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<li id="toc-CRISP_and_IRIS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CRISP_and_IRIS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>CRISP and IRIS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CRISP_and_IRIS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-WEIRDS_and_RDAP" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#WEIRDS_and_RDAP"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>WEIRDS and RDAP</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-WEIRDS_and_RDAP-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protocol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protocol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Protocol</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Protocol-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Protocol subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Protocol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Augmentations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Augmentations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Augmentations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Augmentations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implementation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implementation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Implementation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Implementation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Implementation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Implementation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Thin_and_thick_lookups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thin_and_thick_lookups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Thin and thick lookups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thin_and_thick_lookups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Software</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Web" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Web"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Web</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Web-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Servers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Servers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Servers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Servers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Servers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Servers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Regional_Internet_registries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_Internet_registries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Regional Internet registries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_Internet_registries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Server_discovery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Server_discovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Server discovery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Server_discovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Query_example" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Query_example"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Query example</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Query_example-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referral_Whois" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referral_Whois"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Referral Whois</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referral_Whois-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accuracy_of_information" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accuracy_of_information"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Accuracy of information</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accuracy_of_information-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_and_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_and_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Law and policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_and_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ICANN_proposal_to_abolish_WHOIS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ICANN_proposal_to_abolish_WHOIS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>ICANN proposal to abolish WHOIS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ICANN_proposal_to_abolish_WHOIS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standards_documents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standards_documents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Standards documents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standards_documents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-IRIS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IRIS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>IRIS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IRIS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-RDAP" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#RDAP"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>RDAP</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-RDAP-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">WHOIS</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox 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Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88_%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B2_(%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84)" title="هو إيز (بروتوكول) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هو إيز (بروتوكول)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9C" title="হুইজ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হুইজ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whois" title="Whois – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Whois" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whois" title="Whois – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Whois" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whois" title="Whois – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Whois" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whois" title="Whois – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Whois" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHOIS" title="WHOIS – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="WHOIS" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHOIS" title="WHOIS – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="WHOIS" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B2" title="هوئیز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هوئیز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whois" title="Whois – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Whois" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9B%84%EC%9D%B4%EC%A6%88" title="후이즈 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="후이즈" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whois" title="Whois – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Whois" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whois" title="Whois – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Whois" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whois" title="Whois – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Whois" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHOIS" title="WHOIS – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="WHOIS" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHOIS" title="WHOIS – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="WHOIS" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHOIS" title="WHOIS – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="WHOIS" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHOIS" title="WHOIS – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="WHOIS" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHOIS" title="WHOIS – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="WHOIS" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHOIS" title="WHOIS – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="WHOIS" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHOIS" title="WHOIS – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="WHOIS" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHOIS" title="WHOIS – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="WHOIS" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHOIS" title="WHOIS – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="WHOIS" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whois" title="Whois – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Whois" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whois" title="Whois – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Whois" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/WHOIS" title="WHOIS – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="WHOIS" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q590967#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> 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version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Whois" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiversity mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Whois" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiversity</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q590967" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Whois&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Whois">Whois</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Computer network protocol</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the method for checking information about ownership of a domain name. For the IRC command, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_Relay_Chat_commands#WHOIS" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Internet Relay Chat commands">List of Internet Relay Chat commands § WHOIS</a>.</div> <p><b>WHOIS</b> (pronounced as the phrase "who is") is a query and response <a href="/wiki/Communications_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications protocol">protocol</a> that is used for querying <a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">databases</a> that store an <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> resource's registered users or assignees. These resources include <a href="/wiki/Domain_name" title="Domain name">domain names</a>, <a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP address</a> blocks and <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_system_(Internet)" title="Autonomous system (Internet)">autonomous systems</a>, but it is also used for a wider range of other information. The protocol stores and delivers database content in a human-readable format.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc3912_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc3912-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The current iteration of the WHOIS protocol was drafted by the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Society" title="Internet Society">Internet Society</a>, and is documented in <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3912">3912</a>. </p><p>Whois is also the name of the command-line utility on most <a href="/wiki/UNIX" class="mw-redirect" title="UNIX">UNIX</a> systems used to make WHOIS protocol queries.