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<span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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class="mw-page-title-main">Computing platform</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%A9_%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A9" title="منصة حوسبة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="منصة حوسبة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komp%C3%BCter_platformas%C4%B1" title="Kompüter platforması – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kompüter platforması" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A" title="কম্পিউটিং ভিত্তিমঞ্চ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কম্পিউটিং ভিত্তিমঞ্চ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%E2%80%99%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Камп’ютарная платформа – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Камп’ютарная платформа" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8E%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Компютърна платформа – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Компютърна платформа" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plataforma_(inform%C3%A0tica)" title="Plataforma (informàtica) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Plataforma (informàtica)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C4%8D%C3%ADta%C4%8Dov%C3%A1_platforma" title="Počítačová platforma – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Počítačová platforma" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platfform_cyfrifiadurol" title="Platfform cyfrifiadurol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Platfform cyfrifiadurol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_(styresystem)" title="Platform (styresystem) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Platform (styresystem)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plattform_(Computer)" title="Plattform (Computer) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Plattform (Computer)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platvorm_(infotehnoloogia)" title="Platvorm (infotehnoloogia) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Platvorm (infotehnoloogia)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plataforma_(inform%C3%A1tica)" title="Plataforma (informática) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Plataforma (informática)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%87_%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4" title="بن‌سازه رایانش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بن‌سازه رایانش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate-forme_(informatique)" title="Plate-forme (informatique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Plate-forme (informatique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%8C%85_%ED%94%8C%EB%9E%AB%ED%8F%BC" title="컴퓨팅 플랫폼 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="컴퓨팅 플랫폼" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%B9%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%BF%D6%86%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B4" title="Համակարգչային պլատֆորմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Համակարգչային պլատֆորմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anjungan_komputasi" title="Anjungan komputasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Anjungan komputasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piattaforma_(informatica)" title="Piattaforma (informatica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Piattaforma (informatica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%91" title="פלטפורמת מחשוב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פלטפורמת מחשוב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Компьютер платформасы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Компьютер платформасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platforma_(informatika)" title="Platforma (informatika) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Platforma (informatika)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_(informatika)" title="Platform (informatika) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Platform (informatika)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%82" title="കമ്പ്യൂട്ടിംഗ് പ്ലാറ്റ്ഫോം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കമ്പ്യൂട്ടിംഗ് പ്ലാറ്റ്ഫോം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelantar_komputer" title="Pelantar komputer – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pelantar komputer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%9C%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%96%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8_(%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B0%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC)" title="ပလက်ဖောင်း (ကွန်ပျူတာ) – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပလက်ဖောင်း (ကွန်ပျူတာ)" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform_(informatica)" title="Platform (informatica) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Platform (informatica)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0_(%E3%82%B3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%94%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0)" title="プラットフォーム (コンピューティング) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="プラットフォーム (コンピューティング)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platforma_obliczeniowa" title="Platforma obliczeniowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Platforma obliczeniowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plataforma_(computa%C3%A7%C3%A3o)" title="Plataforma (computação) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Plataforma (computação)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platform%C4%83_(informatic%C4%83)" title="Platformă (informatică) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Platformă (informatică)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patapata_(anta%C3%B1iqiy)" title="Patapata (antañiqiy) – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Patapata (antañiqiy)" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computin_platform" title="Computin platform – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Computin platform" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Computing platform" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C4%8Dunalni%C5%A1ko_okolje" title="Računalniško okolje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Računalniško okolje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%95%DA%A9%DB%86%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%8E%DA%98%D9%85%DB%8E%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="سەکۆی