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class="search-box"> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"/> <input class="search skin-minerva-search-trigger" id="searchInput" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> </div> <button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> Search </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="User navigation"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Samsun</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Samsun" rel="" 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</a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Samsun&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the city. For the province, see <a href="/wiki/Samsun_Province" title="Samsun Province">Samsun Province</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Samson" title="Samson">Samson</a> or <a href="/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style>Samsun, historically known as Sampsounta (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Σαμψούντα) and Amisos (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>: Ἀμισός), is a <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_and_towns_in_Turkey" title="List of largest cities and towns in Turkey">city</a> on the north coast of <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and a major <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> <a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">port</a>. Over 700,000 people live in the city.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> The city is the capital of <a href="/wiki/Samsun_Province" title="Samsun Province">Samsun Province</a> which has a population of over 1,350,000. The city is home to <a href="/wiki/Ondokuz_May%C4%B1s_University" title="Ondokuz Mayıs University">Ondokuz Mayıs University</a>, several hospitals, three large shopping malls, <a href="/wiki/Samsunspor" title="Samsunspor">Samsunspor</a> football club, an opera house and a large and modern manufacturing district. The city is best known as the place where <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a> began the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a> in 1919.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Samsun</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_municipalities_in_Turkey" title="Metropolitan municipalities in Turkey">Metropolitan municipality</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Samsun_kolaj_(2018,_2).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Clockwise from top right: Samsunum-1 ship and coast, Statue of Honor, Atatürk Culture Centre, Bandırma Ferry and National Struggle Park Open Air Museum, Saathane Square, Store 55"><img alt="Clockwise from top right: Samsunum-1 ship and coast, Statue of Honor, Atatürk Culture Centre, Bandırma Ferry and National Struggle Park Open Air Museum, Saathane Square, Store 55" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Samsun_kolaj_%282018%2C_2%29.png/250px-Samsun_kolaj_%282018%2C_2%29.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="357" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Samsun_kolaj_%282018%2C_2%29.png/375px-Samsun_kolaj_%282018%2C_2%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Samsun_kolaj_%282018%2C_2%29.png/500px-Samsun_kolaj_%282018%2C_2%29.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="1000"></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Clockwise from top right: Samsunum-1 ship and coast, <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Honor" title="Statue of Honor">Statue of Honor</a>, <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Culture">Atatürk Culture Centre</a>, <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Band%C4%B1rma_Vapuru_ve_Mill%C3%AE_M%C3%BCcadele_Park%C4%B1_A%C3%A7%C4%B1k_Hava_M%C3%BCzesi" class="extiw" title="tr:Bandırma Vapuru ve Millî Mücadele Parkı Açık Hava Müzesi">Bandırma Ferry and National Struggle Park Open Air Museum</a>, <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saathane_Meydan%C4%B1" class="extiw" title="tr:Saathane Meydanı">Saathane Square</a>, <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Store_55" class="extiw" title="tr:Store 55">Store 55</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Samsun_City_Logo.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Official logo of Samsun"><img alt="Official logo of Samsun" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c1/Samsun_City_Logo.png/100px-Samsun_City_Logo.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c1/Samsun_City_Logo.png/150px-Samsun_City_Logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c1/Samsun_City_Logo.png/200px-Samsun_City_Logo.png 2x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="316"></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Emblem of Samsun Metropolitan Municipality</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkey_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Samsun is located in Turkey"><img alt="Samsun is located in Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Turkey_adm_location_map.svg/250px-Turkey_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Turkey_adm_location_map.svg/375px-Turkey_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Turkey_adm_location_map.svg/500px-Turkey_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1578" data-file-height="721"></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:17.282%;left:55.784%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Samsun" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Samsun</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of Samsun within Turkey</div>Show map of Turkey</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Black_Sea_with_bathymetry_and_surrounding_relief.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Samsun is located in Black Sea"><img alt="Samsun is located in Black Sea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Map_of_the_Black_Sea_with_bathymetry_and_surrounding_relief.svg/250px-Map_of_the_Black_Sea_with_bathymetry_and_surrounding_relief.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Map_of_the_Black_Sea_with_bathymetry_and_surrounding_relief.svg/375px-Map_of_the_Black_Sea_with_bathymetry_and_surrounding_relief.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Map_of_the_Black_Sea_with_bathymetry_and_surrounding_relief.svg/500px-Map_of_the_Black_Sea_with_bathymetry_and_surrounding_relief.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1013" data-file-height="643"></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:89.465%;left:61.676%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Samsun" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Samsun</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Samsun (Black Sea)</div>Show map of Black Sea</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Samsun&params=41_17_25_N_36_20_01_E_type:city_region:TR-55">41°17′25″N 36°20′01″E / 41.29028°N 36.33361°E / 41.29028; 36.33361</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographical_regions_of_Turkey" title="Geographical regions of Turkey">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Sea Region">Black Sea</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Turkey" title="Provinces of Turkey">Province</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Samsun_Province" title="Samsun Province">Samsun</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Boroughs</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Atakum" title="Atakum">Atakum</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Canik" title="Canik">Canik</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0lkad%C4%B1m" title="İlkadım">İlkadım</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Tekkek%C3%B6y" title="Tekkeköy">Tekkeköy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Mayor</th><td class="infobox-data">Halit Doğan (<a href="/wiki/AK_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="AK Party">AK Party</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_municipalities_in_Turkey" title="Metropolitan municipalities in Turkey">Metropolitan municipality</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,055 km2 (407 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">4 m (13 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2021)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_municipalities_in_Turkey" title="Metropolitan municipalities in Turkey">Metropolitan municipality</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,356,079</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">573/km2 (1,480/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">710,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">GDP<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_municipalities_in_Turkey" title="Metropolitan municipalities in Turkey">Metropolitan municipality</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_lira" title="Turkish lira">TRY</a> 74.830 billion <a href="/wiki/US%24" class="mw-redirect" title="US$">US$</a> 8.332 billion (2021)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Per capita</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_lira" title="Turkish lira">TRY</a> 54,873 <a href="/wiki/US%24" class="mw-redirect" title="US$">US$</a> 6,110 (2021)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B03:00" title="UTC+03:00">UTC+03:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Time_in_Turkey" title="Time in Turkey">TRT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postal_code" title="Postal code">Postal code</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">55</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">(+90) 362</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_Turkey" title="Vehicle registration plates of Turkey">Licence plate</a></th><td class="infobox-data">55</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Climate</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">Cfa</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.samsun.bel.tr">www.samsun.bel.tr</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.samsun.gov.tr">www.samsun.gov.tr</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samsun_sea_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Samsun_sea_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Samsun_sea_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Samsun_sea_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Samsun_sea_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Samsun_sea_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Samsun_sea_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3962" data-file-height="2172"></a><figcaption>Samsun seen from the sea</figcaption></figure> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Name">1 