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class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Língua tâmil</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Língua" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Língua </a></li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-watch" 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0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmbox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .tmbox .mbox-invalid-type{text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmbox{margin:4px 10%}.mw-parser-output .tmbox.mbox-small{clear:right;float:right;margin:4px 0 4px 1em;width:238px}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmbox{background-color:#2e2505}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmbox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmbox{background-color:#2e2505}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmbox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.tmbox img{max-width:none!important}</style> <table class="box-Mais_notas plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-span"> Esta página <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Livro_de_estilo/Cite_as_fontes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipédia:Livro de estilo/Cite as fontes">cita fontes</a>, mas que <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:V?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipédia:V">não cobrem</a> todo o conteúdo. Ajude a <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Livro_de_estilo/Refer%C3%AAncias_e_notas_de_rodap%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipédia:Livro de estilo/Referências e notas de rodapé">inserir referências</a> (Encontre fontes: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/">ABW</a>  • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.periodicos.capes.gov.br">CAPES</a>  • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.google.com/search?as_eq%3Dwikipedia%26as_epq%3DL%25C3%25ADngua%2Bt%25C3%25A2mil">Google</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.google.com/search?hl%3Dpt%26tbm%3Dnws%26q%3DL%25C3%25ADngua%2Bt%25C3%25A2mil%26oq%3DL%25C3%25ADngua%2Bt%25C3%25A2mil">N</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://books.google.com/books?%26as_brr%3D0%26as_epq%3DL%25C3%25ADngua%2Bt%25C3%25A2mil">L</a> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl%3Dpt%26q%3DL%25C3%25ADngua%2Bt%25C3%25A2mil">A</a>)). (Junho de 2021) </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> A Língua tâmil<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-8">[8]</a> (தமிழ் Tamiḻ Pronúncia tâmil: <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Wikip%C3%A9dia:IPA_para_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Wikipédia:IPA para tâmil (página não existe)">[t̪amiɻ]</a> (<span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/fb\/Ta-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D.oga\/Ta-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"escutar"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"pt","wikibase":"","file":"Ta-\u0ba4\u0bae\u0bbf\u0bb4\u0bcd.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fb/Ta-%25E0%25AE%25A4%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%25B4%25E0%25AF%258D.oga/Ta-%25E0%25AE%25A4%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%25B4%25E0%25AF%258D.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Reproduzir áudio" title="Reproduzir áudio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">escutar</a><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ficheiro:Ta-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D.oga?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ficheiro:Ta-தமிழ்.oga">ⓘ</a>)) ou tâmul é uma língua <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADnguas_drav%C3%ADdicas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Línguas dravídicas">dravídica</a> falada por cerca de 68 milhões de pessoas<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9">[9]</a> no <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%8Dndia_do_Sul?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Índia do Sul">sul da Índia</a> (oficial no estado de <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/T%C3%A2mil_Nadu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tâmil Nadu">Tâmil Nadu</a>), <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sri_Lanka?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Myanmar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Myanmar">Mianmar</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mal%C3%A1sia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Malásia">Malásia</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indon%C3%A9sia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indonésia">Indonésia</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vietn%C3%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vietnã">Vietnã</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Singapura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Singapura">Singapura</a> e ainda em zonas do sul e leste da <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%81frica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="África">África</a>, pelo <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/T%C3%A2meis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tâmeis">povo tâmil</a>. <table class="infobox" style="width:22em; margin-top:0.75em; background:#f9f9f9; text-align:left; font-size: 90%" cellpadding="2" align="right" width="295"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="font-size:120%; text-align: center; color: black; background-color: mediumspringgreen">Tâmilதமிழ் tamiḻ</th> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="padding-left: 0.5em;">Pronúncia:</td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Wikip%C3%A9dia:IPA_para_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Wikipédia:IPA para tâmil (página não existe)">[t̪amiɻ]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="padding-left: 0.5em;">Falado(a) em:</td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/22px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/33px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/44px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%8Dndia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Índia">Índia</a><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-india_os-1">[1]</a><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-TN-2">[2]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/22px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/33px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/44px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sri_Lanka?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-srilanka-3">[3]</a> e <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Singapura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Singapura"><img alt="Singapura" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/22px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/33px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/44px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Singapura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Singapura">Singapura</a><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Singapore-4">[4]</a> Minorias em <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mal%C3%A1sia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Malásia">Malásia</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maur%C3%ADcio?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurício">Maurício</a>, e <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ilhas_Reuni%C3%A3o?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilhas Reunião">Ilhas Reunião</a><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ethnologue2005-5">[5]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="padding-left: 0.5em;">Total de falantes:</td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.5em;">68 milhões nativo,<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-vistawide-6">[6]</a><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-encarta-table-7">[7]</a> 77 milhões total<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-vistawide-6">[6]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lista_de_l%C3%ADnguas_por_total_de_falantes?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Lista de línguas por total de falantes">Posição</a>:</td> <td style="padding-left: 0.5em;" colspan="2">20, 16,</td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fam%C3%ADlia_lingu%C3%ADstica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Família linguística">Família</a>:</td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADnguas_drav%C3%ADdicas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Línguas dravídicas">Dravídica</a>  <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADnguas_drav%C3%ADdicas_meridionais&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Línguas dravídicas meridionais (página não existe)">Meridional</a>   Tâmil</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 0.5em;"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Escrita?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Escrita">Escrita</a>:</td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alfabeto_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alfabeto tâmil">alfabeto tâmil</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alfabeto_%C3%A1rabe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alfabeto árabe">alfabeto árabe</a> (minoritário) <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grantha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grantha">grantha</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vattelluttu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vattelluttu">vattelluttu</a>, kolezhuthu e palava</td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align: center; padding-left: 0.5em; color: black; background-color: mediumspringgreen">Estatuto oficial</th> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="padding-left: 0.5em;">Língua oficial de:</td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/T%C3%A2mil_Nadu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tâmil Nadu">Tâmil Nadu</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Puducherry?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Puducherry">Puducherry</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sri_Lanka?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> e <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Singapura?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Singapura">Singapura</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="padding-left: 0.5em;">Regulado por:</td> <td colspan="2" valign="top" style="padding-left: 0.5em;">Várias academias e o <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Governo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Governo">governo</a> do <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/T%C3%A2mil_Nadu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tâmil Nadu">Tâmil Nadu</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="text-align: center; padding-left: 0.5em; color: black; background-color: mediumspringgreen">Códigos de língua</th> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_639?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISO 639">ISO 639</a>-1:</td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"><code>ta</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="padding-left: 0.5em;">ISO 639-2:</td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"><code>tam</code></td> </tr> <tr> <td valign="top" style="padding-left: 0.5em;">ISO 639-3:</td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.5em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id%3Dtam">tam</a></code></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="padding: 0; vertical-align: middle;"> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ficheiro:Tamil_distribution.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Tamil_distribution.png/250px-Tamil_distribution.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Tamil_distribution.png/375px-Tamil_distribution.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Tamil_distribution.png/500px-Tamil_distribution.png 2x" data-file-width="1649" data-file-height="1858"></a> <figcaption> Distribuição de falantes de tâmil no sul da Índia e no Sri Lanka (1961) </figcaption> </figure></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="infobox" style="width:268px; padding:0.2em; margins:0em;"> <table width="268px" align="right" class="expansion" style="background:#f7f8ff; border-collapse:collapse; padding:0em; margins:0em; font-size:smaller; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;">Por limitações técnicas, alguns <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Navegador_(inform%C3%A1tica)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Navegador (informática)">navegadores</a> podem não mostrar alguns <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Special_characters" class="extiw" title="meta:Help:Special characters">caracteres especiais</a> tâmil.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <table class="mbox-small" style="clear:right; float:right; margin:4px 0 4px 1em; border:1px solid #aaa; background-color: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f9f9f9); color:inherit; padding: 5px; width: 30%;"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-text" style=""> <div class="haudio"> <div style="padding:0 0 6px 0;" class="fn"> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ficheiro:Tamil_tongue_twister.ogg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ficheiro:Tamil tongue twister.ogg">Trava-língua em tâmil</a> </div> <div style="padding-right:4px; border-collapse: collapse;"> <audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="6" data-mwtitle="Tamil_tongue_twister.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"> <source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Tamil_tongue_twister.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e9/Tamil_tongue_twister.ogg/Tamil_tongue_twister.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"> </audio> </div> <div style="padding:5px 0;" class="description"> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Trava-l%C3%ADngua?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Trava-língua">Trava-língua</a> em tâmil cuja tradução literal é: "Um pobre velho escorregou numa casca de banana e caiu espalhado." </div> </div> <hr></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="mbox-text" style="">Problemas para escutar este arquivo? Veja a <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ajuda:Guia_de_consulta_e_reprodu%C3%A7%C3%A3o/Introdu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_%C3%A0_m%C3%ADdia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ajuda:Guia de consulta e reprodução/Introdução à mídia">ajuda</a>.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ficheiro:%22Chinnasalem_railway_station%22.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/%22Chinnasalem_railway_station%22.JPG/220px-%22Chinnasalem_railway_station%22.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/%2522Chinnasalem_railway_station%2522.JPG/330px-%2522Chinnasalem_railway_station%2522.JPG 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/%2522Chinnasalem_railway_station%2522.JPG/440px-%2522Chinnasalem_railway_station%2522.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536"></a> <figcaption> Placa em estação de trem em <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chinnasalem?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chinnasalem">Chinnasalem</a> em tâmil, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_hindi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Língua hindi">hindi</a> e inglês. </figcaption> </figure> Há a distinguir ao mínimo dois <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Socioleto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Socioleto">socioletos</a> razoavelmente divergentes (<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Br%C3%A2mane?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Brâmane">bramânico</a> e não bramânico), além das variantes locais particulares. Hoje o tâmil é majoritariamente escrito com o <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alfabeto_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alfabeto tâmil">alfabeto tâmil</a>, apesar de existirem minorias <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Isl%C3%A3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Islã">muçulmanas</a> utilizando o <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alfabeto_%C3%A1rabe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alfabeto árabe">alfabeto árabe</a> (o qual chamam de arwi) e de haver uma série de alfabetos históricos antes comuns, como o <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vattelluttu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vattelluttu">vattelluttu</a> e o <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grantha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grantha">grantha</a>.