پێژمێری – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سەکۆی پێژمێری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Рачунарска платформа – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рачунарска платформа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softverska_platofma" title="Softverska platofma – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Softverska platofma" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alusta_(tietotekniikka)" title="Alusta (tietotekniikka) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Alusta (tietotekniikka)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plattform_(datorteknik)" title="Plattform (datorteknik) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Plattform (datorteknik)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="แพลตฟอร์มคอมพิวเตอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แพลตฟอร์มคอมพิวเตอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilgi_i%C5%9Flem_platformu" title="Bilgi işlem platformu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bilgi işlem platformu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" 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0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Computing_platform" title="Special:EditPage/Computing platform">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Computing+platform%22">"Computing platform"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Computing+platform%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Computing+platform%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Computing+platform%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Computing+platform%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Computing+platform%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Environment in which a piece of software is executed</div> <p>A <b>computing platform</b>, <b>digital platform</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>software platform</b> is the infrastructure on which <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> is executed. While the individual components of a computing platform may be obfuscated under layers of <a href="/wiki/Abstraction_(software_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abstraction (software engineering)">abstraction</a>, the <i>summation of the required components comprise the computing platform</i>. </p><p>Sometimes, the most relevant layer for a specific software is called a computing platform in itself to facilitate the communication, referring to the whole using only one of its attributes – i.e. using a <a href="/wiki/Metonymy" title="Metonymy">metonymy</a>. </p><p>For example, in a single computer system, this would be the computer's <a href="/wiki/Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> (OS), and <a href="/wiki/Runtime_library" title="Runtime library">runtime libraries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the case of an <a href="/wiki/Application_software" title="Application software">application program</a> or a computer <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video game</a>, the most relevant layer is the operating system, so it can be called a platform itself (hence the term <a href="/wiki/Cross-platform_software" title="Cross-platform software">cross-platform</a> for software that can be executed on multiple OSes, in this context). In a multi-computer system, such as in the case of offloading processing, it would encompass both the host computer's <a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">hardware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> (OS), and <a href="/wiki/Runtime_library" title="Runtime library">runtime libraries</a> along with other computers utilized for <a href="/wiki/Process_(computing)" title="Process (computing)">processing</a> that are accessed via <a href="/wiki/Application_programming_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Application programming interface">application programming interfaces</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a>. As long as it is a required component for the program code to execute, it is part of the computing platform. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Components">Components</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computing_platform&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Components"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Platforms may also include: </p> <ul><li>Hardware alone, in the case of small <a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">embedded systems</a>. Embedded systems can access hardware directly, without an OS; this is referred to as running on "<a href="/wiki/Bare_metal_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bare metal (computing)">bare metal</a>".</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">browser</a> in the case of web-based software. The browser itself runs on a hardware+OS platform, but this is not relevant to software running within the browser.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>An application, such as a spreadsheet or word processor, which hosts software written in an application-specific <a href="/wiki/Scripting_language" title="Scripting language">scripting language</a>, such as an <a href="/wiki/Excel_macro" class="mw-redirect" title="Excel macro">Excel macro</a>. This can be extended to writing fully-fledged applications with the <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office" title="Microsoft Office">Microsoft Office</a> suite as a platform.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_framework" title="Software framework">Software frameworks</a> that provide ready-made functionality.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">Cloud computing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Platform_as_a_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Platform as a Service">Platform as a Service</a>. Extending the idea of a software framework, these allow application developers to build software out of components that are hosted not by the developer, but by the provider, with internet communication linking them together.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The social networking sites <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> are also considered development platforms.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Application_virtual_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Application virtual machine">application virtual machine</a> (VM) such as the <a href="/wiki/Java_virtual_machine" title="Java virtual machine">Java virtual machine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Common_Language_Runtime" title="Common Language Runtime">.NET CLR</a>. Applications are compiled into a format similar to machine code, known as <a href="/wiki/Bytecode" title="Bytecode">bytecode</a>, which is then executed by the VM.