Name</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Ancient_history">2.1 Ancient history</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Persian_Period">2.2 Persian Period</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Roman_Period">2.3 Roman Period</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Early_Christianity">2.4 Early Christianity</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Medieval_history">2.5 Medieval history</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Modern_history">2.6 Modern history</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Geography">3 Geography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Rivers">3.1 Rivers</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Climate">3.2 Climate</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Demographics">4 Demographics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Government">5 Government</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Pollution">5.1 Pollution</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Architecture">6 Architecture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Mosques">6.1 Mosques</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Churches">6.2 Churches</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Public_squares_and_parks">7 Public squares and parks</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Tallest_buildings">7.1 Tallest buildings</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Transport">8 Transport</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Economy">9 Economy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Ports_and_shipbuilding">9.1 Ports and shipbuilding</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23"><a href="#Coal_imports_from_Donbas">9.1.1 Coal imports from Donbas</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Manufacturing_and_food_processing">9.2 Manufacturing and food processing</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Local_government_and_services">9.3 Local government and services</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Shopping">9.4 Shopping</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#Tourism">10 Tourism</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Nature_Tourism">10.1 Nature Tourism</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#Culture">11 Culture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#The_Atat%C3%BCrk_Culture_Center">11.1 The Atatürk Culture Center</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Museums">11.2 Museums</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Folk_dancing">11.3 Folk dancing</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#Education">12 Education</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#Parks,_nature_reserves_and_other_greenspace">13 Parks, nature reserves and other greenspace</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#Sports">14 Sports</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#International_relations">15 International relations</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="#Twin_towns%E2%80%94Sister_cities">15.1 Twin towns—Sister cities</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="#Notable_people_from_Samsun">16 Notable people from Samsun</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="#Footballers_who_played_for_Samsunspor_or_were_born_in_Samsun">16.1 Footballers who played for Samsunspor or were born in Samsun</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="#Others">16.2 Others</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-41"><a href="#Mayors_of_Samsun_Metropolitan_Municipality">17 Mayors of Samsun Metropolitan Municipality</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-42"><a href="#See_also">18 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-43"><a href="#References">19 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-44"><a href="#External_links">20 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Samsun&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> The present name of the city is believed to have come from its former Greek name of Amisós (Αμισός) by a <a href="/wiki/Rebracketing#In_Greek" title="Rebracketing">reinterpretation</a> of eís Amisón (meaning "to Amisós") and ounta (Greek suffix for place names) to [eí]s Am[p]s-únta (Σαμψούντα: Sampsúnta) and then Samsun<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Turkish" title="Help:IPA/Turkish">[samsun]</a>). The early Greek historian <a href="/wiki/Hecataeus_of_Miletus" title="Hecataeus of Miletus">Hecataeus</a> wrote that Amisos was formerly called <a href="/wiki/Paphlagonian_Eneti" title="Paphlagonian Eneti">Enete</a>, the place mentioned in Homer's <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a>. In Book II, Homer says that the ἐνετοί (Enetoi) inhabited <a href="/wiki/Paphlagonia" title="Paphlagonia">Paphlagonia</a> on the southern coast of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> in the time of the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a> (c. 1200 BC). The Paphlagonians are listed among the allies of the <a href="/wiki/Troy" title="Troy">Trojans</a> in the war, where their king <a href="/wiki/Pylaemenes" title="Pylaemenes">Pylaemenes</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/Harpalion" title="Harpalion">Harpalion</a> perished.<a href="#cite_note-iliad-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> mentioned that the inhabitants had disappeared by his time.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Samsun has also been known as Peiraieos by Athenian settlers and even briefly as Pompeiopolis by <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Samsun_Guide-7">[7]</a> The city was called Simisso by the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoese</a>. It was during the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, that its present name was written as <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a>: صامسون (Ṣāmsūn). The city has been known as Samsun since the formation of the Turkish Republic in 1923. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Samsun&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_history">Ancient history</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Samsun&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ancient history" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frig-samsun.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Frig-samsun.JPG/220px-Frig-samsun.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Frig-samsun.JPG/220px-Frig-samsun.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Frig-samsun.JPG/330px-Frig-samsun.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Frig-samsun.JPG/440px-Frig-samsun.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Parts of goose-headed and camel-headed <a href="/wiki/Phrygians" title="Phrygians">Phrygian</a> pottery vessels</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samsun_Arkeoloji_ve_Etnografya_M%C3%BCzesi_(1975_binas%C4%B1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Samsun_Arkeoloji_ve_Etnografya_M%C3%BCzesi_%281975_binas%C4%B1%29.jpg/220px-Samsun_Arkeoloji_ve_Etnografya_M%C3%BCzesi_%281975_binas%C4%B1%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5152" data-file-height="3864"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Samsun_Arkeoloji_ve_Etnografya_M%C3%BCzesi_%281975_binas%C4%B1%29.jpg/220px-Samsun_Arkeoloji_ve_Etnografya_M%C3%BCzesi_%281975_binas%C4%B1%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Samsun_Arkeoloji_ve_Etnografya_M%C3%BCzesi_%281975_binas%C4%B1%29.jpg/330px-Samsun_Arkeoloji_ve_Etnografya_M%C3%BCzesi_%281975_binas%C4%B1%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Samsun_Arkeoloji_ve_Etnografya_M%C3%BCzesi_%281975_binas%C4%B1%29.jpg/440px-Samsun_Arkeoloji_ve_Etnografya_M%C3%BCzesi_%281975_binas%C4%B1%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Samsun Archaeology and Ethnographic Museum</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Souvenir_de_Samsoun_(Costume_Laze).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Souvenir_de_Samsoun_%28Costume_Laze%29.jpg/220px-Souvenir_de_Samsoun_%28Costume_Laze%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1230"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 141px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Souvenir_de_Samsoun_%28Costume_Laze%29.jpg/220px-Souvenir_de_Samsoun_%28Costume_Laze%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="141" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Souvenir_de_Samsoun_%28Costume_Laze%29.jpg/330px-Souvenir_de_Samsoun_%28Costume_Laze%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Souvenir_de_Samsoun_%28Costume_Laze%29.jpg/440px-Souvenir_de_Samsoun_%28Costume_Laze%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>People from Samsun. National costumes in Ottoman era, 1910s</figcaption></figure> Paleolithic artifacts found in the <a href="/wiki/Tekkek%C3%B6y" title="Tekkeköy">Tekkeköy</a> Caves can be seen in Samsun Archaeology Museum. The earliest layer excavated of the <a href="/wiki/Tell_(archaeology)" title="Tell (archaeology)">höyük</a> of Dündartepe revealed a <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a> settlement. Early <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a> settlements were also found there<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> and at Tekkeköy. Samsun (then known as Amisos, Greek Αμισός, alternative spelling Amisus) was settled in about 760–750 BC by Ionians from <a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> who established a flourishing trade relationship with the ancient peoples of <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>. The city's ideal combination of fertile ground and shallow waters attracted numerous traders.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Amisus was settled by the Ionian <a href="/wiki/Milesians_(Greek)" class="mw-redirect" title="Milesians (Greek)">Milesians</a> in the 6th century BC,<a href="#cite_note-Wilson,_M._W_p._3-11">[11]</a> it is believed that there was significant Greek activity along the coast of the Black Sea, although the archaeological evidence for this is very fragmentary.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> The only archaeological evidence we have as early as the 6th century is a fragment of <a href="/wiki/Wild_Goat_style" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild Goat style">Wild Goat style</a> Greek pottery, in the Louvre.