<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="pt" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Índice</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Hist%C3%B3ria">1 História</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#T%C3%A2mil_antigo">1.1 Tâmil antigo</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#T%C3%A2mil_m%C3%A9dio">1.2 Tâmil médio</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#T%C3%A2mil_moderno">1.3 Tâmil moderno</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Fonologia">2 Fonologia</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Vogais">2.1 Vogais</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Consoantes">2.2 Consoantes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#S%C3%A2ndi">2.3 Sândi</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Escrita">3 Escrita</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Consoantes_2">3.1 Consoantes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Vogais_2">3.2 Vogais</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Forma_composta">3.3 Forma composta</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Gram%C3%A1tica">4 Gramática</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Pronomes">4.1 Pronomes</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Forma_genitiva/obl%C3%ADqua_e_dativa">4.1.1 Forma genitiva/oblíqua e dativa</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Pronome_reflexivo">4.1.2 Pronome reflexivo</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Substantivos">4.2 Substantivos</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Casos">4.2.1 Casos</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-19"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Caso_nominativo">4.2.1.1 Caso nominativo</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-20"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Caso_dativo">4.2.1.2 Caso dativo</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-21"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Caso_acusativo">4.2.1.3 Caso acusativo</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-22"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Caso_locativo">4.2.1.4 Caso locativo</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-23"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Caso_ablativo">4.2.1.5 Caso ablativo</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-24"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Caso_associativo">4.2.1.6 Caso associativo</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-25"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Caso_instrumental">4.2.1.7 Caso instrumental</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Adjetivos">4.3 Adjetivos</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-27"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Compara%C3%A7%C3%A3o">4.3.1 Comparação</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-28"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Superlativo">4.3.2 Superlativo</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Verbos">4.4 Verbos</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-30"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Indicativo">4.4.1 Indicativo</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-31"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Optativo">4.4.2 Optativo</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-32"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Imperativo">4.4.3 Imperativo</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-33"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Causativo">4.4.4 Causativo</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-34"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Reportativo">4.4.5 Reportativo</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Vocabul%C3%A1rio">5 Vocabulário</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#N%C3%BAmeros">5.1 Números</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Corpo">5.2 Corpo</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Exemplo">6 Exemplo</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Refer%C3%AAncias">7 Referências</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-39"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Liga%C3%A7%C3%B5es_externas">8 Ligações externas</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <h2 id="História">História</h2> <a role="button" href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar secção: História" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editar </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> O tâmil tem registros datando do século V a.C. O Tolkāppiyam, primeira obra literária da língua, datada entre os séculos III a.C. e III d.C., também é conhecido pela historiografia como um dos mais antigos estudos de <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gram%C3%A1tica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gramática">gramática</a>,<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12">[12]</a> nesta obra aparece pela primeira vez o nome da língua, cujo significado foi entendido por estudiosos da língua como Franklin Southworth e Kamil Zvelebil por algo como 'sua própria língua'.<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Autores como S. V. Subramanian, por outro lado, entendem o termo como significando 'som doce', o que é aproximado pelo léxico tâmil da <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universidade_de_Madras?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Universidade de Madras">Universidade de Madras</a>, que define a palavra como 'doçura'.<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Convencionalmente, a história da língua é dividida em três épocas: antiga, média e moderna. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Tâmil_antigo">Tâmil antigo</h3> <a role="button" href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar secção: Tâmil antigo" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editar </a> </div> O tâmil antigo, a forma mais antiga registrada da língua, estima-se ter emergido caracteristicamente de uma <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protol%C3%ADngua?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Protolíngua">protolíngua</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADnguas_drav%C3%ADdicas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Línguas dravídicas">dravídica</a> do sul da <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%8Dndia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Índia">Índia</a> por volta do século III a.C. Desta língua originaram-se todas as outras grandes línguas dravídicas, com exceção de <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brami?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Brami">brami</a> e <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kurux?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurux">kurux</a>, e teria se originado da <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_proto-drav%C3%ADdica&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Língua proto-dravídica (página não existe)">língua proto-dravídica</a>, falada no milênio III a.C.na <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Foz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Foz">foz</a> do <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rio_Godavari?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rio Godavari">rio Godavari</a>, por volta do II milênio a.C.Os textos deste período são escritos em uma variedade da <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Escrita_brami?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Escrita brami">escrita brami</a> e a princípio se limitavam a inscrições em cavernas e em <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cer%C3%A2mica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cerâmica">cerâmica</a>, estas sendo datadas a partir do século V a.C. O Tolkāppiyam é o primeiro texto longo na língua tâmil. Muitos poemas, datados entre os séculos I e V, também foram preservados.<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-17">[17]</a> O alfabeto <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vattelluttu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vattelluttu">vattelluttu</a> começa a tomar o espaço do brami no século VI, marcando a transição para o tâmil médio, na mesma época em que surgem o alfabeto <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grantha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grantha">grantha</a>, posteriormente simplificado pelo <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_Palava?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Império Palava">Império Palava</a>, em forma como é frequentemente chamado alfabeto pallava. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Tâmil_médio">Tâmil médio</h3> <a role="button" href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar secção: Tâmil médio" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editar </a> </div> Acredita-se que a transição para o tâmil médio tenha estado completa por volta do século VIII. Inovações como o <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Presente_(lingu%C3%ADstica)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Presente (linguística)">tempo presente</a>, a coalescência de <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Consoante_nasal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Consoante nasal">nasais</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Consoante_alveolar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Consoante alveolar">alveolares</a> e <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Consoante_dental?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Consoante dental">dentais</a> e o desaparecimento do aytam são características deste período. O alfabeto pallava e o vattelluttu eram os mais utilizados, com o kolezhuthu também adquirindo certa relevância. Pertence a este período o Nannul, gramática tâmil até hoje usada como referência padrão.<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Esta variante se tornaria a <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_malaiala?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Língua malaiala">língua malaiala</a> na região de <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Querala?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Querala">Querala</a> por volta do século XIV, caracterizando-se como o tâmil moderno por volta do século XVII em <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/T%C3%A2mil_Nadu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tâmil Nadu">Tâmil Nadu</a> e <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seri_Lanca?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Seri Lanca">Seri Lanca</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Tâmil_moderno">Tâmil moderno</h3> <a role="button" href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar secção: Tâmil moderno" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editar </a> </div> Embora o tâmil formal tenha uma gramática razoavelmente estática a partir da codificação do Nannul no século XIII, a língua tâmil hoje possui particularidades fonológicas claras, algumas transformações de algumas formas gramaticais neste período e, sobretudo, uma linguagem coloquial distanciada deste antigo padrão. O alfabeto <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grantha?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grantha">grantha</a> sobrevive ativamente até o século XX, quando se completa sua substituição pelo <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alfabeto_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alfabeto tâmil">alfabeto tâmil</a>. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <h2 id="Fonologia">Fonologia</h2> <a role="button" href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar secção: Fonologia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editar </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Vogais">Vogais</h3> <a role="button" href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar secção: Vogais" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editar </a> </div> As <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vogal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vogal">vogais</a> são classificadas em curtas e longas (cinco de cada) e dois <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ditongo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ditongo">ditongos</a>. As vogais longas têm o dobro de duração em comparação com as vogais curtas. Os ditongos são uma vez e meia mais longos que as vogais curtas, embora os gramáticos os coloquem junto às vogais longas. /<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vogal_posterior_fechada_n%C3%A3o-arredondada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vogal posterior fechada não-arredondada">ɯ</a>/ é <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alofonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alofonia">alofone</a> de /<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vogal_posterior_fechada_arredondada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vogal posterior fechada arredondada">u</a>/ no final de palavras. <table class="wikitable"> <caption> Vogais do tâmil<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-19">[19]</a> </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th></th> <th colspan="3">Curta</th> <th colspan="3">Longa</th> </tr> <tr> <th></th> <th><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vogal_anterior?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vogal anterior">Anterior</a></th> <th><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vogal_central?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vogal central">Central</a></th> <th><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vogal_posterior?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vogal posterior">Posterior</a></th> <th>Anterior</th> <th>Central</th> <th>Posterior</th> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vogal_fechada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vogal fechada">Fechada</a></th> <td><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vogal_anterior_fechada_n%C3%A3o-arredondada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vogal anterior fechada não-arredondada">i</a> இ</td> <td></td> <td><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vogal_posterior_fechada_arredondada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vogal posterior fechada arredondada">u</a>/<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vogal_posterior_fechada_n%C3%A3o-arredondada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vogal posterior fechada não-arredondada">ɯ</a> உ</td> <td><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vogal_anterior_fechada_n%C3%A3o-arredondada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vogal anterior fechada não-arredondada">iː</a> ஈ</td> <td></td> <td><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vogal_posterior_fechada_arredondada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vogal posterior fechada arredondada">uː</a> ஊ</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vogal_m%C3%A9dia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vogal média">Média</a></th> <td><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vogal_anterior_semifechada_n%C3%A3o-arredondada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vogal anterior semifechada não-arredondada">e</a> எ</td> <td></td> <td><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vogal_posterior_semifechada_arredondada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vogal posterior semifechada arredondada">o</a> ஒ</td> <td><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vogal_anterior_semifechada_n%C3%A3o-arredondada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vogal anterior semifechada não-arredondada">eː</a> ஏ</td> <td></td> <td><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vogal_posterior_semifechada_arredondada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vogal posterior semifechada arredondada">oː</a> ஓ</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vogal_aberta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vogal aberta">Aberta</a></th> <td></td> <td><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vogal_anterior_aberta_n%C3%A3o-arredondada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vogal anterior aberta não-arredondada">a</a> அ</td> <td></td> <td>(aɪ̯) ஐ</td> <td><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vogal_anterior_aberta_n%C3%A3o-arredondada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vogal anterior aberta não-arredondada">aː</a> ஆ</td> <td>(aʊ̯) ஒள</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Consoantes">Consoantes</h3> <a role="button" href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar secção: Consoantes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editar </a> </div> A língua tâmil restringe <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Encontro_consonantal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Encontro consonantal">encontros consonantais</a>. Existem regras bem definidas para o vozeamento de plosivas na forma escrita do tâmil. Plosivas são desvozeadas quando no começo de palavras, em encontros consonantais com outra plosiva e quando geminadas; são vozeadas noutras posições. <table class="wikitable"> <caption> Consoantes do tâmil<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:0-19">[19]</a> </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th></th> <th><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Consoante_labial?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Consoante labial">Labial</a></th> <th><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Consoante_dental?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Consoante dental">Dental</a></th> <th><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Consoante_alveolar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Consoante alveolar">Alveolar</a></th> <th><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Consoante_retroflexa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Consoante retroflexa">Retroflexa</a></th> <th><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Consoante_alv%C3%A9olo-palatal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Consoante alvéolo-palatal">Alvéolo-palatal</a></th> <th><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Consoante_velar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Consoante velar">Velar</a></th> <th><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Consoante_glotal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Consoante glotal">Glotal</a></th> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Consoante_nasal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Consoante nasal">Nasal</a></th> <td><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nasal_bilabial?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nasal bilabial">m</a> ம்</td> <td><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nasal_dental?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nasal dental">n̪</a> ந்</td> <td><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nasal_alveolar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nasal alveolar">n</a> ன்</td> <td><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nasal_retroflexa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nasal retroflexa">ɳ</a> ண்</td> <td><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nasal_palatal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nasal palatal">ɲ</a> ஞ்</td> <td>(<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nasal_velar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nasal velar">ŋ</a>) ங்</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Consoante_oclusiva?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Consoante oclusiva">Plosiva</a></th> <td><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oclusiva_bilabial_surda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oclusiva bilabial surda">p</a> ப் (<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oclusiva_bilabial_sonora?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oclusiva bilabial sonora">b</a>)</td> <td><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oclusiva_dental_surda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oclusiva dental surda">t̪</a> த் (<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oclusiva_dental_sonora?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oclusiva dental sonora">d̪</a>)</td> <td>tːr ற்ற</td> <td><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oclusiva_retroflexa_surda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oclusiva retroflexa surda">ʈ</a> ட் (<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oclusiva_retroflexa_sonora?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oclusiva retroflexa sonora">ɖ</a>)</td> <td></td> <td><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oclusiva_velar_surda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oclusiva velar surda">k</a> க் (<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oclusiva_velar_sonora?