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Virtualization" title="Virtualization">virtualized</a> version of a complete system, including virtualized hardware, OS, software, and storage. These allow, for instance, a typical Windows program to run on what is physically a Mac.</li></ul> <p>Some architectures have multiple layers, with each layer acting as a platform for the one above it. In general, a component only has to be adapted to the layer immediately beneath it. For instance, a Java program has to be written to use the Java virtual machine (JVM) and associated libraries as a platform but does not have to be adapted to run on the Windows, Linux or Macintosh OS platforms. However, the JVM, the layer beneath the application, does have to be built separately for each OS.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operating_system_examples">Operating system examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computing_platform&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Operating system examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_operating_systems" title="List of operating systems">List of operating systems</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Desktop,_laptop,_server"><span id="Desktop.2C_laptop.2C_server"></span>Desktop, laptop, server</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computing_platform&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Desktop, laptop, server"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AmigaOS" title="AmigaOS">AmigaOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/AmigaOS_4" title="AmigaOS 4">AmigaOS 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ChromeOS" title="ChromeOS">ChromeOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EulerOS" title="EulerOS">EulerOS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EulerOS" title="EulerOS">openEuler</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD">NetBSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/OpenBSD" title="OpenBSD">OpenBSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_AIX" title="IBM AIX">IBM AIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HP-UX" title="HP-UX">HP-UX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solaris (operating system)">Solaris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Illumos" title="Illumos">illumos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tru64_UNIX" title="Tru64 UNIX">Tru64 UNIX</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_i" title="IBM i">IBM i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenVMS" title="OpenVMS">OpenVMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">Classic Mac OS</a> - discontinued in 2002</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2">OS/2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QNX" title="QNX">QNX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrange_computer" title="Midrange computer">Midrange computers</a> with their custom operating systems</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">Mainframe computers</a> with their custom operating systems <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VM_(operating_system)" title="VM (operating system)">VM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z/OS" title="Z/OS">z/OS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HarmonyOS" title="HarmonyOS">HarmonyOS</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mobile">Mobile</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computing_platform&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mobile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Android_Nougat_screenshot_20170116-070000.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Android_Nougat_screenshot_20170116-070000.png/150px-Android_Nougat_screenshot_20170116-070000.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Android_Nougat_screenshot_20170116-070000.png/225px-Android_Nougat_screenshot_20170116-070000.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Android_Nougat_screenshot_20170116-070000.png/300px-Android_Nougat_screenshot_20170116-070000.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a>, a popular mobile operating system</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bada_(operating_system)" title="Bada (operating system)">Bada</a> - discontinued in 2013</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BlackBerry_OS" title="BlackBerry OS">BlackBerry OS</a> - discontinued in 2013</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BlackBerry_10" title="BlackBerry 10">BlackBerry 10</a> - discontinued in 2022</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_Linux" class="mw-redirect" title="Embedded Linux">Embedded Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_OS" title="Fire OS">Fire OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefox_OS" title="Firefox OS">Firefox OS</a> - discontinued in 2016</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HarmonyOS" title="HarmonyOS">HarmonyOS</a> on <a href="/wiki/Huawei_P_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Huawei P series">Huawei smartphones models</a> and <a href="/wiki/Huawei_Mate_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Huawei Mate series">Huawei MatePad tablets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPadOS" title="IPadOS">iPadOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KaiOS" title="KaiOS">kaiOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LuneOS" title="LuneOS">LuneOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_OS" title="Newton OS">Newton OS</a> on <a href="/wiki/Newton_(platform)" class="mw-redirect" title="Newton (platform)">Newton</a> devices from Apple</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_OS" title="Palm OS">Palm OS</a> - discontinued in 2009</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbian" title="Symbian">Symbian</a> - discontinued in 2012</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailfish_OS" title="Sailfish OS">Sailfish OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tizen" title="Tizen">Tizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubuntu_Touch" title="Ubuntu Touch">Ubuntu Touch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebOS" title="WebOS">WebOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Mobile" title="Windows Mobile">Windows Mobile</a> - discontinued in 2010</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Phone" title="Windows Phone">Windows Phone</a> - discontinued in 2017</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Software_examples">Software examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computing_platform&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Software examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Shockwave" title="Adobe Shockwave">Shockwave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binary_Runtime_Environment_for_Wireless" title="Binary Runtime Environment for Wireless">Binary Runtime Environment for Wireless</a> (BREW)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_(API)" title="Cocoa (API)">Cocoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_Touch" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocoa Touch">Cocoa Touch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.NET" title=".NET">.NET</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mono_(software)" title="Mono (software)">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.NET_Framework" title=".NET Framework">.NET Framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silverlight" class="mw-redirect" title="Silverlight">Silverlight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Flash" title="Adobe Flash">Flash</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_AIR" title="Adobe AIR">AIR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_(software_platform)" title="Java (software platform)">Java</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Java_ME" class="mw-redirect" title="Java ME">Java ME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_SE" class="mw-redirect" title="Java SE">Java SE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_EE" class="mw-redirect" title="Java EE">Java EE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JavaFX" title="JavaFX">JavaFX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JavaFX_Mobile" class="mw-redirect" title="JavaFX Mobile">JavaFX Mobile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LiveCode" title="LiveCode">LiveCode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_XNA" title="Microsoft XNA">Microsoft XNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Prism" title="Mozilla Prism">Mozilla Prism</a>, <a href="/wiki/XUL" title="XUL">XUL</a> and <a href="/wiki/XULRunner" title="XULRunner">XULRunner</a></li> <li>Mozilla <a href="/w/index.php?title=WebExtensions_API&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WebExtensions API (page does not exist)">WebExtensions API</a> is modeled after <a href="/wiki/Google_Chrome" title="Google Chrome">Google Chrome</a>'s API.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57plan_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57plan-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-legacy_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-legacy-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus Firefox extensions are now largely compatible with their Chrome counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_platform" title="Web platform">Web platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Database" title="Oracle Database">Oracle Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qt_(software)" title="Qt (software)">Qt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAP_NetWeaver" title="SAP NetWeaver">SAP NetWeaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartface" class="mw-redirect" title="Smartface">Smartface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Windows_Platform" title="Universal Windows Platform">Universal Windows Platform</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Runtime" title="Windows Runtime">Windows Runtime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huawei_Mobile_Services" title="Huawei Mobile Services">HMS Core</a></li> <li>Cangjie</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ArkTS" title="ArkTS">ArkTS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ArkUI" title="ArkUI">ArkUI</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ArkUI#ArkUI-X" title="ArkUI">ArkUI-X</a></li></ul></li> <li>Huawei Phoenix Engine <ul><li>Phoenix Engine Ray Shop</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hardware_examples">Hardware examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computing_platform&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hardware examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_computers" title="Lists of computers">Lists of computers</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARM_architecture_family" title="ARM architecture family">ARM architecture</a> based devices <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raspberry_Pi" title="Raspberry Pi">Raspberry Pi</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gumstix" title="Gumstix">Gumstix</a> full function miniature computers</li> <li>ARM servers with <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> systems such as <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> or <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution">BSD</a> variants</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromebook" title="Chromebook">ChromeBooks</a> from various manufacturers</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PC_compatible" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM PC compatible">IBM PC compatible</a> systems</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_System_p" title="IBM System p">IBM System p</a> and <a href="/wiki/IBM_Power_Systems" title="IBM Power Systems">IBM Power Systems</a> computers</li> <li>IBM <a href="/wiki/Z/Architecture" title="Z/Architecture">z/Architecture</a> mainframes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CP/M" title="CP/M">CP/M</a> computers based on the <a href="/wiki/S-100_bus" title="S-100 bus">S-100 bus</a>, maybe the earliest <a href="/wiki/Microcomputer" title="Microcomputer">microcomputer</a> platform</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_console" title="Video game console">Video game consoles</a>, any variety (<a href="/wiki/PlayStation" title="PlayStation">PlayStation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xbox" title="Xbox">Xbox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo">Nintendo</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3DO_Interactive_Multiplayer" class="mw-redirect" title="3DO Interactive Multiplayer">3DO Interactive Multiplayer</a>, that was licensed to manufacturers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Pippin" title="Apple Pippin">Apple Pippin</a>, a multimedia player platform for video game console development</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercomputer" title="Supercomputer">Supercomputer</a> architectures</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computing_platform&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-platform_software" title="Cross-platform software">Cross-platform software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_virtualization" title="Hardware virtualization">Hardware virtualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_platform" title="Third platform">Third platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platform_ecosystem" title="Platform ecosystem">Platform ecosystem</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computing_platform&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://martinfowler.com/articles/talk-about-platforms.html">"What I Talk About When I Talk About Platforms"</a>. <i>martinfowler.