direction," have sparked much discussion. In the early history of the prize, Nobel's "<a href="/wiki/Idealism_(arts)" title="Idealism (arts)">idealism</a>" was read as "a lofty and sound idealism." The set of criteria, characterised by its conservative idealism, holding church, state, and family sacred, resulted in prizes for <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rnstjerne_Bj%C3%B8rnson" title="Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson">Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Heyse" title="Paul Heyse">Paul Heyse</a>. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, there was a policy of neutrality, which partly explains the number of awards to Scandinavian writers. In the 1920s, "idealistic direction" was interpreted more generously as "wide-hearted humanity," leading to awards for writers like <a href="/wiki/Anatole_France" title="Anatole France">Anatole France</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a>. In the 1930s, "the greatest benefit on mankind" was interpreted as writers within every person's reach, with authors like <a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Lewis" title="Sinclair Lewis">Sinclair Lewis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Buck" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearl Buck">Pearl Buck</a> receiving recognition. In 1946, a renewed Academy changed focus and began to award literary pioneers like <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hesse" title="Hermann Hesse">Hermann Hesse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gide" title="André Gide">André Gide</a>, <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">William Faulkner</a>. During this era, "the greatest benefit on mankind" was interpreted in a more exclusive and generous way than before. Since the 1970s, the Academy has often given attention to important but internationally unnoticed writers, awarding writers like <a href="/wiki/Elias_Canetti" title="Elias Canetti">Elias Canetti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Seifert" title="Jaroslav Seifert">Jaroslav Seifert</a>. Beginning in 1986, the Academy acknowledged the international aspect in Nobel's will, which rejected any consideration of the nationality of the candidates, and awarded authors from all over the world, such as <a href="/wiki/Wole_Soyinka" title="Wole Soyinka">Wole Soyinka</a> from Nigeria, <a href="/wiki/Naguib_Mahfouz" title="Naguib Mahfouz">Naguib Mahfouz</a> from Egypt, <a href="/wiki/Octavio_Paz" title="Octavio Paz">Octavio Paz</a> from Mexico, <a href="/wiki/Nadine_Gordimer" title="Nadine Gordimer">Nadine Gordimer</a> from South Africa, <a href="/wiki/Derek_Walcott" title="Derek Walcott">Derek Walcott</a> from St. Lucia, <a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a>, the first African-American on the list, <a href="/wiki/Kenzaburo_Oe" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenzaburo Oe">Kenzaburo Oe</a> from Japan, and <a href="/wiki/Gao_Xingjian" title="Gao Xingjian">Gao Xingjian</a>, the first laureate to write in Chinese.<a href="#cite_note-Espmark-18">[18]</a> In the 2000s, <a href="/wiki/V._S._Naipaul" title="V. S. Naipaul">V. S. Naipaul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa">Mario Vargas Llosa</a>, and the Chinese writer <a href="/wiki/Mo_Yan" title="Mo Yan">Mo Yan</a> have been awarded, but the policy of "a prize for the whole world" has been less noticeable as the Academy has mostly continued to award European and English-language writers from the Western literary tradition. In 2015, a rare prize to a non-fiction writer was awarded to <a href="/wiki/Svetlana_Alexievich" title="Svetlana Alexievich">Svetlana Alexievich</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shared_prize">Shared prize</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize_in_Literature&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Shared prize">edit</a>]</div> The Nobel Prize in Literature can be shared between two individuals. However, the Academy has been reluctant to award shared prizes, because divisions are liable to be interpreted as a result of a compromise. The shared prizes awarded to <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Mistral" title="Frédéric Mistral">Frédéric Mistral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Echegaray" title="José Echegaray">José Echegaray</a> in 1904 and to <a href="/wiki/Karl_Gjellerup" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Gjellerup">Karl Gjellerup</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Pontoppidan" title="Henrik Pontoppidan">Henrik Pontoppidan</a> in 1917 were, in fact, both results of compromises. Shared prizes are exceptional, and more recently, the Academy has awarded a shared prize on only two occasions, to <a href="/wiki/Shmuel_Yosef_Agnon" title="Shmuel Yosef Agnon">Shmuel Yosef Agnon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nelly_Sachs" title="Nelly Sachs">Nelly Sachs</a> in 1966, and to <a href="/wiki/Eyvind_Johnson" title="Eyvind Johnson">Eyvind Johnson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harry_Martinson" title="Harry Martinson">Harry Martinson</a> in 1974.<a href="#cite_note-Espmark-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recognition_of_a_specific_work">Recognition of a specific work</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize_in_Literature&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Recognition of a specific work">edit</a>]</div> Nobel Prize Laureates in Literature are awarded for the author's life work, but on some occasions, the Academy has singled out a specific work for particular recognition. For example, <a href="/wiki/Knut_Hamsun" title="Knut Hamsun">Knut Hamsun</a> was awarded in 1920 "for his monumental work, <a href="/wiki/Growth_of_the_Soil" title="Growth of the Soil">Growth of the Soil</a>"; <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a> in 1929 "principally for his great novel, <a href="/wiki/Buddenbrooks" title="Buddenbrooks">Buddenbrooks</a>, which has won steadily increased recognition as one of the classic works of contemporary literature"; <a href="/wiki/John_Galsworthy" title="John Galsworthy">John Galsworthy</a> in 1932 "for his distinguished art of narration which takes its highest form in <a href="/wiki/The_Forsyte_Saga" title="The Forsyte Saga">The Forsyte Saga</a>"; <a href="/wiki/Roger_Martin_du_Gard" title="Roger Martin du Gard">Roger Martin du Gard</a> in 1937 "for the artistic power and truth with which he has depicted human conflict as well as some fundamental aspects of contemporary life in his novel-cycle <a href="/wiki/Les_Thibault" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Thibault">Les Thibault</a>"; <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Ernest Hemingway</a> in 1954 "for his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in <a href="/wiki/The_Old_Man_and_the_Sea" title="The Old Man and the Sea">The Old Man and the Sea</a>; and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style"; and <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Sholokhov" title="Mikhail Sholokhov">Mikhail Sholokhov</a> in 1965 "for the artistic power and integrity with which, in his <a href="/wiki/And_Quiet_Flows_the_Don" title="And Quiet Flows the Don">epic of the Don</a>, he has given expression to a historic phase in the life of the Russian people".<a href="#cite_note-facts-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Potential_candidates">Potential candidates</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize_in_Literature&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Potential candidates">edit</a>]</div> Nominations are kept secret for 50 years until they are publicly available at The Nomination Database for the Nobel Prize in Literature. Currently, only nominations submitted between 1901 and 1973 are available for public viewing.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">What about the rumours circling around the world about certain people being nominated for the Nobel Prize this year? – Well, either it's just a rumour, or someone among the invited nominators has leaked information. Since the nominations are kept secret for 50 years, you'll have to wait until then to find out.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Nomination FAQ – Frequently Asked Questions about the Nomination and Selection of Nobel Laureates</cite></div></blockquote> Nominated candidates are usually considered by the Nobel committee for years, but it has happened on a number of occasions that an author has been instantly awarded after just one nomination. Apart from the first laureate in 1901, <a href="/wiki/Sully_Prudhomme" title="Sully Prudhomme">Sully Prudhomme</a>, these include <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Theodor Mommsen</a> in 1902, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Eucken" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolf Eucken">Rudolf Eucken</a> in 1908, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Heyse" title="Paul Heyse">Paul Heyse</a> in 1910, <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a> in 1913, <a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Lewis" title="Sinclair Lewis">Sinclair Lewis</a> in 1930, <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello">Luigi Pirandello</a> in 1934, <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Buck" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearl Buck">Pearl Buck</a> in 1938, <a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">William Faulkner</a> in 1950 (the prize for 1949) and <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a> in 1950.<a href="#cite_note-facts-41">[41]</a> Former recipients of the Nobel Prize in Literature are allowed to nominate their candidates for the prize and sometimes their proposals have subsequently been awarded the prize. The 1912 laureate <a href="/wiki/Gerhart_Hauptmann" title="Gerhart Hauptmann">Gerhart Hauptmann</a> nominated <a href="/wiki/Verner_von_Heidenstam" title="Verner von Heidenstam">Verner von Heidenstam</a> (awarded in 1916) and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a> (awarded in 1929), the 1915 laureate <a href="/wiki/Romain_Rolland" title="Romain Rolland">Romain Rolland</a> proposed <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Bunin" title="Ivan Bunin">Ivan Bunin</a> (awarded in 1933), Thomas Mann nominated <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hesse" title="Hermann Hesse">Hermann Hesse</a> (awarded in 1946) in 1931, the 1951 laureate <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A4r_Lagerkvist" title="Pär Lagerkvist">Pär Lagerkvist</a> was proposed by both <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gide" title="André Gide">André Gide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roger_Martin_du_Gard" title="Roger Martin du Gard">Roger Martin du Gard</a>, and the 1960 laureate <a href="/wiki/Saint-John_Perse" title="Saint-John Perse">Saint-John Perse</a> was nominated several times by the 1948 laureate <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize_in_Literature&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Criticism">edit</a>]</div> Although the Nobel Prize in Literature has become the world's most prestigious literature prize,<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> the Swedish Academy has attracted significant criticism for its handling of the award. Many authors who have won the prize have fallen into obscurity, while others rejected by the jury remain widely studied and read. In the Wall Street Journal, Joseph Epstein wrote, "You might not know it, but you and I are members of a club whose fellow members include <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_James" title="Henry James">Henry James</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anton_Chekhov" title="Anton Chekhov">Anton Chekhov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen">Henrik Ibsen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Proust" title="Marcel Proust">Marcel Proust</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Luis_Borges" title="Jorge Luis Borges">Jorge Luis Borges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Nabokov" title="Vladimir Nabokov">Vladimir Nabokov</a>. The club is the Non-Winners of the Nobel Prize in Literature. All these authentically great writers, still alive when the prize, initiated in 1901, was being awarded, didn't win it."<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Other notable names from the non-western canon who were ignored despite being nominated several times for the prize include <a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Sri Aurobindo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan</a>. The prize has "become widely seen as a political one – a <a href="/wiki/Peace_prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace prize">peace prize</a> in literary disguise", whose judges are prejudiced against authors with political tastes different from theirs.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tim_Parks" title="Tim Parks">Tim Parks</a> has expressed skepticism that it is possible for "Swedish professors ... [to] compar[e] a poet from <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, perhaps translated into English with a novelist from <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, perhaps available only in French, and another who writes in Afrikaans but is published in German and Dutch...".<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> As of 2021, 16 of the 118 recipients have been of Scandinavian origin. The Academy has often been alleged to be biased towards European, and in particular Swedish, authors.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Nobel's "vague" wording for the criteria for the prize has led to recurrent controversy. In the original Swedish, the word idealisk translates as "ideal."<a href="#cite_note-swedishref-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Espmark2-53">[53]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Committee_in_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Committee in Literature">Nobel Committee</a>'s interpretation has varied over the years. In recent years, this means a kind of idealism championing human rights on a broad scale.<a href="#cite_note-swedishref-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-NSmith-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controversies_about_Nobel_laureate_selections">Controversies about Nobel laureate selections</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize_in_Literature&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Controversies about Nobel laureate selections">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_controversies#Literature" title="Nobel Prize controversies">Nobel Prize controversies § Literature</a></div> From 1901 to 1912, the committee, led by the conservative <a href="/wiki/Carl_David_af_Wirs%C3%A9n" title="Carl David af Wirsén">Carl David af Wirsén</a>, assessed the literary quality of a work in relation to its contribution to humanity's pursuit of the "ideal." <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen">Henrik Ibsen</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Zola" title="Émile Zola">Émile Zola</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a> were rejected in favour of authors who mostly are little read today.<a href="#cite_note-Espmark2-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Later, the prize has often been controversial due to the Swedish Academy's <a href="/wiki/Eurocentric" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurocentric">Eurocentric</a> choices of laureates, or for political reasons, as seen in the years <a href="/wiki/1970_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1970 Nobel Prize in Literature">1970</a>, <a href="/wiki/2005_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2005 Nobel Prize in Literature">2005</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2019_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2019 Nobel Prize in Literature">2019</a>, and for the Academy awarding its own members, as happened in <a href="/wiki/1974_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1974 Nobel Prize in Literature">1974</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nationality-based_criticism">Nationality-based criticism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize_in_Literature&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Nationality-based criticism">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albert_Camus,_gagnant_de_prix_Nobel,_portrait_en_buste,_pos%C3%A9_au_bureau,_faisant_face_%C3%A0_gauche,_cigarette_de_tabagisme.