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, WHOIS has a sister protocol called <i>Referral Whois</i> (<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Referral_Whois">RWhois</a>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=WHOIS&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/WHOIS" title="Special:EditPage/WHOIS">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22WHOIS%22">"WHOIS"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22WHOIS%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22WHOIS%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22WHOIS%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22WHOIS%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22WHOIS%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_J._Feinler" title="Elizabeth J. Feinler">Elizabeth Feinler</a> and her team (who had created the Resource Directory for <a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a>) were responsible for creating the first WHOIS directory in the early 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2018116_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2018116-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Feinler set up a server in <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford's</a> Network Information Center (NIC) which acted as a directory that could retrieve relevant information about people or entities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2018119_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2018119-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She and the team created <a href="/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">domains</a>, with Feinler's suggestion that domains be divided into categories based on the physical address of the computer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2018120_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2018120-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The process of registration was established in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc920">920</a>. WHOIS was standardized in the early 1980s to look up domains, people, and other resources related to domain and number registrations. As all registration was done by one organization at that time, one centralized server was used for WHOIS queries. This made looking up such information very easy. </p><p>At the time of the emergence of the internet from the ARPANET, the only organization that handled all domain registrations was the <a href="/wiki/Defense_Advanced_Research_Projects_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency">Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA)</a> of the United States government (created during 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). The responsibility of domain registration remained with DARPA as the ARPANET became the Internet during the 1980s. <a href="/wiki/UUNET" title="UUNET">UUNET</a> began offering domain registration service; however, they simply handled the paperwork which they forwarded to the DARPA Network Information Center (NIC). Then the <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a> directed that commercial, third-party entities would handle the management of Internet domain registration. <a href="/wiki/InterNIC" title="InterNIC">InterNIC</a> was formed in 1993 under contract with the NSF, consisting of <a href="/wiki/Network_Solutions" title="Network Solutions">Network Solutions, Inc.</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Atomics" title="General Atomics">General Atomics</a> and <a href="/wiki/AT%26T" title="AT&T">AT&T</a>. The General Atomics contract was canceled after several years due to performance issues. </p><p>20th-century WHOIS servers were highly permissive and would allow wild-card searches. A WHOIS query of a person's last name would yield all individuals with that name. A query with a given keyword returned all registered domains containing that keyword. A query for a given administrative contact returned all domains the administrator was associated with. Since the advent of the commercialized Internet, <a href="/wiki/Domain_Registrars" class="mw-redirect" title="Domain Registrars">multiple registrars</a> and unethical spammers, such permissive searching is no longer available. </p><p>On December 1, 1999, management of the <a href="/wiki/Top-level_domain" title="Top-level domain">top-level domains</a> (TLDs) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">com</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">net</span>, and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">org</span> was assigned to <a href="/wiki/Internet_Corporation_for_Assigned_Names_and_Numbers" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers">ICANN</a>. At the time, these TLDs were converted to a thin WHOIS model. Existing WHOIS clients stopped working at that time. A month later, it had self-detecting <a href="/wiki/Common_Gateway_Interface" title="Common Gateway Interface">Common Gateway Interface</a> support so that the same program could operate a web-based WHOIS lookup, and an external TLD table to support multiple WHOIS servers based on the TLD of the request. This eventually became the model of the modern WHOIS client. </p><p>By 2005, there were many more generic top-level domains than there had been in the early 1980s. There are also many more country-code top-level domains. This has led to a complex network of <a href="/wiki/Domain_name_registrar" title="Domain name registrar">domain name registrars</a> and registrar associations, especially as the management of Internet infrastructure has become more internationalized. As such, performing a WHOIS query on a domain requires knowing the correct, authoritative WHOIS server to use. Tools to do WHOIS domain searches have become common and are offered by providers such as IONOS and Namecheap.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CRISP_and_IRIS">CRISP and IRIS</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=WHOIS&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: CRISP and IRIS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2003, an <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a> committee was formed to create a new standard for looking up information on domain names and network numbers: Cross Registry Information Service Protocol (CRISP).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between January 2005 and July 2006, the working name for this proposed new standard was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Registry_Information_Service&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Internet Registry Information Service (page does not exist)">Internet Registry Information Service</a> (IRIS) <sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The initial IETF Proposed Standards RFCs for IRIS can be found in the <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Further_reading">"Further reading"</a> section of this article. </p><p>The status of RFCs this group worked on can be found on the </p><p>As of March 2009,<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WHOIS&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> the CRISP IETF Working Group concluded,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after a final RFC 5144 was published by the group.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Note</b>: The IETF CRISP working group is not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Number_Resource_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Number Resource Organization">Number Resource Organization</a>'s (NRO) Team of the same name "Consolidated RIR IANA Stewardship Proposal Team" (CRISP Team).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="WEIRDS_and_RDAP">WEIRDS and RDAP</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=WHOIS&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: WEIRDS and RDAP"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Registration_Data_Access_Protocol" title="Registration Data Access Protocol">Registration Data Access Protocol</a></div> <p>In 2013, the IETF acknowledged that IRIS had not been a successful replacement for WHOIS. The primary technical reason for that appeared to be the complexity of IRIS. Further, non-technical reasons were deemed to lie in areas upon which the IETF does not pass judgment. Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/ARIN" class="mw-redirect" title="ARIN">ARIN</a> and <a href="/wiki/RIPE_NCC" title="RIPE NCC">RIPE NCC</a> managed to serve WHOIS data via <a href="/wiki/REST" title="REST">RESTful web services</a>. The charter (drafted in February 2012) provided for separate specifications, for number registries first and for name registries to follow.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The working group produced five proposed standard documents and an informational document. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Protocol">Protocol</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=WHOIS&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Protocol"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The WHOIS protocol had its origin in the ARPANET <i>NICNAME protocol</i> and was based on the <a href="/wiki/Finger_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Finger protocol"><i>NAME/FINGER Protocol</i></a>, described in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc742">742</a> (1977). The NICNAME/WHOIS protocol was first described in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc812">812</a> in 1982 by Ken Harrenstien and Vic White of the Network Information Center at <a href="/wiki/SRI_International" title="SRI International">SRI International</a>. </p><p>WHOIS was originally implemented on the <a href="/wiki/Network_Control_Protocol_(ARPANET)" title="Network Control Protocol (ARPANET)">Network Control Protocol</a> (NCP) but found its major use when the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol_Suite" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Protocol Suite">TCP/IP</a> suite was standardized across the ARPANET and later the Internet. </p><p>The protocol specification is the following (original quote):<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><pre>Connect to the service host TCP: service port 43 decimal NCP: ICP to socket 43 decimal, establishing two 8-bit connections Send a single "command line", ending with <CRLF>. Receive information in response to the command line. The server closes its connections as soon as the output is finished.</pre></blockquote> <p>The <i>command line</i> server query is normally a single name specification. i.e. the name of a resource. However, servers accept a query, consisting of only the question mark (?) to return a description of acceptable command line formats. Substitution or <i>wild-card</i> formats also exist, e.g., appending a <a href="/wiki/Full-stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Full-stop">full-stop</a> (period) to the query name returns all entries beginning with the query name. </p><p>On the modern Internet, WHOIS services are typically communicated using the <a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">Transmission Control Protocol</a> (TCP). Servers listen to requests on the well-known <a href="/wiki/Port_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Port number">port number</a> 43. Clients are simple applications that establish a communications channel to the server, transmit a text record with the name of the resource to be queried and await the response in form of a sequence of text records found in the database. This simplicity of the protocol also permits an application, and a command line interface user, to query a WHOIS server using the <a href="/wiki/Telnet" title="Telnet">Telnet</a> protocol. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Augmentations">Augmentations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=WHOIS&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Augmentations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2014, June ICANN published the recommendation for status codes, the "Extensible Provisioning Protocol (<abbr>EPP</abbr>) domain status codes"<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Status Code </th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td><b>addPeriod</b> </td> <td>This grace period is provided after the initial registration of a domain name. If the registrar deletes the domain name during this period, the registry may provide credit to the registrar for the cost of the registration. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>autoRenewPeriod</b> </td> <td>This grace period is provided after a domain name registration period expires and is extended (renewed) automatically by the registry. If the registrar deletes the domain name during this period, the registry provides a credit to the registrar for the cost of the renewal. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>inactive</b> </td> <td>This status code indicates that delegation information (name servers) has not been associated with the domain. The domain is not activated in the <a href="/wiki/DNS" class="mw-redirect" title="DNS">DNS</a> and will not resolve. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>ok</b> </td> <td>This is the standard status for a domain, meaning it has no pending operations or prohibitions. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>pendingCreate</b> </td> <td>This status code indicates that a request to create the domain has been received and is being processed. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>pendingDelete</b> </td> <td>This status code may be mixed with <i>redemptionPeriod</i> or <i>pendingRestore</i>. In such case, depending on the status set in the domain name, otherwise (not combined with other status), the <i>pendingDelete</i> status code indicates that the domain has been in redemptionPeriod status for 30 days and not restored. The domain will remain in this status for several days, after which time the domain will be dropped from the registry database. <p>Once deletion occurs, the domain is available for re-registration in accordance with the registry's policies. </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>pendingRenew</b> </td> <td>This status code indicates that a request to renew the domain has been received and is being processed. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>pendingRestore</b> </td> <td>This status code indicates that the registrar has asked the registry to restore the domain that was in redemptionPeriod status. The registry holds the domain in this status while waiting for the registrar to provide required restoration documentation. If the registrar fails to provide documentation to the registry operator within a set time period to confirm the restoration request, the domain will revert to redemptionPeriod status. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>pendingTransfer</b> </td> <td>This status code indicates that a request to transfer the domain to a new registrar has been received and is being processed. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>pendingUpdate</b> </td> <td>This status code indicates that a request to update the domain has been received and is being processed. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>redemptionPeriod</b> </td> <td>This status code indicates that the registrar has asked the registry to delete the domain. The domain will be held in this status for 30 days. After five calendar days following the end of the redemptionPeriod, the domain is purged from the registry database and becomes available for registration. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>renewPeriod</b> </td> <td>This grace period is provided after a domain name registration period is explicitly extended (renewed) by the registrar. If the registrar deletes the domain name during this period, the registry provides a credit to the registrar for the cost of the renewal. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>serverDeleteProhibited</b> </td> <td>This status code prevents the domain from being deleted. It is an uncommon status that is usually enacted during legal disputes, at the registrant's request, or when a redemptionPeriod status is in place. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>serverHold</b> </td> <td>This status code is set by the domain's Registry Operator. The domain is not activated in the <abbr>DNS</abbr>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>serverRenewProhibited</b> </td> <td>This status code indicates the domain's Registry Operator will not allow the registrar to renew the domain. It is an uncommon status that is usually enacted during legal disputes or when the domain is subject to deletion. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>serverTransferProhibited</b> </td> <td>This status code prevents the domain from being transferred from the current registrar to another. It is an uncommon status that is usually enacted during legal or other disputes, at the registrant's request, or when a redemptionPeriod status is in place. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>serverUpdateProhibited</b> </td> <td>This status code locks the domain, preventing it from being updated. It is an uncommon status that is usually enacted during legal disputes, at the registrant's request, or when a redemptionPeriod status is in place. </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>transferPeriod</b> </td> <td>This grace period is provided after the successful transfer of a domain name from one registrar to another. If the new registrar deletes the domain name during this period, the registry provides a credit to the registrar for the cost of the transfer. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementation">Implementation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=WHOIS&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Implementation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>WHOIS lookups were traditionally performed with a <a href="/wiki/Command_line_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Command line interface">command line interface</a> application, but now many alternative web-based tools exist. </p><p>A WHOIS database consists of a set of text records for each resource. These text records consists of various items of information about the resource itself, and any associated information of assignees, registrants, administrative information, such as creation and expiration dates. </p><p>Two data models exist for storing resource information in a WHOIS database, the <i>thick</i> and the <i>thin</i> model. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thin_and_thick_lookups">Thin and thick lookups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=WHOIS&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Thin and thick lookups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>WHOIS information can be stored and looked up according to either a <i>thick</i> or a <i>thin</i> data model: </p> <dl><dt>Thick</dt> <dd>A thick WHOIS server stores the complete WHOIS information from all the registrars for the particular set of data (so that one WHOIS server can respond with WHOIS information on all <a href="/wiki/.org" title=".org">.org</a> domains, for example).</dd> <dt>Thin</dt> <dd>A thin WHOIS server stores only the name of the WHOIS server of the registrar of a domain, which in turn has the full details on the data being looked up (such as the <a href="/wiki/.com" title=".com">.com</a> WHOIS servers, which refer the WHOIS query to the registrar where the domain was registered).</dd></dl> <p>The thick model usually ensures consistent data and slightly faster queries, since only one WHOIS server needs to be contacted. If a registrar goes out of business, a thick registry contains all important information (if the registrant entered correct data, and privacy features were not used to obscure the data) and registration information can be retained. But with a thin registry, the contact information might not be available, and it could be difficult for the rightful registrant to retain control of the domain.<sup id="cite_ref-circleid.com_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-circleid.com-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If a WHOIS client did not understand how to deal with this situation, it would display the full information from the registrar. The WHOIS protocol has no standard for determining how to distinguish the thin model from the thick model. </p><p>Specific details of which records are stored vary among <a href="/wiki/Domain_name_registry" title="Domain name registry">domain name registries</a>. Some <a href="/wiki/Top-level_domain" title="Top-level domain">top-level domains</a>, including <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced"><a href="/wiki/.com" title=".com">com</a></span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced"><a href="/wiki/.net" title=".net">net</a></span>, operate a thin WHOIS, requiring domain registrars to maintain their own customers' data. The other global top-level registries, including <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced"><a href="/wiki/.org" title=".org">org</a></span>, operate a thick model.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each country-code top-level registry has its own national rules. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Software">Software</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=WHOIS&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">whois</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Whois_Mushoku_Tensei_screenshot.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Whois_Mushoku_Tensei_screenshot.png/220px-Whois_Mushoku_Tensei_screenshot.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Whois_Mushoku_Tensei_screenshot.png/330px-Whois_Mushoku_Tensei_screenshot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Whois_Mushoku_Tensei_screenshot.png/440px-Whois_Mushoku_Tensei_screenshot.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="484" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">whois client on <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> showing the WHOIS information of website of <i><a href="/wiki/Mushoku_Tensei" title="Mushoku Tensei">Mushoku Tensei</a></i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/RIPE_NCC" title="RIPE NCC">RIPE NCC</a> (original BSD client), Marco d'Itri (modern Linux client)</td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">5.5.19 / 2023-10-08</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a>, <a href="/wiki/ReactOS" title="ReactOS">ReactOS</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Platform</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cross-platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-platform">Cross-platform</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_categories#Categorization_approaches" title="Software categories">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Command_(computing)" title="Command (computing)">Command</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/BSD_License" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD License">BSD License</a> (BSD and ReactOS), <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GPL</a> (Linux)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/rfc1036/whois">github<wbr />.com<wbr />/rfc1036<wbr />/whois</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The first applications written for the WHOIS information system were <a href="/wiki/Command-line_interface" title="Command-line interface">command-line interface</a> tools for <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> operating systems (i.e. Solaris, Linux etc.). WHOIS client and server software is distributed as free <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source software</a> and binary distributions are included with all <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> systems. Various commercial Unix implementations may use a proprietary implementation (for example, <a href="/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solaris (operating system)">Solaris</a> 7). </p><p>A WHOIS command line client passes a phrase given as an argument directly to the WHOIS server. Various free open source examples can still be found on sites such as sourceforge.net. However, most modern WHOIS tools implement command line flags or options, such as the -h option to access a specific server host, but default servers are preconfigured. Additional options may allow control of the <a href="/wiki/Port_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Port number">port number</a> to connect on, displaying additional debugging data, or changing recursion/referral behavior. </p><p>Like most TCP/IP <a href="/wiki/Client%E2%80%93server_model" title="Client–server model">client–server</a> applications, a WHOIS client takes the user input and then opens an <a href="/wiki/Internet_socket" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet socket">Internet socket</a> to its destination server. The WHOIS protocol manages the transmission of the query and reception of results. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Web">Web</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=WHOIS&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Web"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the advent of the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> and especially the loosening up of the <a href="/wiki/Network_Solutions" title="Network Solutions">Network Solutions</a> monopoly, looking up WHOIS information via the web has become quite common. At present, popular web-based WHOIS-queries may be conducted from <a href="/wiki/ARIN" class="mw-redirect" title="ARIN">ARIN</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/RIPE" title="RIPE">RIPE</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/APNIC" title="APNIC">APNIC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most early web-based WHOIS clients were merely front-ends to a command-line client, where the resulting output just gets displayed on a web page with little, if any, clean-up or formatting. </p><p>Currently, web based WHOIS clients usually perform the WHOIS queries directly and then format the results for display. Many such clients are proprietary, authored by domain name registrars. </p><p>The need for web-based clients came from the fact that command-line WHOIS clients largely existed only in the Unix and large computing worlds. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> and Macintosh computers had no WHOIS clients installed by default, so registrars had to find a way to provide access to WHOIS data for potential customers. Many end-users still rely on such clients, even though command line and graphical clients exist now for most home PC platforms. Microsoft provides the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/sysinternals/bb842062">Sysinternals Suite</a> that includes a whois client at no cost. </p><p><a href="/wiki/CPAN" title="CPAN">CPAN</a> has several <a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a> modules available that work with WHOIS servers. Many of them are not current and do not fully function with the current (2005) WHOIS server infrastructure. However, there is still much useful functionality to derive including looking up <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_System_(Internet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous System (Internet)">AS numbers</a> and registrant contacts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Servers">Servers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=WHOIS&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Servers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>WHOIS services are mainly run by <a href="/wiki/Domain_name_registrar" title="Domain name registrar">registrars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Domain_name_registry" title="Domain name registry">registries</a>; for example the <a href="/wiki/Public_Interest_Registry" title="Public Interest Registry">Public Interest Registry</a> (PIR) maintains the .ORG registry and associated WHOIS service.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_Internet_registries">Regional Internet registries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=WHOIS&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Regional Internet registries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Regional_Internet_Registries_world_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Regional_Internet_Registries_world_map.svg/220px-Regional_Internet_Registries_world_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Regional_Internet_Registries_world_map.svg/330px-Regional_Internet_Registries_world_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Regional_Internet_Registries_world_map.svg/440px-Regional_Internet_Registries_world_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>Regional Internet registries</figcaption></figure> <p>WHOIS servers operated by <a href="/wiki/Regional_Internet_registry" title="Regional Internet registry">regional Internet registries</a> (RIR) can be queried directly to determine the <a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">Internet service provider</a> responsible for a particular resource. </p><p>The records of each of these registries are cross-referenced, so that a query to <a href="/wiki/ARIN" class="mw-redirect" title="ARIN">ARIN</a> for a record which belongs to <a href="/wiki/RIPE" title="RIPE">RIPE</a> will return a placeholder pointing to the RIPE WHOIS server. This lets the WHOIS user making the query know that the detailed information resides on the RIPE server. In addition to the RIRs servers, commercial services exist, such as the <a href="/wiki/Routing_Assets_Database" title="Routing Assets Database">Routing Assets Database</a> used by some large networks (e.g., large Internet providers that acquired other ISPs in several RIR areas). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Server_discovery">Server discovery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=WHOIS&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Server discovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is currently no widely extended way for determining the responsible WHOIS server for a DNS domain, though a number of methods are in common use for <a href="/wiki/Top-level_domain" title="Top-level domain">top-level domains</a> (TLDs). Some registries use <a href="/wiki/SRV_record" title="SRV record">DNS SRV records</a> (defined in RFC 2782<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) to allow clients to discover the address of the WHOIS server.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some WHOIS lookups require searching the procuring domain registrar to display domain owner details. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Query_example">Query example</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=WHOIS&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Query example"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Normally the contact information of the resources assignee is returned. However, some registrars offer private registration, in which case the contact information of the registrar is shown instead. </p><p>Some registry operators are wholesalers, meaning that they typically provide domain name services to a large number of retail registrars, who in turn offer them to consumers. For private registration, only the identity of the wholesale registrar may be returned. In this case, the identity of the individual as well as the retail registrar may be hidden. </p><p>Below is an example of WHOIS data returned for an individual resource holder. This is the result of a WHOIS query of <a href="/wiki/Example.com" title="Example.com">example.com</a>: </p> <div class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-doscon mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr"><pre><span></span><span class="hll"><span class="gp">></span> whois example.com </span><span class="go">[Querying whois.verisign-grs.com]</span> <span class="go">[Redirected to whois.iana.org]</span> <span class="go">[Querying whois.iana.org]</span> <span class="go">[whois.iana.org]</span> <span class="go">% IANA WHOIS server</span> <span class="go">% for more information on IANA, visit http://www.iana.org</span> <span class="go">% This query returned 1 object</span> <span class="go">domain: EXAMPLE.COM</span> <span class="go">organisation: Internet Assigned Numbers Authority</span> <span class="go">created: 1992-01-01</span> <span class="go">source: IANA</span> </pre></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="RWhois"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referral_Whois">Referral Whois</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=WHOIS&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Referral Whois"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Referral Whois</b> (<b>RWhois</b>) is an extension of the original WHOIS protocol and service. RWhois extends the concepts of WHOIS in a <a href="/wiki/Scalability" title="Scalability">scalable</a>, hierarchical fashion, potentially creating a system with a tree-like architecture. Queries are deterministically routed to servers based on hierarchical labels, reducing a query to the primary repository of information.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc1714_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc1714-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lookups of IP address allocations are often limited to the larger <a href="/wiki/Classless_Inter-Domain_Routing" title="Classless Inter-Domain Routing">Classless Inter-Domain Routing</a> (CIDR) blocks (e.g., /24, /22, /16), because usually only the <a href="/wiki/Regional_Internet_registry" title="Regional Internet registry">regional Internet registries</a> (RIRs) and <a href="/wiki/Domain_registrars" class="mw-redirect" title="Domain registrars">domain registrars</a> run RWhois or WHOIS servers, although RWhois is intended to be run by even smaller <a href="/wiki/Local_Internet_registry" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Internet registry">local Internet registries</a>, to provide more granular information about IP address assignment. </p><p>RWhois is intended to replace WHOIS, providing an organized hierarchy of referral services where one could connect to any RWhois server, request a look-up and be automatically re-directed to the correct server(s). However, while the technical functionality is in place, adoption of the RWhois standard has been weak. </p><p>RWhois services are typically communicated using the <a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">Transmission Control Protocol</a> (TCP). Servers listen to requests on the well-known <a href="/wiki/Port_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Port number">port number</a> 4321. </p><p>Rwhois was first specified in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc1714">1714</a> in 1994 by <a href="/wiki/Network_Solutions" title="Network Solutions">Network Solutions</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-rfc1714_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc1714-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the specification was superseded in 1997 by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2167">2167</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc2167_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc2167-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The referral features of RWhois are different than the feature of a WHOIS server to refer responses to another server, which RWhois also implements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=WHOIS&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One criticism of WHOIS is the lack of full access to the data.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Few parties have realtime access to the complete databases. </p><p>Others cite the competing goal of <a href="/wiki/Domain_privacy" title="Domain privacy">domain privacy</a> as a criticism, although this problem is strongly mitigated by domain privacy services. Currently, the <i>Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers</i> (<a href="/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN">ICANN</a>) broadly requires that the <a href="/wiki/Mail" title="Mail">mailing</a> <a href="/wiki/Address_(geography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Address (geography)">address</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phone_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Phone number">phone number</a> and <a href="/wiki/E-mail_address" class="mw-redirect" title="E-mail address">e-mail address</a> of those owning or administering a domain name to be made publicly available through the "WHOIS" directories. The registrant's (domain owner's) contact details, such as address and telephone number, are easily accessible to anyone who queries a WHOIS server. However, that policy enables spammers, direct marketers, identity thieves or other attackers to loot the directory for personal information about these people. Although ICANN has been exploring changing WHOIS to enable greater privacy, there is a lack of consensus among major stakeholders as to what type of change should be made.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some domain registrars offer private registrations (also known as domain privacy), by which the contact information of the registrar is shown instead of the customer's. With the offer of private registration from many registrars, some of the risk has been mitigated.