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=martinfowler.com&rft.atitle=What+I+Talk+About+When+I+Talk+About+Platforms&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmartinfowler.com%2Farticles%2Ftalk-about-platforms.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputing+platform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a href="https://foldoc.org/platform" class="extiw" title="foldoc:platform">platform</a>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Binstock2012" class="citation web cs1">Andrew Binstock (July 2, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drdobbs.com/web-development/googles-redefinition-of-the-browser-as-p/240003086?itc=edit_stub">"Google's Redefinition of the Browser As Platform"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dr._Dobbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Dr. Dobbs">Dr. Dobbs</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dr.+Dobbs&rft.atitle=Google%27s+Redefinition+of+the+Browser+As+Platform&rft.date=2012-07-02&rft.au=Andrew+Binstock&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.drdobbs.com%2Fweb-development%2Fgoogles-redefinition-of-the-browser-as-p%2F240003086%3Fitc%3Dedit_stub&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputing+platform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChip_WilsonAlan_Josephson" class="citation web cs1">Chip Wilson; Alan Josephson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/bb906062.aspx">"Microsoft Office as a Platform for Software + Services"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Developer_Network" title="Microsoft Developer Network">Microsoft Developer Network</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Microsoft+Developer+Network&rft.atitle=Microsoft+Office+as+a+Platform+for+Software+%2B+Services&rft.au=Chip+Wilson&rft.au=Alan+Josephson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmsdn.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Flibrary%2Fbb906062.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputing+platform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151022043235/http://www.interoute.com/what-paas">"What Is PAAS?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Interoute" title="Interoute">Interoute</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interoute.com/what-paas">the original</a> on 2015-10-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-01-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Interoute&rft.atitle=What+Is+PAAS%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.interoute.com%2Fwhat-paas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputing+platform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dev.twitter.com/">"Twitter Development Platform - Twitter Developers"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Twitter+Development+Platform+-+Twitter+Developers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdev.twitter.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputing+platform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.facebook.com/notes/2207512130">"Facebook Development Platform Launches..."</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a></i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mozilla+Add-ons+Blog&rft.atitle=The+Future+of+Developing+Firefox+Add-ons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.mozilla.org%2Faddons%2F2015%2F08%2F21%2Fthe-future-of-developing-firefox-add-ons%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputing+platform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57plan-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57plan_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.mozilla.org/addons/2017/08/10/upcoming-changes-compatibility/">"Upcoming Changes in Compatibility Features"</a>. <i>Mozilla Add-ons Blog</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mozilla+Add-ons+Blog&rft.atitle=Upcoming+Changes+in+Compatibility+Features&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.mozilla.org%2Faddons%2F2017%2F08%2F10%2Fupcoming-changes-compatibility%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputing+platform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-legacy-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-legacy_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ghacks.net/2017/08/12/how-to-enable-legacy-extensions-in-firefox-57/">"How to enable legacy extensions in Firefox 57 - gHacks Tech News"</a>. <i>www.ghacks.net</i>. 12 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ghacks.net&rft.atitle=How+to+enable+legacy+extensions+in+Firefox+57+-+gHacks+Tech+News&rft.date=2017-08-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ghacks.net%2F2017%2F08%2F12%2Fhow-to-enable-legacy-extensions-in-firefox-57%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputing+platform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Mozilla/Add-ons/WebExtensions/Porting_a_Google_Chrome_extension">"Porting a Google Chrome extension"</a>. Mozilla<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Porting+a+Google+Chrome+extension&rft.pub=Mozilla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdeveloper.mozilla.org%2Fen-US%2Fdocs%2FMozilla%2FAdd-ons%2FWebExtensions%2FPorting_a_Google_Chrome_extension&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputing+platform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computing_platform&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a> has the property: <ul><li><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg/4px-Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg/6px-Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_blue_dark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="460" /></span></span> <b><i><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Property_talk:P400" class="extiw" title="d:Property talk:P400">platform (P400)</a></i></b> (see <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://query.wikidata.org/embed.html#SELECT%20%3FWikidata_item_%20%3FWikidata_item_Label%20%3Fvalue%20%3FvalueLabel%20%3FEnglish_Wikipedia_article%20%23Show%20data%20in%20this%20order%0A%7B%0A%09%3FWikidata_item_%20wdt%3AP400%20%3Fvalue%20.