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persian_Period">Persian Period</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Samsun&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Persian Period" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The city was captured by the Persians in 550 BC and became part of <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia_(satrapy)" title="Cappadocia (satrapy)">Cappadocia (satrapy)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Samsun_Guide-7">[7]</a> In the 5th century BC, Amisus became a free state and one of the members of the <a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">Delian League</a> led by the <a href="/wiki/Athenians" class="mw-redirect" title="Athenians">Athenians</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Wilson,_M._W_p._4-14">[14]</a> it was then renamed Peiraeus under <a href="/wiki/Pericles" title="Pericles">Pericles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> A historical tradition from <a href="/wiki/Theopompus" title="Theopompus">Theopompus</a> by way of <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> has it that the city was originally colonized by the Greeks by a man named <a href="/wiki/Athenocles_of_Athens" title="Athenocles of Athens">Athenocles</a>. Starting in the 3rd century BC, the city came under the control of Mithridates I, later founder of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Kingdom of Pontus</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Amisos_treasure" class="mw-redirect" title="Amisos treasure">Amisos treasure</a> may have belonged to one of the kings. Tumuli, containing tombs dated between 300 BC and 30 BC, can be seen at Amisos Hill but unfortunately Toraman Tepe was mostly flattened during construction of the 20th century radar base.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_Period">Roman Period</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Samsun&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Roman Period" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Romans conquered Amisus in 71 BC during the <a href="/wiki/Third_Mithridatic_War" title="Third Mithridatic War">Third Mithridatic War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> and Amisus became part of <a href="/wiki/Bithynia_et_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bithynia et Pontus">Bithynia et Pontus</a> province. Around 46 BC, during the reign of Julius Caesar, Amisus became the capital of Roman Pontus.<a href="#cite_note-Wilson,_M._W_p._3-11">[11]</a> From the period of the Second Triumvirate up to Nero, Pontus was ruled by several client kings, as well as one client queen, <a href="/wiki/Pythodorida_of_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pythodorida of Pontus">Pythodorida of Pontus</a>, a granddaughter of Marcus Antonius. From 62 CE it was directly ruled by Roman governors, most famously by Trajan's appointee Pliny. <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger" title="Pliny the Younger">Pliny the Younger's</a> address to the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Trajan" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Trajan">Emperor Trajan</a> in the 1st century CE "By your indulgence, sir, they have the benefit of their own laws," is interpreted by <a href="/wiki/John_Boyle,_5th_Earl_of_Cork" title="John Boyle, 5th Earl of Cork">John Boyle Orrery</a> to indicate that the freedoms won for those in Pontus by the Romans was not pure freedom and depended on the generosity of the Roman emperor.<a href="#cite_note-Orrery,_J._B._1752_p._407-18">[18]</a> The estimated population of the city around 150 AD is between 20,000 and 25,000 people, classifying it as a relatively large city for that time.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> The city functioned as the commercial capital for the province of Pontus; beating its rival <a href="/wiki/Sinop,_Turkey" title="Sinop, Turkey">Sinope</a> (now Sinop) due to its position at the head of the trans-Anatolia highway.<a href="#cite_note-Wilson,_M._W_p._4-14">[14]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Late_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antiquity">Late Antiquity</a>, the city became part of the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Pontus" title="Diocese of Pontus">Dioecesis Pontica</a> within the eastern <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>; later still it was part of the <a href="/wiki/Armeniac_Theme" title="Armeniac Theme">Armeniac Theme</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Samsun_Castle" title="Samsun Castle">Samsun Castle</a> was built on the seaside in 1192, it was demolished between 1909 and 1918. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Christianity">Early Christianity</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Samsun&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early Christianity" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samsun_Protestan_Kilisesi_-_Yeni_Bina_%C4%B0%C3%A7inde_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Samsun_Protestan_Kilisesi_-_Yeni_Bina_%C4%B0%C3%A7inde_1.jpg/220px-Samsun_Protestan_Kilisesi_-_Yeni_Bina_%C4%B0%C3%A7inde_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Samsun_Protestan_Kilisesi_-_Yeni_Bina_%C4%B0%C3%A7inde_1.jpg/220px-Samsun_Protestan_Kilisesi_-_Yeni_Bina_%C4%B0%C3%A7inde_1.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Samsun_Protestan_Kilisesi_-_Yeni_Bina_%C4%B0%C3%A7inde_1.jpg/330px-Samsun_Protestan_Kilisesi_-_Yeni_Bina_%C4%B0%C3%A7inde_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Samsun_Protestan_Kilisesi_-_Yeni_Bina_%C4%B0%C3%A7inde_1.jpg/440px-Samsun_Protestan_Kilisesi_-_Yeni_Bina_%C4%B0%C3%A7inde_1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Interior of the Protestant Church in Samsun</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panorama_1919_M%C3%BCzesi_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Panorama_1919_M%C3%BCzesi_%282%29.jpg/220px-Panorama_1919_M%C3%BCzesi_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5152" data-file-height="3864"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Panorama_1919_M%C3%BCzesi_%282%29.jpg/220px-Panorama_1919_M%C3%BCzesi_%282%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Panorama_1919_M%C3%BCzesi_%282%29.jpg/330px-Panorama_1919_M%C3%BCzesi_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Panorama_1919_M%C3%BCzesi_%282%29.jpg/440px-Panorama_1919_M%C3%BCzesi_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Panorama 1919 Museum in Samsun</figcaption></figure> Though the roots of the city are <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Wilson,_M._W_p._3-11">[11]</a> it was also one of the centers of an early Christian congregation.<a href="#cite_note-Wilson,_M._W_p._3-11">[11]</a> Its function as a commercial metropolis in northern <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> was a contributing factor to enable the spread of Christian influence. As a large port city – the commercial capital of Pontus <a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> – travel to and from Christian hotbeds like Jerusalem was not uncommon.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>, there was large Jewish <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a> in Asia Minor.<a href="#cite_note-Schalit,_A_2015-23">[23]</a> Given that the early <a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">evangelist Christians</a> focused on Jewish diaspora communities, and that the Jewish diaspora in Amisus was a geographically accessible group with a mixed heritage group, it is not surprising that Amisus would be an appealing site for evangelist work. The author of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblehub.com/1_peter/1-1.htm">1 Peter 1:1</a> addresses the Jewish diaspora of the province of Pontus, along with four other provinces: "Peter, an apostle of Jesus Christ, To God's elect, exiles scattered throughout the provinces of Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia and Bithynia." (Peter 1:1) As Amisus would have been the largest commercial port-city in the province, it is believed certain that the spread of Christianity in the region would have begun there.<a href="#cite_note-Schalit,_A_2015-23">[23]</a> In the 1st century <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger" title="Pliny the Younger">Pliny the Younger</a> documents <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.georgetown.edu/jod/texts/pliny.html">accounts</a> of Christians in and around the cities of Pontus.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> His accounts center on his conflicts with the Christians when he served under the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Trajan" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Trajan">Emperor Trajan</a> and describe early Christian communities, his condemnation of their refusal to renounce their religion, but also describes his tolerance for some Christian practices like Christian charitable societies.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Many great early Christian figures had connections to Amisus, including <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Mazaca" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesarea Mazaca">Caesarea Mazaca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gregory_the_Illuminator" title="Gregory the Illuminator">Gregory the Illuminator</a> (raised as a Christian from 257 CE when he was brought to Amisus) and <a href="/wiki/Basil_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Basil the Great">Basil the Great</a> (Bishop of the city 330–379 CE).<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Christian bishops of Amisus include Antonius, who took part in the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a> in 451; Erythraeus, a signatory of the letter that the bishops of Helenopontus wrote to Emperor <a href="/wiki/Leo_I_the_Thracian" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo I the Thracian">Leo I the Thracian</a> after the killing of Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Proterius_of_Alexandria" title="Proterius of Alexandria">Proterius of Alexandria</a>; the late 6th-century bishop Florus, venerated as a saint in the Greek <a href="/wiki/Menologion" class="mw-redirect" title="Menologion">menologion</a>; and Tiberius, who attended the <a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Third Council of Constantinople">Third Council of Constantinople</a> (680), Leo, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea" title="Second Council of Nicaea">Second Council of Nicaea</a> (787), and Basilius, the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Council_of_Constantinople_(Eastern_Orthodox)" title="Fourth Council of Constantinople (Eastern Orthodox)">Council of Constantinople of 879</a>. The diocese is no longer mentioned in the Greek <a href="/wiki/Notitiae_Episcopatuum" title="Notitiae Episcopatuum">Notitiae Episcopatuum</a> after the 15th century and thereafter the city was considered part of the see of <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Amasea" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Amasea">Amasea</a>. However, some Greek bishops of the 18th and 19th centuries bore the title of Amisus as <a href="/wiki/Titular_bishop" title="Titular bishop">titular bishops</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> In the 13th century the <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a> had a convent at Amisus, which became a <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a> bishopric some time before 1345, when its bishop Paulus was transferred to the recently conquered city of <a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a> and was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Preachers" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Preachers">Dominican</a> Benedict, who was followed by an Italian Armenian called Thomas.