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Studies have shown that spammers can and do harvest plain-text email addresses from WHOIS servers.<sup id="cite_ref-icann_whois_spam_study_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icann_whois_spam_study-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this reason, some WHOIS servers and websites offering WHOIS queries have implemented rate-limiting systems, such as web-based <a href="/wiki/CAPTCHA" title="CAPTCHA">CAPTCHA</a> and limited amounts of search queries per user <a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP address</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The WHOIS requirements conflict with the <a href="/wiki/General_Data_Protection_Regulation" title="General Data Protection Regulation">General Data Protection Regulation</a> (GDPR), effective in the European Union 25 May 2018, which places strict regulations on the processing and publication of personally identifiable information. ICANN stated in November 2017 that it would not reprimand "noncompliance with contractual obligations related to the handling of registration data" if registrars provide alternative solutions for compliance with its rules, until the WHOIS requirements are updated to take GDPR into account.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The WHOIS protocol was not written with an international audience in mind. A WHOIS server and/or client cannot determine the text encoding in effect for the query or the database content. Many servers were originally using US-<a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a> and internationalization concerns were not taken into consideration until much later.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This might impact the usability or usefulness of the WHOIS protocol in countries outside the USA.<sup id="cite_ref-rfc3912_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc3912-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the case of <a href="/wiki/Internationalized_domain_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Internationalized domain names">internationalized domain names</a> it is the responsibility of the client application to perform the translation of the domain name between its native language script and the DNS name in <a href="/wiki/Punycode" title="Punycode">punycode</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accuracy_of_information">Accuracy of information</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=WHOIS&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Accuracy of information"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In cases where the registrant's (Domain Owner) identity is public, anyone can easily confirm the status of a domain via WHOIS. </p><p>In the case of private registrations, ascertaining registration information may be more difficult. If a registrant, who acquired a domain name, wants to verify the registrar has completed the registration process, three steps may be required: </p> <ol><li>Perform a WHOIS and confirm that the resource is at least registered with ICANN,</li> <li>Determine the name of the wholesale registrar, and</li> <li>Contact the wholesaler and obtain the name of the retail registrar.</li></ol> <p>This provides some confidence that the retailer actually registered the name. But if the registrar goes out of business, as with the failure of <a href="/wiki/RegisterFly" title="RegisterFly">RegisterFly</a> in 2007, the rightful domain holder with privacy-protected registrations may have difficulty regaining the administration of their domain name.<sup id="cite_ref-circleid.com_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-circleid.com-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Registrants using "private registration" can attempt to protect themselves by using a registrar that places customer data in escrow with a third party. </p><p>ICANN requires that every registrant of a domain name be given the opportunity to correct any inaccurate contact data associated with their domain. For this reason, registrars are required to periodically send the holder the contact information on record for verification, but they do not provide any guarantee about the accuracy of information if the registrant provided inaccurate information. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Law_and_policy">Law and policy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=WHOIS&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Law and policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this section <b>deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WHOIS&action=edit">improve this section</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:WHOIS" title="Talk:WHOIS">talk page</a>, or create a new section, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>WHOIS has generated policy issues in the United States federal government. As noted above, WHOIS creates a <a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">privacy</a> issue which is also tied to <a href="/wiki/Free_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Free speech">free speech</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anonymity" title="Anonymity">anonymity</a>. However, WHOIS is an important tool for law enforcement officers investigating violations like <a href="/wiki/Spam_(electronic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spam (electronic)">spam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phishing" title="Phishing">phishing</a> to track down the holders of domain names. As a result, law enforcement agencies have sought to make WHOIS records both open and verified:<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission" title="Federal Trade Commission">Federal Trade Commission</a> has testified about how inaccurate WHOIS records thwart their investigations.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Congressional hearings have been conducted about the importance of WHOIS in 2001, 2002 and 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>Fraudulent Online Identity Sanctions Act</i><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "make it a violation of trademark and copyright law if a person knowingly provided, or caused to be provided, materially false contact information in making, maintaining, or renewing the registration of a domain name used in connection with the violation,"<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where the latter "violation" refers to a prior violation of trademark or copyright law. The act does not make the submission of false WHOIS data illegal in itself, only if used to shield oneself from prosecution for crimes committed using that domain name.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ICANN_proposal_to_abolish_WHOIS">ICANN proposal to abolish WHOIS</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=WHOIS&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: ICANN proposal to abolish WHOIS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Expert Working Group (EWG) of the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (<a href="/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN">ICANN</a>) recommended on 24 June 2013 that WHOIS should be scrapped. It recommends that WHOIS be replaced with a system that keeps information secret from most Internet users, and only discloses information for "permissible purposes".<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ICANN's list of permissible purposes includes domain-name research, domain-name sale and purchase, regulatory enforcement, personal data protection, legal actions, and abuse mitigation.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although WHOIS has been a key tool of journalists in determining who was disseminating certain information on the Internet,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the use of WHOIS by the free press is not included in ICANN's proposed list of permissible purposes. </p><p>The EWG collected public input on the initial report until 13 September 2013. Its final report was issued on 6 June 2014, without meaningful changes to the recommendations.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of March 2015<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WHOIS&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, ICANN is in the "process of re-inventing WHOIS," working on "ICANN WHOIS Beta."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On January 19, 2023, ICANN opened voting on a global amendment to all its registry and registrar agreements. In it they defined an <a href="/wiki/Registration_Data_Access_Protocol" title="Registration Data Access Protocol">RDAP</a> Ramp-Up Period of 180 days starting with the effectiveness of this amendment. 360 days after this period is defined as the WHOIS Services Sunset Date, after which it is not a requirement for registries and registrars to offer a WHOIS service and instead only an <a href="/wiki/Registration_Data_Access_Protocol" title="Registration Data Access Protocol">RDAP</a> service is required. All voting thresholds were met within the 60 day voting period and the amendment was approved by the ICANN Board. The date for WHOIS Sunset for <a href="/wiki/Generic_top-level_domain" title="Generic top-level domain">gTLDs</a> was set as 28 January 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standards_documents">Standards documents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=WHOIS&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Standards documents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc812">812</a> – NICNAME/WHOIS (1982, obsolete)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc954">954</a> – NICNAME/WHOIS (1985, obsolete)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3912">3912</a> – WHOIS protocol specification (2004, current)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=WHOIS&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domain_name_registry" title="Domain name registry">Domain name registry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Internet_registry" title="Regional Internet registry">Regional Internet registry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Routing_Assets_Database" title="Routing Assets Database">Routing Assets Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Routing_Policy_Specification_Language" title="Routing Policy Specification Language">Routing Policy Specification Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_Whois_Project" title="Shared Whois Project">Shared Whois Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registration_Data_Access_Protocol" title="Registration Data Access Protocol">Registration Data Access Protocol</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=WHOIS&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-rfc3912-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rfc3912_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rfc3912_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">RFC 3912, <i>WHOIS Protocol Specification</i>, L. Daigle (September 2004)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://manpages.debian.org/stretch/whois/whois.1.en.html">"Whois(1) — whois — Debian stretch — Debian Manpages"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210401154648/https://manpages.debian.org/stretch/whois/whois.1.en.