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Albert_Camus%2C_gagnant_de_prix_Nobel%2C_portrait_en_buste%2C_pos%C3%A9_au_bureau%2C_faisant_face_%C3%A0_gauche%2C_cigarette_de_tabagisme.jpg/170px-Albert_Camus%2C_gagnant_de_prix_Nobel%2C_portrait_en_buste%2C_pos%C3%A9_au_bureau%2C_faisant_face_%C3%A0_gauche%2C_cigarette_de_tabagisme.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Albert_Camus%2C_gagnant_de_prix_Nobel%2C_portrait_en_buste%2C_pos%C3%A9_au_bureau%2C_faisant_face_%C3%A0_gauche%2C_cigarette_de_tabagisme.jpg/255px-Albert_Camus%2C_gagnant_de_prix_Nobel%2C_portrait_en_buste%2C_pos%C3%A9_au_bureau%2C_faisant_face_%C3%A0_gauche%2C_cigarette_de_tabagisme.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Albert_Camus%2C_gagnant_de_prix_Nobel%2C_portrait_en_buste%2C_pos%C3%A9_au_bureau%2C_faisant_face_%C3%A0_gauche%2C_cigarette_de_tabagisme.jpg/340px-Albert_Camus%2C_gagnant_de_prix_Nobel%2C_portrait_en_buste%2C_pos%C3%A9_au_bureau%2C_faisant_face_%C3%A0_gauche%2C_cigarette_de_tabagisme.jpg 2x" data-file-width="719" data-file-height="863" /></a><figcaption>French author <a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Albert Camus</a> was the first African-born writer to receive the award.</figcaption></figure> The prize's focus on European men, and <a href="/wiki/Swedes" title="Swedes">Swedes</a> in particular, has been the subject of criticism, even from Swedish newspapers.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> The majority of laureates have been European, with Sweden itself receiving more prizes (8) than all of Asia (7, if Turkish <a href="/wiki/Orhan_Pamuk" title="Orhan Pamuk">Orhan Pamuk</a> is included), as well as all of Latin America (7, if Saint Lucian <a href="/wiki/Derek_Walcott" title="Derek Walcott">Derek Walcott</a> is included). In 2009, <a href="/wiki/Horace_Engdahl" title="Horace Engdahl">Horace Engdahl</a>, then the permanent secretary of the Academy, declared that "Europe still is the centre of the literary world" and that "the US is too isolated, too insular. They don't translate enough and don't really participate in the big dialogue of literature."<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> In 2009, Engdahl's replacement, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Englund" title="Peter Englund">Peter Englund</a>, rejected this sentiment ("In most language areas ... there are authors that really deserve and could get the Nobel Prize and that goes for the United States and the Americas, as well") and acknowledged the Eurocentric nature of the award, saying that, "I think that is a problem. We tend to relate more easily to literature written in Europe and in the European tradition."<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> American critics are known to object that those from their own country, like <a href="/wiki/Philip_Roth" title="Philip Roth">Philip Roth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pynchon" title="Thomas Pynchon">Thomas Pynchon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cormac_McCarthy" title="Cormac McCarthy">Cormac McCarthy</a>, have been overlooked, as have Latin Americans such as <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Luis_Borges" title="Jorge Luis Borges">Jorge Luis Borges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julio_Cort%C3%A1zar" title="Julio Cortázar">Julio Cortázar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Fuentes" title="Carlos Fuentes">Carlos Fuentes</a>, while in their place Europeans lesser-known to that continent have triumphed. The 2009 award to <a href="/wiki/Herta_M%C3%BCller" title="Herta Müller">Herta Müller</a>, previously little-known outside Germany but many times named favourite for the Nobel Prize, re-ignited the viewpoint that the Swedish Academy was biased and <a href="/wiki/Eurocentric" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurocentric">Eurocentric</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> The 2010 prize was awarded to <a href="/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa">Mario Vargas Llosa</a>, a native of <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> in South America, a generally well-regarded decision. When the 2011 prize was awarded to the Swedish poet <a href="/wiki/Tomas_Transtr%C3%B6mer" title="Tomas Tranströmer">Tomas Tranströmer</a>, permanent secretary of the Swedish Academy Peter Englund said the prize was not decided based on politics, describing such a notion as "literature for dummies."<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> The Swedish Academy awarded the next two prizes to non-Europeans, Chinese author <a href="/wiki/Mo_Yan" title="Mo Yan">Mo Yan</a> and Canadian short story writer <a href="/wiki/Alice_Munro" title="Alice Munro">Alice Munro</a>. French writer <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Modiano" title="Patrick Modiano">Patrick Modiano</a>'s win in 2014 renewed questions of Eurocentrism; when asked by <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a> "So no American this year, yet again. Why is that?", Englund reminded Americans of the Canadian origins of the previous year's recipient, the Academy's desire for literary quality and the impossibility of rewarding everyone who deserves the prize.<a href="#cite_note-no_american_again_this_year-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overlooked_literary_achievements">Overlooked literary achievements</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize_in_Literature&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Overlooked literary achievements">edit</a>]</div> In the history of the Nobel Prize in Literature, many critical literary figures were ignored. The literary historian <a href="/wiki/Kjell_Espmark" title="Kjell Espmark">Kjell Espmark</a> admitted that "as to the early prizes, the censure of bad choices and blatant omissions is often justified. <a href="/wiki/Tolstoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolstoy">Tolstoy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibsen">Ibsen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Henry_James" title="Henry James">Henry James</a> should have been rewarded instead of, for instance, <a href="/wiki/Sully_Prudhomme" title="Sully Prudhomme">Sully Prudhomme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Christoph_Eucken" title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken">Eucken</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Heyse" title="Paul Heyse">Heyse</a>."<a href="#cite_note-nobelprize.org-63">[63]</a> There are omissions which are beyond the control of the Nobel Committee such as the early death of an author as was the case with <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Proust" title="Marcel Proust">Marcel Proust</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italo_Calvino" title="Italo Calvino">Italo Calvino</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Bola%C3%B1o" title="Roberto Bolaño">Roberto Bolaño</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Kjell_Espmark" title="Kjell Espmark">Kjell Espmark</a>, "the main works of <a href="/wiki/Kafka" class="mw-redirect" title="Kafka">Kafka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constantine_P._Cavafy" title="Constantine P. Cavafy">Cavafy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Pessoa" title="Fernando Pessoa">Pessoa</a> were not published until after their deaths, and the true dimensions of <a href="/wiki/Osip_Mandelstam" title="Osip Mandelstam">Mandelstam's</a> poetry were revealed above all in the unpublished poems that his wife saved from extinction and gave to the world long after he had perished in his Siberian exile."<a href="#cite_note-nobelprize.org-63">[63]</a> British novelist <a href="/wiki/Tim_Parks" title="Tim Parks">Tim Parks</a> ascribed the never-ending controversy surrounding the decisions of the Nobel Committee to the "essential silliness of the prize and our own foolishness at taking it seriously"<a href="#cite_note-Parks-64">[64]</a> and noted that "eighteen (or sixteen) Swedish nationals will have a certain credibility when weighing up works of Swedish literature, but what group could ever really get its mind round the infinitely varied work of scores of different traditions. And why should we ask them to do that?"<a href="#cite_note-Parks-64">[64]</a> Although several Scandinavians were awarded, two of the most celebrated writers, Norwegian playwright <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen">Henrik Ibsen</a> and Swedish author <a href="/wiki/August_Strindberg" title="August Strindberg">August Strindberg</a>, were repeatedly bypassed by the committee, but Strindberg holds the singular distinction of being awarded an Anti-Nobel Prize, conferred by popular acclaim and national subscription and presented to him in 1912 by future prime minister <a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Branting" title="Hjalmar Branting">Hjalmar Branting</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Val%C3%A9ry" title="Paul Valéry">Paul Valéry</a> was nominated twelve times between 1930 and 1945 but died just as the Academy intended to award him the prize in 1945.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a> wrote the books that rank 1st and 3rd on the <a href="/wiki/Modern_Library_100_Best_Novels" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Library 100 Best Novels">Modern Library 100 Best Novels</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)" title="Ulysses (novel)">Ulysses</a> and <a href="/wiki/A_Portrait_of_the_Artist_as_a_Young_Man" title="A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man">A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man</a> – but Joyce was never nominated for the prize. <a href="/wiki/Kjell_Espmark" title="Kjell Espmark">Kjell Espmark</a>, a member of the Nobel Prize committee and author of the history of the prize, claimed that Joyce's "stature was not properly recognized even in the English-speaking world," but that Joyce doubtless would have been awarded if he had lived in the late 1940s when the Academy began to award literary pioneers like <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Argentine writer <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Luis_Borges" title="Jorge Luis Borges">Jorge Luis Borges</a> was nominated for the prize several times, but the Academy did not award it to him, though he was among the final candidates some years in the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <a href="/wiki/Graham_Greene" title="Graham Greene">Graham Greene</a> was nominated for the prize twenty-six times between the years 1950 and 1971.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Greene was a celebrated candidate to be awarded the prize in the 1960s and 1970s, and the Academy was criticised for passing him over.<a href="#cite_note-Espmark-18">[18]</a> French novelist and intellectual <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Malraux" title="André Malraux">André Malraux</a> was seriously considered for the prize in the 1950s. Malraux was competing with <a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Albert Camus</a> but was rejected several times, especially in 1954 and 1955, "so long as he does not come back to novel." Thus, Camus was awarded the prize in 1957.<a href="#cite_note-Truc-73">[73]</a> Malraux was again considered in 1969 when he was competing with <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Samuel Beckett</a> for the prize. Some members of the Nobel committee supported a prize to Malraux, but Beckett was awarded.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">W. H. Auden</a> was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature nineteen times between 1961 and 1971,<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> and was among the final candidates for the prize several times, but the Academy favoured other writers. In 1964 Auden and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a> were the leading candidates, and the Academy favoured Sartre as Auden's best work was thought "too far back in time." In 1967 Auden was one of three final candidates along with <a href="/wiki/Graham_Greene" title="Graham Greene">Graham Greene</a> and the awarded Guatemalan author <a href="/wiki/Miguel_%C3%81ngel_Asturias" title="Miguel Ángel Asturias">Miguel Ángel Asturias</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controversies_about_Swedish_Academy_board_members">Controversies about Swedish Academy board members</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize_in_Literature&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Controversies about Swedish Academy board members">edit</a>]</div> Membership in the 18-member academy, who select the recipients, is technically for life.<a href="#cite_note-keyton-23">[23]</a> Until 2018, members were not allowed to leave, although they might refuse to participate.<a href="#cite_note-keyton-23">[23]</a> For members who did not participate, their board seat was left vacant until they died.<a href="#cite_note-canderson-78">[78]</a> Twelve active/participating members are required for a quorum.<a href="#cite_note-canderson-78">[78]</a> In 1989, three members, including the former permanent secretary <a href="/wiki/Lars_Gyllensten" title="Lars Gyllensten">Lars Gyllensten</a>, resigned in protest after the academy refused to denounce Ayatollah <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a> for calling for the death of <a href="/wiki/Salman_Rushdie" title="Salman Rushdie">Salman Rushdie</a>, author of <a href="/wiki/The_Satanic_Verses" title="The Satanic Verses">The Satanic Verses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-keyton-23">[23]</a> A fourth member, <a href="/wiki/Knut_Ahnlund" title="Knut Ahnlund">Knut Ahnlund</a>, decided to remain in the academy but later refused to participate in their work and resigned in 2005 in protest of the Nobel Prize in Literature awarded to <a href="/wiki/Elfriede_Jelinek" title="Elfriede Jelinek">Elfriede Jelinek</a>. According to Ahnlund, the decision to award Jelinek ruined the worth of the Nobel Prize in Literature for a long time.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2018_controversy_and_award_cancellation">2018 controversy and award cancellation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize_in_Literature&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 2018 controversy and award cancellation">edit</a>]</div> In April 2018, three members of the academy board resigned in response to a sexual misconduct investigation involving author <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Arnault" title="Jean-Claude Arnault">Jean-Claude Arnault</a>, who is married to board member <a href="/wiki/Katarina_Frostenson" title="Katarina Frostenson">Katarina Frostenson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-canderson-78">[78]</a> Arnault was accused by at least 18 women of sexual assault and harassment. He and his wife were also accused of leaking the names of prize recipients on at least seven occasions so friends could profit from bets.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-canderson-78">[78]</a> He denied all accusations, although he was later convicted of rape and sentenced to two years and six months in prison.<a href="#cite_note-local-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-expressen-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYTApril20-84">[84]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sara_Danius" title="Sara Danius">Sara Danius</a>, the board secretary, hired a law firm to investigate if Frostenson had leaked confidential information and if Arnault had any influence on the Academy, but no legal action was taken. The investigation caused a split within the Academy. Following a vote to exclude board member Frostenson, the three members resigned in protest over the decisions by the Academy.