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> No longer a residential diocese, it is today listed by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Titular_see" title="Titular see">titular see</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_history">Medieval history</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Samsun&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Medieval history" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Historical_buildings_in_Turkey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Historical_buildings_in_Turkey.jpg/220px-Historical_buildings_in_Turkey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1344" data-file-height="1792"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Historical_buildings_in_Turkey.jpg/220px-Historical_buildings_in_Turkey.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Historical_buildings_in_Turkey.jpg/330px-Historical_buildings_in_Turkey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Historical_buildings_in_Turkey.jpg/440px-Historical_buildings_in_Turkey.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Governor's House ("Vali Konağı") in Samsun, Turkey</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Band%C4%B1rma_Vapuru_M%C3%BCzesi_ve_Mill%C3%AE_Kurtulu%C5%9F_An%C4%B1t%C4%B1_(2).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Band%C4%B1rma_Vapuru_M%C3%BCzesi_ve_Mill%C3%AE_Kurtulu%C5%9F_An%C4%B1t%C4%B1_%282%29.JPG/220px-Band%C4%B1rma_Vapuru_M%C3%BCzesi_ve_Mill%C3%AE_Kurtulu%C5%9F_An%C4%B1t%C4%B1_%282%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Band%C4%B1rma_Vapuru_M%C3%BCzesi_ve_Mill%C3%AE_Kurtulu%C5%9F_An%C4%B1t%C4%B1_%282%29.JPG/220px-Band%C4%B1rma_Vapuru_M%C3%BCzesi_ve_Mill%C3%AE_Kurtulu%C5%9F_An%C4%B1t%C4%B1_%282%29.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Band%C4%B1rma_Vapuru_M%C3%BCzesi_ve_Mill%C3%AE_Kurtulu%C5%9F_An%C4%B1t%C4%B1_%282%29.JPG/330px-Band%C4%B1rma_Vapuru_M%C3%BCzesi_ve_Mill%C3%AE_Kurtulu%C5%9F_An%C4%B1t%C4%B1_%282%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Band%C4%B1rma_Vapuru_M%C3%BCzesi_ve_Mill%C3%AE_Kurtulu%C5%9F_An%C4%B1t%C4%B1_%282%29.JPG/440px-Band%C4%B1rma_Vapuru_M%C3%BCzesi_ve_Mill%C3%AE_Kurtulu%C5%9F_An%C4%B1t%C4%B1_%282%29.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Replica of the cargo ship <a href="/wiki/SS_Band%C4%B1rma" title="SS Bandırma">SS Bandırma</a>, which carried <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Atatürk</a> from Istanbul and arrived in Samsun on 19 May 1919, the date which traditionally marks the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amisos_Tepesi%27nden_Amazon_Adas%C4%B1%27na_bak%C4%B1%C5%9F.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Amisos_Tepesi%27nden_Amazon_Adas%C4%B1%27na_bak%C4%B1%C5%9F.JPG/220px-Amisos_Tepesi%27nden_Amazon_Adas%C4%B1%27na_bak%C4%B1%C5%9F.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Amisos_Tepesi%27nden_Amazon_Adas%C4%B1%27na_bak%C4%B1%C5%9F.JPG/220px-Amisos_Tepesi%27nden_Amazon_Adas%C4%B1%27na_bak%C4%B1%C5%9F.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Amisos_Tepesi%27nden_Amazon_Adas%C4%B1%27na_bak%C4%B1%C5%9F.JPG/330px-Amisos_Tepesi%27nden_Amazon_Adas%C4%B1%27na_bak%C4%B1%C5%9F.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Amisos_Tepesi%27nden_Amazon_Adas%C4%B1%27na_bak%C4%B1%C5%9F.JPG/440px-Amisos_Tepesi%27nden_Amazon_Adas%C4%B1%27na_bak%C4%B1%C5%9F.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A view of Amisos Hill in Samsun</figcaption></figure> Samsun was part of the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a>,<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Sultanate of Rum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Empire of Trebizond</a>, and was one of the <a href="/wiki/Genoese_colonies" title="Genoese colonies">Genoese colonies</a>. After the breakup of the Seljuk Empire into <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_beyliks" title="Anatolian beyliks">small principalities (beyliks)</a> in the late 13th century, the city was ruled by one of them, the <a href="/wiki/Isfendiyarids" class="mw-redirect" title="Isfendiyarids">Isfendiyarids</a>. It was captured from the Isfendiyarids at the end of the 14th century by the rival Ottoman beylik (later the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>) under sultan <a href="/wiki/Bayezid_I" title="Bayezid I">Bayezid I</a>, but was lost again shortly afterwards. The Ottomans permanently conquered the town in the weeks following 11 August 1420.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> In the later Ottoman period, it became part of the <a href="/wiki/Sanjak" title="Sanjak">Sanjak</a> of <a href="/wiki/Canik" title="Canik">Canik</a> (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: Canik Sancağı), which was at first part of the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BBm_Eyalet" title="Rûm Eyalet">Rûm Eyalet</a>. The land around the town mainly produced <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>, with its own type being grown in Samsun, the Samsun-Bafra, which the British described as having "small but very aromatic leaves", and commanding a "high price."<a href="#cite_note-Prothero61-32">[32]</a> The town was connected to the railway system in the second half of the 19th century, and tobacco trade boomed. There was a British consulate in the town from 1837 to 1863.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Previously, the last Armenian Zoroastrians, the Arewordik, or children of the sun, lived in Samsun. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Samsun&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Modern history" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a> established the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_national_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish national movement">Turkish national movement</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies</a> in Samsun on May 19, 1919, the date which traditionally marks the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a>. Atatürk, appointed by the Ottoman government as Inspector of the <a href="/wiki/Ninth_Army_(Ottoman_Empire)#After_Mudros" title="Ninth Army (Ottoman Empire)">Ninth Army Troops Inspectorate</a> of the Empire in eastern <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, left Constantinople aboard the now-famous <a href="/wiki/SS_Band%C4%B1rma" title="SS Bandırma">SS Bandırma</a> on May 16 for Samsun. Instead of obeying the orders of the Ottoman government, then under the control of the occupying Allies, he and a number of colleagues declared the beginning of the Turkish national movement. The Allies claimed that the Greek population of Samsun was subject looting by Turkish irregular groups, as noted by representatives of the American <a href="/wiki/Near_East_Foundation" title="Near East Foundation">Near East Relief</a>, an Allied organization.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> The Turkish National Movement became alarmed due to the presence of Greek warships in the vicinity of Samsun and undertook the <a href="/wiki/Samsun_deportations_(1921-1922)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsun deportations (1921-1922)">deportation</a> which entailed the deportation of 21,000 local Greeks to the interior of Anatolia.<a href="#cite_note-:0-35">[35]</a> By 1920, Samsun's population totaled about 36,000, though this figure declined due to the impacts of war and deportations. Later, in early June 1922, the city was <a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Samsun" title="Bombardment of Samsun">bombarded</a> by the Allied navy, consisting of American and Greek warships. The Allied bombardment against the Turks was a strategic failure. Following Turkey's victory, the Greek population left for Greece after the 1923 <a href="/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey" title="Population exchange between Greece and Turkey">Population Exchange</a> founding villages including Nea Sampsounda in <a href="/wiki/Preveza_(regional_unit)" title="Preveza (regional unit)">Preveza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>. After the establishment of the Republic, Samsun was declared a province with five districts <a href="/wiki/Bafra" title="Bafra">Bafra</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%87ar%C5%9Famba" title="Çarşamba">Çarşamba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Havza" title="Havza">Havza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terme" title="Terme">Terme</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vezirk%C3%B6pr%C3%BC" title="Vezirköprü">Vezirköprü</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Samsun added additional districts in later years. In 1928, <a href="/wiki/Ladik" title="Ladik">Ladik</a> was established as a district. In 1934, district was <a href="/wiki/Kavak,_Samsun" title="Kavak, Samsun">Kavak</a> was established followed by <a href="/wiki/Ala%C3%A7am" title="Alaçam">Alaçam</a> in 1944 which brought the number of districts in <a href="/wiki/Samsun_Province" title="Samsun Province">Samsun Province</a> to eight.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> With the law number 3392 adopted on 19 June 1983 <a href="/wiki/Sal%C4%B1pazar%C4%B1" title="Salıpazarı">Salıpazarı</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asarc%C4%B1k" title="Asarcık">Asarcık</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ondokuzmay%C4%B1s" class="mw-redirect" title="Ondokuzmayıs">Ondokuzmayıs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tekkek%C3%B6y" title="Tekkeköy">Tekkeköy</a> districts were established.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> With the law number 3644 adopted on 9 May 1990, <a href="/wiki/Ayvac%C4%B1k,_Samsun" title="Ayvacık, Samsun">Ayvacık</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yakakent" title="Yakakent">Yakakent</a> two more districts were established.