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-04-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Whois%281%29+%E2%80%94+whois+%E2%80%94+Debian+stretch+%E2%80%94+Debian+Manpages&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmanpages.debian.org%2Fstretch%2Fwhois%2Fwhois.1.en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWHOIS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2018116-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2018116_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2018">Evans 2018</a>, p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2018119-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2018119_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2018">Evans 2018</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2018120-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2018120_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans2018">Evans 2018</a>, p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.darpa.mil/attachments/DARPA_Innovation_2016.pdf">Innovation at DARPA</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). DARPA. July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 7,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Innovation+at+DARPA&rft.pub=DARPA&rft.date=2016-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.darpa.mil%2Fattachments%2FDARPA_Innovation_2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWHOIS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ionos.co.uk/tools/whois-domain-lookup">"Whois Domain Lookup UK » Check detailed info for free | IONOS"</a>. <i>ionos.co.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220726225959/https://www.ionos.co.uk/tools/whois-domain-lookup">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-07-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ionos.co.uk&rft.atitle=Whois+Domain+Lookup+UK+%C2%BB+Check+detailed+info+for+free+%7C+IONOS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ionos.co.uk%2Ftools%2Fwhois-domain-lookup&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWHOIS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2003" class="citation web cs1">Murphy, Cathy (2 October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150601224705/https://www.ietf.org/proceedings/58/104.htm">"CRISP (Cross-Registry Information Service Protocol) Working Group Meeting Minutes"</a>. <i>Internet Engineering Task Force</i>. Minneapolis, Minnesota USA: IETF. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ietf.org/proceedings/58/104.htm">the original</a> on 1 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2015</span>. <q>The CRISP (Cross-Registry Information Service Protocol) WG will define a standard mechanism that can be used for finding authoritative information associated with a label, a protocol to transport queries and responses for accessing that information, and a first profile (schema & queries) to support commonly-required queries for domain registration information.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Engineering+Task+Force&rft.atitle=CRISP+%28Cross-Registry+Information+Service+Protocol%29+Working+Group+Meeting+Minutes&rft.date=2003-10-02&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Cathy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ietf.org%2Fproceedings%2F58%2F104.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWHOIS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewton2006" class="citation journal cs1">Newton, Andrew (July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computer.org/csdl/mags/ic/2006/04/w4079-abs.html">"Replacing the Whois Protocol: IRIS and the IETF's CRISP Working Group"</a>. <i>IEEE Internet Computing</i>. <b>10</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">79–</span>84. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMIC.2006.86">10.1109/MIC.2006.86</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8514005">8514005</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150602094505/http://www.computer.org/csdl/mags/ic/2006/04/w4079-abs.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2015</span>. <q>The Nicname/Whois protocol has served well, but it remains unchanged since it was first published in the early 1980s, despite great change in the infrastructure and administration of the Internet. There is now more diversity with domain names and IP networks and associated contacts, as well as among the users submitting queries via Whois. The protocol is now so fragmented in terms of information flow and output that queries yield inconsistent results under current conditions. To address the needs of today's Internet, the IETF Cross Registry Internet Service Protocol (CRISP) working group is developing a new protocol, the Internet Registry Information Service (IRIS), to replace Whois.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Internet+Computing&rft.atitle=Replacing+the+Whois+Protocol%3A+IRIS+and+the+IETF%27s+CRISP+Working+Group&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E79-%3C%2Fspan%3E84&rft.date=2006-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMIC.2006.86&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8514005%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Newton&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.computer.org%2Fcsdl%2Fmags%2Fic%2F2006%2F04%2Fw4079-abs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWHOIS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanzNewtonDaigle2005" class="citation web cs1">Sanz, Marcos; Newton, Andrew; Daigle, Leslie (12 January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150601232742/https://gnso.icann.org/en/issues/whois-privacy/sanz-whois-12jan05.pdf">"The Internet Registry Information Service (IRIS) Protocol"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>gnso.icann.org</i>. Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gnso.icann.org/en/issues/whois-privacy/sanz-whois-12jan05.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 1 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2015</span>. <q>CRISP – Cross-Registry Internet Service Protocol: The CRISP Working Group was tasked with finding a solution to the problems that currently infest the Nicname/Whois protocol. The CRISP Working Group created a list of functional requirements. Proposals meeting these requirements were evaluated. IRIS was selected as the protocol to publish as a standard. Now an IETF Proposed Standard: RFCs: 3981, 3982, 3983</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gnso.icann.org&rft.atitle=The+Internet+Registry+Information+Service+%28IRIS%29+Protocol&rft.date=2005-01-12&rft.aulast=Sanz&rft.aufirst=Marcos&rft.au=Newton%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Daigle%2C+Leslie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgnso.icann.org%2Fen%2Fissues%2Fwhois-privacy%2Fsanz-whois-12jan05.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWHOIS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIESG_Secretary2009" class="citation web cs1">IESG Secretary (26 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150602000549/http://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/crisp/current/msg00513.html">"WG Action: Conclusion of Cross Registry Information Service Protocol (crisp)"</a>. <i>IETF CRISP WG: Mail Archive</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/crisp/current/msg00513.html">the original</a> on 2 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2015</span>. <q>The Cross Registry Information Service Protocol (crisp) working group in the Applications Area has concluded.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IETF+CRISP+WG%3A+Mail+Archive&rft.atitle=WG+Action%3A+Conclusion+of+Cross+Registry+Information+Service+Protocol+%28crisp%29&rft.date=2009-03-26&rft.au=IESG+Secretary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ietf.org%2Fmail-archive%2Fweb%2Fcrisp%2Fcurrent%2Fmsg00513.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWHOIS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMevzek2009" class="citation web cs1">Mevzek, Patrick (21 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150602002135/http://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/crisp/current/msg00509.html">"[CRISP] RFC 5144 up and running"</a>. <i>IETF CRISP WG: Mail Archive</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ietf.org/mail-archive/web/crisp/current/msg00509.html">the original</a> on 2 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IETF+CRISP+WG%3A+Mail+Archive&rft.atitle=%5BCRISP%5D+RFC+5144+up+and+running&rft.date=2009-01-21&rft.aulast=Mevzek&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ietf.org%2Fmail-archive%2Fweb%2Fcrisp%2Fcurrent%2Fmsg00509.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWHOIS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nro.net/internet-governance/iana/iana-stewardship-transition/stewardship-transition-archive/crisp-team/">"Consolidated RIR IANA Stewardship Proposal Team (CRISP Team)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Number_Resource_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Number Resource Organization">Number Resource Organization</a> (NRO). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220804214738/https://www.nro.net/internet-governance/iana/iana-stewardship-transition/stewardship-transition-archive/crisp-team/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Consolidated+RIR+IANA+Stewardship+Proposal+Team+%28CRISP+Team%29&rft.pub=Number+Resource+Organization+%28NRO%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nro.net%2Finternet-governance%2Fiana%2Fiana-stewardship-transition%2Fstewardship-transition-archive%2Fcrisp-team%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWHOIS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ietf.org/proceedings/88/weirds.html">"Web Extensible Internet Registration Data Service (weirds) Working Group"</a>. <i>IETF-88 Proceedings</i>. IETF. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150709223314/http://www.ietf.org/proceedings/88/weirds.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IETF-88+Proceedings&rft.atitle=Web+Extensible+Internet+Registration+Data+Service+%28weirds%29+Working+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ietf.org%2Fproceedings%2F88%2Fweirds.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWHOIS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrenstienWhite1982" class="citation cs1">Harrenstien, K.; White, V. (1 March 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc812"><i>NICNAME/WHOIS</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC0812">10.17487/RFC0812</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc812">812</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=NICNAME%2FWHOIS&rft.date=1982-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC0812&rft.aulast=Harrenstien&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=White%2C+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc812&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWHOIS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/epp-status-codes-2014-06-16-en">"EPP Status Codes - What Do They Mean, and Why Should I Know? - ICANN"</a>. <i>www.icann.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180313233037/https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/epp-status-codes-2014-06-16-en">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-03-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.icann.org&rft.atitle=EPP+Status+Codes+-+What+Do+They+Mean%2C+and+Why+Should+I+Know%3F+-+ICANN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icann.org%2Fresources%2Fpages%2Fepp-status-codes-2014-06-16-en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWHOIS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-circleid.com-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-circleid.com_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-circleid.com_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.circleid.com/posts/com_net_thick_or_thin/">".COM and .NET: Thick Or Thin?"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080116231713/http://www.circleid.com/posts/com_net_thick_or_thin/">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-01-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-01-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=.COM+and+.NET%3A+Thick+Or+Thin%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.circleid.com%2Fposts%2Fcom_net_thick_or_thin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWHOIS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarah_Stoll2009" class="citation web cs1">Sarah Stoll (30 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icann.org/en/topics/new-gtlds/thick-thin-whois-30may09-en.pdf">"Thick vs. Thin Whois for New gTLDs"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>memorandum</i>. <a href="/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN">ICANN</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101218152047/http://icann.org/en/topics/new-gtlds/thick-thin-whois-30may09-en.