<a href="#cite_note-canderson-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-keyton-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Two former permanent secretaries, <a href="/wiki/Sture_All%C3%A9n" title="Sture Allén">Sture Allén</a> and Horace Engdahl, called Danius a weak leader.<a href="#cite_note-canderson-78">[78]</a> On 10 April, Danius was asked to resign from her position by the Academy, bringing the number of empty seats to four.<a href="#cite_note-di-86">[86]</a> Although the Academy voted against removing Katarina Frostenson from the committee,<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> she voluntarily agreed to withdraw from participating in the academy, bringing the total of withdrawals to five. Because two other seats were still vacant from the Rushdie affair, this left only 11 active members, one short of the quorum needed to vote in replacements. On 4 May 2018, the Swedish Academy announced that the selection would be postponed until 2019, when two laureates would be chosen. It was still technically possible to choose a 2018 laureate, as only eight active members are required to choose a recipient. However, there were concerns that the academy was not in any condition to credibly present the award.<a href="#cite_note-nobelBBC-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-akademi2018-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-krisen-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> The <a href="/wiki/New_Academy_Prize_in_Literature" title="New Academy Prize in Literature">New Academy Prize in Literature</a>, not affiliated with either the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a> or the Swedish Academy, was created as an alternative award for 2018 only.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> The first and only New Academy Prize in Literature was won by <a href="/wiki/Maryse_Cond%C3%A9" title="Maryse Condé">Maryse Condé</a>, a writer from <a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a> noted for her novels <a href="/wiki/Segu_(novel)" title="Segu (novel)">Segu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tree_of_Life_(novel)" title="Tree of Life (novel)">Tree of Life: A Novel of the Caribbean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windward_Heights" title="Windward Heights">Windward Heights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> The scandal was widely seen as damaging to the credibility of the prize and its authority.<a href="#cite_note-canderson-78">[78]</a> As noted by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Brown_(writer)" title="Andrew Brown (writer)">Andrew Brown</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> in a lengthy deconstruction of the scandal: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"The scandal has elements of a tragedy, in which people who set out to serve literature and culture discovered they were only pandering to writers and the people who hang around with them. The pursuit of excellence in art was entangled with the pursuit of social prestige. The academy behaved as if the meals in its clubhouse were as much an accomplishment as the work that got people elected there."<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a></blockquote> King <a href="/wiki/Carl_XVI_Gustaf_of_Sweden#Reign" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden">Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden</a> said a reform of the rules may be evaluated, including the introduction of the right to resign in respect of the current lifelong membership of the committee.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> On 5 March 2019, it was announced that the Nobel Prize in Literature would once again be awarded, and laureates for both 2018 and 2019 would be announced together. The decision came after several changes were made to the structure of the Swedish Academy as well as to the Nobel Committee members selection, in order to "[restore] trust in the Academy as a prize-awarding institution".<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Similar_international_prizes">Similar international prizes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize_in_Literature&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Similar international prizes">edit</a>]</div> The Nobel Prize in Literature is not the only literary prize for which all nationalities are eligible. Other notable international literary prizes include the <a href="/wiki/Neustadt_International_Prize_for_Literature" title="Neustadt International Prize for Literature">Neustadt International Prize for Literature</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Prize" title="Jerusalem Prize">Jerusalem Prize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka_Prize" title="Franz Kafka Prize">Franz Kafka Prize</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Booker_Prize" title="International Booker Prize">International Booker Prize</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Formentor_Prix_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Formentor Prix International">Formentor Prix International</a>. The journalist Hephzibah Anderson has noted that the International Booker Prize "is fast becoming the more significant award, appearing an ever more competent alternative to the Nobel".<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> However, since 2016, the International Booker Prize now recognises an annual book of fiction translated into English.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Previous winners of the International Booker Prize who have gone on to win the Nobel Prize in Literature include <a href="/wiki/Alice_Munro" title="Alice Munro">Alice Munro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olga_Tokarczuk" title="Olga Tokarczuk">Olga Tokarczuk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Han_Kang" title="Han Kang">Han Kang</a>. The Neustadt International Prize for Literature is regarded as one of the most prestigious international literary prizes, often referred to as the American equivalent of the Nobel Prize.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Like the Nobel Prize, it is awarded not for any one work but for an entire body of work. It is frequently seen as an indicator of who may be awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1rquez" title="Gabriel García Márquez">Gabriel García Márquez</a> (1972 Neustadt, 1982 Nobel), <a href="/wiki/Czes%C5%82aw_Mi%C5%82osz" title="Czesław Miłosz">Czesław Miłosz</a> (1978 Neustadt, 1980 Nobel), <a href="/wiki/Octavio_Paz" title="Octavio Paz">Octavio Paz</a> (1982 Neustadt, 1990 Nobel), <a href="/wiki/Tomas_Transtr%C3%B6mer" title="Tomas Tranströmer">Tomas Tranströmer</a> (1990 Neustadt, 2011 Nobel) were first awarded the Neustadt International Prize for Literature before being awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. Another award of note is the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Princess_of_Asturias_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess of Asturias Award">Princess of Asturias Award</a> (formerly Prince of Asturias Award) in Letters. During the first years of its existence, it was almost exclusively awarded to writers in the Spanish language, but in more recent times, writers in other languages have been awarded as well. Writers who have won both the Asturias Award in Letters and the Nobel Prize in Literature include <a href="/wiki/Camilo_Jos%C3%A9_Cela" title="Camilo José Cela">Camilo José Cela</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Grass" title="Günter Grass">Günter Grass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doris_Lessing" title="Doris Lessing">Doris Lessing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa">Mario Vargas Llosa</a>. The non-monetary <a href="/wiki/America_Award_in_Literature" title="America Award in Literature">America Award in Literature</a> presents itself as an alternative to the Nobel Prize. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Handke" title="Peter Handke">Peter Handke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Pinter" title="Harold Pinter">Harold Pinter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Saramago" title="José Saramago">José Saramago</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa">Mario Vargas Llosa</a> are the only writers to have received both the America Award and the Nobel Prize in Literature. There are also prizes for honouring the lifetime achievement of writers in specific languages, like the <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes_Prize" title="Miguel de Cervantes Prize">Miguel de Cervantes Prize</a> (for Spanish language, established in 1976) and the <a href="/wiki/Cam%C3%B5es_Prize" title="Camões Prize">Camões Prize</a> (for Portuguese language, established in 1989). Nobel laureates who were also awarded the Miguel de Cervantes Prize include <a href="/wiki/Octavio_Paz" title="Octavio Paz">Octavio Paz</a> (1981 Cervantes, 1990 Nobel); <a href="/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa">Mario Vargas Llosa</a> (1994 Cervantes, 2010 Nobel); and Camilo José Cela (1995 Cervantes, 1989 Nobel). José Saramago is the only author to receive both the Camões Prize (1995) and the Nobel Prize (1998) to date. The <a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_Andersen_Award" title="Hans Christian Andersen Award">Hans Christian Andersen Award</a> is sometimes referred to as "the Little Nobel". The award has earned this appellation since, in a similar manner to the Nobel Prize in Literature, it recognises the lifetime achievement of writers, though the Andersen Award focuses on a single category of literary works (children's literature).<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize_in_Literature&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Literature" title="List of Nobel laureates in Literature">List of Nobel laureates in Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nominees_for_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="List of nominees for the Nobel Prize in Literature">List of nominees for the Nobel Prize in Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">List of Nobel laureates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Read" title="The Big Read">The Big Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_literary_awards" title="List of literary awards">List of literary awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_100_best_books" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of 100 best books">Lists of 100 best books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Library" title="Nobel Library">Nobel Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Academy_Nordic_Prize" title="Swedish Academy Nordic Prize">Swedish Academy Nordic Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_literature" title="World literature">World literature</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize_in_Literature&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/about/the-nobel-prize-amounts/">"The Nobel Prize amounts"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Nobel_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="The Nobel Foundation">The Nobel Foundation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180720111123/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/about/amounts/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2018. Retrieved 6 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+amounts&rft.pub=The+Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fabout%2Fthe-nobel-prize-amounts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Literature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobelorglit-2"><a href="#cite_ref-nobelorglit_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/alfred-nobel/alfred-nobels-testamente/">"Alfred Nobel will"</a>. Nobel Foundation. 15 December 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230520060539/http://www.nobelprize.org/alfred-nobel/alfred-nobels-testamente/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 May 2023. 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Guardian Unlimited Books. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071111074241/http://books.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,,2189673,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2007. 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Retrieved 15 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Nobel+Foundation+%28Scandinavian+organisation%29+%E2%80%93+Britannica+Online+Encyclopedia&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F416852%2FNobel-Foundation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Literature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-thelocal1-16"><a href="#cite_ref-thelocal1_16-0">^</a> AFP, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelocal.se/14776/20091005/">"Alfred Nobel's last will and testament"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091009110708/http://www.thelocal.se/14776/20091005/">Archived</a> 9 October 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Local" title="The Local">The Local</a>(5 October 2009): accessed 20 January 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-BritannicaWill-17"><a href="#cite_ref-BritannicaWill_17-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/416856/Nobel-Prize">"Nobel Prize</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150429230820/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/416856/Nobel-Prize">Archived</a> 29 April 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" (2007), in <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Retrieved 15 January 2009, from Encyclopædia Britannica: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">After Nobel's death, the Nobel Foundation was set up to carry out the provisions of his will and to administer his funds. In his will, he had stipulated that four institutions—three Swedish and one Norwegian—should award the prizes. From Stockholm, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences confers the prizes for physics, chemistry, and economics, the Karolinska Institute confers the prize for physiology or medicine, and the Swedish Academy confers the prize for literature. The Norwegian Nobel Committee based in Oslo confers the prize for peace. The Nobel Foundation is the legal owner and functional administrator of the funds and serves as the joint administrative body of the prize-awarding institutions, but it is not concerned with the prize deliberations or decisions, which rest exclusively with the four institutions. </blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-Espmark-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Espmark_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Espmark_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Espmark_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Espmark_18-3">d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/uncategorized/the-nobel-prize-in-literature-2">Kjell Espmark: The Nobel Prize in Literature</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191013163317/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/uncategorized/the-nobel-prize-in-literature-2">Archived</a> 13 October 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Nobel Foundation </li> <li id="cite_note-nobnoma-19"><a href="#cite_ref-nobnoma_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011133225/http://nobelprize.org/nomination/literature/">"Nomination for the Nobel Prize in Literature"</a>. 