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Samsun entered into a period of economic and population recovery in the years after the establishment of the Republic and quickly restored its status as a vital <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> port for Turkey.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Reconstruction of Samsun began quickly after the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a>. In 1929, the region's first electric power plant began operations. Railway access to the city was established in the early 1950s with service to <a href="/wiki/Sivas" title="Sivas">Sivas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>. Major investments in the regions road network were made beginning in the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> In 1975, per law No. 1873, <a href="/wiki/Ondokuz_May%C4%B1s_University" title="Ondokuz Mayıs University">Ondokuz Mayıs University</a> was established in neighboring <a href="/wiki/Atakum" title="Atakum">Atakum</a>. The construction of the university was a major development to the region, bringing a highly regarded and well-funded educational institution and state hospital to Samsun. The region was connect by air in 1998 with the construction of <a href="/wiki/Samsun-%C3%87ar%C5%9Famba_Airport" title="Samsun-Çarşamba Airport">Samsun-Çarşamba Airport</a> 23 km east of the city center. The airport is primarily serviced by <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Airlines" title="Turkish Airlines">Turkish Airlines</a> with service to <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Airport" title="Istanbul Airport">Istanbul Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ankara_Esenbo%C4%9Fa_Airport" title="Ankara Esenboğa Airport">Ankara Esenboğa Airport</a> but also has international service to <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>. In 2008, the Metropolitan Municipality opened the 36.5 km <a href="/wiki/Samsun_Tram" title="Samsun Tram">Samsun Tram</a> network which connects <a href="/wiki/Ondokuz_May%C4%B1s_University" title="Ondokuz Mayıs University">Ondokuz Mayıs University</a> to <a href="/wiki/Samsun_19_May%C4%B1s_Stadium" title="Samsun 19 Mayıs Stadium">Samsun 19 Mayıs Stadium</a>. In 1993, Samsun was established as a <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_municipality" title="Metropolitan municipality">metropolitan municipality</a> by decree of the national government in <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>. The decree further enhanced Samsun's status as one of Turkey's largest and most important cities.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> As Samsun grew, as did its environs. Neighboring Atakum, a suburb to the west of the city center was established in 2008 with the merger of Atakent, Kurupelit, Altınkum, Çatalçam and Taflan towns into one municipality. <a href="/wiki/Atakum" title="Atakum">Atakum</a> in recent years has become a bedroom community to Samsun and home to much of the region's professional class. Multiple other large developments have further established Samsun as a major urban center. In 2013, Piazza Samsun a 160 store shopping mall, the largest in the Central Black Sea region, opened in the city center. The opening of the mall was followed by the construction of 115 m tall <a href="/wiki/Sheraton_Hotel_Samsun" title="Sheraton Hotel Samsun">Sheraton Hotel Samsun</a>. Now the second tallest building in the region, the hotel at the time was the first building in Samsun's history to stand more than 100 m. In 2017, <a href="/wiki/Samsunspor" title="Samsunspor">Samsunspor</a> opened a new 30,000 person stadium in <a href="/wiki/Tekkek%C3%B6y" title="Tekkeköy">Tekkeköy</a>. <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kdelen_Towers" title="Gökdelen Towers">Gökdelen Towers</a> is now the tallest building in the Samsun region and representative of a recent trend towards high-rise residential housing. Under the leadership of Metropolitan Mayor <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Demir" title="Mustafa Demir">Mustafa Demir</a>, the Samsun regional government has undertaken several major transportation and housing development projects in the city center. Projects include the restoration of the Mert River, the construction of the new National Garden, the restoration of Tarihi Şifa Hamamı and the construction of <a href="/wiki/Samsun_Saathane_Square" title="Samsun Saathane Square">Samsun Saathane Square</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Samsun&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Geography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> Samsun is a long city which extends along the coast between two river deltas which jut into the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>. It is located at the end of an ancient route from <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a>: the Amisos of antiquity lay on the headland northwest of the modern city center. The city is growing fast: land has been reclaimed from the sea and many more apartment blocks and shopping malls are currently being built. Industry is tending to move (or be moved) east, further away from the city center and towards the airport. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samsun_Millet_Bah%C3%A7esi_i%C3%A7_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Samsun_Millet_Bah%C3%A7esi_i%C3%A7_%283%29.jpg/220px-Samsun_Millet_Bah%C3%A7esi_i%C3%A7_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Samsun_Millet_Bah%C3%A7esi_i%C3%A7_%283%29.jpg/220px-Samsun_Millet_Bah%C3%A7esi_i%C3%A7_%283%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Samsun_Millet_Bah%C3%A7esi_i%C3%A7_%283%29.jpg/330px-Samsun_Millet_Bah%C3%A7esi_i%C3%A7_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Samsun_Millet_Bah%C3%A7esi_i%C3%A7_%283%29.jpg/440px-Samsun_Millet_Bah%C3%A7esi_i%C3%A7_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Millet Park in Samsun</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rivers">Rivers</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Samsun&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Rivers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> To Samsun's west, lies the <a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1z%C4%B1l_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Kızıl River">Kızılırmak</a> ("Red River", the Halys of antiquity), one of the longest rivers in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> and its fertile delta. To the east, lie the <a href="/wiki/Ye%C5%9Fil_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeşil River">Yeşilırmak</a> ("Green River", the Iris of antiquity) and its delta. The <a href="/wiki/River_Mert" class="mw-redirect" title="River Mert">River Mert</a> reaches the sea at the city. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Samsun&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Climate" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Samsun has a <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">humid subtropical climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: Cfa, <a href="/wiki/Trewartha_climate_classification" title="Trewartha climate classification">Trewartha</a>: Cf), typical for the region, but Samsun is nevertheless drier during summer and milder during winter than most of the southern Black Sea coast. Summers are warm, the average maximum temperature is around 27 °C (81 °F) in August. Winters are cool to mild and wet, the lowest average minimum temperature is around 4 °C (39 °F) in January. Precipitation is heaviest in late autumn and early winter. Snow sometimes occurs between the months of December and March, but temperatures below the freezing point rarely last more than a couple of days. The water temperature is generally mild, fluctuating between 8–20 °C (46–68 °F) throughout the year. <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Samsun (1991–2020, extremes 1929–2023) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.2 (75.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.5 (79.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF3600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.6 (92.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.0 (98.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF1C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.4 (99.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF1C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.4 (99.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF1B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.5 (99.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39.0 (102.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF1300; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.7 (101.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF1500; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.4 (101.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.4 (90.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.9 (84.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">39.0 (102.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFD1A4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1 (52.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.3 (52.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.8 (55.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFB46A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.3 (59.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4 (66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.4 (75.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.4 (81.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF5B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.2 (82.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.8 (76.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF8E1E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.8 (69.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.7 (62.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC388; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.1 (55.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9C39; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">18.8 (65.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFEAD5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5 (45.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3 (45.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFE2C5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7 (47.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.3 (52.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFB061; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.9 (60.