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class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Tammany_Hall rootpage-Tammany_Hall skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Vés al contingut</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Lloc"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Menú principal" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Menú principal</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Menú principal</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navegació </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portada" title="Visiteu la pàgina principal [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Portada</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Article_aleatori" title="Carrega una pàgina a l’atzar [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Article a l'atzar</span></a></li><li id="n-Articles-de-qualitat" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Articles_de_qualitat"><span>Articles de qualitat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Comunitat" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Comunitat" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Comunitat </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Portal" title="Sobre el projecte, què podeu fer, on trobareu les coses"><span>Portal viquipedista</span></a></li><li id="n-Agenda-d'actes" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Trobades"><span>Agenda d'actes</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Canvis_recents" title="Una llista dels canvis recents al wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Canvis recents</span></a></li><li id="n-La-taverna" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:La_taverna"><span>La taverna</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Contacte"><span>Contacte</span></a></li><li id="n-Xat" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Canals_IRC"><span>Xat</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Ajuda" title="El lloc per a saber més coses"><span>Ajuda</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Portada" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Viquipèdia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-ca.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.4375em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="l'Enciclopèdia Lliure" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-ca.svg" width="120" height="14" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Cerca" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Cerca a la Viquipèdia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Cerca</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Cerca a Viquipèdia" aria-label="Cerca a Viquipèdia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Cerca a la Viquipèdia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Especial:Cerca"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Cerca</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Eines personals"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aparença"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Aparença" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Aparença</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ca.wikipedia.org&uselang=ca" class=""><span>Donatius</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crea_compte&returnto=Tammany+Hall" title="Us animem a crear un compte i iniciar una sessió, encara que no és obligatori" class=""><span>Crea un compte</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Registre_i_entrada&returnto=Tammany+Hall" title="Us animem a registrar-vos, però no és obligatori [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Inicia la sessió</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Més opcions" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eines personals" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eines personals</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menú d'usuari" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ca.wikipedia.org&uselang=ca"><span>Donatius</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crea_compte&returnto=Tammany+Hall" title="Us animem a crear un compte i iniciar una sessió, encara que no és obligatori"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Crea un compte</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Registre_i_entrada&returnto=Tammany+Hall" title="Us animem a registrar-vos, però no és obligatori [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Inicia la sessió</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pàgines per a editors no registrats <a href="/wiki/Ajuda:Introducci%C3%B3" aria-label="Vegeu més informació sobre l'edició"><span>més informació</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Contribucions_pr%C3%B2pies" title="Una llista de les modificacions fetes des d'aquesta adreça IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contribucions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Discussi%C3%B3_personal" title="Discussió sobre les edicions per aquesta adreça ip. [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Discussió per aquest IP</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Lloc"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contingut" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contingut</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inici</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Història" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Història"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Història</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Història-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Història</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Història-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1789–1850" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1789–1850"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>1789–1850</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1789–1850-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Suport_als_immigrants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suport_als_immigrants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Suport als immigrants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suport_als_immigrants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irlandesos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irlandesos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Irlandesos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irlandesos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Líders_polítics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Líders_polítics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Líders polítics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Líders_polítics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referències" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referències"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Referències</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referències-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enllaços_externs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enllaços_externs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Enllaços