%20%23Collecting%20all%20items%20which%20have%20P400%20data%2C%20from%20whole%20Wikidata%20item%20pages%0A%09OPTIONAL%20%7B%3FEnglish_Wikipedia_article%20schema%3Aabout%20%3FWikidata_item_%3B%20schema%3AisPartOf%20%3Chttps%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2F%3E%20.%7D%20%23If%20collected%20item%20has%20link%20to%20English%20Wikipedia%2C%20show%20that%0A%09SERVICE%20wikibase%3Alabel%20%7B%20bd%3AserviceParam%20wikibase%3Alanguage%20%22en%22%20%20%7D%20%23Show%20label%20in%20this%20language.%20%22en%22%20is%20English.%20%20%20%0A%7D%0ALIMIT%201000">uses</a></span>)</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Computing_platforms" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Computing platforms">Computing platforms</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ryansarver.wordpress.com/2013/09/26/what-is-a-platform/">Ryan Sarver: What is a platform?</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Processor_(computing)" title="Processor (computing)">Processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer_size_categories" title="List of computer size categories">Size</a> / <a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(design)" title="Form factor (design)">Form</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Computer systems organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">Computer architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_complexity" title="Computational complexity">Computational complexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependability" title="Dependability">Dependability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">Embedded system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_computing" title="Real-time computing">Real-time computing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Network_architecture" title="Network architecture">Network architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Network protocol">Network protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Networking_hardware" title="Networking hardware">Network components</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_scheduler" title="Network scheduler">Network scheduler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_performance" title="Network performance">Network performance evaluation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_service" title="Network service">Network service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interpreter_(computing)" title="Interpreter (computing)">Interpreter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middleware" title="Middleware">Middleware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">Virtual machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_quality" title="Software quality">Software quality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language_theory" title="Programming language theory">Software notations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Programming_tool" title="Programming tool">tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Programming paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compiler_construction" class="mw-redirect" title="Compiler construction">Compiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain-specific_language" title="Domain-specific language">Domain-specific language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modeling_language" title="Modeling language">Modeling language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_framework" title="Software framework">Software framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">Integrated development environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_configuration_management" title="Software configuration management">Software configuration management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">Software library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_repository" title="Software repository">Software repository</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">Software development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_variable_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Control variable (programming)">Control variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_development_process" title="Software development process">Software development process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_analysis" title="Requirements analysis">Requirements analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Software design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_construction" title="Software construction">Software construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_deployment" title="Software deployment">Software deployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">Software maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_team" title="Programming team">Programming team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_computation" title="Theory of computation">Theory of computation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Model_of_computation" title="Model of computation">Model of computation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stochastic_computing" title="Stochastic computing">Stochastic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_language" title="Formal language">Formal language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automata_theory" title="Automata theory">Automata theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computability_theory" title="Computability theory">Computability theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_complexity_theory" title="Computational complexity theory">Computational complexity theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_in_computer_science" title="Logic in computer science">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantics_(computer_science)" title="Semantics (computer science)">Semantics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">Algorithms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithm_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Algorithm design">Algorithm design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analysis_of_algorithms" title="Analysis of algorithms">Analysis of algorithms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_efficiency" title="Algorithmic efficiency">Algorithmic efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randomized_algorithm" title="Randomized algorithm">Randomized algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_geometry" title="Computational geometry">Computational geometry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mathematics of <a href="/wiki/Computing" title="Computing">computing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_mathematics" title="Discrete mathematics">Discrete mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probability" title="Probability">Probability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_software" title="Mathematical software">Mathematical software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory">Information theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_analysis" title="Mathematical analysis">Mathematical analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerical_analysis" title="Numerical analysis">Numerical analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_computer_science" title="Theoretical computer science">Theoretical computer science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Information_system" title="Information system">Information systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">Database management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">Information storage systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_information_system" title="Enterprise information system">Enterprise information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_software" title="Social software">Social information systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographic_information_system" title="Geographic information system">Geographic information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decision_support_system" title="Decision support system">Decision support system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Process control">Process control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_database" title="Multimedia database">Multimedia information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_mining" title="Data mining">Data mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_library" title="Digital library">Digital library</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Computing platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_marketing" title="Digital marketing">Digital marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_retrieval" title="Information retrieval">Information retrieval</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_security" title="Computer security">Security</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_methods" title="Formal methods">Formal methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_hacker" title="Security hacker">Security hacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_service_(telecommunication)" title="Security service (telecommunication)">Security services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrusion_detection_system" title="Intrusion detection system">Intrusion detection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_security" title="Hardware security">Hardware security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_security" title="Network security">Network security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_security" title="Information security">Information security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application_security" title="Application security">Application security</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction" title="Human–computer interaction">Human–computer interaction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interaction_design" title="Interaction design">Interaction design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_computing" title="Social computing">Social computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubiquitous_computing" title="Ubiquitous computing">Ubiquitous computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visualization_(graphics)" title="Visualization (graphics)">Visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_accessibility" title="Computer accessibility">Accessibility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Concurrency_(computer_science)" title="Concurrency (computer science)">Concurrency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_computing" title="Concurrent computing">Concurrent computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">Parallel computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">Distributed computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multithreading_(computer_architecture)" title="Multithreading (computer architecture)">Multithreading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiprocessing" title="Multiprocessing">Multiprocessing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">Natural language processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning" title="Knowledge representation and reasoning">Knowledge representation and reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">Computer vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_planning_and_scheduling" title="Automated planning and scheduling">Automated planning and scheduling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_optimization" title="Mathematical optimization">Search methodology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_theory" title="Control theory">Control method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Philosophy of artificial intelligence">Philosophy of artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_artificial_intelligence" title="Distributed artificial intelligence">Distributed artificial intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">Machine learning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supervised_learning" title="Supervised learning">Supervised learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsupervised_learning" title="Unsupervised learning">Unsupervised learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_learning" title="Reinforcement learning">Reinforcement learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-task_learning" title="Multi-task learning">Multi-task learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-validation_(statistics)" title="Cross-validation (statistics)">Cross-validation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">Graphics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rendering_(computer_graphics)" title="Rendering (computer graphics)">Rendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph_manipulation" title="Photograph manipulation">Photograph manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">Graphics processing unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_reality" title="Mixed reality">Mixed reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">Virtual reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">Image compression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_modeling" title="Solid modeling">Solid modeling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applied 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