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF8E1E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.8 (69.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.9 (75.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.5 (76.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.9 (69.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFA852; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.0 (62.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC78F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.6 (54.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4 (48.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">15.0 (59.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.4 (39.9) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.1 (39.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2 (41.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFE7D0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.9 (46.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFC892; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.4 (54.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA852; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.0 (62.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0 (68.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8F1F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.7 (69.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.3 (63.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC081; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.6 (56.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFBF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1 (48.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFF1E3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.5 (43.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9E; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">11.5 (52.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #BBBBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.1 (17.4) </td> <td style="background: #B1B1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.8 (14.4) </td> <td style="background: #C0C0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.0 (19.4) </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.4 (27.7) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.7 (36.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8 (46.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC184; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.4 (56.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC892; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.4 (54.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFDF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.8 (44.2) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.5 (34.7) </td> <td style="background: #D7D7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.8 (27.0) </td> <td style="background: #CBCBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.0 (23.0) </td> <td style="background: #B1B1FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−9.8 (14.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #92FF92; color:#000000;" class="notheme">72.5 (2.85) </td> <td style="background: #A7FFA7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.5 (2.11) </td> <td style="background: #98FF98; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68.5 (2.70) </td> <td style="background: #ABFFAB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.0 (2.13) </td> <td style="background: #AEFFAE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.1 (2.13) </td> <td style="background: #AFFFAF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.6 (2.03) </td> <td style="background: #C5FFC5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38.9 (1.53) </td> <td style="background: #B8FFB8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47.2 (1.86) </td> <td style="background: #AFFFAF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.8 (2.04) </td> <td style="background: #89FF89; color:#000000;" class="notheme">79.0 (3.11) </td> <td style="background: #89FF89; color:#000000;" class="notheme">76.1 (3.00) </td> <td style="background: #84FF84; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82.5 (3.25) </td> <td style="background: #A2FFA2; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">729.7 (28.73) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days </th> <td style="background: #4949FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.7 </td> <td style="background: #4242FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.9 </td> <td style="background: #3939FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.97 </td> <td style="background: #4A4AFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.13 </td> <td style="background: #6363FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.63 </td> <td style="background: #7A7AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.43 </td> <td style="background: #B4B4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.03 </td> <td style="background: #AEAEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.53 </td> <td style="background: #7A7AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.43 </td> <td style="background: #5D5DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.07 </td> <td style="background: #6969FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.73 </td> <td style="background: #5353FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.87 </td> <td style="background: #6868FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">143.4 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0202FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">65.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000FA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67.8 </td> <td style="background: #0000E8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000D8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76.8 </td> <td style="background: #0000D3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000E2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000ED; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71.2 </td> <td style="background: #0000EE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70.9 </td> <td style="background: #0000E9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72.2 </td> <td style="background: #0000E4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">73.6 </td> <td style="background: #0000FA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67.8 </td> <td style="background: #0808FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">64.4 </td> <td style="background: #0000ED; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">71.2 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #9E9E9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">86.8 </td> <td style="background: #AFAF87; color:#000000;" class="notheme">96.1 </td> <td style="background: #B6B65D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">120.9 </td> <td style="background: #CCCC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">162.0 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">201.5 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">249.0 </td> <td style="background: #E9E900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">279.0 </td> <td style="background: #E6E600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">263.5 </td> <td style="background: #D9D900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">201.0 </td> <td style="background: #C3C311; color:#000000;" class="notheme">148.8 </td> <td style="background: #B8B855; color:#000000;" class="notheme">120.0 </td> <td style="background: #A4A4A4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">89.9 </td> <td style="background: #CDCD00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,018.5 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #A0A0A0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.8 </td> <td style="background: #B0B083; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.4 </td> <td style="background: #B7B758; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.9 </td> <td style="background: #CDCD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.5 </td> <td style="background: #E5E500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3 </td> <td style="background: #EAEA02; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.0 </td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.5 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7 </td> <td style="background: #C4C40B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8 </td> <td style="background: #B8B850; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0 </td> <td style="background: #A6A6A6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.9 </td> <td style="background: #CECE00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">5.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/Turkish_State_Meteorological_Service" title="Turkish State Meteorological Service">Turkish State Meteorological Service</a><a href="#cite_note-TSMS-47">[47]</a> (extremes<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a> (humidity, 1991–2020)<a href="#cite_note-WMOCLINO-49">[49]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Samsun&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Demographics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samsun_%C4%B0l_K%C3%BClt%C3%BCr_ve_Turizm_M%C3%BCd%C3%BCrl%C3%BC%C4%9F%C3%BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Samsun_%C4%B0l_K%C3%BClt%C3%BCr_ve_Turizm_M%C3%BCd%C3%BCrl%C3%BC%C4%9F%C3%BC.jpg/220px-Samsun_%C4%B0l_K%C3%BClt%C3%BCr_ve_Turizm_M%C3%BCd%C3%BCrl%C3%BC%C4%9F%C3%BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Samsun_%C4%B0l_K%C3%BClt%C3%BCr_ve_Turizm_M%C3%BCd%C3%BCrl%C3%BC%C4%9F%C3%BC.jpg/220px-Samsun_%C4%B0l_K%C3%BClt%C3%BCr_ve_Turizm_M%C3%BCd%C3%BCrl%C3%BC%C4%9F%C3%BC.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Samsun_%C4%B0l_K%C3%BClt%C3%BCr_ve_Turizm_M%C3%BCd%C3%BCrl%C3%BC%C4%9F%C3%BC.jpg/330px-Samsun_%C4%B0l_K%C3%BClt%C3%BCr_ve_Turizm_M%C3%BCd%C3%BCrl%C3%BC%C4%9F%C3%BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Samsun_%C4%B0l_K%C3%BClt%C3%BCr_ve_Turizm_M%C3%BCd%C3%BCrl%C3%BC%C4%9F%C3%BC.jpg/440px-Samsun_%C4%B0l_K%C3%BClt%C3%BCr_ve_Turizm_M%C3%BCd%C3%BCrl%C3%BC%C4%9F%C3%BC.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Historical building of the Culture and Tourism Directorate</figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat</a> period and the subsequent wars, Ottoman Muslims were exiled from the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing_of_Circassians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic cleansing of Circassians">were expelled</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> region.