externs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enllaços_externs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contingut" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tammany Hall</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 27 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 llengües</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84" title="تاماني هول - àrab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تاماني هول" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="àrab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Тамани Хол - búlgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тамани Хол" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammany_Hall" title="Tammany Hall - danès" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tammany Hall" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammany_Hall" title="Tammany Hall - alemany" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tammany Hall" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammany_Hall" title="Tammany Hall - anglès" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Tammany Hall" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammany_Hall" title="Tammany Hall - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tammany Hall" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammany_Hall" title="Tammany Hall - espanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tammany Hall" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammany_Hall" title="Tammany Hall - basc" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tammany Hall" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammany_Hall" title="Tammany Hall - finès" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tammany Hall" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammany_Hall" title="Tammany Hall - francès" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tammany Hall" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammany_Hall" title="Tammany Hall - gallec" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tammany Hall" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="gallec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%9C" title="טמאני הול - hebreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טמאני הול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammany_Hall" title="Tammany Hall - croat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tammany Hall" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammany_Hall" title="Tammany Hall - indonesi" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tammany Hall" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammany_Hall" title="Tammany Hall - italià" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tammany Hall" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%83%9E%E3%83%8B%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9B%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="タマニー・ホール - japonès" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="タマニー・ホール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%9C%EB%A8%B8%EB%8B%88_%ED%99%80" title="태머니 홀 - coreà" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="태머니 홀" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammany_Hall" title="Tammany Hall - llatí" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tammany Hall" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="llatí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF" title="ടമ്മനി സൊസൈറ്റി - malaiàlam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ടമ്മനി സൊസൈറ്റി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malaiàlam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammany_Hall" title="Tammany Hall - neerlandès" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tammany Hall" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammany_Hall" title="Tammany Hall - polonès" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tammany Hall" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammany_Hall" title="Tammany Hall - portuguès" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tammany Hall" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portuguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8-%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Таммани-холл - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Таммани-холл" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammany_Hall" title="Tammany Hall - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tammany Hall" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamani_Hol" title="Tamani Hol - serbi" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Tamani Hol" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammany_Hall" title="Tammany Hall - suec" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tammany Hall" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9D%A6%E6%85%95%E5%B0%BC%E5%8D%8F%E4%BC%9A" title="坦慕尼协会 - xinès" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="坦慕尼协会" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="xinès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q432139#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica enllaços interlingües" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica els enllaços</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espais de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tammany_Hall" title="Vegeu el contingut de la pàgina [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Pàgina</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussi%C3%B3:Tammany_Hall&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Discussió sobre el contingut d'aquesta pàgina (encara no existeix) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussió</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Canvia la variant de llengua" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">català</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Vistes"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tammany_Hall"><span>Mostra</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tammany_Hall&action=edit" title="Modifica el codi font d'aquesta pàgina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifica</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tammany_Hall&action=history" title="Versions antigues d'aquesta pàgina [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Mostra l'historial</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Eines de la pàgina"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eines" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eines</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Eines</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Més