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 18 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2011</span>. <q>Current gTLD registry agreements vary between thin and thick Whois outputs: com, net and jobs are thin; all other gTLD agreements – aero, asia, biz, cat, coop, info, mobi, museum, name, org, pro, tel, travel – are thick.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=memorandum&rft.atitle=Thick+vs.+Thin+Whois+for+New+gTLDs&rft.date=2009-05-30&rft.au=Sarah+Stoll&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icann.org%2Fen%2Ftopics%2Fnew-gtlds%2Fthick-thin-whois-30may09-en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWHOIS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/reactos/reactos/blob/master/base/applications/network/whois/whois.c">"reactos/whois.c at master · reactos/reactos · GitHub"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220201084129/https://github.com/reactos/reactos/blob/master/base/applications/network/whois/whois.c">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-02-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GitHub&rft.atitle=reactos%2Fwhois.c+at+master+%C2%B7+reactos%2Freactos+%C2%B7+GitHub&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Freactos%2Freactos%2Fblob%2Fmaster%2Fbase%2Fapplications%2Fnetwork%2Fwhois%2Fwhois.c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWHOIS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whois.arin.net/ui">"Whois-RWS"</a>. <i>whois.arin.net</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120910002442/http://whois.arin.net/ui">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-09-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-09-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=whois.arin.net&rft.atitle=Whois-RWS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhois.arin.net%2Fui&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWHOIS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ripe.net/manage-ips-and-asns/db/webupdates">"Webupdates"</a>. <i>RIPE Network Coordination Centre</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RIPE+Network+Coordination+Centre&rft.atitle=Webupdates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ripe.net%2Fmanage-ips-and-asns%2Fdb%2Fwebupdates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWHOIS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wq.apnic.net/whois-search/static/search.html">"APNIC Whois search"</a>. <i>wq.apnic.net</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171020074603/http://wq.apnic.net/whois-search/static/search.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-10-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wq.apnic.net&rft.atitle=APNIC+Whois+search&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwq.apnic.net%2Fwhois-search%2Fstatic%2Fsearch.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWHOIS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whois.icann.org/en/dns-and-whois-how-it-works">"DNS and WHOIS - How it Works | ICANN WHOIS"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126190036/https://whois.icann.org/en/dns-and-whois-how-it-works">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-01-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DNS+and+WHOIS+-+How+it+Works+%26%23124%3B+ICANN+WHOIS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhois.icann.org%2Fen%2Fdns-and-whois-how-it-works&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWHOIS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGulbrandsenEsibov2000" class="citation web cs1">Gulbrandsen, Arnt; Esibov, Levon (February 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2782">"A DNS RR for specifying the location of services (DNS SRV)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210723195823/https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc2782">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-07-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+DNS+RR+for+specifying+the+location+of+services+%28DNS+SRV%29&rft.date=2000-02&rft.aulast=Gulbrandsen&rft.aufirst=Arnt&rft.au=Esibov%2C+Levon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc2782&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWHOIS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://circleid.com/posts/whois_server_address_registry">"Getting WHOIS Server Address Directly from Registry"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210726213709/http://circleid.com/posts/whois_server_address_registry">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-07-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Getting+WHOIS+Server+Address+Directly+from+Registry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcircleid.com%2Fposts%2Fwhois_server_address_registry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWHOIS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc1714-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rfc1714_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rfc1714_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsonKosters1994" class="citation cs1">Williamson, S.; Kosters, M. 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Internet Governance Project. 12 February 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150409091837/http://www.internetgovernance.org/2011/02/12/battle-begins-over-ip-address-whois-data/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Battle+Begins+Over+IP+Address+Whois+Data&rft.pub=Internet+Governance+Project&rft.date=2011-02-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.internetgovernance.org%2F2011%2F02%2F12%2Fbattle-begins-over-ip-address-whois-data%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWHOIS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://krebsonsecurity.com/2013/09/whois-privacy-plan-draws-fire/">"WHOIS Privacy Plan Draws Fire"</a>. KerbsonSecurity. 16 September 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150316081755/http://krebsonsecurity.com/2013/09/whois-privacy-plan-draws-fire/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WHOIS+Privacy+Plan+Draws+Fire&rft.pub=KerbsonSecurity&rft.date=2013-09-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkrebsonsecurity.com%2F2013%2F09%2Fwhois-privacy-plan-draws-fire%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWHOIS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.actnowdomains.com/the-privacy-conundrum-in-domain-registration.htm">"The Privacy Conundrum in Domain Registration"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Privacy+Conundrum+in+Domain+Registration&rft.pub=Act+Now+Domains&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.actnowdomains.com%2Fthe-privacy-conundrum-in-domain-registration.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWHOIS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/vbpgga/whois-gdpr-europe-icann-registrar">"WHATIS Going to Happen With WHOIS?"</a>. <i>Motherboard</i>. 2018-02-02. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180429025354/https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/vbpgga/whois-gdpr-europe-icann-registrar">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-04-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-04-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Motherboard&rft.atitle=WHATIS+Going+to+Happen+With+WHOIS%3F&rft.date=2018-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmotherboard.vice.com%2Fen_us%2Farticle%2Fvbpgga%2Fwhois-gdpr-europe-icann-registrar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWHOIS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-icann_whois_spam_study-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-icann_whois_spam_study_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icann.org/en/committees/security/sac023.pdf">"SAC 023: Is the WHOIS Service a Source for email Addresses for Spammers?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101204053533/http://www.icann.org/en/committees/security/sac023.pdf">Archived</a> 2010-12-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/ICANN" title="ICANN">ICANN</a> Security and Stability Advisory Committee, October 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSattler2024" class="citation journal cs1">Sattler, Tobias (2024-12-04). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ZDNet&rft.atitle=ICANN+makes+last+minute+WHOIS+changes+to+address+GDPR+requirements&rft.aulast=Vaughan-Nichols&rft.aufirst=Steven+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zdnet.com%2Fhome-and-office%2Fnetworking%2Ficann-makes-last-minute-whois-changes-to-address-gdpr-requirements%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWHOIS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icann.org/en/news/presentations/klensin-whois-carthage-29oct03-en.pdf">"WHOIS Internalization Issues"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120514202509/http://www.icann.org/en/news/presentations/klensin-whois-carthage-29oct03-en.pdf">Archived</a> 2012-05-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, November 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ftc.gov/opa/2006/07/whoisdb.htm">"FTC Calls for Openness, Accessibility in Whois Database System - Federal Trade Commission"</a>. <i>www.ftc.gov</i>. 18 July 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060927191843/http://www.ftc.gov/opa/2006/07/whoisdb.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ftc.gov&rft.atitle=Accuracy+of+%22WHOIS%22+Internet+Database+Essential+to+Law+Enforcement%2C+FTC+Tells+Congress+-+Federal+Trade+Commission&rft.date=2002-05-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ftc.gov%2Fopa%2F2002%2F05%2Fwhois.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWHOIS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowman2001" class="citation web cs1">Bowman, Lisa (11 July 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050827160954/http://news.com.com/2100-1023-269829.html">"Whois at heart of congressional hearings"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNET" title="CNET">CNET</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d108:h.r.03754:">the original</a> on July 17, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=THOMAS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthomas.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fbdquery%2Fz%3Fd108%3Ah.r.03754%3A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWHOIS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120717094741/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/bdquery/z?d108:h.r.03754:">"Fraudulent Online Identity Sanctions Act"</a>. 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ICANN. 6 June 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150224174321/https://www.icann.org/en/system/files/files/final-report-06jun14-en.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 24 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=whois.icann.org&rft.atitle=Final+Report+from+the+Expert+Working+Group+on+gTLD+Directory+Services%3A+A+Next-Generation+Registration+Directory+Service+%28RDS%29&rft.date=2014-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icann.org%2Fen%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Ffiles%2Ffinal-report-06jun14-en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWHOIS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="AboutWHOIS" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whois.icann.org/en/about-whois">"About WHOIS"</a>. <i>whois.icann.org/</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=whois.icann.org&rft.atitle=What%27s+on+the+Horizon%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhois.icann.org%2Fen%2Fwhats-horizon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWHOIS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/global-amendment-2023-en">"2023 Global Amendments to the Base gTLD Registry Agreement (RA), Specification 13, and 2013 Registrar Accreditation Agreement (RAA) - ICANN"</a>. <i>www.icann.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230407062429/https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/global-amendment-2023-en">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.icann.org&rft.atitle=2023+Global+Amendments+to+the+Base+gTLD+Registry+Agreement+%28RA%29%2C+Specification+13%2C+and+2013+Registrar+Accreditation+Agreement+%28RAA%29+-+ICANN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icann.org%2Fresources%2Fpages%2Fglobal-amendment-2023-en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWHOIS" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=WHOIS&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2018" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Claire L. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C8ouDwAAQBAJ&q=WHOIS"><i>Broad Band: The Untold Story of the Women Who Made the Internet</i></a>. New York: Portfolio/Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780735211759" title="Special:BookSources/9780735211759"><bdi>9780735211759</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Broad+Band%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+the+Women+Who+Made+the+Internet&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Portfolio%2FPenguin&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780735211759&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Claire+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC8ouDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DWHOIS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWHOIS" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=WHOIS&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="IRIS">IRIS</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=WHOIS&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: IRIS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>3981 - <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewtonSanz2005" class="citation cs1">Newton, A.; Sanz, M. (January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3981"><i>IRIS: The Internet Registry Information Service (IRIS) Core Protocol</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC3981">10.17487/RFC3981</a></span>. STD 8. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3981">3981</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IRIS%3A+The+Internet+Registry+Information+Service+%28IRIS%29+Core+Protocol&rft.pub=IETF&rft.date=2005-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC3981&rft.aulast=Newton&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Sanz%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc3981&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWHOIS" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>3982 - <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewtonSanz2005" class="citation cs1">Newton, A.; Sanz, M. (January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3982"><i>IRIS: A Domain Registry (dreg) Type for the Internet Registry Information Service (IRIS)</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC3982">10.17487/RFC3982</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3982">3982</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IRIS%3A+A+Domain+Registry+%28dreg%29+Type+for+the+Internet+Registry+Information+Service+%28IRIS%29&rft.pub=IETF&rft.date=2005-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC3982&rft.aulast=Newton&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Sanz%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc3982&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWHOIS" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>3983 - <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewtonSanz2005" class="citation cs1">Newton, A.; Sanz, M. (January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3983"><i>Using the Internet Registry Information Service (IRIS) over the Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol (BEEP)</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC3983">10.17487/RFC3983</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3983">3983</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Using+the+Internet+Registry+Information+Service+%28IRIS%29+over+the+Blocks+Extensible+Exchange+Protocol+%28BEEP%29&rft.pub=IETF&rft.date=2005-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC3983&rft.aulast=Newton&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Sanz%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc3983&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWHOIS" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>4992 - <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewton2007" class="citation cs1">Newton, A. (August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4992"><i>XML Pipelining with Chunks for the Internet Registry Information Service</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC4992">10.17487/RFC4992</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4992">4992</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=XML+Pipelining+with+Chunks+for+the+Internet+Registry+Information+Service&rft.pub=IETF&rft.date=2007-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC4992&rft.aulast=Newton&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc4992&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWHOIS" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewtonSanz2008" class="citation cs1">Newton, Andrew; Sanz, Marcos (February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5144"><i>A Domain Availability Check (DCHK) Registry Type for the Internet Registry Information Service (IRIS)</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC5144">10.17487/RFC5144</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5144">5144</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Domain+Availability+Check+%28DCHK%29+Registry+Type+for+the+Internet+Registry+Information+Service+%28IRIS%29&rft.pub=IETF&rft.date=2008-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC5144&rft.aulast=Newton&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Sanz%2C+Marcos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc5144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWHOIS" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="RDAP">RDAP</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=WHOIS&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: RDAP"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>7480 - <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewtonEllacottKong2015" class="citation cs1">Newton, Andrew; Ellacott, Byron; Kong, Ning (March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7480"><i>HTTP Usage in the Registration Data Access Protocol (RDAP)</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC7480">10.17487/RFC7480</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7480">7480</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 8,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=HTTP+Usage+in+the+Registration+Data+Access+Protocol+%28RDAP%29&rft.pub=IETF&rft.date=2015-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC7480&rft.aulast=Newton&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Ellacott%2C+Byron&rft.au=Kong%2C+Ning&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc7480&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWHOIS" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>7481 - <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollenbeckKong2015" class="citation cs1">Hollenbeck, Scott; Kong, Ning (March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7481"><i>Security Services for the Registration Data Access Protocol (RDAP)</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC7481">10.17487/RFC7481</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7481">7481</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 8,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Security+Services+for+the+Registration+Data+Access+Protocol+%28RDAP%29&rft.pub=IETF&rft.date=2015-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC7481&rft.aulast=Hollenbeck&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft.au=Kong%2C+Ning&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc7481&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWHOIS" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>7482 - <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewtonHollenbeck2015" class="citation cs1">Newton, Andrew; Hollenbeck, Scott (March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7482"><i>Registration Data Access Protocol (RDAP) Query Format</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC7482">10.17487/RFC7482</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7482">7482</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 8,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Registration+Data+Access+Protocol+%28RDAP%29+Query+Format&rft.pub=IETF&rft.date=2015-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC7482&rft.aulast=Newton&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Hollenbeck%2C+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc7482&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWHOIS" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>7483 - <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewtonHollenbeck2015" class="citation cs1">Newton, Andrew; Hollenbeck, Scott (March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7483"><i>JSON Responses for the Registration Data Access Protocol (RDAP)</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC7483">10.17487/RFC7483</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7483">7483</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 8,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=JSON+Responses+for+the+Registration+Data+Access+Protocol+%28RDAP%29&rft.pub=IETF&rft.date=2015-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC7483&rft.aulast=Newton&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Hollenbeck%2C+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc7483&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWHOIS" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>7484 - <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlanchet2015" class="citation cs1">Blanchet, Marc (March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7484"><i>Finding the Authoritative Registration Data (RDAP) Service</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC7484">10.17487/RFC7484</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7484">7484</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 8,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Finding+the+Authoritative+Registration+Data+%28RDAP%29+Service&rft.pub=IETF&rft.date=2015-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC7484&rft.aulast=Blanchet&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc7484&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWHOIS" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li>7485 - <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhouKongShenSheng2015" class="citation cs1">Zhou, L.; Kong, N.; Shen, S.; Sheng, S.; Servin, A. (March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7485"><i>Inventory and Analysis of WHOIS Registration Objects</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC7485">10.17487/RFC7485</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7485">7485</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 8,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventory+and+Analysis+of+WHOIS+Registration+Objects&rft.pub=IETF&rft.date=2015-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC7485&rft.aulast=Zhou&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Kong%2C+N.&rft.au=Shen%2C+S.&rft.au=Sheng%2C+S.&rft.au=Servin%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc7485&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWHOIS" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=WHOIS&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tools.ietf.org/wg/crisp/">Status of CRISP RFCs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iana.org/whois">IANA WHOIS Service</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icann.org/">The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iana.org/">The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/whois-server-list/whois-server-list">XML Whois Server list</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forms.icann.org/en/resources/compliance/complaints/whois/inaccuracy-form">ICANN Whois Inaccuracy Complaint Form</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icann.org/epp">Whois status codes</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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