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href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Californium</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 132 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-132" aria-hidden="true" > 132 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifornium" title="Kalifornium – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kalifornium" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AB%E1%88%8A%E1%8D%8E%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%92%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%9D" title="ካሊፎርኒየም – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ካሊፎርኒየም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="कैलिफोर्नियम – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="कैलिफोर्नियम" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="كاليفورنيوم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كاليفورنيوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californiu" title="Californiu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Californiu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californiu" title="Californiu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Californiu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifornium" title="Kalifornium – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kalifornium" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifornium" title="Kalifornium – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kalifornium" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="ক্যালিফোর্নিয়াম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ক্যালিফোর্নিয়াম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californium" title="Californium – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Californium" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Калифорний – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Калифорний" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Каліфорній – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Каліфорній" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD" title="Каліфорн – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Каліфорн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="कैलिफोर्नियम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कैलिफोर्नियम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Калифорний – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Калифорний" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifornij" title="Kalifornij – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kalifornij" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliforniom" title="Kaliforniom – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kaliforniom" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californi" title="Californi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Californi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Калифорний – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Калифорний" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californyo" title="Californyo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Californyo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifornium" title="Kalifornium – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kalifornium" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californiu" title="Californiu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Californiu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Califforniwm" title="Califforniwm – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Califforniwm" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californium" title="Californium – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Californium" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="كاليفورنيوم – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="كاليفورنيوم" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californium" title="Californium – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Californium" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifornium" title="Kalifornium – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kalifornium" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%86%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Καλιφόρνιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καλιφόρνιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californio" title="Californio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Californio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliforniumo" title="Kaliforniumo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kaliforniumo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifornio" title="Kalifornio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kalifornio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85" title="کالیفرنیم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کالیفرنیم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californium" title="Californium – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Californium" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifornium" title="Kalifornium – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kalifornium" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californium" title="Californium – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Californium" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californi" title="Californi – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Californi" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calafoirniam" title="Calafoirniam – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Calafoirniam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californium" title="Californium – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Californium" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calaf%C3%B2rnium" title="Calafòrnium – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Calafòrnium" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californio" title="Californio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Californio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AB%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%AE" title="કેલિફોર્નીયમ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કેલિફોર્નીયમ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californium" title="Californium – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Californium" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Калифорниум – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Калифорниум" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BA%98%EB%A6%AC%ED%8F%AC%EB%8A%84" title="캘리포늄 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="캘리포늄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D6%86%D5%B8%D5%BC%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Կալիֆոռնիում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կալիֆոռնիում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="कैलीफोर्नियम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कैलीफोर्नियम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifornij" title="Kalifornij – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kalifornij" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifornio" title="Kalifornio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kalifornio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifornium" title="Kalifornium – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kalifornium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californium" title="Californium – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Californium" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UmNgcalife" title="UmNgcalife – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UmNgcalife" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californio" title="Californio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Californio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="קליפורניום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קליפורניום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifornium" title="Kalifornium – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kalifornium" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kal%C9%A9f%C9%94rn%C9%A9y%C9%94m" title="Kalɩfɔrnɩyɔm – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kalɩfɔrnɩyɔm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D" title="ಕ್ಯಾಲಿಫೋರ್ನಿಯಮ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕ್ಯಾಲಿಫೋರ್ನಿಯಮ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="კალიფორნიუმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კალიფორნიუმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Калифорний – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Калифорний" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliforniom" title="Kaliforniom – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kaliforniom" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliforni" title="Kaliforni – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kaliforni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Калифорний – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Калифорний" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalif%C3%B2ny%C3%B2m" title="Kalifònyòm – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Kalifònyòm" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Калифорний – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Калифорний" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Калифорний – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Калифорний" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californium" title="Californium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Californium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifornijs" title="Kalifornijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kalifornijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californium" title="Californium – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Californium" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifornis" title="Kalifornis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kalifornis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californio" title="Californio – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Californio" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californium" title="Californium – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Californium" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifornii" title="Kalifornii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Kalifornii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/jinmrkaliforni" title="jinmrkaliforni – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="jinmrkaliforni" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifornium" title="Kalifornium – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kalifornium" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Калифорниум – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Калифорниум" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="കാലിഫോർണിയം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാലിഫോർണിയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="कॅलिफोर्नियम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कॅलिफोर्नियम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="كاليفورنيوم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كاليفورنيوم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifornium" title="Kalifornium – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kalifornium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californium" title="Californium – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Californium" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8_(%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Калифорни (химийн элемент) – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Калифорни (химийн элемент)" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE%E1%80%96%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="ကာလီဖိုနီယမ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကာလီဖိုနီယမ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californium" title="Californium – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Californium" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="क्यालिफोर्नियम – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="क्यालिफोर्नियम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AA%E3%83%9B%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A0" title="カリホルニウム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カリホルニウム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifornium" title="Kalifornium – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kalifornium" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californium" title="Californium – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Californium" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californium" title="Californium – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Californium" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calif%C3%B2rni" title="Califòrni – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Califòrni" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%AB%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%AE" title="କାଲିଫର୍ମିଅମ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କାଲିଫର୍ମିଅମ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliforniy" title="Kaliforniy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kaliforniy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="क्यालिफोर्नियम – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="क्यालिफोर्नियम" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85" title="کیلیفورنیم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کیلیفورنیم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="کاليفورنيوم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کاليفورنيوم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calif%C3%B2rni" title="Califòrni – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Califòrni" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliforn" title="Kaliforn – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kaliforn" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calif%C3%B3rnio" title="Califórnio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Califórnio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californiu" title="Californiu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Californiu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliphurniyu" title="Kaliphurniyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kaliphurniyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Калифорний – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Калифорний" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Калифорниум – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Калифорниум" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="केलिफोर्नियम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="केलिफोर्नियम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calif%C3%B2rniu" title="Califòrniu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Califòrniu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californium" title="Californium – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Californium" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliforniumi" title="Kaliforniumi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kaliforniumi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californiu" title="Californiu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Californiu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californium" title="Californium – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Californium" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifornium" title="Kalifornium – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kalifornium" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifornij" title="Kalifornij – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kalifornij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%81%DB%86%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%85" title="کالیفۆرنیۆم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کالیفۆرنیۆم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Калифорнијум – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Калифорнијум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifornijum" title="Kalifornijum – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kalifornijum" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifornium" title="Kalifornium – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kalifornium" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifornium" title="Kalifornium – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kalifornium" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californium" title="Californium – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Californium" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliforniyo" title="Kaliforniyo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kaliforniyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கலிபோர்னியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கலிபோர்னியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Калифорний – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Калифорний" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="కాలిఫోర్నియం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కాలిఫోర్నియం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="แคลิฟอร์เนียม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แคลิฟอร์เนียม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Калифорний – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Калифорний" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliforniyum" title="Kaliforniyum – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kaliforniyum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Каліфорній – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Каліфорній" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A6%D9%85" title="کیلیفورنیئم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کیلیفورنیئم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%89%D9%8A" title="كالىفورنىي – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كالىفورنىي" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalifornii_(himine_element)" title="Kalifornii (himine element) – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Kalifornii (himine element)" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californi" title="Californi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Californi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%90%A6" title="鐦 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="鐦" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californyo" title="Californyo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Californyo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Californium_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Californium (disambiguation)">Californium (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical element with atomic number 98 (Cf)</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) 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.infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Californium, 98Cf</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Californium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A very small disc of silvery metal, magnified to show its metallic texture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Californium.jpg" decoding="async" width="176" height="158" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="176" data-file-height="158" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99">Californium</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌkæləˈfɔːrniəm/</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">KAL-ə-FOR-nee-əm</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appearance</th><td class="infobox-data">silvery</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mass_number" title="Mass number">Mass number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[251]</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99">Californium in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin:0; background:#f8f8f8; color:black;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="periodictable" style="margin:0 auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; width:5px"><div style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Aluminium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Silicon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Chlorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Argon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">Potassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Scandium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Manganese</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Cobalt</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Nickel</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Gallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Germanium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">Arsenic</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Selenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Bromine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Krypton</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rubidium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Strontium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Yttrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zirconium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Molybdenum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Technetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ruthenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cadmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">Indium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Tin</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Antimony</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Tellurium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a> </td></tr> <tr style="border:none;padding:0;"> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Caesium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">Lanthanum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Cerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Praseodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Neodymium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Promethium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Samarium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Europium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gadolinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Terbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dysprosium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Holmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Erbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Thulium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lutetium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hafnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Tantalum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury (element)</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Thallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">Astatine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Francium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Actinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Americium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Californium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a> ↑ Cf ↓ — </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">berkelium</a> ← californium → <a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">einsteinium</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">Atomic number</a> (Z)</th><td class="infobox-data">98</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Group</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/F-block_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="F-block groups">f-block groups</a> (no number)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">period 7</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Block</a></th><td class="infobox-data">  <a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)#f-block" title="Block (periodic table)">f-block</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">Electron configuration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[<a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a>] 5f10 7s2<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECRC20061.14-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Electrons per shell</th><td class="infobox-data">2, 8, 18, 32, 28, 8, 2</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99">Physical properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">Phase</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">STP</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1173 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (900 °C, 1652 °F)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECRC20064.56-2">[2]</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1743 K (1470 °C, 2678 °F) (estimation)<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">r.t.