opcions" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Accions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tammany_Hall"><span>Mostra</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tammany_Hall&action=edit" title="Modifica el codi font d'aquesta pàgina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifica</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tammany_Hall&action=history"><span>Mostra l'historial</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Enlla%C3%A7os/Tammany_Hall" title="Una llista de totes les pàgines wiki que enllacen amb aquesta [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Què hi enllaça</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Seguiment/Tammany_Hall" rel="nofollow" title="Canvis recents a pàgines enllaçades des d'aquesta pàgina [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Canvis relacionats</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:P%C3%A0gines_especials" title="Llista totes les pàgines especials [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Pàgines especials</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tammany_Hall&oldid=33511072" title="Enllaç permanent a aquesta revisió de la 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ca" dir="ltr"><p><b>Tammany Hall</b> és el nom que rep una <i>maquinària política</i> (en <a href="/wiki/Angl%C3%A8s" title="Anglès">anglès</a>: "political machine") del Partit Demòcrata dels <a href="/wiki/Estats_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="Estats Units">Estats Units</a>, que jugà un important paper en el control de la política de la <a href="/wiki/Ciutat_de_Nova_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciutat de Nova York">ciutat de Nova York</a>, i en l'ajuda perquè els immigrants, principalment irlandesos, participessin en la política estatunidenca des de la dècada de 1790 fins a la de 1960, actuant com en el que actualment es coneix com una xarxa de tràfic d'influències o xarxa de <a href="/wiki/Clientelisme_pol%C3%ADtic" class="mw-redirect" title="Clientelisme polític">clientelisme polític</a>. </p><p>Normalment va controlar les nominacions pel Partit Demòcrata a Manhattan des del triomf de Fernando Wood el 1854, fins a la de <a href="/wiki/Fiorello_LaGuardia" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiorello LaGuardia">Fiorello LaGuardia</a> (nominalment del Partit Republicà) el 1934, a partir d'aquest moment es va afeblir fins a desaparèixer. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Tammany_Hall_LC-USZ62-101734.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Tammany_Hall_LC-USZ62-101734.jpg/220px-Tammany_Hall_LC-USZ62-101734.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Tammany_Hall_LC-USZ62-101734.jpg/330px-Tammany_Hall_LC-USZ62-101734.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Tammany_Hall_LC-USZ62-101734.jpg/440px-Tammany_Hall_LC-USZ62-101734.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="3016" /></a><figcaption>Tammany Hall en East 14th Street, NYC, entre la Tercera Avinguda i Irving Place.</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Història"><span id="Hist.C3.B2ria"></span>Història</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tammany_Hall&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la secció: Història"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1789–1850"><span id="1789.E2.80.931850"></span>1789–1850</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tammany_Hall&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la secció: 1789–1850"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La <b>Tammany Society</b>, també coneguda com a <b>Society of St. Tammany</b>, els <b>Sons of St. Tammany</b>, o la <b>Columbian Order</b>, va ser fundada nel 12 de maig de 1789. El nom de "Tammany" té el seu origen en Tamanend, un dirigent amerindi de la tribu <a href="/wiki/Lenape" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenape">lenape</a>. </p><p>Cap a 1798 les activitats de la Societat havien crescut i s'havien polititzat i la màquina política de Tammany (distinta de la Societat), dirigida per <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr</a>, que mai va ser membre de la Societat,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> emergçi com el centre per a les polítiques del <a href="/wiki/Partit_Dem%C3%B2crata-Republic%C3%A0_dels_Estats_Units" class="mw-redirect" title="Partit Demòcrata-Republicà dels Estats Units">Partit Demòcrata-Republicà dels Estats Units</a> en la ciutat. Burr es va valdre de la Societat pr a ser elegit Vicepresident en les eleccions a la presidència dels Estats Units de 1800. </p><p>A partir de 1829, Tammany Hall passà a ser la filial a Nova York del <a href="/wiki/Partit_Dem%C3%B2crata_dels_Estats_Units" title="Partit Demòcrata dels Estats Units">Partit Demòcrata dels Estats Units</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suport_als_immigrants">Suport als immigrants</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tammany_Hall&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la secció: Suport als immigrants"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La base electoral de Tammany Hall descansava en la immigració. A l'Amèrica anerior al <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a> els serveis extralegals que oferien Tammany i altres organitzacions polítiques van servir com un sistema rudimentari de previsió social a una base d'immigrants que vivien en extrema pobresa i que rebien poca assistència governamental. Tammany els proporcionava auxilis bàsics: aliments, carbó, concedía prèstecs i els proporcionava un treball. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Irlandesos">Irlandesos</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tammany_Hall&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la secció: Irlandesos"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Els irlandesos aviat controlaren Tammany A partir de 1872, Tammany passà a tenir un cap (“boss”) irlandès. </p><p>El 1854, la Societata eligí el seu primer alcalde de Nova York. Els caps (bosses) de Tammany s'enriquiren per medis il·legals </p><p>El 1892 un ministre protestant <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Henry_Parkhurst&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Henry Parkhurst (encara no existeix)">Charles Henry Parkhurst</a>, denuncià durament el Hall, cosa que va suposar l'elecció d'un alcalde reformista el 1894. </p><p>El 1932, Tammany va quedar afectat quan el reformista demòcrata <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> va ser elegit President dels Estats Units. Roosevelt retirà a Tammany el patronatge federal, i el va passar a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ed_Flynn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ed Flynn (encara no existeix)">Ed Flynn</a>, cap del Bronx. Roosevelt donà suport a que el republicà <a href="/wiki/Fiorello_La_Guardia" title="Fiorello La Guardia">Fiorello La Guardia</a> fos elegit alcalde en una candidatura de coalició, cosa que encara va disminuir més el control de Tammany. La Guardia va ser el primer alcalde anti-Tammany que va ser reelegit i afeblí molt Tammany. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a> organitzà un Comitè de Votants Democràtics de Nova York, com grup per a combatre Tammany. El darrer edifici utilitzat com Tammany Hall, hostatja actualment l'Acadèmia de cinematografiaa de Nova York. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Líders_polítics"><span id="L.C3.ADders_pol.C3.ADtics"></span>Líders polítics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tammany_Hall&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la secció: Líders polítics"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table width="98%" border="0" cellpadding="5" class="wikitable sortable" style="width:450px;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:100px;">Data </th> <th style="width:350px;">Nom </th></tr> <tr> <td>1789-1797 </td> <td>William Mooney </td></tr> <tr> <td>1797–1804 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1804–1814 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teunis_Wortmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teunis Wortmann (encara no existeix)">Teunis Wortmann</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1814–1817 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Buckmaster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Buckmaster (encara no existeix)">George Buckmaster</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1817–1822 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacob_Barker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacob Barker (encara no existeix)">Jacob Barker</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1822–1827 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Allen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stephen Allen (encara no existeix)">Stephen Allen</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1827–1828 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mordecai_Manuel_Noah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mordecai Manuel Noah (encara no existeix)">Mordecai M. Noah</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1828–1835 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Bowne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Bowne (encara no existeix)">Walter Bowne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1835–1842 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_Varian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isaac Varian (encara no existeix)">Isaac Varian</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1842–1848 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Morris_(alcalde)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Morris (alcalde) (encara no existeix)">Robert Morris</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1848–1850 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_V._Fowler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isaac V. Fowler (encara no existeix)">Isaac V. Fowler</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1850–1856 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fernando_Wood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fernando Wood (encara no existeix)">Fernando Wood</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1857–1858 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_V._Fowler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isaac V. Fowler (encara no existeix)">Isaac V. Fowler</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1858 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fernando_Wood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fernando Wood (encara no existeix)">Fernando Wood</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1858–1859 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boss_Tweed&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boss Tweed (encara no existeix)">William M. Tweed</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_V._Fowler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isaac V. Fowler (encara no existeix)">Isaac V. Fowler</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1859–1867 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boss_Tweed&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boss Tweed (encara no existeix)">William M. Tweed</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_B._Connolly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard B. Connolly (encara no existeix)">Richard B. Connolly</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1867–1871 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boss_Tweed&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boss Tweed (encara no existeix)">William M. Tweed</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1872 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Kelly_(pol%C3%ADtico_estadounidense)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Kelly (político estadounidense) (encara no existeix)">John Kelly</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Morrissey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Morrissey (encara no existeix)">John Morrissey</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1872–1886 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Kelly_(pol%C3%ADtico_estadounidense)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Kelly (político estadounidense) (encara no existeix)">John Kelly</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1886–1902 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Croker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Croker (encara no existeix)">Richard Croker</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1902 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Nixon_(arquitecto_naval)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lewis Nixon (arquitecto naval) (encara no existeix)">Lewis Nixon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1902 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_F._Murphy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles F. Murphy (encara no existeix)">Charles F. Murphy</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_F._McMahon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniel F. McMahon (encara no existeix)">Daniel F. McMahon</a>, y <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_F._Haffen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis F. Haffen (encara no existeix)">Louis F. Haffen</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1902–1924 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_F._Murphy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles F. Murphy (encara no existeix)">Charles F. Murphy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1924–1929 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_W._Olvany&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George W. Olvany (encara no existeix)">George W. Olvany</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1929–1934 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_F._Curry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John F. Curry (encara no existeix)">John