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oclusiva velar sonora">ɡ</a>)</td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Consoante_africada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Consoante africada">Africada</a></th> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Africada_alveolopalatal_surda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Africada alveolopalatal surda">t͡ɕ</a><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-20">[a]</a> ச்</td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Consoante_fricativa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Consoante fricativa">Fricativa</a></th> <td><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fricativa_labiodental_surda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fricativa labiodental surda">f</a><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-n3-21">[b]</a></td> <td><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fricativa_sibilante_alveolar_surda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricativa sibilante alveolar surda">s</a><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-n2-22">[c]</a> ஸ் (<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fricativa_sibilante_alveolar_sonora?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricativa sibilante alveolar sonora">z</a>)<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-n3-21">[b]</a></td> <td></td> <td><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fricativa_sibilante_retroflexa_surda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fricativa sibilante retroflexa surda">ʂ</a><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-n3-21">[b]</a> ஷ்</td> <td><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fricativa_sibilante_alveolopalatal_surda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fricativa sibilante alveolopalatal surda">ɕ</a><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-n2-22">[c]</a> ஶ்</td> <td><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fricativa_velar_surda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fricativa velar surda">x</a><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-n4-23">[d]</a></td> <td><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fricativa_glotal_sonora?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricativa glotal sonora">ɦ</a><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-n4-23">[d]</a> ஹ்</td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Consoante_vibrante_simples?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Consoante vibrante simples">Tepe</a></th> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vibrante_simples_alveolar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vibrante simples alveolar">ɾ</a> ர்</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Consoante_vibrante?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Consoante vibrante">Vibrante</a></th> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vibrante_m%C3%BAltipla_alveolar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vibrante múltipla alveolar">r</a> ற்</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Consoante_aproximante?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Consoante aproximante">Aproximante</a></th> <td><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aproximante_labiodental?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aproximante labiodental">ʋ</a> வ்</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aproximante_retroflexa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aproximante retroflexa">ɻ</a> ழ்</td> <td><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aproximante_palatal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aproximante palatal">j</a> ய்</td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> <tr> <th>Aproximante <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Consoante_lateral?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Consoante lateral">lateral</a></th> <td></td> <td></td> <td><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aproximante_lateral_alveolar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aproximante lateral alveolar">l</a> ல்</td> <td><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aproximante_lateral_retroflexa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aproximante lateral retroflexa">ɭ</a> ள்</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-20">↑</a> /<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Africada_alveolopalatal_surda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Africada alveolopalatal surda">t͡ɕ</a>/ é pronunciado como [<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fricativa_sibilante_alveolar_surda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricativa sibilante alveolar surda">s</a>] no meio das palavras.</li> <li id="cite_note-n3-21">↑ <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-n3_21-0">a</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-n3_21-1">b</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-n3_21-2">c</a> /<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fricativa_labiodental_surda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fricativa labiodental surda">f</a>/, /<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fricativa_sibilante_alveolar_sonora?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricativa sibilante alveolar sonora">z</a>/ e /<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fricativa_sibilante_retroflexa_surda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fricativa sibilante retroflexa surda">ʂ</a>/ são encontrados apenas em palavras estrangeiras e são frequentemente substituídos por sons nativos.</li> <li id="cite_note-n2-22">↑ <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-n2_22-0">a</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-n2_22-1">b</a> [<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fricativa_sibilante_alveolar_surda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricativa sibilante alveolar surda">s</a>] e [<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fricativa_sibilante_alveolopalatal_surda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fricativa sibilante alveolopalatal surda">ɕ</a>] são alofones de /<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Africada_alveolopalatal_surda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Africada alveolopalatal surda">t͡ɕ</a>/ inicial em alguns dialetos.</li> <li id="cite_note-n4-23">↑ <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-n4_23-0">a</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-n4_23-1">b</a> [<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fricativa_glotal_sonora?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricativa glotal sonora">ɦ</a>] e [<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fricativa_velar_surda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fricativa velar surda">x</a>] são alofones de <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oclusiva_velar_surda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oclusiva velar surda">k</a> em alguns dialetos.</li> </ol> </div> </div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> Plosivas alofônicas em tâmil </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th>Local</th> <th>Início</th> <th>Geminada</th> <th>Meio</th> <th>Pós-nasal</th> </tr> <tr> <th>Velar</th> <td>k</td> <td>kː</td> <td>x~g</td> <td>ɡ</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Palatal</th> <td>tɕ~s</td> <td>tːɕ</td> <td>s</td> <td>dʑ</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Retroflexa</th> <td>—</td> <td>ʈː</td> <td>ɖ~ɽ</td> <td>ɖ</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Alveolar</th> <td>—</td> <td>tːr</td> <td>r</td> <td>(d)r</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Dental</th> <td>t̪</td> <td>t̪ː</td> <td>d̪~ð</td> <td>d̪</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Labial</th> <td>p</td> <td>pː</td> <td>b~β</td> <td>b</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Sândi">Sândi</h3> <a role="button" href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar secção: Sândi" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editar </a> </div> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%A2ndi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sândi">Sândi</a> (chamado de puṅarci em tâmil) é o termo para mudanças sonoras que ocorrem quando dois <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Morfema?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Morfema">morfemas</a> ou palavras se encontram. Ocorre inserindo -y- quando seguindo vogais frontais (exceto ai em tâmil falado) e -v- quando posteriores (exceto au e ō em tâmil falado):<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-24">[20]</a> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>tī</td> <td>ā</td> </tr> <tr> <td>fogo</td> <td><abbr title="interrogativo">INT</abbr></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">tīyā 'fogo?'</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>yāne</td> <td>ā</td> </tr> <tr> <td>elefante</td> <td><abbr title="interrogativo">INT</abbr></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">yāneyā 'um elefante?'</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>pū</td> <td>ā</td> </tr> <tr> <td>flor</td> <td><abbr title="interrogativo">INT</abbr></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">pūvā 'uma flor?'</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>viḻā</td> <td>ā</td> </tr> <tr> <td>flor</td> <td><abbr title="interrogativo">INT</abbr></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">viḻāvā 'um festival?'</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <h2 id="Escrita">Escrita</h2> <a role="button" href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar secção: Escrita" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editar </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Consoantes_2">Consoantes</h3> <a role="button" href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar secção: Consoantes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editar </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ficheiro:History_of_Tamil_script.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/History_of_Tamil_script.jpg/220px-History_of_Tamil_script.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="942" data-file-height="656"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 153px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/History_of_Tamil_script.jpg/220px-History_of_Tamil_script.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="153" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/History_of_Tamil_script.jpg/330px-History_of_Tamil_script.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/History_of_Tamil_script.jpg/440px-History_of_Tamil_script.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Evolução da escrita tâmil entre os séculos III a.C. e III d.C. </figcaption> </figure> As letras em tâmil que representam as <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Consoante?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Consoante">consoantes</a> são conhecidas como meyyeḻuttu ('letras do corpo'). Na descrição gramatical tradicional do tâmil, as consoantes (mei) são classificadas em três categorias com seis em cada: vallinam ('duras'), mellinam ('suaves' ou nasais) e idayinam ('médias').<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-25">[21]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="3">vallinam</th> <th colspan="3">mellinam</th> <th colspan="3">idayinam</th> </tr> <tr> <th>Consoante</th> <th>ISO 15919</th> <th>IPA</th> <th>Consoante</th> <th>ISO 15919</th> <th>IPA</th> <th>Consoante</th> <th>ISO 15919</th> <th>IPA</th> </tr> <tr> <td>க்</td> <td>k</td> <td>[<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oclusiva_velar_surda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oclusiva velar surda">k</a>], [<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oclusiva_velar_sonora?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oclusiva velar sonora">ɡ</a>], [<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fricativa_velar_surda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fricativa velar surda">x</a>], [<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fricativa_velar_sonora?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fricativa velar sonora">ɣ</a>], [<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fricativa_glotal_sonora?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricativa glotal sonora">ɦ</a>]</td> <td>ங்</td> <td>ṅ</td> <td>[<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nasal_velar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nasal velar">ŋ</a>]</td> <td>ய்</td> <td>y</td> <td>[<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aproximante_palatal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aproximante palatal">j</a>]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>ச்</td> <td>c</td> <td>[<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Africada_alveolopalatal_surda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Africada alveolopalatal surda">t͡ɕ</a>], [<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Africada_alveolopalatal_sonora?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Africada alveolopalatal sonora">d͡ʑ</a>], [<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fricativa_sibilante_alveolar_surda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricativa sibilante alveolar surda">s</a>], [<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fricativa_sibilante_alveolopalatal_surda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fricativa sibilante alveolopalatal surda">ɕ</a>]</td> <td>ஞ்</td> <td>ñ</td> <td>[<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nasal_palatal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nasal palatal">ɲ</a>]</td> <td>ர்</td> <td>r</td> <td>[<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vibrante_simples_alveolar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vibrante simples alveolar">ɾ</a>]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>ட்</td> <td>ṭ</td> <td>[<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oclusiva_retroflexa_surda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oclusiva retroflexa surda">ʈ</a>], [<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oclusiva_retroflexa_sonora?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oclusiva retroflexa sonora">ɖ</a>], [<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vibrante_simples_retroflexa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vibrante simples retroflexa">ɽ</a>]</td> <td>ண்</td> <td>ṇ</td> <td>[<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nasal_retroflexa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nasal retroflexa">ɳ</a>]</td> <td>ல்</td> <td>l</td> <td>[<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aproximante_lateral_alveolar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aproximante lateral alveolar">l</a>]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>த்</td> <td>t</td> <td>[<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oclusiva_dental_surda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oclusiva dental surda">t̪</a>], [<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oclusiva_dental_sonora?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oclusiva dental sonora">d̪</a>], [<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fricativa_dental_sonora?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fricativa dental sonora">ð</a>]</td> <td>ந்</td> <td>n</td> <td>[<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nasal_dental?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nasal dental">n̪</a>]</td> <td>வ்</td> <td>v</td> <td>[<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aproximante_labiodental?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aproximante labiodental">ʋ</a>]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>ப்</td> <td>p</td> <td>[<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oclusiva_bilabial_surda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oclusiva bilabial surda">p</a>], [<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oclusiva_bilabial_sonora?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oclusiva bilabial sonora">b</a>], [<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fricativa_bilabial_sonora?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fricativa bilabial sonora">β</a>], [<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fricativa_bilabial_surda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fricativa bilabial surda">ɸ</a>]</td> <td>ம்</td> <td>m</td> <td>[<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nasal_bilabial?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nasal bilabial">m</a>]</td> <td>ழ்</td> <td>ḻ</td> <td>[<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aproximante_retroflexa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aproximante retroflexa">ɻ</a>]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>ற்</td> <td>ṟ</td> <td>[<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vibrante_m%C3%BAltipla_alveolar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vibrante múltipla alveolar">r</a>], [<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oclusiva_alveolar_surda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oclusiva alveolar surda">t</a>], [<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Oclusiva_alveolar_sonora?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oclusiva alveolar sonora">d</a>]</td> <td>ன்</td> <td>ṉ</td> <td>[<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nasal_alveolar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nasal alveolar">n</a>]</td> <td>ள்</td> <td>ḷ</td> <td>[<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aproximante_lateral_retroflexa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aproximante lateral retroflexa">ɭ</a>]</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Vogais_2">Vogais</h3> <a role="button" href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar secção: Vogais" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editar </a> </div> Em tâmil, os glifos usados para representar as vogais são chamados de uyireḻuttu ('letra da vida'), e funcionam como diacríticos ou modificadores dos meyyeḻuttu. As vogais são divididas em curtas e longas (cinco de cada), além de dois ditongos. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody> <tr> <th>Independente</th> <th>Sinal da vogal</th> <th>ISO 15919</th> <th>IPA</th> <th>Independente</th> <th>Sinal da vogal</th> <th>ISO 15919</th> <th>IPA</th> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="4">Vogais curtas</th> <th colspan="4">Vogais longas</th> </tr> <tr> <td>அ</td> <td>N/A</td> <td>a</td> <td>[<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vogal_posterior_semiaberta_n%C3%A3o-arredondada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vogal posterior semiaberta não-arredondada">ʌ</a>]</td> <td>ஆ</td> <td>ா</td> <td>ā</td> <td>[<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vogal_anterior_aberta_n%C3%A3o-arredondada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vogal anterior aberta não-arredondada">aː</a>]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>இ</td> <td>ி</td> <td>i</td> <td>[<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vogal_anterior_fechada_n%C3%A3o-arredondada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vogal anterior fechada não-arredondada">i</a>]</td> <td>ஈ</td> <td>ீ</td> <td>ī</td> <td>[<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vogal_anterior_fechada_n%C3%A3o-arredondada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vogal anterior fechada não-arredondada">iː</a>]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>உ</td> <td>ு</td> <td>u</td> <td>[<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vogal_posterior_fechada_arredondada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vogal posterior fechada arredondada">u</a>], [<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vogal_posterior_fechada_n%C3%A3o-arredondada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vogal posterior fechada não-arredondada">ɯ</a>]</td> <td>ஊ</td> <td>ூ</td> <td>ū</td> <td>[<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vogal_posterior_fechada_arredondada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vogal posterior fechada arredondada">uː</a>]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>எ</td> <td>ெ</td> <td>e</td> <td>[<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vogal_anterior_semifechada_n%C3%A3o-arredondada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vogal anterior semifechada não-arredondada">e</a>]</td> <td>ஏ</td> <td>ே</td> <td>ē</td> <td>[<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vogal_anterior_semifechada_n%C3%A3o-arredondada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vogal anterior semifechada não-arredondada">eː</a>]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>ஒ</td> <td>ொ</td> <td>o</td> <td>[<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vogal_posterior_semifechada_arredondada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vogal posterior semifechada arredondada">o</a>]</td> <td>ஓ</td> <td>ோ</td> <td>ō</td> <td>[<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vogal_posterior_semifechada_arredondada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vogal posterior semifechada arredondada">oː</a>]</td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="8">Ditongos</th> </tr> <tr> <td>ஐ</td> <td>ை</td> <td>ai</td> <td>[aɪ]</td> <td>ஔ</td> <td>ௌ</td> <td>au</td> <td>[aʊ]</td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="8">Outras</th> </tr> <tr> <td>அஂ</td> <td>ஂ</td> <td>aṁ</td> <td>[ã]</td> <td>ஃ</td> <td>-</td> <td>aḵ</td> <td>[<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fricativa_velar_surda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fricativa velar surda">x</a>]</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Forma_composta">Forma composta</h3> <a role="button" href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar secção: Forma composta" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editar </a> </div> Como a escrita tâmil é um <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Abugida?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Abugida">abugida</a>, uma sequência consoante-vogal é representada apenas como uma unidade. Usando a consoante 'k' como exemplo: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody> <tr> <th>Formação</th> <th>Forma composta</th> <th>ISO 15919</th> <th>IPA</th> </tr> <tr> <td>க் + அ</td> <td>க</td> <td>ka</td> <td>[ka]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>க் + ஆ</td> <td>கா</td> <td>kā</td> <td>[kaː]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>க் + இ</td> <td>கி</td> <td>ki</td> <td>[ki]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>க் + ஈ</td> <td>கீ</td> <td>kī</td> <td>[kiː]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>க் + உ</td> <td>கு</td> <td>ku</td> <td>[ku], [kɯ]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>க் + ஊ</td> <td>கூ</td> <td>kū</td> <td>[kuː]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>க் + எ</td> <td>கெ</td> <td>ke</td> <td>[ke]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>க் + ஏ</td> <td>கே</td> <td>kē</td> <td>[keː]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>க் + ஐ</td> <td>கை</td> <td>kai</td> <td>[kaɪ]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>க் + ஒ</td> <td>கொ</td> <td>ko</td> <td>[ko]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>க் + ஓ</td> <td>கோ</td> <td>kō</td> <td>[koː]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>க் + ஔ</td> <td>கௌ</td> <td>kau</td> <td>[kaʊ]</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <h2 id="Gramática">Gramática</h2> <a role="button" href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar secção: Gramática" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editar </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> Enquanto o português é uma língua de ordem <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sujeito-Verbo-Objeto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sujeito-Verbo-Objeto">SVO</a>, Tâmil é considerada uma língua de ordem <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sujeito-Objeto-Verbo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sujeito-Objeto-Verbo">SOV</a>, por exemplo, a sentença em português "a raposa comeu a framboesa" seria "a raposa a framboesa comeu" em tâmil. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Pronomes">Pronomes</h3> <a role="button" href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar secção: Pronomes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editar </a> </div> O tâmil tem pronomes honoríficos (que indicam deferência ou respeito), realiza a <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Distin%C3%A7%C3%A3o_t-v?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Distinção t-v">distinção t-v</a> e tem <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inclusividade_(lingu%C3%ADstica)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclusividade (linguística)">inclusividade</a>: distingue entre 'nós' exclusivo (não inclui o interlocutor) e 'nós' inclusivo (inclui o interlocutor). O modo formal da segunda pessoa do singular é idêntica à forma da segunda pessoa do plural, nīnga(ḷ). Os pronomes pessoais (nominativos) são: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody> <tr> <th>Pessoa</th> <th>Singular</th> <th>Pronome</th> <th>Sufixo</th> </tr> <tr> <td>I</td> <td></td> <td>nān</td> <td>-ēn</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">II</td> <td>informal</td> <td>nī</td> <td>-ē</td> </tr> <tr> <td>formal</td> <td>nīnga(ḷ)</td> <td>-īnga(ḷ)</td> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5">III</td> <td>masculino</td> <td>avan</td> <td>-ān</td> </tr> <tr> <td>feminino</td> <td>ava(ḷ)</td> <td>-ā(ḷ)</td> </tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="masculino honorífico">masc hon</abbr></td> <td>avaru</td> <td>-āru</td> </tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="feminino honorífico">fem hon</abbr></td> <td>avanga(ḷ)</td> <td>-ānka(ḷ)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>neutro</td> <td>idu/adu</td> <td>adu</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Pessoa</th> <th>Plural</th> <th>Pronome</th> <th>Sufixo</th> </tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">I</td> <td>exclusivo</td> <td>nānga(ḷ)</td> <td rowspan="2">-ōm</td> </tr> <tr> <td>inclusivo</td> <td>nāma</td> </tr> <tr> <td>II</td> <td></td> <td>nīnga(ḷ)</td> <td>-īnga(ḷ)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>III</td> <td></td> <td>avanga(ḷ)</td> <td>-ānka(ḷ)</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> As consoantes em parênteses são deletadas quando no final da palavra (p.ex. ava pōrā 'ela vai'), mas estão presentes se sufixos são adicionados (p.ex. avaḷukku 'a ela' ou ava pōrāḷā? 'ela vai?'). A forma de <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sufixo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sufixo">sufixo</a> dos pronomes são usadas no final da raiz de verbos para indicar pessoa e número do sujeito.<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-24">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Forma_genitiva/oblíqua_e_dativa">Forma genitiva/oblíqua e dativa</h4> <a role="button" href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar secção: Forma genitiva/oblíqua e dativa" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editar </a> </div> As formas possessiva e oblíqua dos pronomes diferem das formas no <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caso_nominativo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caso nominativo">nominativo</a> na primeira e segunda pessoas. A forma dativa dos pronomes da primeira e segunda pessoas do singular usam -akku ao invés de -ukku, que seria o normal para substantivos e pronomes da terceira pessoa.<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-24">[20]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody> <tr> <th>Pessoa</th> <th>Pronome</th> <th>Gen./Oblíquo</th> <th>Dativo</th> </tr> <tr> <td>1 <abbr title="singular">sg</abbr></td> <td>nān</td> <td>en</td> <td>enakku</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2 <abbr title="singular">sg</abbr></td> <td>nī</td> <td>on</td> <td>onakku</td> </tr> <tr> <td>3 <abbr title="masculino">m</abbr></td> <td>avan</td> <td>avan</td> <td>avanukku</td> </tr> <tr> <td>3 <abbr title="feminino">f</abbr></td> <td>ava(ḷ)</td> <td>ava(ḷ)</td> <td>avaḷukku</td> </tr> <tr> <td>3 <abbr title="masculino">m</abbr> <abbr title="honorífico">hon</abbr></td> <td>avaru</td> <td>avar</td> <td>avarukku</td> </tr> <tr> <td>3 <abbr title="feminino">f</abbr> <abbr title="honorífico">hon</abbr></td> <td>avanga(ḷ)</td> <td>avanga(ḷ)</td> <td>avangaḷukku</td> </tr> <tr> <td>3 <abbr title="neutro">n</abbr></td> <td>idu/adu</td> <td>idu/adu</td> <td>idukku/adukku</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1 <abbr title="plural">pl</abbr> <abbr title="exclusivo">excl</abbr></td> <td>nānga(ḷ)</td> <td>enga(ḷ)</td> <td>engaḷukku</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1 <abbr title="plural">pl</abbr> <abbr title="inclusivo">incl</abbr></td> <td>nāma</td> <td>namma</td> <td>namakku</td> </tr> <tr> <td>2 <abbr title="plural">pl</abbr></td> <td>nīnga(ḷ)</td> <td>onga(ḷ)</td> <td>ongaḷukku</td> </tr> <tr> <td>3 <abbr title="plural">pl</abbr></td> <td>avangaḷ</td> <td>avangal</td> <td>avangaḷukku</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Pronome_reflexivo">Pronome reflexivo</h4> <a role="button" href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar secção: Pronome reflexivo" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editar </a> </div> No tâmil literário, há o pronome reflexivo tān que refere ao sujeito da sentença e é frequentemente usado para ênfase:<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-24">[20]</a> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>nān</td> <td>tān</td> <td>vandēn</td> </tr> <tr> <td>eu</td> <td>se</td> <td>vim</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">'eu mesmo cheguei; apenas eu vim'</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Vários dialetos do tâmil não usam este pronome (senão como marcador enfático), usando pronomes da terceira pessoa em seu lugar. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Substantivos">Substantivos</h3> <a role="button" href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&section=17&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar secção: Substantivos" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editar </a> </div> Os <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Substantivo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Substantivo">substantivos</a> em tâmil têm dois <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/G%C3%AAnero_gramatical?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gênero gramatical">gêneros</a>, masculino e feminino, e dois números, singular e plural. O sufixo plural, -kaḷ, é inserido após a raiz do verbo e antes do sufixo de caso, se houver.<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:3-26">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Casos">Casos</h4> <a role="button" href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&section=18&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar secção: Casos" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editar </a> </div> Os substantivos em tâmil têm sete <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caso_gramatical?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caso gramatical">casos gramaticais</a>: <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caso_nominativo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caso nominativo">nominativo</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caso_dativo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caso dativo">dativo</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caso_acusativo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caso acusativo">acusativo</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caso_locativo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caso locativo">locativo</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caso_ablativo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caso ablativo">ablativo</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Caso_associativo&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Caso associativo (página não existe)">associativo</a> e <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caso_instrumental?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caso instrumental">instrumental</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"> <h5 id="Caso_nominativo">Caso nominativo</h5> <a role="button" href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&section=19&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar secção: Caso nominativo" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editar </a> </div> O <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caso_nominativo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caso nominativo">caso nominativo</a> marca o sujeito do verbo. Em tâmil, verbos no nominativo não recebem sufixos. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"> <h5 id="Caso_dativo">Caso dativo</h5> <a role="button" href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&section=20&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar secção: Caso dativo" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editar </a> </div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Ver também: <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caso_dativo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caso dativo">Caso dativo</a> </div> Usado quando o verbo expressa movimento para o seu objeto; indica o <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Objeto_indireto?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Objeto indireto">objeto indireto</a> ou posse (absorve o papel de <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caso_genitivo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caso genitivo">genitivo</a>). É usado com certos verbos estativos ou <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Verbo_defectivo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Verbo defectivo">defectivos</a> para indicar o sujeito.<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-24">[20]</a> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>en-akku</td> <td>paṇam</td> <td>irukku</td> </tr> <tr> <td>para-mim</td> <td>dinheiro</td> <td>está (em algum lugar)</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">'Eu tenho dinheiro'</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>ongaḷukku</td> <td>avare</td> <td>teriyumā?</td> </tr> <tr> <td>a-você</td> <td>o</td> <td>conhecido?</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">'Você o conhece?'</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>avarukku</td> <td>tamiḷ</td> <td>teriyādu</td> </tr> <tr> <td>para-ele</td> <td>tâmil</td> <td>não-conhecido</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">'Ele não sabe tâmil'</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"> <h5 id="Caso_acusativo">Caso acusativo</h5> <a role="button" href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&section=21&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar secção: Caso acusativo" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editar </a> </div> O <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caso_acusativo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caso acusativo">caso acusativo</a> marca o substantivo como 'objeto' ou 'paciente' de alguma ação. O marcador acusativo é -e. Substantivos inanimados não são normalmente marcados a não ser que o falante queira indicar algo específico ou definido.<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-24">[20]</a> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>maratte</td> <td>pāttēn</td> </tr> <tr> <td>árvore-<abbr title="acusativo">ACC</abbr></td> <td>ver-<abbr title="primeira pessoa do singular (eu)">1.SG</abbr></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">vi a árvore</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>vīṭṭe</td> <td>pāttēn</td> </tr> <tr> <td>casa-<abbr title="acusativo">ACC</abbr></td> <td>ver-<abbr title="primeira pessoa do singular (eu)">1.SG</abbr></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">vi a casa</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>avare</td> <td>pāttēn</td> </tr> <tr> <td>ele-<abbr title="acusativo">ACC</abbr></td> <td>ver-<abbr title="primeira pessoa do singular (eu)">1.SG</abbr></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">eu o vi</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"> <h5 id="Caso_locativo">Caso locativo</h5> <a role="button" href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&section=22&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar secção: Caso locativo" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editar </a> </div> O <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caso_locativo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caso locativo">caso locativo</a> é usado para expressar 'localização', 'ausência de movimento' e, às vezes, 'meio de transporte' (p.ex. bas-le 'de ônibus'). O marcador locativo é -le para substantivos inanimados (p.ex. maram 'árvore' + -le → marattu-le 'na árvore') e -kiṭṭe para animados (p.ex. nari 'raposa' + kiṭṭe → nari-kiṭṭe 'na posse da raposa', nān 'eu' + kiṭṭe → en-kiṭṭe 'eu tenho'). Em substantivos animados, significa 'na posse de'.<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-24">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"> <h5 id="Caso_ablativo">Caso ablativo</h5> <a role="button" href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&section=23&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar secção: Caso ablativo" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editar </a> </div> O <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caso_ablativo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caso ablativo">caso ablativo</a> é usado para expressar movimento para longe de um objeto ou pessoa. Com substantivos animados, a posposição kiṭṭe deve ser usada como base locativa, adicionando -rundu.