</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">15.1 g/cm3<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECRC20064.56-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99">Atomic properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation states</a></th><td class="infobox-data">common: +3 +2,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-4">[4]</a> +4,<a href="#cite_note-GE28-4">[4]</a> +5<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kovács2018-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pauling scale: 1.3<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmsley199850-7">[7]</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">Ionization energies</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1st: 608 kJ/mol<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECRC200610.204-8">[8]</a> </li><li> </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Californium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Color lines in a spectral range" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Californium_spectrum_visible.png/240px-Californium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Californium_spectrum_visible.png/360px-Californium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Californium_spectrum_visible.png/480px-Californium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Spectral_line" title="Spectral line">Spectral lines</a> of californium</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99">Other properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Natural occurrence</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_element" title="Synthetic element">synthetic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">Crystal structure</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <a href="/wiki/Close-packing_of_equal_spheres" title="Close-packing of equal spheres">double hexagonal close-packed</a> (dhcp)<div style="float:right;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hexagonal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Double hexagonal close packed crystal structure for californium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Hexagonal.svg/50px-Hexagonal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Hexagonal.svg/75px-Hexagonal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Hexagonal.svg/100px-Hexagonal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="295" data-file-height="304" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">Mohs hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3–4<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECRC1991254-9">[9]</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7440-71-3<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECRC20064.56-2">[2]</a> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Naming</th><td class="infobox-data">after <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, where it was discovered</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemical_element_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of chemical element discoveries">Discovery</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory</a> (1950)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_californium" title="Isotopes of californium">Isotopes of californium</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_californium_isotopes" title="Template:Infobox californium isotopes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_californium_isotopes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox californium isotopes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0; padding: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Main isotopes<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECRC200611.196-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-NNDC2008-11">[11]</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">Decay</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">abundance</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(t1/2) </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay#Types_of_decay" title="Radioactive decay">mode</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">product</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;">248Cf </th> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_radioisotope" title="Synthetic radioisotope">synth</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">333.5 d </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Alpha_decay" title="Alpha decay">α</a>100% </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Curium-244" class="mw-redirect" title="Curium-244">244Cm</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_fission" title="Spontaneous fission">SF</a><0.01% </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">– </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;">249Cf </th> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">351 y </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">α100% </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Curium-245" class="mw-redirect" title="Curium-245">245Cm</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">SF≪0.01% </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">– </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;">250Cf </th> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">13.08 y </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">α99.9% </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Curium-246" class="mw-redirect" title="Curium-246">246Cm</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">SF0.08% </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">– </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">251Cf </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">898 y </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">α </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Curium-247" class="mw-redirect" title="Curium-247">247Cm</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;">252Cf </th> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">2.645 y </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">α96.9% </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Curium-248" class="mw-redirect" title="Curium-248">248Cm</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">SF3.09% </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">– </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;">253Cf </th> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">17.81 d </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_minus_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta minus decay">β−</a>99.7% </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium-253" class="mw-redirect" title="Einsteinium-253">253Es</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">α0.31% </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Curium-249" class="mw-redirect" title="Curium-249">249Cm</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;">254Cf </th> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">60.5 d </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">SF99.7% </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;">– </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">α0.31% </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Curium-250" class="mw-redirect" title="Curium-250">250Cm</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" style="color:inherit; background:#9bff99"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Californium" title="Category:Californium">Category: Californium</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_californium" title="Template:Infobox californium">view</a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infobox_californium" title="Template talk:Infobox californium">talk</a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_californium" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox californium">edit</a></li></ul></div> | <a href="/wiki/List_of_data_references_for_chemical_elements" title="List of data references for chemical elements">references</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Californium is a <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_element" title="Synthetic element">synthetic chemical element</a>; it has <a href="/wiki/Chemical_symbol" title="Chemical symbol">symbol</a> Cf and <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a> 98. It was first synthesized in 1950 at <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory</a> (then the University of California Radiation Laboratory) by bombarding <a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">curium</a> with <a href="/wiki/Alpha_particle" title="Alpha particle">alpha particles</a> (<a href="/wiki/Helium-4" title="Helium-4">helium-4</a> ions). It is an <a href="/wiki/Actinide" title="Actinide">actinide</a> element, the sixth <a href="/wiki/Transuranium_element" title="Transuranium element">transuranium element</a> to be <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_element" title="Synthetic element">synthesized</a>, and has the second-highest atomic mass of all elements that have been produced in amounts large enough to see with the <a href="/wiki/Naked_eye" title="Naked eye">naked eye</a> (after <a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">einsteinium</a>). It was named after the university and the <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. state</a> of <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>. Two <a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">crystalline forms</a> exist at normal pressure: one above and one below 900 °C (1,650 °F). A third form exists at high pressure. Californium slowly tarnishes in air at room temperature. <a href="/wiki/Californium_compounds" title="Californium compounds">Californium compounds</a> are dominated by the +3 <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation state</a>. The most stable of californium's twenty known <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopes</a> is californium-251, with a <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> of 898 years. This short half-life means the element is not found in significant quantities in the Earth's crust.<a href="#cite_note-age_of_earth-12">[a]</a> 252Cf, with a half-life of about 2.645 years, is the most common isotope used and is produced at <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory" title="Oak Ridge National Laboratory">Oak Ridge National Laboratory</a> (ORNL) in the United States and <a href="/wiki/Research_Institute_of_Atomic_Reactors" title="Research Institute of Atomic Reactors">Research Institute of Atomic Reactors</a> in Russia. Californium is one of the few transuranium elements with practical uses. Most of these applications exploit the fact that certain <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_californium" title="Isotopes of californium">isotopes of californium</a> emit <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a>. For example, californium can be used to help start up <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactors</a>, and it is used as a source of neutrons when studying materials using <a href="/wiki/Neutron_diffraction" title="Neutron diffraction">neutron diffraction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neutron_spectroscopy" title="Neutron spectroscopy">neutron spectroscopy</a>. It can also be used in nuclear synthesis of higher mass elements; <a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">oganesson</a> (element 118) was synthesized by bombarding californium-249 atoms with <a href="/wiki/Calcium-48" title="Calcium-48">calcium-48</a> ions. Users of californium must take into account radiological concerns and the element's ability to disrupt the formation of <a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cell" title="Red blood cell">red blood cells</a> by <a href="/wiki/Bioaccumulation" title="Bioaccumulation">bioaccumulating</a> in skeletal tissue. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Californium&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_properties">Physical properties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Californium&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Physical properties">edit</a>]</div> Californium is a silvery-white <a href="/wiki/Actinide" title="Actinide">actinide</a> metal<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJakubke1994166-13">[12]</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">melting point</a> of 900 ± 30 °C (1,650 ± 50 °F) and an estimated <a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">boiling point</a> of 1,743 K (1,470 °C; 2,680 °F).