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Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111116211551/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/about/diplomas/index.html/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2011. Retrieved 12 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+Diplomas&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft.date=1998-05-29&rft.aulast=Lemmel&rft.aufirst=Birgitta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fabout%2Fdiplomas%2Findex.html%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Literature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/">"Literature Prize"</a>. NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 20 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NobelPrize.org&rft.atitle=Literature+Prize&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fliterature%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Literature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726213309/http://www.karlfeldt.org/Karlfeldt/Nobelpriset.html">"Karlfeldt och Nobelpriset"</a>. karlfeldt.org. 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Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101001020/https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 2 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nomination+archive&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnomination%2Farchive%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Literature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130428092711/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/nomination/nomination_faq.html">"Nomination FAQ"</a>. Nobel Foundation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/nomination/nomination_faq.html">the original</a> on 28 April 2013. Retrieved 5 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nomination+FAQ&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fnomination%2Fnomination_faq.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Literature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/nominations-by-nobel-laureates/">"Nominations by literature laureates"</a>. nobelprize.org. 4 July 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230925022606/https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/nominations-by-nobel-laureates/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nominations+by+literature+laureates&rft.pub=nobelprize.org&rft.date=2018-07-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnomination%2Fnominations-by-nobel-laureates%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Literature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=5150">"Nomination Archive – Pär Fabian Lagerkvist"</a>. nobelprize.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220928154728/https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=5150">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2022. Retrieved 1 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nomination+Archive+%E2%80%93+P%C3%A4r+Fabian+Lagerkvist&rft.pub=nobelprize.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnomination%2Farchive%2Fshow_people.php%3Fid%3D5150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Literature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=12089">"Nomination archive Saint-John Perse"</a>. nobelprize.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230608010552/https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=12089">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2023. Retrieved 1 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nomination+archive+Saint-John+Perse&rft.pub=nobelprize.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnomination%2Farchive%2Fshow_people.php%3Fid%3D12089&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Literature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Nobel-Prize">"Nobel Prize | award"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150429230820/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/416856/Nobel-Prize">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2015. Retrieved 18 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Nobel+Prize+%7C+award&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FNobel-Prize&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Literature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEpstein2012" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Epstein" title="Joseph Epstein">Epstein, Joseph</a> (14 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10000872396390444799904578054821709524326">"The Nobel Prize For Political Literature"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221013022132/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10000872396390444799904578054821709524326">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2022. Retrieved 15 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Nobel+Prize+For+Political+Literature&rft.date=2012-10-14&rft.aulast=Epstein&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB10000872396390444799904578054821709524326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Literature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeldman2000" class="citation book cs1">Feldman, Burton (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nobelprizehistor00feld">The Nobel Prize: A History of Genius, Controversy, and Prestige</a>. Arcade Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nobelprizehistor00feld/page/56">56</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55970-592-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55970-592-9"><bdi>978-1-55970-592-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize%3A+A+History+of+Genius%2C+Controversy%2C+and+Prestige&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Arcade+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-55970-592-9&rft.aulast=Feldman&rft.aufirst=Burton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnobelprizehistor00feld&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Literature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParks2011" class="citation news cs1">Parks, Tim (6 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/daily/2011/10/06/why-nobel-prize-literature-silly/">"What's Wrong With the Nobel Prize in Literature"</a>. The New York Review of Books. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161014213428/http://www.nybooks.com/daily/2011/10/06/why-nobel-prize-literature-silly/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2016. Retrieved 18 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=What%27s+Wrong+With+the+Nobel+Prize+in+Literature&rft.date=2011-10-06&rft.aulast=Parks&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Fdaily%2F2011%2F10%2F06%2Fwhy-nobel-prize-literature-silly%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Literature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAltman2014" class="citation news cs1">Altman, Anna (16 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://op-talk.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/10/16/what-is-a-nobel-prize-really-worth/?_r=0">"What Is a Nobel Prize Really Worth?"</a>. Op-Talk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171013173525/https://op-talk.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/10/16/what-is-a-nobel-prize-really-worth/?_r=0">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2017. Retrieved 18 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Op-Talk&rft.atitle=What+Is+a+Nobel+Prize+Really+Worth%3F&rft.date=2014-10-16&rft.aulast=Altman&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fop-talk.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F10%2F16%2Fwhat-is-a-nobel-prize-really-worth%2F%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Literature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Espmark2-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Espmark2_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Espmark2_53-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKjell_Espmark1999" class="citation news cs1">Kjell Espmark (3 December 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/articles/espmark/index.html">"The Nobel Prize in Literature"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110426075458/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/articles/espmark/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2011. Retrieved 14 August 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Literature&rft.date=1999-12-03&rft.au=Kjell+Espmark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fliterature%2Farticles%2Fespmark%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Literature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NSmith-54"><a href="#cite_ref-NSmith_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeil_Smith2005" class="citation news cs1">Neil Smith (13 October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/4339096.stm">"'Political element' to Pinter Prize"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170821004816/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/4339096.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2017. Retrieved 26 April 2008. <q>Few people would deny Harold Pinter is a worthy recipient of the 2005 Nobel Prize in Literature. As a poet, screenwriter and author of more than 30 plays, he has dominated the English literary scene for half a century. However, his outspoken criticism of US <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">foreign policy</a> and opposition to <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">the war in Iraq</a> undoubtedly make him one of the more controversial figures to be awarded this prestigious honour. Indeed, the Nobel academy's decision could be read in some quarters as a selection with an inescapably political element. 'There is the view that the Nobel literature prize often goes to someone whose political stance is found to be sympathetic at a given moment,' said Alan Jenkins, deputy editor of <a href="/wiki/The_Times_Literary_Supplement" title="The Times Literary Supplement">the Times Literary Supplement</a>. 'For the last 10 years he has been more angry and vituperative, and that cannot have failed to be noticed.' However, Mr Jenkins insists that, though Pinter's political views may have been a factor, the award is more than justified on artistic criteria alone. 'His dramatic and literary achievement is head and shoulders above any other British writer. He is far and away the most interesting, the best, the most powerful and most original of English playwrights.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27Political+element%27+to+Pinter+Prize&rft.date=2005-10-13&rft.au=Neil+Smith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fentertainment%2F4339096.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Literature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEldridge2009" class="citation book cs1">Eldridge, Richard (27 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3jvRCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA288">The Oxford Handbook of Philosophy and Literature</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 288. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-972410-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-972410-9"><bdi>978-0-19-972410-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Philosophy+and+Literature&rft.pages=288&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009-03-27&rft.isbn=978-0-19-972410-9&rft.aulast=Eldridge&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3jvRCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA288&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Literature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Helmer Lång, 100 nobelpris i litteratur 1901–2001, Bokförlaget Symposium 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-7139-537-7" title="Special:BookSources/91-7139-537-7">91-7139-537-7</a> (in Swedish) </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Dagens Nyheter <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dn.se/DNet/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d=3462&a=837512">Akademien väljer helst en europé (The Academy prefers to pick a European)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090210161355/http://www.dn.se/DNet/jsp/polopoly.jsp?d=3462&a=837512">Archived</a> 10 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirsch2008" class="citation web cs1">Kirsch, Adam (3 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/id/2201447/">"The Nobel Committee has no clue about American literature"</a>. Slate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605164728/http://www.slate.com/id/2201447/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 16 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=The+Nobel+Committee+has+no+clue+about+American+literature&rft.date=2008-10-03&rft.aulast=Kirsch&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Fid%2F2201447%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Literature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/feedarticle/8742797">"Judge: Nobel literature prizes 'too Eurocentric' – World news – guardian.co.uk"</a>. The Guardian. 6 October 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131002173301/http://www.theguardian.com/world/feedarticle/8742797">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2013. Retrieved 5 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Judge%3A+Nobel+literature+prizes+%27too+Eurocentric%27+%E2%80%93+World+news+%E2%80%93+guardian.co.uk&rft.date=2009-10-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2Ffeedarticle%2F8742797&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Literature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordan2009" class="citation news cs1">Jordan, Mary (9 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/10/08/AR2009100800965.html?hpid=features1&hpv=local">"Herta Mueller Wins Nobel Prize in Literature"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170708091106/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/10/08/AR2009100800965.html?hpid=features1&hpv=local">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2017. Retrieved 6 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Herta+Mueller+Wins+Nobel+Prize+in+Literature&rft.date=2009-10-09&rft.aulast=Jordan&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2009%2F10%2F08%2FAR2009100800965.html%3Fhpid%3Dfeatures1%26hpv%3Dlocal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Literature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Kite, Lorien. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/79136fb8-f046-11e0-96d2-00144feab49a.html">"Sweden's 'buzzard' poet wins Nobel Prize"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074926/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/79136fb8-f046-11e0-96d2-00144feab49a.html">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Financial Times. Retrieved 6 October 2011. "Before Thursday's announcement, there had also been much speculation that the committee would choose to honour the Syrian poet Adonis in a gesture towards the <a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a>. But Mr England (sic) dismissed the notion that there was a political dimension to the prize; such an approach, he said, was "literature for dummies"." </li> <li id="cite_note-no_american_again_this_year-62"><a href="#cite_ref-no_american_again_this_year_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrundbergHansegard2014" class="citation news cs1">Grundberg, Sven; Hansegard, Jens (9 October 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2014/10/09/peter-englund-nobel-prize-modiano-interview/">"So no American this year, yet again. Why is that?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141011092715/http://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2014/10/09/peter-englund-nobel-prize-modiano-interview/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2014. Retrieved 9 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=So+no+American+this+year%2C+yet+again.+Why+is+that%3F&rft.date=2014-10-09&rft.aulast=Grundberg&rft.aufirst=Sven&rft.au=Hansegard%2C+Jens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.wsj.com%2Fspeakeasy%2F2014%2F10%2F09%2Fpeter-englund-nobel-prize-modiano-interview%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Literature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobelprize.org-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nobelprize.org_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nobelprize.org_63-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEspmark" class="citation web cs1">Espmark, Kjell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/articles/espmark/index.html">"Nobel's Will and the Literature Prize"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120511013552/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/articles/espmark/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2012. Retrieved 6 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nobel%27s+Will+and+the+Literature+Prize&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft.aulast=Espmark&rft.aufirst=Kjell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fliterature%2Farticles%2Fespmark%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Literature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parks-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parks_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parks_64-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParks2011" class="citation web cs1">Parks, Tim (6 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2011/oct/06/why-nobel-prize-literature-silly/">"What's Wrong With the Nobel Prize in Literature"</a>. New York Review of Books. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120514091408/http://www.nybooks.com/blogs/nyrblog/2011/oct/06/why-nobel-prize-literature-silly/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2012. Retrieved 28 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What%27s+Wrong+With+the+Nobel+Prize+in+Literature&rft.pub=New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.date=2011-10-06&rft.aulast=Parks&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Fblogs%2Fnyrblog%2F2011%2Foct%2F06%2Fwhy-nobel-prize-literature-silly%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Literature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInnesFrederick_J._Marker1998" class="citation book cs1">Innes, Christopher; Frederick J. Marker, eds. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xGdf8EK41LMC&q=strindberg+nobel&pg=PR11">Modernism in European drama : Ibsen, Strindberg, Pirandello, Beckett : essays from Modern drama</a>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. xi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8206-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-8206-0"><bdi>978-0-8020-8206-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modernism+in+European+drama+%3A+Ibsen%2C+Strindberg%2C+Pirandello%2C+Beckett+%3A+essays+from+Modern+drama&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=xi&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-8206-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxGdf8EK41LMC%26q%3Dstrindberg%2Bnobel%26pg%3DPR11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Literature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTörnqvistBirgitta_Steene2007" class="citation book cs1">Törnqvist, Egil; Birgitta Steene, eds. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8REy3tHjvOYC&q=strindberg+branting+nobel&pg=PA189">Strindberg on drama and theatre : a source book</a>. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. p. 189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5356-020-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5356-020-4"><bdi>978-90-5356-020-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strindberg+on+drama+and+theatre+%3A+a+source+book&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-5356-020-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8REy3tHjvOYC%26q%3Dstrindberg%2Bbranting%2Bnobel%26pg%3DPA189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Literature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarme1996" class="citation book cs1">Warme, Lars G., ed. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l3JjeZz-OiwC&q=strindberg+nobel&pg=PA271">A history of Scandinavian literatures</a>. Lincoln, Neb.: Univ. of Nebraska Press in cooperation with the American-Scandinavian Foundation. p. 271. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-4750-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-4750-5"><bdi>978-0-8032-4750-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Scandinavian+literatures.&rft.place=Lincoln%2C+Neb.&rft.pages=271&rft.pub=Univ.+of+Nebraska+Press+in+cooperation+with+the+American-Scandinavian+Foundation&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-4750-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl3JjeZz-OiwC%26q%3Dstrindberg%2Bnobel%26pg%3DPA271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Literature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Den svenska litteraturen IV, Albert Bonniers förlag 1989, page 150 (in Swedish) </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/themes/the-nobel-prize-in-literature-nominations-and-reports-1901-1950-2">"The Nobel Prize in Literature: Nominations and reports 1901–1950"</a>. Nobel Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200923140015/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/themes/the-nobel-prize-in-literature-nominations-and-reports-1901-1950-2/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2020. Retrieved 9 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Literature%3A+Nominations+and+reports+1901%E2%80%931950&rft.pub=Nobel+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fthemes%2Fthe-nobel-prize-in-literature-nominations-and-reports-1901-1950-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Literature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nobelprizehistor00feld">Burton Feldman The Nobel Prize: A History of Genius, Controversy, and Prestige</a> Google books </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/jan/06/borges-auden-nabokov-neruda-nobel-prize-literature-1965">"Nabokov, Neruda and Borges revealed as losers of 1965 Nobel prize"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200701130202/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/jan/06/borges-auden-nabokov-neruda-nobel-prize-literature-1965">Archived</a> 1 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Guardian, 6 January 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=3628">Nomination database</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230621153040/https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=3628">Archived</a> 21 June 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Nobel Prize.org </li> <li id="cite_note-Truc-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Truc_73-0">^</a> Olivier Truc, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lemonde.fr/culture/article/2008/12/27/et-camus-obtint-enfin-le-prix-nobel_1135690_3246.html">"Et Camus obtint enfin le prix Nobel"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090115211033/http://www.lemonde.fr/culture/article/2008/12/27/et-camus-obtint-enfin-le-prix-nobel_1135690_3246.html">Archived</a> 15 January 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a>, 28 December 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Alison Flood, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/jan/17/ghost-poetry-fight-over-samuel-beckett-nobel-win-revealed-in-archives">'Ghost poetry': fight over Samuel Beckett's Nobel win revealed in archives</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210603212709/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/jan/17/ghost-poetry-fight-over-samuel-beckett-nobel-win-revealed-in-archives">Archived</a> 3 June 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Guardian, 17 January 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=12580">Nomination database</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220929101905/https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=12580">Archived</a> 29 September 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Nobel Foundation </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Kjell Espmark Det litterära nobelpriset: principer och värderingar bakom besluten, Norstedts 1986 </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nobelprizehistor00feld/page/96">Burton Feldman: The Nobel Prize: A History of Genius, Controversy and Prestige</a> Google Books. </li> <li id="cite_note-canderson-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-canderson_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canderson_78-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canderson_78-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canderson_78-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canderson_78-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canderson_78-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-canderson_78-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristina_Anderson2018" class="citation web cs1">Christina Anderson (12 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/12/world/europe/sara-danius-swedish-nobel-scandal.html">"In Nobel Scandal, a Man Is Accused of Sexual Misconduct. A Woman Takes the Fall"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180413193313/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/12/world/europe/sara-danius-swedish-nobel-scandal.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2018. Retrieved 13 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=In+Nobel+Scandal%2C+a+Man+Is+Accused+of+Sexual+Misconduct.+A+Woman+Takes+the+Fall.&rft.date=2018-04-12&rft.au=Christina+Anderson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F04%2F12%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fsara-danius-swedish-nobel-scandal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Literature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Knut Ahnlund <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.svd.se/nar-tegner-tankte-lamna-svenska-akademien">När Tegnér tänkte lämna Svenska Akademien</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210515041050/https://www.svd.se/nar-tegner-tankte-lamna-svenska-akademien">Archived</a> 15 May 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Svenska Dagbladet 22 September 1996 </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://svenska.yle.fi/artikel/2012/11/30/knut-ahnlund-dod">Knut Ahnlund död</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210515041050/https://svenska.yle.fi/artikel/2012/11/30/knut-ahnlund-dod">Archived</a> 15 May 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Svenska Yle 30 November 2012 </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTim_Parks2018" class="citation web cs1">Tim Parks (4 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/04/opinion/nobel-prize-literature-scandal.html">"The Nobel Prize for Literature Is a Scandal All by Itself"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180504190328/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/04/opinion/nobel-prize-literature-scandal.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2018. Retrieved 5 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Nobel+Prize+for+Literature+Is+a+Scandal+All+by+Itself&rft.date=2018-05-04&rft.au=Tim+Parks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F05%2F04%2Fopinion%2Fnobel-prize-literature-scandal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Literature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-local-82"><a href="#cite_ref-local_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thelocal.se/20181203/tougher-sentence-for-man-at-centre-of-swedish-academy-scandal-after-appeals-trial">"Tougher sentence for Jean-Claude Arnault after appeals trial"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Local" title="The Local">The Local</a>. No. 3 December 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201128012535/https://www.thelocal.se/20181203/tougher-sentence-for-man-at-centre-of-swedish-academy-scandal-after-appeals-trial">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 3 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Local&rft.atitle=Tougher+sentence+for+Jean-Claude+Arnault+after+appeals+trial&rft.issue=3+December+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelocal.se%2F20181203%2Ftougher-sentence-for-man-at-centre-of-swedish-academy-scandal-after-appeals-trial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Literature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-expressen-83"><a href="#cite_ref-expressen_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalmgrenWikström2018" class="citation news cs1">Malmgren, Kim; Wikström, Mattis (1 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.expressen.se/nyheter/brottscentralen/nu-faller-valdtaktsdomen-mot-jean-claude-arnault/">"Jean-Claude Arnault döms till två års fängelse"</a> [Jean-Claude Arnault sentenced to two years in prison]. <a href="/wiki/Expressen" title="Expressen">Expressen</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181001110430/https://www.expressen.se/nyheter/brottscentralen/nu-faller-valdtaktsdomen-mot-jean-claude-arnault/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2018. Retrieved 1 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Expressen&rft.atitle=Jean-Claude+Arnault+d%C3%B6ms+till+tv%C3%A5+%C3%A5rs+f%C3%A4ngelse&rft.date=2018-10-01&rft.aulast=Malmgren&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft.au=Wikstr%C3%B6m%2C+Mattis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.expressen.se%2Fnyheter%2Fbrottscentralen%2Fnu-faller-valdtaktsdomen-mot-jean-claude-arnault%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Literature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTApril20-84"><a href="#cite_ref-NYTApril20_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersson2018" class="citation news cs1">Andersson, Christina (20 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/20/world/europe/sweden-nobel-panel-sexual-misconduct.html">"Nobel Panel Admits Inquiry Found Sexual Misconduct, but Nothing Illegal"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180504231448/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/20/world/europe/sweden-nobel-panel-sexual-misconduct.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2018. Retrieved 4 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Nobel+Panel+Admits+Inquiry+Found+Sexual+Misconduct%2C+but+Nothing+Illegal&rft.date=2018-04-20&rft.aulast=Andersson&rft.aufirst=Christina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F04%2F20%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fsweden-nobel-panel-sexual-misconduct.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Literature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/06/world/europe/sexual-misconduct-claim-spurs-nobel-members-to-step-aside-in-protest.html">"Sexual Misconduct Claim Spurs Nobel Members to Step Aside in Protest"</a>. The New York Times. Reuters. 6 April 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180407135028/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/06/world/europe/sexual-misconduct-claim-spurs-nobel-members-to-step-aside-in-protest.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2018. Retrieved 7 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Sexual+Misconduct+Claim+Spurs+Nobel+Members+to+Step+Aside+in+Protest&rft.date=2018-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F04%2F06%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fsexual-misconduct-claim-spurs-nobel-members-to-step-aside-in-protest.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Literature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-di-86"><a href="#cite_ref-di_86-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÅkerman2018" class="citation news cs1">Åkerman, Felicia (12 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.di.se/nyheter/sara-danius-lamnar-svenska-akademien/">"Sara Danius lämnar Svenska Akademien"</a> [Sara Danius leaves the Swedish Academy]. <a href="/wiki/Dagens_Industri" class="mw-redirect" title="Dagens Industri">Dagens Industri</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180505204739/https://www.di.se/nyheter/sara-danius-lamnar-svenska-akademien/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2018. Retrieved 4 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dagens+Industri&rft.atitle=Sara+Danius+l%C3%A4mnar+Svenska+Akademien&rft.date=2018-04-12&rft.aulast=%C3%85kerman&rft.aufirst=Felicia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.di.se%2Fnyheter%2Fsara-danius-lamnar-svenska-akademien%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Literature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_Hooton2018" class="citation web cs1">Christopher Hooton (4 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/news/nobel-prize-for-literature-2018-no-award-postponed-cancelled-sexual-misconduct-swedish-academy-a8335716.html">"Nobel Prize in Literature will not be awarded this year after sex abuse allegations"</a>. The Independent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180504101414/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/news/nobel-prize-for-literature-2018-no-award-postponed-cancelled-sexual-misconduct-swedish-academy-a8335716.