<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-24">[20]</a> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>madurey</td> <td>le</td> <td>rundu</td> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Madurai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Madurai">Madurai</a></td> <td><abbr title="locativo">LOC</abbr></td> <td><abbr title="ablativo">ABL</abbr></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">madureylerundu 'de Madurai'</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>laybrēriy</td> <td>le</td> <td>rundu</td> </tr> <tr> <td>livraria</td> <td><abbr title="locativo">LOC</abbr></td> <td><abbr title="ablativo">ABL</abbr></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">laybrēriylerundu 'da livraria'</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>rājā</td> <td>kiṭṭe</td> <td>rundu</td> </tr> <tr> <td>rei</td> <td><abbr title="locativo">LOC</abbr></td> <td><abbr title="ablativo">ABL</abbr></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">rājākkiṭṭeyrundu 'do rei'</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>en</td> <td>kiṭṭe</td> <td>rundu</td> </tr> <tr> <td>eu</td> <td><abbr title="locativo">LOC</abbr></td> <td><abbr title="ablativo">ABL</abbr></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">enkiṭṭeyrundu 'de mim'</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"> <h5 id="Caso_associativo">Caso associativo</h5> <a role="button" href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&section=24&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar secção: Caso associativo" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editar </a> </div> O <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Caso_associativo&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Caso associativo (página não existe)">caso associativo</a> expressa acompanhamento social, como 'com' em 'eu fui com ele', mas não como em 'cortei-o com a faca' (este uso seria instrumental). É marcado com -ōḍe ou -ōḍu. Com substantivos animados sempre significa 'associativo', mas com substantivos inanimados -ōḍe pode ser instrumental (p.ex. rikṣāvōḍe 'de <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Riquix%C3%A1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Riquixá">riquixá</a>' ao invés de rikṣāvle) em alguns dialetos.<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-24">[20]</a> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>sneydar</td> <td>ōḍe</td> </tr> <tr> <td>amigo</td> <td><abbr title="associativo">ASS</abbr></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">sneydarōḍe 'com (um) amigo'</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>enga(ḷ)</td> <td>ōḍe</td> </tr> <tr> <td>nosso</td> <td><abbr title="associativo">ASS</abbr></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">engaḷōḍe 'conosco'</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>nari</td> <td>ōḍe</td> </tr> <tr> <td>raposa</td> <td><abbr title="associativo">ASS</abbr></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">nari-y-ōḍe 'com a raposa'</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"> <h5 id="Caso_instrumental">Caso instrumental</h5> <a role="button" href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&section=25&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar secção: Caso instrumental" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editar </a> </div> Expressa a noção de 'modo pelo qual uma ação foi feita'. Varia amplamente entre os dialetos. Para marcar o <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Caso_instrumental?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Caso instrumental">caso instrumental</a>, basicamente usa-se -āle, mas, em alguns dialetos, é usado apenas em pronomes:<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-24">[20]</a> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>adan</td> <td>-āle</td> </tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="terceira pessoa do singular masculino (ele)">3.SG.MASC</abbr></td> <td><abbr title="instrumental">INS</abbr></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">por causa dele</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>onga(ḷ)</td> <td>-āle</td> </tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="segunda pessoa do singular (tu; você)">2.SG</abbr></td> <td><abbr title="instrumental">INS</abbr></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">por causa de você; através da sua intervenção</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Outros dialetos usam -ōḍe, o marcador associativo, com substantivos inanimados para expressar instrumentalidade: rikṣāvōḍe 'de riquixá'. A maior parte dos dialetos usa o locativo -le para expressar 'por meio de' com meios de transporte: <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>bas</td> <td>-le</td> </tr> <tr> <td>ônibus</td> <td><abbr title="locativo">LOC</abbr></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">de ônibus</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>reyille</td> </tr> <tr> <td>trem-<abbr title="locativo">LOC</abbr></td> </tr> <tr> <td>de trem</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Adjetivos">Adjetivos</h3> <a role="button" href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&section=26&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar secção: Adjetivos" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editar </a> </div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"> Ver também: <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adjetivo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Adjetivo">Adjetivo</a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Comparação">Comparação</h4> <a role="button" href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&section=27&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar secção: Comparação" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editar </a> </div> Adjetivos podem ser comparados usando viḍa (infinitivo do verbo viḍu 'sair, deixar'). A regra para construir uma sentença do tipo 'A é maior que B' seria 'B <abbr title="acusativo">ACC</abbr> viḍa A <abbr title="substantivo">SUBS</abbr> + -ā irukku'.<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-24">[20]</a> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>anda</td> <td>vīṭṭe</td> <td>viḍa</td> <td>inda</td> <td>vīḍu</td> <td>perusā</td> <td>irukku</td> </tr> <tr> <td>aquela</td> <td>casa-<abbr title="acusativo">ACC</abbr></td> <td>do-que</td> <td>esta</td> <td>casa</td> <td>grande-<abbr title="advérbio">ADV</abbr></td> <td>ser</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="7">'Esta casa é maior que aquela casa'</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Superlativo">Superlativo</h4> <a role="button" href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&section=28&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar secção: Superlativo" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editar </a> </div> Em tâmil, os superlativos podem ser formados através do uso do caso locativo mais o enfático ē. Por exemplo, 'Esta é a maior casa em (toda) Madurai' seria expresso em tâmil como 'Esta em-toda-Madurai-<abbr title="ênfase">ENF</abbr> grande casa'.<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-24">[20]</a> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>idu</td> <td>madurey-le-yē</td> <td>periya</td> <td>vīḍu</td> </tr> <tr> <td>esta-coisa</td> <td>Madurai-em-<abbr title="ênfase">ENF</abbr></td> <td>grande</td> <td>casa</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="4">'Esta é a maior casa em (toda) Madurai'</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Verbos">Verbos</h3> <a role="button" href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&section=29&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar secção: Verbos" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editar </a> </div> Os verbos são divididos em sete classes, com três <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tempo_verbal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tempo verbal">tempos verbais</a> (presente, passado e futuro), três <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Modo_verbal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modo verbal">modos</a> (<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Modo_indicativo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modo indicativo">indicativo</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Modo_optativo&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Modo optativo (página não existe)">optativo</a> e <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Modo_imperativo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modo imperativo">imperativo</a>) e dois números (<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Singular?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Singular">singular</a> e <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Plural?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Plural">plural</a>).<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:3-26">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Indicativo">Indicativo</h4> <a role="button" href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&section=30&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar secção: Indicativo" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editar </a> </div> Indicativo é o modo verbal que expressa uma certeza, um fato. O primeiro sufixo adicionado após a raiz do verbo marca tempo, seguido pelo sufixo de <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pessoa_gramatical?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pessoa gramatical">pessoa</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/N%C3%BAmero_(gram%C3%A1tica)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Número (gramática)">número</a> e <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/G%C3%AAnero_gramatical?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gênero gramatical">gênero</a>. <table class="wikitable"> <caption> Tempos verbais<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:2-27">[23]</a> </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th>Classe</th> <th>Presente</th> <th>Passado</th> <th>Futuro</th> </tr> <tr> <th>I</th> <td rowspan="6">-kiṟ-</td> <td>-t-</td> <td rowspan="5">-v-</td> </tr> <tr> <th>II</th> <td>-nt-</td> </tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">III</th> <td>-iṉ-</td> </tr> <tr> <td>-i-</td> </tr> <tr> <th>IV</th> <td><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reduplica%C3%A7%C3%A3o?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reduplicação">reduplicação</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th>V</th> <td>-t-</td> <td>-p-</td> </tr> <tr> <th>VI</th> <td rowspan="2">-kkiṟ-</td> <td>-tt-</td> <td rowspan="2">-pp-</td> </tr> <tr> <th>VII</th> <td>-nt-</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> Pessoa, número e gênero<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:2-27">[23]</a> </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th>Pronomes pessoais</th> <th>Sufixo</th> </tr> <tr> <td>nāṉ 'eu'</td> <td>-ēṉ</td> </tr> <tr> <td>nī 'você'</td> <td>-āy</td> </tr> <tr> <td>avaṉ 'ele'</td> <td>-āṉ</td> </tr> <tr> <td>avaḷ 'ela'</td> <td>-āḷ</td> </tr> <tr> <td>atu 'isso'</td> <td>-atu, -tu, -um</td> </tr> <tr> <td>avar 'ele, ela (<abbr title="honorífico">HON</abbr>)'</td> <td>-ār</td> </tr> <tr> <td>nāṅkāḷ, nām 'nós'</td> <td>-ōm</td> </tr> <tr> <td>nīṅkāḷ 'vocês'</td> <td>-īrkaḷ</td> </tr> <tr> <td>avarkaḷ 'eles, elas'</td> <td>-ārkaḷ</td> </tr> <tr> <td>avai 'eles, elas (<abbr title="neutro">N</abbr>)'</td> <td>-ā</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Optativo">Optativo</h4> <a role="button" href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&section=31&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar secção: Optativo" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editar </a> </div> Optativo é o modo gramatical que indica desejo ou pedido. A forma optativa de um verbo é formada através da adição do sufixo -ka (alomorfo -kka nos verbos de classe VI e VII) ou -attum à raiz do verbo.<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:3-26">[22]</a><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:2-27">[23]</a> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>aracaṉ</td> <td>vāḻ-ka</td> </tr> <tr> <td>rei</td> <td>viver-<abbr title="optativo">OPT</abbr></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">o rei pode viver</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>avaṉ-ukku</td> <td>pēṭi</td> <td>eṭu-kka</td> </tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="terceira pessoa do singular masculino (ele)">3.SG.MASC</abbr>-<abbr title="dativo">DAT</abbr></td> <td><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/C%C3%B3lera?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cólera">cólera</a></td> <td>levar-<abbr title="optativo">OPT</abbr></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">a cólera pode levá-lo</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Imperativo">Imperativo</h4> <a role="button" href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&section=32&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar secção: Imperativo" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editar </a> </div> O tâmil distingue entre imperativo plural e singular e entre imperativo positivo e negativo. A forma singular positiva é idêntica à raiz do verbo, portanto não há marcador. O imperativo singular negativo consiste da raiz do verbo com os sufixos -āt e -ē. Para o imperativo plural positivo, adiciona-se o sufixo plural -(u)ṅkaḷ à raiz raiz do verbo; pode ser interpretado tanto como para número singular e honorífico quanto para plural. Enquanto o imperativo plural negativo é formado pela raiz do verbo, seguido pelo negativo alomorfo -āt e pelo sufixo da segunda pessoa do plural -irkaḷ.<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:2-27">[23]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody> <tr> <th>Imperativo</th> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural</th> </tr> <tr> <th>Positivo</th> <td>-∅</td> <td>-(u)ṅkaḷ</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Negativo</th> <td>-āt-ē</td> <td>-āt-īrkaḷ</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Usando o verbo 'dormir' como exemplo: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody> <tr> <th>Imperativo</th> <th>Singular</th> <th>Plural</th> </tr> <tr> <th>Positivo</th> <td>tūṅku 'durma'</td> <td>tūṅk-uṅkaḷ '(por favor) durma(m)'</td> </tr> <tr> <th>Negativo</th> <td>tūṅk-āt-ē 'não durma'</td> <td>tūṅk-āt-irkaḷ '(por favor) não durma(m)'</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Causativo">Causativo</h4> <a role="button" href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&section=33&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar secção: Causativo" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editar </a> </div> O causativo de um verbo pode ser formado a partir da raiz desse verbo mais um sufixo causativo que consiste dos alomorfos -vi, -pi e -ppi. Em tâmil moderno, este processo derivacional é muito restrito: apenas o sufixo causativo -vi ocorre em algumas raízes:<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:2-27">[23]</a> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>teri</td> <td>-vi</td> </tr> <tr> <td>saber</td> <td><abbr title="causativo">CAU</abbr></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">fazer saber; informar</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>aṟi</td> <td>-vi</td> </tr> <tr> <td>saber</td> <td><abbr title="causativo">CAU</abbr></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">fazer saber; anunciar</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>viṭu</td> <td>-vi</td> </tr> <tr> <td>sair</td> <td><abbr title="causativo">CAU</abbr></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">fazer sair; libertar</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Reportativo">Reportativo</h4> <a role="button" href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&section=34&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar secção: Reportativo" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editar </a> </div> O sufixo -ām pode ser adicionado a vários constituintes para indicar que o falante não reivindica responsabilidade pela veracidade de uma declaração. É usualmente adicionado ao último constituinte da sentença (isto é, o verbo), mas será seguido do interrogativo -ā se a sentença for uma pergunta: avaru pōrār-ām 'aparentemente ele irá'; avaru pōrārāmā? 'dizem que ele irá?'.<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:1-24">[20]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <h2 id="Vocabulário">Vocabulário</h2> <a role="button" href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&section=35&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar secção: Vocabulário" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editar </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> Tâmil tem relativamente menos <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Empr%C3%A9stimo_(lingu%C3%ADstica)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Empréstimo (linguística)">empréstimos linguísticos</a> que outras línguas dravídicas, mas foi influenciado pelo <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C3%A2nscrito?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sânscrito">sânscrito</a>, <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pr%C3%A1crito?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prácrito">prácrito</a> e <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_hindi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Língua hindi">hindi</a>, também adotando algumas palavras do <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_portuguesa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Língua portuguesa">português</a> e do <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_inglesa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Língua inglesa">inglês</a>. Desde o século XX, o uso de palavras nativas é promovido em detrimento de palavras estrangeiras. Palavras <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Onomatopeia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Onomatopeia">onomatopeicas</a> são numerosas e muitas são formadas via <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Reduplica%C3%A7%C3%A3o?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Reduplicação">reduplicação</a>.<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:3-26">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Números">Números</h3> <a role="button" href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&section=36&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar secção: Números" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editar </a> </div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> Números em tâmil<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:3-26">[22]</a> </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th>Palavra</th> <th>Tradução</th> </tr> <tr> <td>oṉṟu</td> <td>um</td> </tr> <tr> <td>iraṇṭu</td> <td>dois</td> </tr> <tr> <td>mūṉṟu</td> <td>três</td> </tr> <tr> <td>nāṉku</td> <td>quatro</td> </tr> <tr> <td>aintu</td> <td>cinco</td> </tr> <tr> <td>āṟu</td> <td>seis</td> </tr> <tr> <td>ēḻu</td> <td>sete</td> </tr> <tr> <td>eṭṭu</td> <td>oito</td> </tr> <tr> <td>oṉpatu</td> <td>nove</td> </tr> <tr> <td>pattu</td> <td>dez</td> </tr> <tr> <td>nūṟu</td> <td>cem</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Corpo">Corpo</h3> <a role="button" href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&section=37&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar secção: Corpo" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editar </a> </div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> Partes do corpo em tâmil<a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-:3-26">[22]</a> </caption> <tbody> <tr> <th>Palavra</th> <th>Tradução</th> </tr> <tr> <td>talai</td> <td>cabeça</td> </tr> <tr> <td>kaṇ</td> <td>olho</td> </tr> <tr> <td>kāl</td> <td>pé</td> </tr> <tr> <td>itayam</td> <td>coração</td> </tr> <tr> <td>nākku</td> <td>língua</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <h2 id="Exemplo">Exemplo</h2> <a role="button" href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&section=38&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar secção: Exemplo" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editar </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> Artigo 1.