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaire20061522–1523-14">[13]</a> The pure metal is malleable and is easily cut with a knife. Californium metal starts to vaporize above 300 °C (570 °F) when exposed to a vacuum.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaire20061526-15">[14]</a> Below 51 K (−222 °C; −368 °F) californium metal is either <a href="/wiki/Ferromagnetism" title="Ferromagnetism">ferromagnetic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ferrimagnetism" title="Ferrimagnetism">ferrimagnetic</a> (it acts like a magnet), between 48 and 66 K it is <a href="/wiki/Antiferromagnetism" title="Antiferromagnetism">antiferromagnetic</a> (an intermediate state), and above 160 K (−113 °C; −172 °F) it is <a href="/wiki/Paramagnetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramagnetic">paramagnetic</a> (external magnetic fields can make it magnetic).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaire20061525-16">[15]</a> It forms <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a> with <a href="/wiki/Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">lanthanide</a> metals but little is known about the resulting materials.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaire20061526-15">[14]</a> The element has two <a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">crystalline forms</a> at <a href="/wiki/Standard_atmosphere_(unit)" title="Standard atmosphere (unit)">standard atmospheric pressure</a>: a double-<a href="/wiki/Close-packing_of_equal_spheres" title="Close-packing of equal spheres">hexagonal close-packed</a> form dubbed alpha (α) and a <a href="/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system" title="Cubic crystal system">face-centered cubic</a> form designated beta (β).<a href="#cite_note-18">[b]</a> The α form exists below 600–800°C with a density of 15.10 g/cm3 and the β form exists above 600–800°C with a density of 8.74 g/cm3.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neil2006276-19">[17]</a> At 48 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">GPa</a> of pressure the β form changes into an <a href="/wiki/Orthorhombic_crystal_system" title="Orthorhombic crystal system">orthorhombic crystal system</a> due to delocalization of the atom's <a href="/wiki/Electron_shell" title="Electron shell">5f electrons</a>, which frees them to bond.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaire20061522-20">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[c]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bulk_modulus" title="Bulk modulus">bulk modulus</a> of a material is a measure of its resistance to uniform pressure. Californium's bulk modulus is 50±5 GPa, which is similar to trivalent lanthanide metals but smaller than more familiar metals, such as aluminium (70 GPa).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaire20061522-20">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical_properties_and_compounds">Chemical properties and compounds</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Californium&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Chemical properties and compounds">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Californium_compounds" title="Californium compounds">Californium compounds</a></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Representative californium compounds<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJakubke1994166-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[d]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>state</th> <th>compound</th> <th>formula</th> <th>color</th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td>+2</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Californium(II)_bromide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Californium(II) bromide (page does not exist)">californium(II) bromide</a></td> <td>CfBr2</td> <td>yellow</td> <td style="background:#FFDA5C;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Californium(II)_iodide" title="Californium(II) iodide">californium(II) iodide</a></td> <td>CfI2</td> <td>dark violet</td> <td style="background:#702A97;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Californium(III)_oxide" title="Californium(III) oxide">californium(III) oxide</a></td> <td>Cf2O3</td> <td>yellow-green</td> <td style="background:#B4E532;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Californium(III)_fluoride" title="Californium(III) fluoride">californium(III) fluoride</a></td> <td>CfF3</td> <td>bright green</td> <td style="background:#59FF00;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Californium(III)_chloride" title="Californium(III) chloride">californium(III) chloride</a></td> <td>CfCl3</td> <td>emerald green</td> <td style="background:#26B645;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Californium(III)_bromide" title="Californium(III) bromide">californium(III) bromide</a></td> <td>CfBr3</td> <td>yellowish green</td> <td style="background:#81C340;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Californium(III)_iodide" title="Californium(III) iodide">californium(III) iodide</a></td> <td>CfI3</td> <td>lemon yellow</td> <td style="background:#FFE826;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Californium(III)_polyborate" title="Californium(III) polyborate">californium(III) polyborate</a> </td> <td>Cf[B6O8(OH)5] </td> <td>pale green</td> <td style="background:#96CD91;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Californium(IV)_oxide" title="Californium(IV) oxide">californium(IV) oxide</a></td> <td>CfO2</td> <td>black brown</td> <td style="background:#3D3016;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>+4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Californium(IV)_fluoride" class="mw-redirect" title="Californium(IV) fluoride">californium(IV) fluoride</a></td> <td>CfF4</td> <td>green</td> <td style="background:#2B9E22;"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Californium exhibits oxidation states of 4, 3, or 2. It typically forms eight or nine bonds to surrounding atoms or ions. Its chemical properties are predicted to be similar to other primarily 3+ valence actinide elements<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeaborg2004-24">[20]</a> and the element <a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">dysprosium</a>, which is the lanthanide above californium in the periodic table.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECRC20064.8-25">[21]</a> Compounds in the +4 oxidation state are strong <a href="/wiki/Oxidizing_agent" title="Oxidizing agent">oxidizing agents</a> and those in the +2 state are strong <a href="/wiki/Reducing_agent" title="Reducing agent">reducing agents</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJakubke1994166-13">[12]</a> The element slowly tarnishes in air at room temperature, with the rate increasing when moisture is added.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neil2006276-19">[17]</a> Californium reacts when heated with <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>, or a <a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">chalcogen</a> (oxygen family element); reactions with dry hydrogen and aqueous <a href="/wiki/Mineral_acid" title="Mineral acid">mineral acids</a> are rapid.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neil2006276-19">[17]</a> Californium is only <a href="/wiki/Aqueous_solution" title="Aqueous solution">water-soluble</a> as the californium(III) <a href="/wiki/Cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cation">cation</a>. Attempts to <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">reduce or oxidize</a> the +3 ion in solution have failed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECRC20064.8-25">[21]</a> The element forms a water-soluble <a href="/wiki/Chloride" title="Chloride">chloride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perchlorate" title="Perchlorate">perchlorate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sulfate" title="Sulfate">sulfate</a> and is precipitated as a <a href="/wiki/Fluoride" title="Fluoride">fluoride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxalate" title="Oxalate">oxalate</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Hydroxide" title="Hydroxide">hydroxide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeaborg2004-24">[20]</a> Californium is the heaviest actinide to exhibit covalent properties, as is observed in the californium borate.<a href="#cite_note-26">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isotopes">Isotopes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Californium&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Isotopes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_californium" title="Isotopes of californium">Isotopes of californium</a></div> Twenty <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopes</a> of californium are known (<a href="/wiki/Mass_number" title="Mass number">mass number</a> ranging from 237 to 256<a href="#cite_note-NNDC2008-11">[11]</a>); the most stable are 251Cf with <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> 898 years, 249Cf with half-life 351 years, 250Cf at 13.08 years, and 252Cf at 2.645 years.<a href="#cite_note-NNDC2008-11">[11]</a> All other isotopes have half-life shorter than a year, and most of these have half-lives less than 20 minutes.<a href="#cite_note-NNDC2008-11">[11]</a> 249Cf is formed by <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">beta decay</a> of berkelium-249, and most other californium isotopes are made by subjecting berkelium to intense neutron radiation in a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECRC20064.8-25">[21]</a> Though californium-251 has the longest half-life, its production yield is only 10% due to its tendency to collect neutrons (high <a href="/wiki/Neutron_capture" title="Neutron capture">neutron capture</a>) and its tendency to interact with other particles (high <a href="/wiki/Neutron_cross_section" title="Neutron cross section">neutron cross section</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaire20061504-27">[23]</a> 252Cf is a very strong <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutron</a> emitter, which makes it extremely <a href="/wiki/Radioactive" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactive">radioactive</a> and harmful.<a href="#cite_note-28">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[26]</a> 252Cf, 96.9% of the time, <a href="/wiki/Alpha_decay" title="Alpha decay">alpha decays</a> to <a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">curium</a>-248; the other 3.1% of decays are <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_fission" title="Spontaneous fission">spontaneous fission</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NNDC2008-11">[11]</a> One <a href="/wiki/Microgram" title="Microgram">microgram</a> (μg) of 252Cf emits 2.3 million neutrons per second, an average of 3.7 neutrons per spontaneous fission.<a href="#cite_note-osti-31">[27]</a> Most other isotopes of californium, alpha decay to curium (<a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a> 96).<a href="#cite_note-NNDC2008-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Californium&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berkeley_60-inch_cyclotron.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Large pieces of equipment with a man standing nearby." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Berkeley_60-inch_cyclotron.jpg/220px-Berkeley_60-inch_cyclotron.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Berkeley_60-inch_cyclotron.jpg/330px-Berkeley_60-inch_cyclotron.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Berkeley_60-inch_cyclotron.jpg/440px-Berkeley_60-inch_cyclotron.