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Nobel+Prize+in+Literature+will+not+be+awarded+this+year+after+sex+abuse+allegations&rft.date=2018-05-04&rft.au=Christopher+Hooton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Farts-entertainment%2Fart%2Fnews%2Fnobel-prize-for-literature-2018-no-award-postponed-cancelled-sexual-misconduct-swedish-academy-a8335716.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Literature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristina_AndersonPalko_Karasz2018" class="citation news cs1">Christina Anderson; Palko Karasz (2 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/02/world/europe/nobel-prize-literature.html">"Why There Won't Be a Nobel Prize in Literature This Year"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180929055846/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/02/world/europe/nobel-prize-literature.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2018. Retrieved 1 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Why+There+Won%27t+Be+a+Nobel+Prize+in+Literature+This+Year&rft.date=2018-05-02&rft.au=Christina+Anderson&rft.au=Palko+Karasz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F05%2F02%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fnobel-prize-literature.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Literature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLöfgren2018" class="citation web cs1">Löfgren, Emma (29 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thelocal.se/20180829/four-writers-nominated-for-swedens-new-nobel-literature-prize-neil-gaiman-haruki-murakami-kim-thuy-maryse-conde">"Four writers shortlisted for 'the new Nobel Literature Prize'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Local" title="The Local">The Local</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200206212712/https://www.thelocal.se/20180829/four-writers-nominated-for-swedens-new-nobel-literature-prize-neil-gaiman-haruki-murakami-kim-thuy-maryse-conde">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 11 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Local&rft.atitle=Four+writers+shortlisted+for+%27the+new+Nobel+Literature+Prize%27&rft.date=2018-08-29&rft.aulast=L%C3%B6fgren&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelocal.se%2F20180829%2Ffour-writers-nominated-for-swedens-new-nobel-literature-prize-neil-gaiman-haruki-murakami-kim-thuy-maryse-conde&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Literature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mynewsdesk.com/se/the-new-academy/pressreleases/maryse-conde-accepted-the-new-academy-prize-in-literature-of-sek-320-000-in-stockholm-2811878">"Maryse Condé accepted The New Academy Prize in Literature of SEK 320 000 in Stockholm"</a>. 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The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190828154734/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/jul/17/the-ugly-scandal-that-cancelled-the-nobel-prize-in-literature">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2019. Retrieved 19 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+ugly+scandal+that+cancelled+the+Nobel+prize&rft.date=2018-07-17&rft.au=Andrew+Brown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fnews%2F2018%2Fjul%2F17%2Fthe-ugly-scandal-that-cancelled-the-nobel-prize-in-literature&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Literature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sweden-academy-explainer/nobel-prize-awarding-swedish-academy-weighs-reforms-after-controversy-idUSKBN1HK2CG">"Nobel Prize-awarding Swedish Academy weighs reforms after controversy"</a>. Stockholm: <a href="/wiki/Reuters.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Reuters.com">Reuters.com</a>. 13 April 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180413182719/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sweden-academy-explainer/nobel-prize-awarding-swedish-academy-weighs-reforms-after-controversy-idUSKBN1HK2CG">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nobel+Prize-awarding+Swedish+Academy+weighs+reforms+after+controversy&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pub=Reuters.com&rft.date=2018-04-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-sweden-academy-explainer%2Fnobel-prize-awarding-swedish-academy-weighs-reforms-after-controversy-idUSKBN1HK2CG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Literature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Nobel_Prize2019" class="citation web cs1">The Nobel Prize (5 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/press/#/publication/5c7e5b45d7332000048d54df/552bd85dccc8e20c00e7f979?&sh=false">"Nobel Prize in Literature to be awarded again"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180201043715/https://www.nobelprize.org/press/#/publication/5c7e5b45d7332000048d54df/552bd85dccc8e20c00e7f979?&sh=false">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2018. Retrieved 16 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nobel+Prize+in+Literature+to+be+awarded+again&rft.date=2019-03-05&rft.au=The+Nobel+Prize&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fpress%2F%23%2Fpublication%2F5c7e5b45d7332000048d54df%2F552bd85dccc8e20c00e7f979%3F%26sh%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Literature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2009" class="citation news cs1">Anderson, Hephzibah (31 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2009/may/31/alice-munro-man-booker-prize-profile">"Alice Munro: The mistress of all she surveys"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131010115325/http://www.theguardian.com/books/2009/may/31/alice-munro-man-booker-prize-profile">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2013. Retrieved 28 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Alice+Munro%3A+The+mistress+of+all+she+surveys&rft.date=2009-05-31&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Hephzibah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2009%2Fmay%2F31%2Falice-munro-man-booker-prize-profile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Literature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrthofor" class="citation web cs1">Orthofor, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.complete-review.com/saloon/archive/201507a.htm#rv1">"Man Booker Independent International Foreign Fiction Prize"</a>. Complete Review. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210228093759/https://www.complete-review.com/saloon/archive/201507a.htm#rv1">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2021. Retrieved 12 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Complete+Review&rft.atitle=Man+Booker+Independent+International+Foreign+Fiction+Prize&rft.aulast=Orthofor&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.complete-review.com%2Fsaloon%2Farchive%2F201507a.htm%23rv1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Literature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark" class="citation web cs1">Clark, David Draper. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/W/WO027.html">"World Literature Today"</a>. Oklahoma Historical Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121104083555/http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/entries/W/WO027.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2012. Retrieved 28 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Literature+Today&rft.pub=Oklahoma+Historical+Society&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=David+Draper&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.okstate.edu%2Fencyclopedia%2Fentries%2FW%2FWO027.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Literature" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.normantranscript.com/localnews/local_story_272005312.html">Maori writer this year's Neustadt International Prize winner</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081013175637/http://www.normantranscript.com/localnews/local_story_272005312.html">Archived</a> 13 October 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – The Norman Transcript </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170720212110/http://web.ccsu.edu/library/curriculumlab/Award%20Books/HansChristianAndersen.htm">"Hans Christian Andersen Award"</a>. Central Connecticut State University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.ccsu.edu/library/curriculumlab/Award%20Books/HansChristianAndersen.htm">the original</a> on 20 July 2017. Retrieved 9 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hans+Christian+Andersen+Award&rft.pub=Central+Connecticut+State+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.ccsu.edu%2Flibrary%2Fcurriculumlab%2FAward%2520Books%2FHansChristianAndersen.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize+in+Literature" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize_in_Literature&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikisource has original works on the topic: <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" class="extiw" title="s:Portal:Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/medal.html">The Nobel Prize Medal for Literature</a> – Official webpage of the Nobel Foundation.</li> <li>Graphics: National Literature Nobel Prize shares 1901–2009 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idsia.ch/~juergen/lit.html">by citizenship at the time of the award</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.idsia.ch/~juergen/litnat.html">by country of birth</a>. From <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Schmidhuber" title="Jürgen Schmidhuber">J. Schmidhuber</a> (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140327012415/http://www.idsia.ch/~juergen/nobelshare.html">Evolution of National Nobel Prize Shares in the 20th Century</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1009.2634">arXiv:1009.2634v1</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071030033639/http://nobelprize.org/award_ceremonies/prize.html">What the Nobel Laureates Receive</a> – Featured link in "The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies" on the official site of the Nobel Foundation.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/nilanjana-s-royrisethe-prize/410147/">"The rise of the Prize"</a> – Article by <a href="/wiki/Nilanjana_Roy" title="Nilanjana Roy">Nilanjana Roy</a> dealing with the history of the award by decade, from the 1900s to the 2000s.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/jul/02/alternative-nobel-literature-prize-planned-in-sweden">Alternative Nobel literature prize planned in Sweden </a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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4em"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prizes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="hlist"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Nobel_laureates" title="Lists of Nobel laureates">Lists of Nobel laureates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_medal" title="Nobel Prize medal">Nobel Prize medal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Prizes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Economics</a>1</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Nobel_Prize.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/100px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/150px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/200px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Laureates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>by occupation <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_and_government_Nobel_laureates" title="List of heads of state and government Nobel laureates">Heads of state and government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">by year</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="by_subject" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">by subject</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Chemistry" title="List of Nobel laureates in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_laureates_in_Economic_Sciences" title="List of Nobel Memorial Prize laureates in Economic Sciences">Economics</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Literature" title="List of Nobel laureates in Literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physics" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physics">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">by population group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bengali_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Bengali Nobel laureates">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_black_Nobel_laureates" title="List of black Nobel laureates">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Christian Nobel laureates">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_Nobel_laureates" title="List of female Nobel laureates">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Jewish Nobel laureates">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin_American_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Latin American Nobel laureates">Latin American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Muslim Nobel laureates">Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nonreligious_Nobel_laureates" title="List of nonreligious Nobel laureates">Non-religious</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">by continent and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_by_country" title="List of Nobel laureates by country">nationality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_Nobel_laureates" title="List of African Nobel laureates">African</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Egyptian Nobel laureates and nominees">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_African_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of South African Nobel laureates and nominees">South African</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Asian Nobel laureates">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Chinese Nobel laureates">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Filipino_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Filipino Nobel laureates and nominees">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Indian Nobel laureates">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Israeli_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Israeli Nobel laureates">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Japanese Nobel laureates and nominees">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Korean_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Korean Nobel laureates and nominees">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Pakistani Nobel laureates">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Vietnamese_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Vietnamese Nobel laureates and nominees">Vietnamese</a></li></ul></li> <li>European <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Belgian_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Belgian Nobel laureates">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Danish_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Danish Nobel laureates">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_Nobel_laureates" title="List of German Nobel laureates">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Greek Nobel laureates and nominees">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hungarian_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Hungarian