º da <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Declara%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Universal_dos_Direitos_Humanos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos">Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos</a> em tâmil literário: <ul> <li>No sistema de escrita nativo: <ul> <li>உறுப்புரை 1: மனிதப் பிறிவியினர் சகலரும் சுதந்திரமாகவே பிறக்கின்றனர்; அவர்கள் மதிப்பிலும், உரிமைகளிலும் சமமானவர்கள், அவர்கள் நியாயத்தையும் மனச்சாட்சியையும் இயற்பண்பாகப் பெற்றவர்கள். அவர்கள் ஒருவருடனொருவர் சகோதர உணர்வுப் பாங்கில் நடந்துகொள்ளல் வேண்டும்.।</li> </ul></li> <li>Em tâmil romanizado: <ul> <li>Uṟuppurai 1: Maṉitap piṟiviyiṉar cakalarum cutantiramākavē piṟakkiṉṟaṉar; avarkaḷ matippilum, urimaikaḷilum camamāṉavarkaḷ, avarkaḷ niyāyattaiyum maṉaccāṭciyaiyum iyaṟpaṇpākap peṟṟavarkaḷ. Avarkaḷ oruvaruṭaṉoruvar cakōtara uṇarvup pāṅkil naṭantukoḷḷal vēṇṭum.</li> </ul></li> <li>Tâmil no Alfabeto Fonético Internacional: <ul> <li>urupːurai ond̺rʉ | mənid̪ə piriʋijinər səgələrum sud̪ən̪d̪irəmaːgəʋeː pirəkːin̺d̺ranər | əvərgəɭ məd̪ipːilum uriməigəɭilum səməmaːnəʋərgəɭ | əvərgəɭ nijaːjatːəijum mənətt͡ʃaːʈt͡ʃijəijum ijərpəɳbaːgə pet̺rəʋərgəɭ | əvərgəɭ oruʋəruɖənoruʋər sagoːdəɾə uɳərʋɨ paːŋgil nəɖən̪d̪ʉkoɭɭəl veːɳɖum |</li> </ul></li> <li>Glosa: <ul> <li>Seção 1: Humanos seres todos-eles livremente nascem. Eles direitos-em-e dignidades-em-e iguais. Eles lei-e consciência-e intrinsecamente possuídos. Eles entre-um-outro fraterno sentimento compartilhar-em agir devem.</li> </ul></li> <li>Tradução: <ul> <li>Artigo 1: Todos os seres humanos nascem livres e iguais em dignidade e em direitos. Dotados de razão e de consciência, devem agir uns para com os outros em espírito de fraternidade.</li> </ul></li> </ul> </section> <h2 id="Referências" style="cursor: help;" title="Esta seção foi configurada para não ser editável diretamente. Edite a página toda ou a seção anterior em vez disso." class="section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)">Referências</h2> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-india_os-1"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-india_os_1-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20050928184458/http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D22495%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html%23">«Official languages»</a>. UNESCO. Consultado em 10 de maio de 2007. Arquivado do <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D22495%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html">original</a> em 28 de setembro de 2005</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3ngua+t%C3%A2mil&rft.atitle=Official+languages&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fportal.unesco.org%2Feducation%2Fen%2Fev.php-URL_ID%3D22495%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TN-2"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-TN_2-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.tn.gov.in/welcometn.htm">«Official languages of Tamilnadu»</a>. Tamilnadu Government. Consultado em 1 de maio de 2007</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3ngua+t%C3%A2mil&rft.atitle=Official+languages+of+Tamilnadu&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tamilnadu+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tn.gov.in%2Fwelcometn.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-srilanka-3"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-srilanka_3-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5249.htm">«Official languages of Srilanka»</a>. State department, US. Consultado em 1 de maio de 2007</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3ngua+t%C3%A2mil&rft.atitle=Official+languages+of+Srilanka&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=State+department%2C+US&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fr%2Fpa%2Fei%2Fbgn%2F5249.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singapore-4"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Singapore_4-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.asianinfo.org/asianinfo/singapore/pro-languages.htm">«Singapore Language and Literacy»</a>. AsianInfo.Org. Consultado em 17 de novembro de 2007</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3ngua+t%C3%A2mil&rft.atitle=Singapore+Language+and+Literacy&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AsianInfo.Org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asianinfo.org%2Fasianinfo%2Fsingapore%2Fpro-languages.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ethnologue2005-5"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ethnologue2005_5-0">↑</a> Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), 2005. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International.</li> <li id="cite_note-vistawide-6">↑ <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-vistawide_6-0">a</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-vistawide_6-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.vistawide.com/languages/top_30_languages.htm">«Top 30 Languages by Number of Native Speakers: sourced from Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 15th ed. (2005)»</a>. Vistawide - World Languages & Cultures. Consultado em 3 de abril de 2007</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3ngua+t%C3%A2mil&rft.atitle=Top+30+Languages+by+Number+of+Native+Speakers%3A+sourced+from+Ethnologue%3A+Languages+of+the+World%2C+15th+ed.+%282005%29&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vistawide+-+World+Languages+%26+Cultures&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vistawide.com%2Flanguages%2Ftop_30_languages.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-encarta-table-7"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-encarta-table_7-0">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://encarta.msn.com/media_701500404/Languages_Spoken_by_More_Than_10_Million_People.html">«Languages Spoken by More Than 10 Million People»</a>. MSN Encarta. Consultado em 2 de abril de 2007</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3ngua+t%C3%A2mil&rft.atitle=Languages+Spoken+by+More+Than+10+Million+People&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MSN+Encarta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencarta.msn.com%2Fmedia_701500404%2FLanguages_Spoken_by_More_Than_10_Million_People.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-8">↑</a> <cite class="citation magazine">Correia, Paulo (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ec.europa.eu/translation/portuguese/magazine/documents/folha73_pt.pdf">«Escrever em português sobre a Índia e o Oriente»</a> (PDF). A folha — Boletim da língua portuguesa nas instituições europeias (73 — outono de 2023). pp. 9–10. <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1830-7809">1830-7809</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3ngua+t%C3%A2mil&rft.aufirst=Paulo&rft.aulast=Correia&rft.btitle=Escrever+em+portugu%C3%AAs+sobre+a+%C3ndia+e+o+Oriente&rft.date=2023&rft.genre=unknown&rft.issn=1830-7809&rft.pages=9-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Ftranslation%2Fportuguese%2Fmagazine%2Fdocuments%2Ffolha73_pt.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-9">↑</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf">«Scheduled Languages in descending order of speaker's strength - 2011»</a> (PDF). Secretário Geral e Comissário de Censo da Índia. Consultado em 14 de abril de 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114073426/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf">Cópia arquivada (PDF) em 14 de novembro de 2018</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3ngua+t%C3%A2mil&rft.btitle=Scheduled+Languages+in+descending+order+of+speaker%27s+strength+-+2011&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Secret%C3%A1rio+Geral+e+Comiss%C3%A1rio+de+Censo+da+%C3ndia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusindia.gov.in%2F2011Census%2FLanguage-2011%2FStatement-1.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10">↑</a> Arokianathan, S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ciil-ebooks.net/html/piil/acharya2.html">Writing and Diglossic: A Case Study of Tamil Radio Plays</a>. ciil-ebooks.net</li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-11">↑</a> <cite class="citation journal">Steever, S. B.; Britto, F. (1988). «Diglossia: A Study of the Theory, with Application to Tamil». Language. 64. 152 páginas. <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/JSTOR?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.jstor.org/stable/414796">414796</a>. <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_object_identifier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%252F414796">10.2307/414796</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3ngua+t%C3%A2mil&rft.atitle=Diglossia%3A+A+Study+of+the+Theory%2C+with+Application+to+Tamil&rft.au=Britto%2C+F.&rft.aufirst=S.+B.&rft.aulast=Steever&rft.date=1988&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language&rft.volume=64&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F414796&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F414796&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-12">↑</a> * Zvelebil, Kamil. 1973. The smile of Murugan on Tamil literature of South India. Leiden: Brill.</li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-13">↑</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFSouthworth1998">Southworth 1998</a>, pp. 129–132</li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-14">↑</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFZvelebil1992">Zvelebil 1992</a>, p. ix–xvi</li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-15">↑</a> <cite id="CITEREFSubramanian1980" class="citation">Subramanian, S.V (1980), Heritage of Tamils; Language and Grammar, International Institute of Tamil Studies, pp. 7–12</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3ngua+t%C3%A2mil&rft.aufirst=S.V&rft.aulast=Subramanian&rft.btitle=Heritage+of+Tamils%3B+Language+and+Grammar&rft.date=1980&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=7-12&rft.pub=International+Institute+of+Tamil+Studies&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-16">↑</a> <cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.5:1:7048.tamillex">Tamil lexicon</a>, Madras: University of Madras, pp. 1924–36, consultado em 26 de fevereiro de 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3ngua+t%C3%A2mil&rft.btitle=Tamil+lexicon&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=1924-36&rft.place=Madras&rft.pub=University+of+Madras&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdsal.uchicago.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2Fphilologic%2Fgetobject.pl%3Fc.5%3A1%3A7048.tamillex&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Liga%C3%A7%C3%A3o_inativa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipédia:Ligação inativa">[ligação inativa]</a></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-17">↑</a> Lehmann, Thomas. Old Tamil. 1998.</li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-18">↑</a> <cite class="citation web">Sadasivan, M. P. (13 de janeiro de 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://mal.sarva.gov.in/index.php?title%3D%25E0%25B4%25A8%25E0%25B4%25A8%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25A8%25E0%25B5%2582%25E0%25B4%25B2%25E0%25B5%258D%25E2%2580%258D">«നന്നൂല്‍» [Nannūl]</a> (em malaiala). <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=State_Institute_of_Encyclopaedic_Publications&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="State Institute of Encyclopaedic Publications (página não existe)">State Institute of Encyclopaedic Publications</a>. Consultado em 20 de agosto de 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820221313/http://mal.sarva.gov.in/index.php?title%3D%25E0%25B4%25A8%25E0%25B4%25A8%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%25A8%25E0%25B5%2582%25E0%25B4%25B2%25E0%25B5%258D%25E2%2580%258D">Cópia arquivada em 20 de agosto de 2014</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3ngua+t%C3%A2mil&rft.aufirst=M.+P.&rft.aulast=Sadasivan&rft.btitle=%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%26%23x200D%3B&rft.date=2011-01-13&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=State+Institute+of+Encyclopaedic+Publications&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmal.sarva.gov.in%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%26%23x200D%3B&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-19">↑ <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_19-0">a</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:0_19-1">b</a> <cite class="citation journal">Keane, Elinor (janeiro de 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-international-phonetic-association/article/tamil/5BE3F9D1C8291CDA6B3610F0E1079C02">«Tamil»</a>. Journal of the International Phonetic Association (em inglês) (1): 111–116. <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1475-3502">1475-3502</a>. <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Digital_object_identifier?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%252FS0025100304001549">10.1017/S0025100304001549</a>. Consultado em 21 de abril de 2021</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3ngua+t%C3%A2mil&rft.atitle=Tamil&rft.aufirst=Elinor&rft.aulast=Keane&rft.date=2004-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=1475-3502&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.pages=111-116&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fjournal-of-the-international-phonetic-association%2Farticle%2Ftamil%2F5BE3F9D1C8291CDA6B3610F0E1079C02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025100304001549&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-24">↑ <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_24-0">a</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_24-1">b</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_24-2">c</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_24-3">d</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_24-4">e</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_24-5">f</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_24-6">g</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_24-7">h</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_24-8">i</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_24-9">j</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_24-10">k</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_24-11">l</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:1_24-12">m</a> <cite class="citation book">F., Schiffman, Harold (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://worldcat.org/oclc/70844540">A reference grammar of spoken Tamil</a>. [S.l.]: Cambridge University Press. <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70844540">70844540</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3ngua+t%C3%A2mil&rft.aufirst=Schiffman%2C+Harold&rft.aulast=F.&rft.btitle=A+reference+grammar+of+spoken+Tamil&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F70844540&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F70844540&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-25">↑</a> <cite class="citation book">Steever, Sanford B. (1996). Bright, William; Daniels, Peter T., eds. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/31969720">The world's writing systems</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 428. <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OCLC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/31969720">31969720</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3ngua+t%C3%A2mil&rft.aufirst=Sanford+B.&rft.aulast=Steever&rft.btitle=The+world%27s+writing+systems&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=428&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F31969720&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F31969720&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-26">↑ <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:3_26-0">a</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:3_26-1">b</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:3_26-2">c</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:3_26-3">d</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:3_26-4">e</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:3_26-5">f</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.languagesgulper.com/eng/Tamil.html">«Tamil»</a>. www.languagesgulper.com. Consultado em 23 de abril de 2021</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3ngua+t%C3%A2mil&rft.atitle=Tamil&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.languagesgulper.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.languagesgulper.com%2Feng%2FTamil.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-27">↑ <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:2_27-0">a</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:2_27-1">b</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:2_27-2">c</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:2_27-3">d</a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-:2_27-4">e</a> <cite class="citation book">Lehman, Thomas (1993). A grammar of Modern Tamil. [S.l.: s.n.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3AL%C3ngua+t%C3%A2mil&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.aulast=Lehman&rft.btitle=A+grammar+of+Modern+Tamil&rft.date=1993&rft.genre=book&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <h2 id="Ligações_externas">Ligações externas</h2> <a role="button" href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&action=edit&section=39&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Editar secção: Ligações externas" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> editar </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <div class="noprint" style="clear: right; border: solid #aaa 1px; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 90%; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f9f9f9); color: inherit; width: 238px; padding: 5px; spacing: 2px; text-align: center; float: right;"> <div style="float: left; vertical-align:middle;"> <figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ficheiro:Commons-logo.