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2409" /></a><figcaption>The 60-inch-diameter (1.52 m) <a href="/wiki/Cyclotron" title="Cyclotron">cyclotron</a> used to first synthesize californium</figcaption></figure> Californium was <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemical_element_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of chemical element discoveries">first made</a> at <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California</a> <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory">Radiation Laboratory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berkeley,_California" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley</a>, by physics researchers <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Gerald_Thompson" title="Stanley Gerald Thompson">Stanley Gerald Thompson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Street_Jr." title="Kenneth Street Jr.">Kenneth Street Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Ghiorso" title="Albert Ghiorso">Albert Ghiorso</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn T. Seaborg</a>, about February 9, 1950.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham1968103-32">[28]</a> It was the sixth <a href="/wiki/Transuranium_element" title="Transuranium element">transuranium element</a> to be discovered; the team announced its discovery on March 17, 1950.<a href="#cite_note-CPoC1950-33">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[30]</a> To produce californium, a microgram-size target of curium-242 (242 96Cm ) was bombarded with 35 MeV <a href="/wiki/Alpha_particle" title="Alpha particle">alpha particles</a> (4 2He ) in the 60-inch-diameter (1.52 m) <a href="/wiki/Cyclotron" title="Cyclotron">cyclotron</a> at Berkeley, which produced californium-245 (245 98Cf ) plus one <a href="/wiki/Free_neutron" class="mw-redirect" title="Free neutron">free neutron</a> ( n ).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham1968103-32">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-CPoC1950-33">[29]</a> <dl><dd>242 96Cm + 4 2He → 245 98Cf + 1 0 n </dd></dl> To identify and separate out the element, <a href="/wiki/Ion_exchange" title="Ion exchange">ion exchange</a> and adsorsion methods were undertaken.<a href="#cite_note-CPoC1950-33">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[31]</a> Only about 5,000 atoms of californium were produced in this experiment,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeaborg199682-36">[32]</a> and these atoms had a half-life of 44 minutes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham1968103-32">[28]</a> The discoverers named the new element after the university and the state. This was a break from the convention used for elements 95 to 97, which drew inspiration from how the elements directly above them in the periodic table were named.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeksLeichester1968849-37">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[e]</a> However, the element directly above element 98 in the periodic table, <a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">dysprosium</a>, has a name that means "hard to get at", so the researchers decided to set aside the informal naming convention.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeiserman1992347-40">[35]</a> They added that "the best we can do is to point out [that] ... searchers a century ago found it difficult to get to California".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeksLeichester1968848-38">[34]</a> Weighable amounts of californium were first produced by the irradiation of plutonium targets at <a href="/wiki/Materials_Testing_Reactor" title="Materials Testing Reactor">Materials Testing Reactor</a> at <a href="/wiki/Idaho_National_Laboratory" title="Idaho National Laboratory">National Reactor Testing Station</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Idaho" title="Eastern Idaho">eastern Idaho</a>; these findings were reported in 1954.<a href="#cite_note-41">[36]</a> The high spontaneous fission rate of californium-252 was observed in these samples. The first experiment with californium in concentrated form occurred in 1958.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham1968103-32">[28]</a> The isotopes 249Cf to 252Cf were isolated that same year from a sample of <a href="/wiki/Plutonium-239" title="Plutonium-239">plutonium-239</a> that had been irradiated with neutrons in a nuclear reactor for five years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJakubke1994166-13">[12]</a> Two years later, in 1960, Burris Cunningham and James Wallman of Lawrence Radiation Laboratory of the University of California created the first californium compounds—californium trichloride, <a href="/wiki/Californium(III)_oxychloride" title="Californium(III) oxychloride">californium(III) oxychloride</a>, and californium oxide—by treating californium with steam and <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[37]</a> The <a href="/wiki/High_Flux_Isotope_Reactor" title="High Flux Isotope Reactor">High Flux Isotope Reactor</a> (HFIR) at ORNL in <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge,_Tennessee" title="Oak Ridge, Tennessee">Oak Ridge, Tennessee</a>, started producing small batches of californium in the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-43">[38]</a> By 1995, HFIR nominally produced 500 milligrams (0.018 oz) of californium annually.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsborne-Lee199511-44">[39]</a> Plutonium supplied by the United Kingdom to the United States under the <a href="/wiki/1958_US%E2%80%93UK_Mutual_Defence_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="1958 US–UK Mutual Defence Agreement">1958 US–UK Mutual Defence Agreement</a> was used for making californium.<a href="#cite_note-45">[40]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Atomic_Energy_Commission" title="United States Atomic Energy Commission">Atomic Energy Commission</a> sold 252Cf to industrial and academic customers in the early 1970s for $10/microgram,<a href="#cite_note-osti-31">[27]</a> and an average of 150 mg (0.0053 oz) of 252Cf were shipped each year from 1970 to 1990.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsborne-Lee19956-46">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[f]</a> Californium metal was first prepared in 1974 by Haire and Baybarz, who reduced californium(III) oxide with lanthanum metal to obtain microgram amounts of sub-micrometer thick films.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaire20061519-48">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[g]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occurrence">Occurrence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Californium&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Occurrence">edit</a>]</div> Traces of californium can be found near facilities that use the element in mineral prospecting and in medical treatments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmsley200190-52">[45]</a> The element is fairly insoluble in water, but it adheres well to ordinary soil; and concentrations of it in the soil can be 500 times higher than in the water surrounding the soil particles.<a href="#cite_note-ANL2005-53">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fallout" title="Nuclear fallout">Nuclear fallout</a> from atmospheric <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_testing" title="Nuclear weapons testing">nuclear weapons testing</a> prior to 1980 contributed a small amount of californium to the environment.<a href="#cite_note-ANL2005-53">[46]</a> Californium-249, -252, -253, and -254 have been observed in the radioactive dust collected from the air after a nuclear explosion.<a href="#cite_note-54">[47]</a> Californium is not a major radionuclide at <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">United States Department of Energy</a> legacy sites since it was not produced in large quantities.<a href="#cite_note-ANL2005-53">[46]</a> Californium was once believed to be produced in <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernovas</a>, as their decay matches the 60-day half-life of 254Cf.<a href="#cite_note-super1-55">[48]</a> However, subsequent studies failed to demonstrate any californium spectra,<a href="#cite_note-super2-56">[49]</a> and supernova light curves are now thought to follow the decay of <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_nickel" title="Isotopes of nickel">nickel-56</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuiz-Lapuente1996274-57">[50]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Transuranic_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Transuranic element">transuranic elements</a> <a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">americium</a> to <a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">fermium</a>, including californium, occurred naturally in the <a href="/wiki/Natural_nuclear_fission_reactor" title="Natural nuclear fission reactor">natural nuclear fission reactor</a> at <a href="/wiki/Oklo" title="Oklo">Oklo</a>, but no longer do so.<a href="#cite_note-emsley-58">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Spectral_line" title="Spectral line">Spectral lines</a> of californium, along with those of several other non-primordial elements, were detected in <a href="/wiki/Przybylski%27s_Star" title="Przybylski's Star">Przybylski's Star</a> in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-gopka08-59">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Californium&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Production">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fuel_cycle" title="Nuclear fuel cycle">Nuclear fuel cycle</a></div> Californium is produced in <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Particle_accelerator" title="Particle accelerator">particle accelerators</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrebs2006327–328-60">[53]</a> Californium-250 is made by bombarding berkelium-249 (249Bk) with neutrons, forming berkelium-250 (250Bk) via <a href="/wiki/Neutron_capture" title="Neutron capture">neutron capture</a> (n,γ) which, in turn, quickly <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">beta decays</a> (β−) to californium-250 (250Cf) in the following reaction:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeiserman1992348-61">[54]</a> <dl><dd>249 97Bk (n,γ)250 97Bk → 250 98Cf + β−</dd></dl> Bombardment of 250Cf with neutrons produces 251Cf and 252Cf.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeiserman1992348-61">[54]</a> Prolonged irradiation of <a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">americium</a>, curium, and plutonium with neutrons produces milligram amounts of 252Cf and microgram amounts of 249Cf.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham1968105-62">[55]</a> As of 2006, curium isotopes 244 to 248 are irradiated by neutrons in special reactors to produce mainly californium-252 with lesser amounts of isotopes 249 to 255.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaire20061503-63">[56]</a> Microgram quantities of 252Cf are available for commercial use through the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Regulatory_Commission" title="Nuclear Regulatory Commission">Nuclear Regulatory Commission</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrebs2006327–328-60">[53]</a> Only two sites produce 252Cf: Oak Ridge National Laboratory in the U.S., and the <a href="/wiki/Research_Institute_of_Atomic_Reactors" title="Research Institute of Atomic Reactors">Research Institute of Atomic Reactors</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dimitrovgrad,_Russia" title="Dimitrovgrad, Russia">Dimitrovgrad, Russia</a>. As of 2003, the two sites produce 0.25 grams and 0.025 grams of 252Cf per year, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENRC200833-64">[57]</a> Three californium isotopes with significant half-lives are produced, requiring a total of 15 neutron captures by <a href="/wiki/Uranium-238" title="Uranium-238">uranium-238</a> without <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">nuclear fission</a> or alpha decay occurring during the process.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENRC200833-64">[57]</a> 253Cf is at the end of a production chain that starts with uranium-238, and includes several <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_plutonium" title="Isotopes of plutonium">isotopes of plutonium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_americium" title="Isotopes of americium">americium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_curium" title="Isotopes of curium">curium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_berkelium" title="Isotopes of berkelium">berkelium</a>, and the californium isotopes 249 to 253 (see diagram). <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cf_252_Produktion.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A complex flow diagram showing various isotopes." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Cf_252_Produktion.png/620px-Cf_252_Produktion.png" decoding="async" width="620" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Cf_252_Produktion.png/930px-Cf_252_Produktion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Cf_252_Produktion.png/1240px-Cf_252_Produktion.png 2x" data-file-width="1954" data-file-height="1041" /></a><figcaption>Scheme of the production of californium-252 from uranium-238 by neutron irradiation</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Californium&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Applications">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CfShield.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Large conical structure on a pulley with a man on top and two near the base." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/CfShield.JPG/220px-CfShield.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/CfShield.JPG/330px-CfShield.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/CfShield.JPG 2x" data-file-width="359" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption>Fifty-ton shipping cask built at ORNL which can transport up to 1 gram of 252Cf.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeaborg1994245-65">[58]</a> Large and heavily shielded transport containers are needed to prevent the release of highly radioactive material in case of normal and hypothetical accidents.<a href="#cite_note-66">[59]</a></figcaption></figure> Californium-252 has a number of specialized uses as a strong neutron emitter; it produces 139 million neutrons per microgram per minute.<a href="#cite_note-osti-31">[27]</a> This property makes it useful as a <a href="/wiki/Startup_neutron_source" title="Startup neutron source">startup neutron source</a> for some nuclear reactors<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neil2006276-19">[17]</a> and as a portable (non-reactor based) neutron source for <a href="/wiki/Neutron_activation_analysis" title="Neutron activation analysis">neutron activation analysis</a> to detect trace amounts of elements in samples.<a href="#cite_note-Martin2000-67">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[h]</a> Neutrons from californium are used as a treatment of certain <a href="/wiki/Cervical_cancer" title="Cervical cancer">cervical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brain_tumor" title="Brain tumor">brain cancers</a> where other <a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">radiation therapy</a> is ineffective.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neil2006276-19">[17]</a> It has been used in educational applications since 1969 when <a href="/wiki/Georgia_Tech" title="Georgia Tech">Georgia Institute of Technology</a> got a loan of 119 μg of 252Cf from the <a href="/wiki/Savannah_River_Site" title="Savannah River Site">Savannah River Site</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsborne-Lee199533-70">[62]</a> It is also used with online elemental <a href="/wiki/Coal_analyzer" title="Coal analyzer">coal analyzers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bulk_material_analyzer" title="Bulk material analyzer">bulk material analyzers</a> in the coal and cement industries. Neutron penetration into materials makes californium useful in detection instruments such as <a href="/wiki/Fuel_rod" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuel rod">fuel rod</a> scanners;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Neil2006276-19">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Neutron_imaging#Neutron_radiography_(film)" title="Neutron imaging">neutron radiography</a> of aircraft and weapons components to detect <a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosion</a>, bad welds, cracks and trapped moisture;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsborne-Lee199526–27-71">[63]</a> and in portable metal detectors.<a href="#cite_note-72">[64]</a> <a href="/wiki/Neutron_moisture_gauge" title="Neutron moisture gauge">Neutron moisture gauges</a> use 252Cf to find water and petroleum layers in oil wells, as a portable <a href="/wiki/Neutron_source" title="Neutron source">neutron source</a> for gold and silver prospecting for on-the-spot analysis,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECRC20064.8-25">[21]</a> and to detect ground water movement.<a href="#cite_note-73">[65]</a> The main uses of 252Cf in 1982 were, reactor start-up (48.3%), fuel rod scanning (25.3%), and activation analysis (19.4%).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsborne-Lee199512-74">[66]</a> By 1994, most 252Cf was used in neutron radiography (77.4%), with fuel rod scanning (12.1%) and reactor start-up (6.9%) as important but secondary uses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsborne-Lee199512-74">[66]</a> In 2021, fast neutrons from 252Cf were used for wireless data transmission.<a href="#cite_note-75">[67]</a> 251Cf has a very small calculated <a href="/wiki/Critical_mass" title="Critical mass">critical mass</a> of about 5 kg (11 lb),<a href="#cite_note-76">[68]</a> high lethality, and a relatively short period of toxic environmental irradiation. The low critical mass of californium led to some exaggerated claims about possible uses for the element.<a href="#cite_note-78">[i]</a> In October 2006, researchers announced that three atoms of <a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">oganesson</a> (element 118) had been identified at <a href="/wiki/Joint_Institute_for_Nuclear_Research" title="Joint Institute for Nuclear Research">Joint Institute for Nuclear Research</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dubna" title="Dubna">Dubna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, from bombarding 249Cf with <a href="/wiki/Calcium-48" title="Calcium-48">calcium-48</a>, making it the heaviest element ever made. The target contained about 10 mg of 249Cf deposited on a titanium foil of 32 cm2 area.<a href="#cite_note-79">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[72]</a> Californium has also been used to produce other transuranic elements; for example, <a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">lawrencium</a> was first synthesized in 1961 by bombarding californium with <a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</a> nuclei.<a href="#cite_note-82">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Precautions">Precautions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Californium&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Precautions">edit</a>]</div> Californium that <a href="/wiki/Bioaccumulation" title="Bioaccumulation">bioaccumulates</a> in skeletal tissue releases radiation that disrupts the body's ability to form <a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cell" title="Red blood cell">red blood cells</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunningham1968106-83">[74]</a> The element plays no natural biological role in any organism due to its intense radioactivity and low concentration in the environment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmsley200190-52">[45]</a> Californium can enter the body from ingesting contaminated food or drinks or by breathing air with suspended particles of the element. Once in the body, only 0.05% of the californium will reach the bloodstream. About 65% of that californium will be deposited in the skeleton, 25% in the liver, and the rest in other organs, or excreted, mainly in urine. Half of the californium deposited in the skeleton and liver are gone in 50 and 20 years, respectively. Californium in the skeleton adheres to bone surfaces before slowly migrating throughout the bone.<a href="#cite_note-ANL2005-53">[46]</a> The element is most dangerous if taken into the body. In addition, californium-249 and californium-251 can cause tissue damage externally, through <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma ray</a> emission. <a href="/wiki/Ionizing_radiation" title="Ionizing radiation">Ionizing radiation</a> emitted by californium on bone and in the liver can cause cancer.<a href="#cite_note-ANL2005-53">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Californium&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em ;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-age_of_earth-12"><a href="#cite_ref-age_of_earth_12-0">^</a> The Earth <a href="/wiki/Age_of_the_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Age of the Earth">formed 4.5 billion years ago</a>, and the extent of natural neutron emission within it that could produce californium from more stable elements is extremely limited. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> A double hexagonal close-packed (dhcp) <a href="/wiki/Unit_cell" title="Unit cell">unit cell</a> consists of two hexagonal close-packed structures that share a common hexagonal plane, giving dhcp an ABACABAC sequence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzwacki201080-17">[16]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> The three lower-mass transplutonium elements—<a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">americium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">curium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">berkelium</a>—require much less pressure to delocalize their 5f electrons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaire20061522-20">[18]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Other +3 oxidation states include the sulfide and <a href="/wiki/Metallocene" title="Metallocene">metallocene</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECottonWilkinsonMurilloBochmann19991163-22">[19]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Europium</a>, in the sixth period directly above element 95, was named for the continent it was discovered on, so element 95 was named <a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">americium</a>. Element 96 was named <a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">curium</a> for <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre Curie</a> as an analog to the naming of <a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">gadolinium</a>, which was named for the scientist and engineer <a href="/wiki/Johan_Gadolin" title="Johan Gadolin">Johan Gadolin</a>. <a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Terbium</a> was named for the village it was discovered in, so element 97 was named <a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">berkelium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeeksLeichester1968848-38">[34]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Regulatory_Commission" title="Nuclear Regulatory Commission">Nuclear Regulatory Commission</a> replaced the Atomic Energy Commission when the <a href="/wiki/Energy_Reorganization_Act_of_1974" title="Energy Reorganization Act of 1974">Energy Reorganization Act of 1974</a> was implemented. The price of californium-252 was increased by the NRC several times and was $60 per microgram by 1999; this price does not include the cost of encapsulation and transportation.<a href="#cite_note-osti-31">[27]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> In 1975, another paper stated that the californium metal prepared the year before was the hexagonal compound Cf2O2S and face-centered cubic compound CfS.<a href="#cite_note-50">[44]</a> The 1974 work was confirmed in 1976 and work on californium metal continued.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaire20061519-48">[42]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> By 1990, californium-252 had replaced plutonium-<a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">beryllium</a> neutron sources due to its smaller size and lower heat and gas generation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeaborg1990318-68">[61]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> An article entitled "Facts and Fallacies of World War III" in the July 1961 edition of <a href="/wiki/Popular_Science" title="Popular Science">Popular Science</a> magazine read "A californium atomic bomb need be no bigger than a pistol bullet. You could build a hand-held six-shooter to fire bullets that would explode on contact with the force of 10 tons of TNT."<a href="#cite_note-77">[69]</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Californium&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECRC20061.14-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECRC20061.14_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCRC2006">CRC 2006</a>, p. 1.14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECRC20064.56-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECRC20064.56_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECRC20064.56_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECRC20064.56_2-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFCRC2006">CRC 2006</a>, p. 4.56. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_Jacob_KatzGlenn_Theodore_SeaborgLester_R._Morss1986" class="citation book cs1">Joseph Jacob Katz; Glenn Theodore Seaborg; Lester R. Morss (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UuPvAAAAMAAJ">The Chemistry of the actinide elements</a>. Chapman and Hall. p. 1038. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780412273704" title="Special:BookSources/9780412273704"><bdi>9780412273704</bdi></a>. 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Retrieved October 19, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Physics+News+Update&rft.atitle=Elements+116+and+118+Are+Discovered&rft.date=2006-10-17&rft.au=Schewe%2C+P.&rft.au=Stein%2C+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aip.org%2Fpnu%2F2006%2F797.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF1961" class="citation journal cs1"><Please add first missing authors to populate metadata.> (April 1961). "Element 103 Synthesized". 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TAB Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8306-3018-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8306-3018-9"><bdi>978-0-8306-3018-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Element+98%3A+Californium&rft.btitle=Exploring+Chemical+Elements+and+their+Compounds&rft.pub=TAB+Books&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8306-3018-9&rft.aulast=Heiserman&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fexploringchemica01heis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJakubke1994" class="citation book cs1">Jakubke, Hans-Dieter; Jeschkeit, Hans, eds. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Owuv-c9L_IMC">Concise Encyclopedia Chemistry</a>. trans. rev. Eagleson, Mary. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-011451-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-011451-5"><bdi>978-3-11-011451-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+Encyclopedia+Chemistry&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-3-11-011451-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOwuv-c9L_IMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrebs2006" class="citation book cs1">Krebs, Robert (2006). The History and Use of our Earth's Chemical Elements: A Reference Guide. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33438-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33438-2"><bdi>978-0-313-33438-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+and+Use+of+our+Earth%27s+Chemical+Elements%3A+A+Reference+Guide&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33438-2&rft.aulast=Krebs&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCRC2006" class="citation book cs1">Lide, David R., ed. (2006). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (87th ed.). CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-0487-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-0487-3"><bdi>978-0-8493-0487-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.edition=87th&rft.pub=CRC+Press%2C+Taylor+%26+Francis+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-0487-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNRC2008" class="citation book cs1">National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Radiation Source Use and Replacement (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3cT2REdXJ98C">Radiation Source Use and Replacement: Abbreviated Version</a>. National Academies Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-11014-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-11014-3"><bdi>978-0-309-11014-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radiation+Source+Use+and+Replacement%3A+Abbreviated+Version&rft.pub=National+Academies+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-309-11014-3&rft.au=National+Research+Council+%28U.S.%29.+Committee+on+Radiation+Source+Use+and+Replacement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3cT2REdXJ98C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Neil2006" class="citation book cs1">O'Neil, Marydale J.; Heckelman, Patricia E.; Roman, Cherie B., eds. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kEYfRAAACAAJ">The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals</a> (14th ed.). Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-911910-00-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-911910-00-1"><bdi>978-0-911910-00-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Merck+Index%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Chemicals%2C+Drugs%2C+and+Biologicals&rft.edition=14th&rft.pub=Merck+Research+Laboratories%2C+Merck+%26+Co.&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-911910-00-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkEYfRAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsborne-Lee1995" class="citation journal cs1">Osborne-Lee, I. W.; Alexander, C. W. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/bridge/product.biblio.jsp?query_id=1&page=0&osti_id=205871">"Californium-252: A Remarkable Versatile Radioisotope"</a>. Oak Ridge Technical Report ORNL/TM-12706. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2172%2F205871">10.2172/205871</a>. <a href="/wiki/OSTI_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OSTI (identifier)">OSTI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/205871">205871</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oak+Ridge+Technical+Report+ORNL%2FTM-12706&rft.atitle=Californium-252%3A+A+Remarkable+Versatile+Radioisotope&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osti.gov%2Fbiblio%2F205871%23id-name%3DOSTI&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2172%2F205871&rft.aulast=Osborne-Lee&rft.aufirst=I.+W.&rft.au=Alexander%2C+C.+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.osti.gov%2Fbridge%2Fproduct.biblio.jsp%3Fquery_id%3D1%26page%3D0%26osti_id%3D205871&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuiz-Lapuente1996" class="citation book cs1">Ruiz-Lapuente, P.; Canal, R.; Isern, J. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I6Rl1VAAX3QC">Thermonuclear Supernovae</a>. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer Science+Business Media</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-4359-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-4359-2"><bdi>978-0-7923-4359-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thermonuclear+Supernovae&rft.pub=Springer+Science%2BBusiness+Media&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7923-4359-2&rft.aulast=Ruiz-Lapuente&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Canal%2C+R.&rft.au=Isern%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI6Rl1VAAX3QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeaborg1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Seaborg, Glenn T.</a>; Loveland, Walter D. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QFhRAAAAMAAJ">The Elements Beyond Uranium</a>. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-89062-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-89062-1"><bdi>978-0-471-89062-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Elements+Beyond+Uranium&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-471-89062-1&rft.aulast=Seaborg&rft.aufirst=Glenn+T.&rft.au=Loveland%2C+Walter+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQFhRAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeaborg1994" class="citation book cs1">Seaborg, Glenn T. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e53sNAOXrdMC&pg=PA245">Modern alchemy: selected papers of Glenn T. Seaborg</a>. World Scientific. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-02-1440-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-02-1440-1"><bdi>978-981-02-1440-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+alchemy%3A+selected+papers+of+Glenn+T.+Seaborg&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-981-02-1440-1&rft.aulast=Seaborg&rft.aufirst=Glenn+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De53sNAOXrdMC%26pg%3DPA245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeaborg1996" class="citation book cs1">Seaborg, Glenn T. (1996). Adloff, J. P. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bJ4rvgAACAAJ">One Hundred Years after the Discovery of Radioactivity</a>. Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-486-64252-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-486-64252-0"><bdi>978-3-486-64252-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Hundred+Years+after+the+Discovery+of+Radioactivity&rft.pub=Oldenbourg+Wissenschaftsverlag&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-3-486-64252-0&rft.aulast=Seaborg&rft.aufirst=Glenn+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbJ4rvgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeaborg2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Seaborg, Glenn T. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Owuv-c9L_IMC">"Californium"</a>. In Geller, Elizabeth (ed.). Concise Encyclopedia of Chemistry. McGraw-Hill. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-143953-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-143953-4"><bdi>978-0-07-143953-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Californium&rft.btitle=Concise+Encyclopedia+of+Chemistry&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-07-143953-4&rft.aulast=Seaborg&rft.aufirst=Glenn+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOwuv-c9L_IMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzwacki2010" class="citation book cs1">Szwacki, Nevill Gonzalez; Szwacka, Teresa (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/39588027/Basic-Elements-of-Crystallography">Basic Elements of Crystallography</a>. Pan Stanford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4241-59-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4241-59-5"><bdi>978-981-4241-59-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basic+Elements+of+Crystallography&rft.pub=Pan+Stanford&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-981-4241-59-5&rft.aulast=Szwacki&rft.aufirst=Nevill+Gonzalez&rft.au=Szwacka%2C+Teresa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F39588027%2FBasic-Elements-of-Crystallography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCRC1991" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Perrin; Tarn, William H., eds. (1991). Handbook of Metal Etchants. CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-3623-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-3623-2"><bdi>978-0-8493-3623-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Metal+Etchants&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-3623-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornium" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeeksLeichester1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Elvira_Weeks" title="Mary Elvira Weeks">Weeks, Mary Elvira</a>; Leichester, Henry M. (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/discoveryofeleme0000week">"21: Modern Alchemy"</a>. Discovery of the Elements. Journal of Chemical Education. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/discoveryofeleme0000week/page/848">848–850</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7661-3872-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7661-3872-8"><bdi>978-0-7661-3872-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/68015217">68015217</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=21%3A+Modern+Alchemy&rft.btitle=Discovery+of+the+Elements&rft.pages=848-850&rft.pub=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F68015217&rft.isbn=978-0-7661-3872-8&rft.aulast=Weeks&rft.aufirst=Mary+Elvira&rft.au=Leichester%2C+Henry+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdiscoveryofeleme0000week&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalifornium" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Californium&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template talk:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Periodic_table" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="table-layout:fixed; width:100%;" aria-describedby="periodic-table-legend"> <tbody><tr> <td style="line-height:100%;"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2</a> </th> <td colspan="14"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a> </th> <td title="H, Hydrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="He, Helium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a> </th> <td title="Li, Lithium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a> </td> <td title="Be, Beryllium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="B, Boron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td title="C, Carbon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a> </td> <td title="N, Nitrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td title="O, Oxygen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a> </td> <td title="F, Fluorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a> </td> <td title="Ne, Neon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a> </th> <td title="Na, Sodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a> </td> <td title="Mg, Magnesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Al, Aluminium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td title="Si, Silicon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a> </td> <td title="P, Phosphorus" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a> </td> <td title="S, Sulfur" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a> </td> <td title="Cl, Chlorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a> </td> <td title="Ar, Argon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td title="K, Potassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a> </td> <td title="Ca, Calcium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Sc, Scandium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a> </td> <td title="Ti, Titanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td title="V, Vanadium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td title="Cr, Chromium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a> </td> <td title="Mn, Manganese" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a> </td> <td title="Fe, Iron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a> </td> <td title="Co, Cobalt" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a> </td> <td title="Ni, Nickel" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a> </td> <td title="Cu, Copper" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a> </td> <td title="Zn, Zinc" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a> </td> <td title="Ga, Gallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a> </td> <td title="Ge, Germanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td title="As, Arsenic" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a> </td> <td title="Se, Selenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td title="Br, Bromine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a> </td> <td title="Kr, Krypton" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td title="Rb, Rubidium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td title="Sr, Strontium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Y, Yttrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a> </td> <td title="Zr, Zirconium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a> </td> <td title="Nb, Niobium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td title="Mo, Molybdenum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a> </td> <td title="Tc, Technetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a> </td> <td title="Ru, Ruthenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a> </td> <td title="Rh, Rhodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a> </td> <td title="Pd, Palladium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a> </td> <td title="Ag, Silver" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a> </td> <td title="Cd, Cadmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td title="In, Indium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td title="Sn, Tin" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a> </td> <td title="Sb, Antimony" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a> </td> <td title="Te, Tellurium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a> </td> <td title="I, Iodine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a> </td> <td title="Xe, Xenon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td title="Cs, Caesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a> </td> <td title="Ba, Barium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td title="La, Lanthanum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a> </td> <td title="Ce, Cerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a> </td> <td title="Pr, Praseodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a> </td> <td title="Nd, Neodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a> </td> <td title="Pm, Promethium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a> </td> <td title="Sm, Samarium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td title="Eu, Europium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td title="Gd, Gadolinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td title="Tb, Terbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td title="Dy, Dysprosium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td title="Ho, Holmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td title="Er, Erbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td title="Tm, Thulium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a> </td> <td title="Yb, Ytterbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a> </td> <td title="Lu, Lutetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a> </td> <td title="Hf, Hafnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td title="Ta, Tantalum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td> <td title="W, Tungsten" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a> </td> <td title="Re, Rhenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a> </td> <td title="Os, Osmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td title="Ir, Iridium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td title="Pt, Platinum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a> </td> <td title="Au, Gold" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a> </td> <td title="Hg, Mercury" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a> </td> <td title="Tl, Thallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a> </td> <td title="Pb, Lead" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a> </td> <td title="Bi, Bismuth" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a> </td> <td title="Po, Polonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td title="At, Astatine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">At</a> </td> <td title="Rn, Radon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a> </th> <td title="Fr, Francium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a> </td> <td title="Ra, Radium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td> <td title="Ac, Actinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a> </td> <td title="Th, Thorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a> </td> <td title="Pa, Protactinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a> </td> <td title="U, Uranium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a> </td> <td title="Np, Neptunium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a> </td> <td title="Pu, Plutonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> </td> <td title="Am, Americium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a> </td> <td title="Cm, Curium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a> </td> <td title="Bk, Berkelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a> </td> <td title="Cf, Californium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:3px solid black; ;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cf</a> </td> <td title="Es, Einsteinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a> </td> <td title="Fm, Fermium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a> </td> <td title="Md, Mendelevium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a> </td> <td title="No, Nobelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a> </td> <td title="Lr, Lawrencium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a> </td> <td title="Rf, Rutherfordium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td title="Db, Dubnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td title="Sg, Seaborgium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td title="Bh, Bohrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td title="Hs, Hassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a> </td> <td title="Mt, Meitnerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td title="Ds, Darmstadtium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td title="Rg, Roentgenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a> </td> <td title="Cn, Copernicium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Cn</a> </td> <td title="Nh, Nihonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td title="Fl, Flerovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td> <td title="Mc, Moscovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Mc</a> </td> <td title="Lv, Livermorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a> </td> <td title="Ts, Tennessine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Ts</a> </td> <td title="Og, Oganesson" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div role="presentation" id="periodic-table-legend" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8f8; margin:0; margin:0;"><div style="padding:0.3em;"> <table style="width:100%; line-height:1.2em; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff9999;"><a href="/wiki/S-block" class="mw-redirect" title="S-block">s-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#9bff99;"><a href="/wiki/F-block" class="mw-redirect" title="F-block">f-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#99ccff;"><a href="/wiki/D-block" class="mw-redirect" title="D-block">d-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#fdff8c;"><a href="/wiki/P-block" class="mw-redirect" title="P-block">p-block</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1888#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4147208-1">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh89004338">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00565048">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007553750405171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Californium_compounds" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Californium_compounds" title="Template:Californium compounds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li 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style="width:1%">Cf(III)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Californium(III)_hydroxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Californium(III) hydroxide (page does not exist)">Cf(OH)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Californium(III)_oxide" title="Californium(III) oxide">Cf2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Californium(III)_fluoride" title="Californium(III) fluoride">CfF3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Californium(III)_chloride" title="Californium(III) chloride">CfCl3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Californium(III)_bromide" title="Californium(III) bromide">CfBr3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Californium(III)_iodide" title="Californium(III) iodide">CfI3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Californium(III)_nitrate" title="Californium(III) nitrate">Cf(NO3)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Californium(III)_oxybromide" title="Californium(III) oxybromide">CfOBr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Californium(III)_oxyfluoride" title="Californium(III) oxyfluoride">CfOF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Californium(III)_oxychloride" title="Californium(III) oxychloride">CfOCl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Californium(III)_oxyiodide" title="Californium(III) oxyiodide">CfOI</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Californium(III)_sulfate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Californium(III) sulfate (page does not exist)">Cf2(SO4)3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Californium(III)_polyborate" title="Californium(III) polyborate">Cf[B6O8(OH)5]</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Organocalifornium(III)_compounds" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organoactinide_chemistry" title="Organoactinide chemistry">Organocalifornium(III) compounds</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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