Nobel laureates">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Irish Nobel laureates and nominees">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Italian Nobel laureates">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Polish Nobel laureates">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romanian_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Romanian Nobel laureates and nominees">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Russian Nobel laureates">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Spanish Nobel laureates">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Swedish_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Swedish Nobel laureates">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Swiss_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Swiss Nobel laureates">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Welsh Nobel laureates">Welsh</a></li></ul></li> <li>Oceanian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Australian Nobel laureates">Australian</a></li></ul></li> <li>North American <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Nobel_laureates" title="List of American Nobel laureates">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Mexican Nobel laureates and nominees">Mexican</a></li></ul></li> <li>South American <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Argentine_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Argentine Nobel laureates">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Brazilian_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Brazilian Nobel laureates and nominees">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Venezuelan_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Venezuelan Nobel laureates">Venezuelan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_by_university_affiliation" title="List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation">by university</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_affiliated_with_the_City_University_of_New_York_as_alumni_or_faculty" title="List of Nobel laureates affiliated with the City University of New York as alumni or faculty">City University of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_affiliated_with_Columbia_University_as_alumni_or_faculty" title="List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Columbia University as alumni or faculty">Columbia University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ETH_Zurich_people#Nobel_Prize_winners" title="List of ETH Zurich people">ETH Zurich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Harvard_University_people#Nobel_laureates" title="List of Harvard University people">Harvard University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_affiliated_with_Princeton_University_as_alumni_or_faculty" title="List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Princeton University as alumni or faculty">Princeton University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_affiliated_with_Washington_University_in_St._Louis_as_alumni_or_faculty" title="List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Washington University in St. Louis as alumni or faculty">Washington University in St. Louis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_priests_and_religious_awarded_the_Nobel_Prize" title="List of Catholic priests and religious awarded the Nobel Prize">Catholic priests and religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_couples_awarded_the_Nobel_Prize" title="List of couples awarded the Nobel Prize">Couples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_nominees_for_the_Nobel_Prize" title="List of female nominees for the Nobel Prize">Women</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="by_subject" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">by subject</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nominees_for_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="List of nominees for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_nominees_for_the_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of nominees for the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics (page does not exist)">Economics</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nominees_for_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="List of nominees for the Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a></li> <li>Peace <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individuals_nominated_for_the_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="List of individuals nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize">Individuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_nominated_for_the_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="List of organizations nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize">Organizations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nominees_for_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="List of nominees for the Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nominees_for_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="List of nominees for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="by_groups" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">by groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Peace <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Friends_Service_Committee_Nobel_nominees" title="List of American Friends Service Committee Nobel nominees">AFSC Nobel nominees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRIO_Director%27s_Shortlist" title="PRIO Director's Shortlist">PRIO Director's Shortlist</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">by <a href="/wiki/Clarivate_Citation_Laureates" title="Clarivate Citation Laureates">Clarivate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_Clarivate_Citation_laureates" title="List of female Clarivate Citation laureates">Female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Clarivate_Citation_laureates_in_Chemistry" title="List of Clarivate Citation laureates in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Clarivate_Citation_laureates_in_Economic_Sciences" title="List of Clarivate Citation laureates in Economic Sciences">Economics</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Clarivate_Citation_laureates_in_Physics" title="List of Clarivate Citation laureates in Physics">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Clarivate_Citation_laureates_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="List of Clarivate Citation laureates in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Committee" title="Nobel Committee">Nobel Committees</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Committee_for_Chemistry" title="Nobel Committee for Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Sveriges_Riksbank_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences_in_Memory_of_Alfred_Nobel" title="Committee for the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel">Economics</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Committee_for_Literature" title="Nobel Committee for Literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Committee_for_Physics" title="Nobel Committee for Physics">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Committee_for_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Committee for Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Nobel_Committee" title="Norwegian Nobel Committee">Norwegian Nobel Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Assembly_at_the_Karolinska_Institute" title="Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute">Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_controversies" title="Nobel Prize controversies">Controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel">Alfred Nobel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rkborn_Manor" title="Björkborn Manor">Björkborn Manor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Laboratory" title="Nobel Laboratory">Nobel Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindau_Nobel_Laureate_Meetings" title="Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings">Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Summit_of_Nobel_Peace_Laureates" title="World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates">World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prizes_known_as_the_Nobel_or_the_highest_honors_of_a_field" title="List of prizes known as the Nobel or the highest honors of a field">Prizes known as the "Nobel" of their fields</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="hlist"><div>1 Nobel Memorial Prize (not one of the original Nobel Prizes). </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Template:Nobel Prize in Literature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Template talk:Nobel Prize in Literature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Prize in Literature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Literature" title="List of Nobel laureates in Literature">Laureates</a> of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nobel Prize in Literature</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1920</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1901_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1901 Nobel Prize in Literature">1901</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sully_Prudhomme" title="Sully Prudhomme">Sully Prudhomme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1902_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1902 Nobel Prize in Literature">1902</a>: <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Theodor Mommsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1903 Nobel Prize in Literature">1903</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rnstjerne_Bj%C3%B8rnson" title="Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson">Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1904 Nobel Prize in Literature">1904</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Mistral" title="Frédéric Mistral">Frédéric Mistral</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Echegaray" title="José Echegaray">José Echegaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1905_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1905 Nobel Prize in Literature">1905</a>: <a href="/wiki/Henryk_Sienkiewicz" title="Henryk Sienkiewicz">Henryk Sienkiewicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1906_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1906 Nobel Prize in Literature">1906</a>: <a href="/wiki/Giosu%C3%A8_Carducci" title="Giosuè Carducci">Giosuè Carducci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1907_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1907 Nobel Prize in Literature">1907</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1908 Nobel Prize in Literature">1908</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Christoph_Eucken" title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken">Rudolf Eucken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1909_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1909 Nobel Prize in Literature">1909</a>: <a href="/wiki/Selma_Lagerl%C3%B6f" title="Selma Lagerlöf">Selma Lagerlöf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1910_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1910 Nobel Prize in Literature">1910</a>: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Heyse" title="Paul Heyse">Paul Heyse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1911 Nobel Prize in Literature">1911</a>: <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Maeterlinck" title="Maurice Maeterlinck">Maurice Maeterlinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1912 Nobel Prize in Literature">1912</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gerhart_Hauptmann" title="Gerhart Hauptmann">Gerhart Hauptmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1913_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1913 Nobel Prize in Literature">1913</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore" title="Rabindranath Tagore">Rabindranath Tagore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1914_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1914 Nobel Prize in Literature">1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1915 Nobel Prize in Literature">1915</a>: <a href="/wiki/Romain_Rolland" title="Romain Rolland">Romain Rolland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1916 Nobel Prize in Literature">1916</a>: <a href="/wiki/Verner_von_Heidenstam" title="Verner von Heidenstam">Verner von Heidenstam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1917_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1917 Nobel Prize in Literature">1917</a>: <a href="/wiki/Karl_Adolph_Gjellerup" title="Karl Adolph Gjellerup">Karl Gjellerup</a> / <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Pontoppidan" title="Henrik Pontoppidan">Henrik Pontoppidan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1918_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1918 Nobel Prize in Literature">1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1919 Nobel Prize in Literature">1919</a>: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Spitteler" title="Carl Spitteler">Carl Spitteler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1920 Nobel Prize in Literature">1920</a>: <a href="/wiki/Knut_Hamsun" title="Knut Hamsun">Knut Hamsun</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1921–1940</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1921_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1921 Nobel Prize in Literature">1921</a>: <a href="/wiki/Anatole_France" title="Anatole France">Anatole France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1922_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1922 Nobel Prize in Literature">1922</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jacinto_Benavente" title="Jacinto Benavente">Jacinto Benavente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1923 Nobel Prize in Literature">1923</a>: <a href="/wiki/W._B._Yeats" title="W. B. Yeats">W. B. Yeats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1923 Nobel Prize in Literature">1924</a>: <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Reymont" title="Władysław Reymont">Władysław Reymont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1925_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1925 Nobel Prize in Literature">1925</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1926 Nobel Prize in Literature">1926</a>: <a href="/wiki/Grazia_Deledda" title="Grazia Deledda">Grazia Deledda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1927_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1927 Nobel Prize in Literature">1927</a>: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Henri Bergson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1928 Nobel Prize in Literature">1928</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sigrid_Undset" title="Sigrid Undset">Sigrid Undset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1929_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1929 Nobel Prize in Literature">1929</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1930_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1930 Nobel Prize in Literature">1930</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Lewis" title="Sinclair Lewis">Sinclair Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1931 Nobel Prize in Literature">1931</a>: <a href="/wiki/Erik_Axel_Karlfeldt" title="Erik Axel Karlfeldt">Erik Axel Karlfeldt</a> (posthumously)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1932 Nobel Prize in Literature">1932</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Galsworthy" title="John Galsworthy">John Galsworthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1933_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1933 Nobel Prize in Literature">1933</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Bunin" title="Ivan Bunin">Ivan Bunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1934 Nobel Prize in