F. Curry</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1934–1937 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_J._Dooling&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James J. Dooling (encara no existeix)">James J. Dooling</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1937–1942 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christopher_D._Sullivan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christopher D. Sullivan (encara no existeix)">Christopher D. Sullivan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1942 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_H._Hussey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles H. Hussey (encara no existeix)">Charles H. Hussey</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1942–1944 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_J._Kennedy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael J. Kennedy (encara no existeix)">Michael J. Kennedy</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1944–1947 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_V._Loughlin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward V. Loughlin (encara no existeix)">Edward V. Loughlin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1947–1948 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1948–1949 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugo_E._Rogers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugo E. Rogers (encara no existeix)">Hugo E. Rogers</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1949–1961 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carmine_G._DeSapio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carmine G. DeSapio (encara no existeix)">Carmine G. DeSapio</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tammany_Hall&action=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la secció: Bibliografia"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>(en anglès): </p> <div class="small"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=100781540">Allen, Oliver E. <i>The Tiger: The Rise and Fall of Tammany Hall</i> (1993)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070310213007/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=100781540">Arxivat</a> 2007-03-10 a <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Connable, Alfred, and Edward Silberfarb. Tigers of Tammany: Nine Men Who Ran New York. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1967.</li> <li>Cornwell, Jr., Elmer E. “Bosses, Machines, and Ethnic Groups.” In The City Boss in America: An Interpretive Reader, edited with commentary by Alexander B. Callow, Jr. Nova York: Oxford University Press, 1976.</li> <li>Costikyan, Edward N. "Politics in New York City: a Memoir of the Post-war Years." <i>New York History</i> 1993 74(4): 414–434. Issn: 0146-437x Costikyan was a member of the Tammany Executive Committee 1955–1964, and laments the passing of its social services and its unifying force</li> <li>Erie, Steven P. <i>Rainbow's End: Irish-Americans and the Dilemmas of Urban Machine Politics, 1840–1985</i> (1988).</li> <li>Finegold, Kenneth. <i>Experts and Politicians: Reform Challenges to Machine Politics in New York, Cleveland, and Chicago</i> (1995) on Progressive Era</li> <li>LaCerra, Charles. <i>Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Tammany Hall of New York.</i> University Press of America, 1997. 118 pp.</li> <li>Lash, Joseph. <i>Eleanor, The Years Alone</i>. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1972, 274–276.</li> <li>Lui, Adonica Y. "The Machine and Social Policies: Tammany Hall and the Politics of Public Outdoor Relief, New York City, 1874–1898." <i>Studies in American Political Development</i> (1995) 9(2): 386–403. Issn: 0898-588x</li> <li>Mandelbaum, Seymour J. <i>Boss Tweed's New York</i> (1965) (<a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/0-471-56652-7" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/0-471-56652-7">ISBN 0-471-56652-7</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=34608798">Moscow, Warren. <i>The Last of the Big-Time Bosses: The Life and Times of Carmine de Sapio and the Rise and Fall of Tammany Hall</i> (1971)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081222020331/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=34608798">Arxivat</a> 2008-12-22 a <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=28489817">Mushkat, Jerome. <i>Fernando Wood: A Political Biography</i> (1990)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081222021312/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=28489817">Arxivat</a> 2008-12-22 a <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=M._Ostrogorski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M. Ostrogorski (encara no existeix)">M. Ostrogorski</a>; <i>Democracy and the Party System in the United States</i> (1910)</li> <li>Herbert S. Parmet and Marie B. Hecht. <i>Aaron Burr; Portrait of an Ambitious Man</i> 1967.</li> <li>William Riordan, <i>Plunkitt of Tammany Hall</i> (1963) 1915 memoir of New York City ward boss <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Washington_Plunkitt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Washington Plunkitt (encara no existeix)">George Washington Plunkitt</a> who coined the term "honest graft"</li> <li>Sloat, Warren. <i>A Battle for the Soul of New York: Tammany Hall, Police Corruption, Vice, and Reverend Charles Parkhurst's Crusade against Them, 1892–1895.</i> Cooper Square, 2002. 482 pp.</li> <li>Stave, Bruce M., John M. Allswang, Terrence J. McDonald, Jon C. Teaford. "A Reassessment of the Urban Political Boss: An Exchange of Views" <i>History Teacher</i>, Vol. 21, No. 3 (May, 1988), pp. 293–312</li> <li>Steffens, Lincoln. <i>The Shame of the Cities</i> (1904) muckraking expose of machines in major cities</li> <li>T. L. Stoddard, <i>Master of Manhattan</i> (1931), on Crocker</li> <li>Thomas, Samuel J. "Mugwump Cartoonists, the Papacy, and Tammany Hall in America's Gilded Age." <i>Religion and American Culture</i> 2004 14(2): 213–250. Issn: 1052-1151 Fulltext: in Swetswise, Ingenta and Ebsco</li> <li>Nancy J. Weiss, <i>Charles Francis Murphy, 1858–1924: respectability and responsibility in Tammany politics</i>(1968).</li> <li>M. R. Werner, <i>Tammany Hall</i> (1932)</li> <li>Harold B. Zink; <i>City Bosses in the United States: A Study of Twenty Municipal Bosses</i> (1930)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referències"><span id="Refer.C3.A8ncies"></span>Referències</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tammany_Hall&action=edit&section=7" title="Modifica la secció: Referències"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist {{#if: | references-column-count references-column-count-{{{col}}}" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930024000/http://www.usgennet.org/usa/ny/state/his/bk12/ch5/pt1.html">The History of New York State</a>». Arxivat de l'<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usgennet.org/usa/ny/state/his/bk12/ch5/pt1.html">original</a> el 2007-09-30. 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