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Commons"> <noscript> <img alt="Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/22px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="30" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 30px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/22px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="Commons" data-width="22" data-height="30" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/33px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/44px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Commons </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div style="margin-left: 30px; line-height:normal; vertical-align:middle;"> O <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/P%25C3%25A1gina_principal" class="extiw" title="commons:Página principal">Commons</a> possui imagens e outros ficheiros sobre <a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DTamil%2Blanguage%26uselang%3Dpt">Língua tâmil</a> </div> </div> <div class="noprint" style="clear: right; border: solid #aaa 1px; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 90%; background: #f9f9f9; width: 250px; padding: 4px; spacing: 0px; text-align: left; float: right;"> <div style="float: left;"> <figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ficheiro:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikipedia"> <noscript> <img alt="Wikipedia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/50px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="46" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 50px;height: 46px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/50px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" data-alt="Wikipedia" data-width="50" data-height="46" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/75px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/100px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Wikipedia </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div style="margin-left: 70px;"> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="ta:">Edição em Língua tâmil</a> da <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipédia">Wikipédia</a> </div> </div> <ul> <li><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Tamil">Wikibooks: Tamil</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://rapidiq.wordpress.com/2010/03/21/survival-phrases-in-tamil/">Survival Phrases in Tamil</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.rzuser.uni-heidelberg.de/~d53/">Kostenloses Lernmaterial</a> – Homepage des Tamil-Lektors der Universität Heidelberg, Dr. Thomas Lehmann</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.uni-koeln.de/phil-fak/indologie/">Institut für Indologie und Tamilistik Köln</a></li> </ul> <ul class="noprint navigation-box" style="border-top: solid silver 1px; border-right: solid silver 1px; border-bottom:1px solid silver; border-left: solid silver 1px; padding:3px; background-color: #F9F9F9; text-align: center; margin-top:10px; margin-left: 0; clear: both;"> <li style="display: inline;"><a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ficheiro:Aton_(cropped).svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal da linguística"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Aton_%28cropped%29.svg/25px-Aton_%28cropped%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 25px;height: 25px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Aton_%28cropped%29.svg/25px-Aton_%28cropped%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="25" data-height="25" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Aton_%28cropped%29.svg/38px-Aton_%28cropped%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Aton_%28cropped%29.svg/50px-Aton_%28cropped%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:Lingu%C3%ADstica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:Linguística">Portal da linguística</a></li> </ul>   </section> </div> <noscript> <img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> Obtida de "<a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DL%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil%26oldid%3D68715453">https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Língua_tâmil&oldid=68715453</a>" </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://pt-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=L%C3%ADngua_t%C3%A2mil&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Última edição a 27 de setembro de 2024, às 13h43min </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Línguas</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil" title="Tamil — africanês" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tamil" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="africanês" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2589%25B3%25E1%2588%259A%25E1%2588%258D%25E1%258A%259B" title="ታሚልኛ — amárico" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ታሚልኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amárico" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_tamil" title="Idioma tamil — aragonês" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma tamil" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonês" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25B2_%25E0%25A4%25AD%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B7%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="तमिल भाषा — angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="तमिल भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2584%25D8%25BA%25D8%25A9_%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D9%258A%25D9%2584%25D9%258A%25D8%25A9" title="اللغة التاميلية — árabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة التاميلية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="árabe" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D9%258A%25D9%2584%25D9%258A%25D9%2587" title="التاميليه — Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="التاميليه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25A4%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%25B2_%25E0%25A6%25AD%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B7%25E0%25A6%25BE" title="তামিল ভাষা — assamês" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="তামিল ভাষা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamês" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_tamil" title="Idioma tamil — asturiano" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma tamil" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25B2" title="तमिल — awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="तमिल" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_dili" title="Tamil dili — azerbaijano" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tamil dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25DB%258C%25D9%2584_%25D8%25AF%25DB%258C%25D9%2584%25DB%258C" title="تامیل دیلی — South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تامیل دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BB_%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5" title="Тамил теле — bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тамил теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Tamil" title="Basa Tamil — balinês" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Basa Tamil" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balinês" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tam%25C4%2597lu_kalba" title="Tamėlu kalba — Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Tamėlu kalba" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hata_Tamil" title="Hata Tamil — Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Hata Tamil" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Toba</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil" title="Tamil — Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tamil" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BC%25D1%2596%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0%25D1%258F_%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0" title="Тамільская мова — bielorrusso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тамільская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusso" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BC%25D1%2596%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0%25D1%258F_%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0" title="Тамільская мова — Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тамільская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BB%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8_%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA" title="Тамилски език — búlgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тамилски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25B2" title="तमिल — Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="तमिल" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Tamil" title="Basa Tamil — Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Basa Tamil" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25A4%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25AE%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%25B2_%25E0%25A6%25AD%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B7%25E0%25A6%25BE" title="তামিল ভাষা — bengalês" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তামিল ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalês" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamileg" title="Tamileg — bretão" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tamileg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretão" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilski_jezik" title="Tamilski jezik — bósnio" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Tamilski jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bósnio" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%25C3%25A0mil" title="Tàmil — catalão" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tàmil" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalão" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil-ng%25E1%25B9%25B3%25CC%2584" title="Tamil-ngṳ̄ — Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Tamil-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_(pinulongan)" title="Tamil (pinulongan) — cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Tamil (pinulongan)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B2%25D9%2585%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25DB%258C_%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25DB%258C%25D9%2584%25DB%258C" title="زمانی تامیلی — curdo central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی تامیلی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="curdo central" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil%25C5%25A1tina" title="Tamilština — checo" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tamilština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="checo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamileg" title="Tamileg — galês" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tamileg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galês" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_(sprog)" title="Tamil (sprog) — dinamarquês" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tamil (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dinamarquês" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artigo destacado"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil" title="Tamil — alemão" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tamil" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemão" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boros_Tamil" title="Boros Tamil — Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Boros Tamil" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25B2_%25E0%25A4%25AD%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B7%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="तमिल भाषा — Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="तमिल भाषा" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DE%258C%25DE%25A6%25DE%2589%25DE%25A6%25DE%2585%25DE%25A6" title="ތަމަޅަ — divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ތަމަޅަ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%25A4%25CE%25B1%25CE%25BC%25CE%25AF%25CE%25BB_%25CE%25B3%25CE%25BB%25CF%258E%25CF%2583%25CF%2583%25CE%25B1" title="Ταμίλ γλώσσα — grego" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ταμίλ γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grego" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language — inglês" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Tamil language" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglês" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamila_lingvo" title="Tamila lingvo — esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tamila lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_tamil" title="Idioma tamil — espanhol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma tamil" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanhol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamili_keel" title="Tamili keel — estónio" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tamili keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estónio" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilera" title="Tamilera — basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tamilera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25B2%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586_%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25DB%258C%25D9%2584%25DB%258C" title="زبان تامیلی — persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان تامیلی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamili" title="Tamili — finlandês" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tamili" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamoul" title="Tamoul — francês" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tamoul" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francês" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_(spriik)" title="Tamil (spriik) — frísio setentrional" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tamil (spriik)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frísio setentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Tamailis" title="An Tamailis — irlandês" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Tamailis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamoul" title="Tamoul — Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Tamoul" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamailis" title="Tamailis — gaélico escocês" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Tamailis" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaélico escocês" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_t%25C3%25A1mil" title="Lingua támil — galego" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua támil" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galego" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%25C3%25A1mil_%25C3%25B1e%2527%25E1%25BA%25BD" title="Támil ñe'ẽ — guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Támil ñe'ẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AA%25A4%25E0%25AA%25AE%25E0%25AA%25BF%25E0%25AA%25B3_%25E0%25AA%25AD%25E0%25AA%25BE%25E0%25AA%25B7%25E0%25AA%25BE" title="તમિળ ભાષા — guzerate" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="તમિળ ભાષા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="guzerate" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilish" title="Tamilish — manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Tamilish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil-ng%25C3%25AE" title="Tamil-ngî — hacá" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Tamil-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hacá" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2598%25D7%259E%25D7%2599%25D7%259C%25D7%2599%25D7%25AA" title="טמילית — hebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טמילית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25B2_%25E0%25A4%25AD%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B7%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="तमिल भाषा — hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तमिल भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_bhasa" title="Tamil bhasa — Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Tamil bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilski_jezik" title="Tamilski jezik — croata" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tamilski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croata" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_nyelv" title="Tamil nyelv — húngaro" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tamil nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="húngaro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D4%25B9%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B4%25D5%25AB%25D5%25AC%25D5%25A5%25D6%2580%25D5%25A5%25D5%25B6" title="Թամիլերեն — arménio" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թամիլերեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménio" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_tamil" title="Lingua tamil — interlíngua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lingua tamil" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlíngua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaku_Tamil" title="Jaku Tamil — iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Jaku Tamil" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Tamil" title="Bahasa Tamil — indonésio" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Tamil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésio" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language — igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Tamil language" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_a_Tamil" title="Pagsasao a Tamil — ilocano" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao a Tamil" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_linguo" title="Tamil linguo — ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Tamil linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tam%25C3%25ADlska" title="Tamílska — islandês" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tamílska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandês" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_tamil" title="Lingua tamil — italiano" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua tamil" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E3%2582%25BF%25E3%2583%259F%25E3%2583%25AB%25E8%25AA%259E" title="タミル語 — japonês" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="タミル語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonês" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Tamil" title="Basa Tamil — javanês" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Tamil" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanês" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%25A2%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%259B%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%259A%25E1%2583%25A3%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2598_%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2590" title="ტამილური ენა — georgiano" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტამილური ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiano" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BB%25D1%258B%25D0%25B1%25D0%25B7%25D1%258D" title="Тамилыбзэ — cabardiano" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Тамилыбзэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="cabardiano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Tamil" title="Bahasa Tamil — Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa Tamil" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%259E%2597%25E1%259E%25B6%25E1%259E%259F%25E1%259E%25B6%25E1%259E%2591%25E1%259E%2598%25E1%259E%25B7%25E1%259E%25A1" title="ភាសាទមិឡ — khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភាសាទមិឡ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B2%25A4%25E0%25B2%25AE%25E0%25B2%25BF%25E0%25B2%25B3%25E0%25B3%2581" title="ತಮಿಳು — canarim" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ತಮಿಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="canarim" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25ED%2583%2580%25EB%25B0%2580%25EC%2596%25B4" title="타밀어 — coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="타밀어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BB_%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BB" title="Тамил тил — carachaio-bálcaro" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Тамил тил" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="carachaio-bálcaro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AA%25D9%25B2%25D9%2585%25D9%2590%25D9%2584_%25D8%25B2%25D9%258E%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586" title="تٲمِل زَبان — caxemira" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="تٲمِل زَبان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="caxemira" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%25C3%25AA_tam%25C3%25AEl%25C3%25AE" title="Zimanê tamîlî — curdo" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê tamîlî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="curdo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BB_%25D0%25BA%25D1%258B%25D0%25B2" title="Тамил кыв — komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Тамил кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilek" title="Tamilek — córnico" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Tamilek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="córnico" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Tamulica" title="Lingua Tamulica — latim" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Tamulica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latim" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil" title="Tamil — luxemburguês" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Tamil" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburguês" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_tamil" title="Lengua tamil — Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua tamil" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25BA%259E%25E0%25BA%25B2%25E0%25BA%25AA%25E0%25BA%25B2%25E0%25BA%2597%25E0%25BA%25B0%25E0%25BA%25A1%25E0%25BA%25B4%25E0%25BA%2599" title="ພາສາທະມິນ — laosiano" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພາສາທະມິນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laosiano" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil%25C5%25B3_kalba" title="Tamilų kalba — lituano" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tamilų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilu_valoda" title="Tamilu valoda — letão" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tamilu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letão" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25B2_%25E0%25A4%25AD%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B7%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="तमिल भाषा — maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="तमिल भाषा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_tamily" title="Fiteny tamily — malgaxe" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny tamily" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaxe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahaso_Tamil" title="Bahaso Tamil — minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bahaso Tamil" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BB%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8_%25D1%2598%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA" title="Тамилски јазик — macedónio" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тамилски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedónio" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%25A4%25E0%25B4%25AE%25E0%25B4%25BF%25E0%25B4%25B4%25E0%25B5%258D" title="തമിഴ് — malaiala" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തമിഴ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malaiala" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BB_%25D1%2585%25D1%258D%25D0%25BB" title="Тамил хэл — mongol" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Тамил хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EA%25AF%2587%25EA%25AF%25A5%25EA%25AF%2583%25EA%25AF%25A4%25EA%25AF%259C_%25EA%25AF%2582%25EA%25AF%25A3%25EA%25AF%259F" title="ꯇꯥꯃꯤꯜ ꯂꯣꯟ — manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯇꯥꯃꯤꯜ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25B3_%25E0%25A4%25AD%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B7%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="तमिळ भाषा — marata" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तमिळ भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marata" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Tamil" title="Bahasa Tamil — malaio" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Tamil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaio" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BB%25D1%258D%25D0%25BD%25D1%258C_%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C" title="Тамилэнь кель — erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Тамилэнь кель" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25DB%258C%25D9%2584%25DB%258C" title="تامیلی — mazandarani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="تامیلی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamillaht%25C5%258Dlli" title="Tamillahtōlli — Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tamillahtōlli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_(taal)" title="Tamil (taal) — baixo-saxão" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Tamil (taal)" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="baixo-saxão" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25B2_%25E0%25A4%25AD%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B7%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="तमिल भाषा — nepalês" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="तमिल भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalês" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25B2_%25E0%25A4%25AD%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B7%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="तमिल भाषा — newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="तमिल भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_(taal)" title="Tamil (taal) — neerlandês" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tamil (taal)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil" title="Tamil — norueguês nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tamil" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norueguês nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_(spr%25C3%25A5k)" title="Tamil (språk) — norueguês bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tamil (språk)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norueguês bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil" title="Tamil — occitano" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tamil" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AC%25A4%25E0%25AC%25BE%25E0%25AC%25AE%25E0%25AC%25BF%25E0%25AC%25B2_%25E0%25AC%25AD%25E0%25AC%25BE%25E0%25AC%25B7%25E0%25AC%25BE" title="ତାମିଲ ଭାଷା — oriá" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ତାମିଲ ଭାଷା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="oriá" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B3_%25C3%25A6%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B3" title="Тамилаг æвзаг — ossético" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Тамилаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ossético" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A8%25A4%25E0%25A8%25AE%25E0%25A8%25BF%25E0%25A8%25B2%25E0%25A8%25BC_%25E0%25A8%25AD%25E0%25A8%25BE%25E0%25A8%25B8%25E0%25A8%25BC%25E0%25A8%25BE" title="ਤਮਿਲ਼ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ — panjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤਮਿਲ਼ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil" title="Tamil — papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Tamil" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamoul" title="Tamoul — Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Tamoul" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%25C4%2599zyk_tamilski" title="Język tamilski — polaco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język tamilski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polaco" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_Tamil" title="Lenga Tamil — Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga Tamil" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D9%2584" title="تامل — Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تامل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D9%258A%25D9%2584%25D9%258A_%25DA%2598%25D8%25A8%25D9%2587" title="تاميلي ژبه — pastó" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تاميلي ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pastó" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_simi" title="Tamil simi — quíchua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Tamil simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quíchua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilikani_chhib" title="Tamilikani chhib — Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Tamilikani chhib" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_tamil%25C4%2583" title="Limba tamilă — romeno" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba tamilă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romeno" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%25C3%25A8nga_tamil" title="Lènga tamil — Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Lènga tamil" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B9_%25D1%258F%25D0%25B7%25D1%258B%25D0%25BA" title="Тамильский язык — russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тамильский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BC%25D1%2596%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D1%258B%25D0%25B9_%25D1%258F%25D0%25B7%25D1%258B%25D0%25BA" title="Тамільскый язык — Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Тамільскый язык" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igitamili" title="Igitamili — quiniaruanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Igitamili" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="quiniaruanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25A4%25E0%25A4%25AE%25E0%25A4%25BF%25E0%25A4%25B3%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AD%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25B7%25E0%25A4%25BE" title="तमिळ्भाषा — sânscrito" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="तमिळ्भाषा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sânscrito" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BB_%25D1%2582%25D1%258B%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0" title="Тамил тыла — sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Тамил тыла" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%25B1%259B%25E1%25B1%259F%25E1%25B1%25B9%25E1%25B1%25A2%25E1%25B1%25A4%25E1%25B1%259E_%25E1%25B1%25AF%25E1%25B1%259F%25E1%25B1%25B9%25E1%25B1%25A8%25E1%25B1%25A5%25E1%25B1%25A4" title="ᱛᱟᱹᱢᱤᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ — santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱛᱟᱹᱢᱤᱞ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_tamil" title="Lingua tamil — siciliano" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lingua tamil" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_leid" title="Tamil leid — scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Tamil leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D9%2584_%25D9%25BB%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%258A" title="تامل ٻولي — sindi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="تامل ٻولي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilski_jezik" title="Tamilski jezik — servo-croata" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tamilski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="servo-croata" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B6%25AF%25E0%25B7%2599%25E0%25B6%25B8%25E0%25B7%2585_%25E0%25B6%25B7%25E0%25B7%258F%25E0%25B7%2582%25E0%25B7%258F%25E0%25B7%2580" title="දෙමළ භාෂාව — cingalês" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දෙමළ භාෂාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="cingalês" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tamil language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil%25C5%25A1%25C4%258Dina" title="Tamilščina — esloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tamilščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luqada_Tamil-ka" title="Luqada Tamil-ka — somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Luqada Tamil-ka" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_tamile" title="Gjuha tamile — albanês" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha tamile" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanês" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BB%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8_%25D1%2598%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B7%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA" title="Тамилски језик — sérvio" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тамилски језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sérvio" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil" title="Tamil — sueco" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tamil" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="sueco" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitamil" title="Kitamil — suaíli" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kitamil" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suaíli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilsk%25C5%258F_g%25C5%258Fdka" title="Tamilskŏ gŏdka — Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Tamilskŏ gŏdka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%25A4%25E0%25AE%25AE%25E0%25AE%25BF%25E0%25AE%25B4%25E0%25AF%258D" title="தமிழ் — tâmil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தமிழ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tâmil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B2%25A4%25E0%25B2%25AE%25E0%25B2%25BF%25E0%25B2%25B3%25E0%25B3%2581_%25E0%25B2%25AC%25E0%25B2%25BE%25E0%25B2%25B8%25E0%25B3%2586" title="ತಮಿಳು ಬಾಸೆ — Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ತಮಿಳು ಬಾಸೆ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B0%25A4%25E0%25B0%25AE%25E0%25B0%25BF%25E0%25B0%25B3_%25E0%25B0%25AD%25E0%25B0%25BE%25E0%25B0%25B7" title="తమిళ భాష — telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="తమిళ భాష" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2597%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B1%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8_%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BB%25D3%25A3" title="Забони томилӣ — tajique" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони томилӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tajique" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%25A0%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%25A9%25E0%25B8%25B2%25E0%25B8%2597%25E0%25B8%25A1%25E0%25B8%25B4%25E0%25B8%25AC" title="ภาษาทมิฬ — tailandês" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาทมิฬ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tailandês" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Tamil" title="Wikang Tamil — tagalo" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Tamil" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamilce" title="Tamilce — turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tamilce" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BB_%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5" title="Тамил теле — tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Тамил теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D9%2585%25D9%2589%25D9%2584_%25D8%25AA%25D9%2589%25D9%2584%25D9%2589" title="تامىل تىلى — uigur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="تامىل تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uigur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A2%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BC%25D1%2596%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C%25D1%2581%25D1%258C%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0_%25D0%25BC%25D0%25BE%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0" title="Тамільська мова — ucraniano" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тамільська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraniano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AA%25D9%2585%25D9%2584_%25D8%25B2%25D8%25A8%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586" title="تمل زبان — urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تمل زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_tili" title="Tamil tili — usbeque" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tamil tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbeque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%25E1%25BA%25BFng_Tamil" title="Tiếng Tamil — vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Tamil" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinamil" title="Tinamil — waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tinamil" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%25B3%25B0%25E7%25B1%25B3%25E5%25B0%2594%25E8%25AF%25AD" title="泰米尔语 — wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="泰米尔语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%25A2%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%259B%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%259A%25E1%2583%25A3%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2598_%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2590" title="ტამილური ნინა — Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ტამილური ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2598%25D7%2590%25D7%259E%25D7%2599%25D7%259C" title="טאמיל — iídiche" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טאמיל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="iídiche" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25C3%2588d%25C3%25A8_T%25C3%25A0mil" title="Èdè Tàmil — ioruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èdè Tàmil" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="ioruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%25B3%25B0%25E7%25B1%25B3%25E5%25B0%2594%25E8%25AF%25AD" title="泰米尔语 — chinês" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="泰米尔语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinês" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil-g%25C3%25AD" title="Tamil-gí — min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tamil-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%25B7%25A1%25E7%25B1%25B3%25E7%2588%25BE%25E6%2596%2587" title="淡米爾文 — cantonês" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="淡米爾文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonês" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-fr.svg" alt="Wikipédia" width="119" height="18" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info 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