Literature">1934</a>: <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello">Luigi Pirandello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1935 Nobel Prize in Literature">1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1936 Nobel Prize in Literature">1936</a>: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_O%27Neill" title="Eugene O'Neill">Eugene O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1937_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1937 Nobel Prize in Literature">1937</a>: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Martin_du_Gard" title="Roger Martin du Gard">Roger Martin du Gard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1938 Nobel Prize in Literature">1938</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pearl_S._Buck" title="Pearl S. Buck">Pearl S. Buck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1939 Nobel Prize in Literature">1939</a>: <a href="/wiki/Frans_Eemil_Sillanp%C3%A4%C3%A4" title="Frans Eemil Sillanpää">Frans Eemil Sillanpää</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1940 Nobel Prize in Literature">1940</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1941–1960</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1941_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1941 Nobel Prize in Literature">1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1942_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1942 Nobel Prize in Literature">1942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1943_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1943 Nobel Prize in Literature">1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1944 Nobel Prize in Literature">1944</a>: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_V._Jensen" title="Johannes V. Jensen">Johannes V. Jensen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1945_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1945 Nobel Prize in Literature">1945</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gabriela_Mistral" title="Gabriela Mistral">Gabriela Mistral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1946 Nobel Prize in Literature">1946</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hesse" title="Hermann Hesse">Hermann Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1947 Nobel Prize in Literature">1947</a>: <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gide" title="André Gide">André Gide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1948 Nobel Prize in Literature">1948</a>: <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1949 Nobel Prize in Literature">1949</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">William Faulkner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1950 Nobel Prize in Literature">1950</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1951 Nobel Prize in Literature">1951</a>: <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A4r_Lagerkvist" title="Pär Lagerkvist">Pär Lagerkvist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1952 Nobel Prize in Literature">1952</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mauriac" title="François Mauriac">François Mauriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1953 Nobel Prize in Literature">1953</a>: <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1954 Nobel Prize in Literature">1954</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Ernest Hemingway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1955_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1955 Nobel Prize in Literature">1955</a>: <a href="/wiki/Halld%C3%B3r_Laxness" title="Halldór Laxness">Halldór Laxness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1956 Nobel Prize in Literature">1956</a>: <a href="/wiki/Juan_Ram%C3%B3n_Jim%C3%A9nez" title="Juan Ramón Jiménez">Juan Ramón Jiménez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1957 Nobel Prize in Literature">1957</a>: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Albert Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1958 Nobel Prize in Literature">1958</a>: <a href="/wiki/Boris_Pasternak" title="Boris Pasternak">Boris Pasternak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1959 Nobel Prize in Literature">1959</a>: <a href="/wiki/Salvatore_Quasimodo" title="Salvatore Quasimodo">Salvatore Quasimodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1960 Nobel Prize in Literature">1960</a>: <a href="/wiki/Saint-John_Perse" title="Saint-John Perse">Saint-John Perse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1961–1980</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1961_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1961 Nobel Prize in Literature">1961</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ivo_Andri%C4%87" title="Ivo Andrić">Ivo Andrić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1962 Nobel Prize in Literature">1962</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Steinbeck" title="John Steinbeck">John Steinbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1963 Nobel Prize in Literature">1963</a>: <a href="/wiki/Giorgos_Seferis" title="Giorgos Seferis">Giorgos Seferis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1964 Nobel Prize in Literature">1964</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a> (declined award)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1965 Nobel Prize in Literature">1965</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Sholokhov" title="Mikhail Sholokhov">Mikhail Sholokhov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1966 Nobel Prize in Literature">1966</a>: <a href="/wiki/Shmuel_Yosef_Agnon" title="Shmuel Yosef Agnon">Shmuel Yosef Agnon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nelly_Sachs" title="Nelly Sachs">Nelly Sachs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1967 Nobel Prize in Literature">1967</a>: <a href="/wiki/Miguel_%C3%81ngel_Asturias" title="Miguel Ángel Asturias">Miguel Ángel Asturias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1968 Nobel Prize in Literature">1968</a>: <a href="/wiki/Yasunari_Kawabata" title="Yasunari Kawabata">Yasunari Kawabata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1969 Nobel Prize in Literature">1969</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Beckett" title="Samuel Beckett">Samuel Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1970 Nobel Prize in Literature">1970</a>: <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1971 Nobel Prize in Literature">1971</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Neruda" title="Pablo Neruda">Pablo Neruda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1972 Nobel Prize in Literature">1972</a>: <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_B%C3%B6ll" title="Heinrich Böll">Heinrich Böll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1973 Nobel Prize in Literature">1973</a>: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_White" title="Patrick White">Patrick White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1974 Nobel Prize in Literature">1974</a>: <a href="/wiki/Eyvind_Johnson" title="Eyvind Johnson">Eyvind Johnson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Harry_Martinson" title="Harry Martinson">Harry Martinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1975 Nobel Prize in Literature">1975</a>: <a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Montale" title="Eugenio Montale">Eugenio Montale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1976 Nobel Prize in Literature">1976</a>: <a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Saul Bellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1977 Nobel Prize in Literature">1977</a>: <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Aleixandre" title="Vicente Aleixandre">Vicente Aleixandre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1978 Nobel Prize in Literature">1978</a>: <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Bashevis_Singer" title="Isaac Bashevis Singer">Isaac Bashevis Singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1979 Nobel Prize in Literature">1979</a>: <a href="/wiki/Odysseas_Elytis" title="Odysseas Elytis">Odysseas Elytis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1980 Nobel Prize in Literature">1980</a>: <a href="/wiki/Czes%C5%82aw_Mi%C5%82osz" title="Czesław Miłosz">Czesław Miłosz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1981–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1981_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1981 Nobel Prize in Literature">1981</a>: <a href="/wiki/Elias_Canetti" title="Elias Canetti">Elias Canetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1982 Nobel Prize in Literature">1982</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_M%C3%A1rquez" title="Gabriel García Márquez">Gabriel García Márquez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1983 Nobel Prize in Literature">1983</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Golding" title="William Golding">William Golding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1984 Nobel Prize in Literature">1984</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Seifert" title="Jaroslav Seifert">Jaroslav Seifert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1985 Nobel Prize in Literature">1985</a>: <a href="/wiki/Claude_Simon" title="Claude Simon">Claude Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1986 Nobel Prize in Literature">1986</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wole_Soyinka" title="Wole Soyinka">Wole Soyinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1987 Nobel Prize in Literature">1987</a>: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Brodsky" title="Joseph Brodsky">Joseph Brodsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1988 Nobel Prize in Literature">1988</a>: <a href="/wiki/Naguib_Mahfouz" title="Naguib Mahfouz">Naguib Mahfouz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1989 Nobel Prize in Literature">1989</a>: <a href="/wiki/Camilo_Jos%C3%A9_Cela" title="Camilo José Cela">Camilo José Cela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1990 Nobel Prize in Literature">1990</a>: <a href="/wiki/Octavio_Paz" title="Octavio Paz">Octavio Paz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1991 Nobel Prize in Literature">1991</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nadine_Gordimer" title="Nadine Gordimer">Nadine Gordimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1992 Nobel Prize in Literature">1992</a>: <a href="/wiki/Derek_Walcott" title="Derek Walcott">Derek Walcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1993 Nobel Prize in Literature">1993</a>: <a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1994 Nobel Prize in Literature">1994</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kenzabur%C5%8D_%C5%8Ce" title="Kenzaburō Ōe">Kenzaburō Ōe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1995 Nobel Prize in Literature">1995</a>: <a href="/wiki/Seamus_Heaney" title="Seamus Heaney">Seamus Heaney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1996 Nobel Prize in Literature">1996</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wis%C5%82awa_Szymborska" title="Wisława Szymborska">Wisława Szymborska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1997 Nobel Prize in Literature">1997</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dario_Fo" title="Dario Fo">Dario Fo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1998 Nobel Prize in Literature">1998</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Saramago" title="José Saramago">José Saramago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1999 Nobel Prize in Literature">1999</a>: <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Grass" title="Günter Grass">Günter Grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2000 Nobel Prize in Literature">2000</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gao_Xingjian" title="Gao Xingjian">Gao Xingjian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2001_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2001 Nobel Prize in Literature">2001</a>: <a href="/wiki/V._S._Naipaul" title="V. S. Naipaul">V. S. Naipaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2002 Nobel Prize in Literature">2002</a>: <a href="/wiki/Imre_Kert%C3%A9sz" title="Imre Kertész">Imre Kertész</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2003 Nobel Prize in Literature">2003</a>: <a href="/wiki/J._M._Coetzee" title="J. M. Coetzee">J. M. Coetzee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2004 Nobel Prize in Literature">2004</a>: <a href="/wiki/Elfriede_Jelinek" title="Elfriede Jelinek">Elfriede Jelinek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2005 Nobel Prize in Literature">2005</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harold_Pinter" title="Harold Pinter">Harold Pinter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2006 Nobel Prize in Literature">2006</a>: <a href="/wiki/Orhan_Pamuk" title="Orhan Pamuk">Orhan Pamuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2007 Nobel Prize in Literature">2007</a>: <a href="/wiki/Doris_Lessing" title="Doris Lessing">Doris Lessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2008 Nobel Prize in Literature">2008</a>: <a href="/wiki/J._M._G._Le_Cl%C3%A9zio" title="J. M. G. Le Clézio">J. M. G. Le Clézio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2009 Nobel Prize in Literature">2009</a>: <a href="/wiki/Herta_M%C3%BCller" title="Herta Müller">Herta Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2010 Nobel Prize in Literature">2010</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa">Mario Vargas Llosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2011 Nobel Prize in Literature">2011</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tomas_Transtr%C3%B6mer" title="Tomas Tranströmer">Tomas Tranströmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2012 Nobel Prize in Literature">2012</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mo_Yan" title="Mo Yan">Mo Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2013 Nobel Prize in Literature">2013</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alice_Munro" title="Alice Munro">Alice Munro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2014 Nobel Prize in Literature">2014</a>: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Modiano" title="Patrick Modiano">Patrick Modiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2015 Nobel Prize in Literature">2015</a>: <a href="/wiki/Svetlana_Alexievich" title="Svetlana Alexievich">Svetlana Alexievich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2016 Nobel Prize in Literature">2016</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2017 Nobel Prize in Literature">2017</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kazuo_Ishiguro" title="Kazuo Ishiguro">Kazuo Ishiguro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2018 Nobel Prize in Literature">2018</a>: <a href="/wiki/Olga_Tokarczuk" title="Olga Tokarczuk">Olga Tokarczuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2019 Nobel Prize in Literature">2019</a>: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Handke" title="Peter Handke">Peter Handke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2020 Nobel Prize in Literature">2020</a>: <a href="/wiki/Louise_Gl%C3%BCck" title="Louise Glück">Louise Glück</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2021–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2021 Nobel Prize in Literature">2021</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abdulrazak_Gurnah" title="Abdulrazak Gurnah">Abdulrazak Gurnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2022 Nobel Prize in Literature">2022</a>: <a href="/wiki/Annie_Ernaux" title="Annie Ernaux">Annie Ernaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2023 Nobel Prize in Literature">2023</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jon_Fosse" title="Jon Fosse">Jon Fosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2024 Nobel Prize in Literature">2024</a>: <a href="/wiki/Han_Kang" title="Han Kang">Han Kang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 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