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Many of the present inhabitants trace their origins from further west or east on the Black Sea coast. The overwhelming majority of people are <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Muslim</a>. Due to depressed economic conditions, Samsun saw slow but gradual population growth until 1990. Beginning with the economic liberalization Turkey, the city's population began to rapidly increase. In 1990, the city reported a population of 322,982. That figure grew to 388,509 by 2000, 461,640 in 2008, to 511,601 in 2015. In 2020, the city had an estimated population of 710,000.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Samsun&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Government" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> Samsun holds an important historical role in the political development of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a>. The city is where the first branch of the Free Republican Party and the first provincial branch of the Democrat Party were opened. For that reason, the city occupies an important place in the history of politics in Turkey. Samsun has traditionally voted for right-wing and nationalistic parties both in local and national elections. In this respect, in Samsun, which is described as the "vote depot of the right". Until the 2018, nearly 80% of the populace voted for right-wing parties while the membership rate to political parties is around 20%.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> The majority of the deputies have been from the right in all general elections since 1950. Only in 1989 and 1994 did a candidate from a left-wing party, Muzaffer Önder was elected mayor. Today, 6 of the 9 deputies of Samsun's delegation to the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Grand_National_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Grand National Assembly">Turkish Grand National Assembly</a> are members of right-wing parties with the exception of those from <a href="/wiki/Atakum" title="Atakum">Atakum</a>. The mayor of the Metropolitan Municipality <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Demir" title="Mustafa Demir">Mustafa Demir</a> is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Turkey)" title="Justice and Development Party (Turkey)">Justice and Development Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-shpkm%C3%A7-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Of the members of parliament from Samsun, Ahmet Demircan, Yusuf Ziya Yılmaz, Çiğdem Karaaslan, Fuat Köktaş and Orhan Kırcalı are from the <a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Development_Party_(Turkey)" title="Justice and Development Party (Turkey)">Justice and Development Party</a>, while two are from the <a href="/wiki/Republican_People%27s_Party" title="Republican People's Party">Republican People's Party</a>, one from <a href="/wiki/Good_Party" title="Good Party">Good Party</a> and one from the <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Movement_Party" title="Nationalist Movement Party">Nationalist Movement Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pollution">Pollution</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Samsun&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Pollution" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Free_lignite_coal_in_the_city_of_Samsun_in_Turkey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Free_lignite_coal_in_the_city_of_Samsun_in_Turkey.jpg/220px-Free_lignite_coal_in_the_city_of_Samsun_in_Turkey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2759" data-file-height="2215"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 177px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Free_lignite_coal_in_the_city_of_Samsun_in_Turkey.jpg/220px-Free_lignite_coal_in_the_city_of_Samsun_in_Turkey.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="177" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Free_lignite_coal_in_the_city_of_Samsun_in_Turkey.jpg/330px-Free_lignite_coal_in_the_city_of_Samsun_in_Turkey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Free_lignite_coal_in_the_city_of_Samsun_in_Turkey.jpg/440px-Free_lignite_coal_in_the_city_of_Samsun_in_Turkey.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Lignite supplied free by the city council and central government in 2024</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution_in_Turkey" title="Air pollution in Turkey">Air pollution</a> is a problem in some parts of the city, especially in winter when free <a href="/wiki/Coal_in_Turkey" title="Coal in Turkey">coal</a> is supplied to <a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Turkey" title="Poverty in Turkey">poor</a> families by the government. <a href="/wiki/NOx" title="NOx">NOx</a> levels from traffic on Yüzüncüyıl Boulevard are among the highest in the country.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Samsun&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Architecture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Samsun" title="Special:EditPage/Samsun">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Samsun%22">"Samsun"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Samsun%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Samsun%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Samsun%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Samsun%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Samsun%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (February 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samsun_Protestan_Kilisesi_-_Yeni_Bina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Samsun_Protestan_Kilisesi_-_Yeni_Bina.jpg/220px-Samsun_Protestan_Kilisesi_-_Yeni_Bina.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="748" data-file-height="807"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 237px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Samsun_Protestan_Kilisesi_-_Yeni_Bina.jpg/220px-Samsun_Protestan_Kilisesi_-_Yeni_Bina.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="237" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Samsun_Protestan_Kilisesi_-_Yeni_Bina.jpg/330px-Samsun_Protestan_Kilisesi_-_Yeni_Bina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Samsun_Protestan_Kilisesi_-_Yeni_Bina.jpg/440px-Samsun_Protestan_Kilisesi_-_Yeni_Bina.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Samsun Protestant Church</figcaption></figure> Samsun like many <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> cities was composed of stone mosques, baths, markets and government buildings while the residential vernacular was almost exclusively wood. The city was populated with wooden konak style homes with more elaborate <a href="/wiki/Yali_(residence)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yali (residence)">yali (residence)</a> style homes for the wealthy. Beginning in the 1950s as the city's population grew many of these older wooden structures burned down or torn down and replaced with concrete frame apartment buildings which are now the predominant form of construction in the city center. The city's explosive population growth outpaced its ability to formally build housing for its new residents leading to the construction of vast areas of <a href="/wiki/Gecekondu" title="Gecekondu">gecekondu</a> on the city's suburban periphery. As the region has modernized, the Turkish government has made a full force effort to replace <a href="/wiki/Gecekondu" title="Gecekondu">gecekondu</a> with formally designed and built housing. <a href="/wiki/TOK%C4%B0" title="TOKİ">TOKİ</a>, the state agency tasked with housing development has invested heavily in Samsun, building several large social housing developments for the city's growing population. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mosques">Mosques</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Samsun&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Mosques" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>Pazar Mosque, Samsun's oldest surviving building, a mosque built by the <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate Mongols</a> in the 13th century.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Great_Mosque_(Samsun)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Great Mosque (Samsun)">Central Great Mosque (Samsun)</a> was built by Batumlu Hacı Efendi in 1884. Its name "Valide" comes from the <a href="/wiki/Valide_sultan" title="Valide sultan">mother</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Sultan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Sultan">Ottoman Sultan</a> <a href="/wiki/Abd%C3%BClaziz" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdülaziz">Abdulaziz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></li> <li>Hacı Hatun Mosque dates from 1694.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Churches">Churches</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Samsun&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Churches" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>Samsun Protestant Church - located in <a href="/wiki/Atakum" title="Atakum">Atakum</a></li> <li>Mater Dolorasa Church - located in <a href="/wiki/Ilkadim" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilkadim">Ilkadim</a></li></ul> Samsun used to have several Greek Orthodox churches however most were destroyed or converted to mosques following the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Public_squares_and_parks">Public squares and parks</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Samsun&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Public squares and parks" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_Square_(Samsun)" title="Republic Square (Samsun)">Republic Square (Samsun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsun_Saathane_Square" title="Samsun Saathane Square">Samsun Saathane Square</a></li> <li>Anit Park</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tallest_buildings">Tallest buildings</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Samsun&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Tallest buildings" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Samsun's tallest building is <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kdelen_Towers" title="Gökdelen Towers">Gökdelen Towers</a> Tower 1 at 115 m followed by the <a href="/wiki/Sheraton_Hotel_Samsun" title="Sheraton Hotel Samsun">Sheraton Hotel Samsun</a> at 115 m. In recent years dozens of mid-rise residential and commercial buildings have come to populate the city's formerly low-rise skyline. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Samsun&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Transport" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samsun_tram_Gara_20110714.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Samsun_tram_Gara_20110714.jpg/220px-Samsun_tram_Gara_20110714.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Samsun_tram_Gara_20110714.jpg/220px-Samsun_tram_Gara_20110714.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Samsun_tram_Gara_20110714.jpg/330px-Samsun_tram_Gara_20110714.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Samsun_tram_Gara_20110714.jpg/440px-Samsun_tram_Gara_20110714.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/AnsaldoBreda_Sirio" class="mw-redirect" title="AnsaldoBreda Sirio">Sirio</a> tram in Samsun</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samsun_%C3%87ar%C5%9Famba_Airport.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Samsun_%C3%87ar%C5%9Famba_Airport.jpg/220px-Samsun_%C3%87ar%C5%9Famba_Airport.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4352" data-file-height="3264"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Samsun_%C3%87ar%C5%9Famba_Airport.jpg/220px-Samsun_%C3%87ar%C5%9Famba_Airport.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Samsun_%C3%87ar%C5%9Famba_Airport.jpg/330px-Samsun_%C3%87ar%C5%9Famba_Airport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Samsun_%C3%87ar%C5%9Famba_Airport.jpg/440px-Samsun_%C3%87ar%C5%9Famba_Airport.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Samsun-%C3%87ar%C5%9Famba_Airport" title="Samsun-Çarşamba Airport">Samsun-Çarşamba Airport</a></figcaption></figure> Long distance buses the bus station is outside the city centre, but most bus companies provide a free transfer there if you have a ticket. Passenger and freight trains run to <a href="/wiki/Sivas" title="Sivas">Sivas</a> via <a href="/wiki/Amasya" title="Amasya">Amasya</a>. The train station is in the city center. Freight trains are taken by ferry to railways at <a href="/wiki/Port_Kavkaz" title="Port Kavkaz">Kavkaz</a> in Russia, and will later see service to the port of Varna in Bulgaria and Poti in Georgia.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Samsun_Tram" title="Samsun Tram">Samsun Tram</a> operates between the eastern district of <a href="/wiki/Tekkek%C3%B6y" title="Tekkeköy">Tekkeköy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ondokuz_May%C4%B1s_University" title="Ondokuz Mayıs University">Ondokuz Mayıs University</a>. There is a plan to run electrically powered <a href="/wiki/Bus_rapid_transit" title="Bus rapid transit">bus rapid transit</a> between the railway station and <a href="/wiki/Tekkekoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tekkekoy">Tekkekoy</a>. Some city buses are electric. <a href="/wiki/Dolmu%C5%9F" title="Dolmuş">Dolmuş</a>, the routes are numbered 1 to 4 and each route has different color minibuses. The 320 m (1,050 ft) long <a href="/wiki/Samsun_Amisos_Hill_Gondola" title="Samsun Amisos Hill Gondola">Samsun Amisos Hill Gondola</a> serves from Batıpark the archaeological area on the Amisos Hill, where ancient tombs in <a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">tumuli</a> were discovered. <a href="/wiki/Samsun-%C3%87ar%C5%9Famba_Airport" title="Samsun-Çarşamba Airport">Samsun-Çarşamba Airport</a> is 23 km (14 mi) east of the city center. It is possible to reach the airport by Havas service buses: they depart from the coach park close to Kultur Sarayi in the city center.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Horse-drawn carriages, (Turkish: fayton) run along the seafront. There was automated bike rental along the seafront, but it is not currently operational. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Samsun&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Economy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Om%C3%BC_-_T%C4%B1p_Fak%C3%BCltesi.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Om%C3%BC_-_T%C4%B1p_Fak%C3%BCltesi.JPG/220px-Om%C3%BC_-_T%C4%B1p_Fak%C3%BCltesi.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3006" data-file-height="1814"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 133px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Om%C3%BC_-_T%C4%B1p_Fak%C3%BCltesi.JPG/220px-Om%C3%BC_-_T%C4%B1p_Fak%C3%BCltesi.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="133" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Om%C3%BC_-_T%C4%B1p_Fak%C3%BCltesi.JPG/330px-Om%C3%BC_-_T%C4%B1p_Fak%C3%BCltesi.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Om%C3%BC_-_T%C4%B1p_Fak%C3%BCltesi.JPG/440px-Om%C3%BC_-_T%C4%B1p_Fak%C3%BCltesi.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Hospital of <a href="/wiki/Ondokuz_May%C4%B1s_University" title="Ondokuz Mayıs University">Ondokuz Mayıs University</a>'s Faculty of Medicine in Samsun</figcaption></figure> Samsun has a mixed economy<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> with a cluster of medical industries.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ports_and_shipbuilding">Ports and shipbuilding</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Samsun&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Ports and shipbuilding" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samsun_tarih%C3%AE_Osmanl%C4%B1_Bankas%C4%B1_binas%C4%B1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Samsun_tarih%C3%AE_Osmanl%C4%B1_Bankas%C4%B1_binas%C4%B1.jpg/220px-Samsun_tarih%C3%AE_Osmanl%C4%B1_Bankas%C4%B1_binas%C4%B1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5152" data-file-height="3864"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Samsun_tarih%C3%AE_Osmanl%C4%B1_Bankas%C4%B1_binas%C4%B1.jpg/220px-Samsun_tarih%C3%AE_Osmanl%C4%B1_Bankas%C4%B1_binas%C4%B1.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Samsun_tarih%C3%AE_Osmanl%C4%B1_Bankas%C4%B1_binas%C4%B1.jpg/330px-Samsun_tarih%C3%AE_Osmanl%C4%B1_Bankas%C4%B1_binas%C4%B1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Samsun_tarih%C3%AE_Osmanl%C4%B1_Bankas%C4%B1_binas%C4%B1.jpg/440px-Samsun_tarih%C3%AE_Osmanl%C4%B1_Bankas%C4%B1_binas%C4%B1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Former <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Bank" title="Ottoman Bank">Ottoman Bank</a> branch in Samsun</figcaption></figure> Samsun is a port city. In the early 20th century, the <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey">Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey</a> funded the building of a harbor. Before the building of the harbor, ships had to anchor to deliver goods, approximately 1 mile or more from shore. Trade and transportation was focused around a road to and from <a href="/wiki/Sivas" title="Sivas">Sivas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Prothero54-65">[65]</a> The privately operated port fronting the city centre handles freight, including <a href="/wiki/RORO" class="mw-redirect" title="RORO">RORO</a> ferries to <a href="/wiki/Novorossiysk" title="Novorossiysk">Novorossiysk</a>, whereas fishing boats land their catches in a separate harbour slightly further east. A ship building yard is under construction at the eastern city limit. Road and rail freight connections with central Anatolia can be used to send inland both the agricultural produce of the surrounding well rained upon and fertile land, and also imports from overseas. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Coal_imports_from_Donbas">Coal imports from Donbas</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Samsun&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Coal imports from Donbas" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Donbas" title="Donbas">Donbas</a> <a href="/wiki/Anthracite" title="Anthracite">anthracite</a>, imported via the Russian ports of <a href="/wiki/Azov" title="Azov">Azov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taganrog" title="Taganrog">Taganrog</a>, is said to be illegally exported <a href="/wiki/Coal_in_Ukraine" title="Coal in Ukraine">Ukrainian coal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> In 2019 some crew were rescued but 6 died after a ship sank in the Black Sea.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manufacturing_and_food_processing">Manufacturing and food processing</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Samsun&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Manufacturing and food processing" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> There is a light industrial zone between the city and the airport. The main manufactured products are medical devices and products, furniture (wood is imported across the Black Sea), tobacco products (although tobacco farming is now limited by the government), chemicals and automobile spare parts. Flour mills import wheat from Ukraine and export some of the flour. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_government_and_services">Local government and services</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Samsun&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Local government and services" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Provincial government and services (e.g. courts, prisons and hospitals) support the surrounding region. Agricultural research establishments support provincial agriculture and food processing. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shopping">Shopping</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Samsun&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Shopping" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samsun_Piazza_gece_yak%C4%B1ndan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Samsun_Piazza_gece_yak%C4%B1ndan.jpg/220px-Samsun_Piazza_gece_yak%C4%B1ndan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Samsun_Piazza_gece_yak%C4%B1ndan.jpg/220px-Samsun_Piazza_gece_yak%C4%B1ndan.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Samsun_Piazza_gece_yak%C4%B1ndan.jpg/330px-Samsun_Piazza_gece_yak%C4%B1ndan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Samsun_Piazza_gece_yak%C4%B1ndan.jpg/440px-Samsun_Piazza_gece_yak%C4%B1ndan.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Piazza Samsun</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bulvar_AVM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Bulvar_AVM.jpg/220px-Bulvar_AVM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5152" data-file-height="3864"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Bulvar_AVM.jpg/220px-Bulvar_AVM.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Bulvar_AVM.jpg/330px-Bulvar_AVM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Bulvar_AVM.jpg/440px-Bulvar_AVM.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Samsun Bulvar Shopping Mall</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samsun_Piazza_AVM_i%C3%A7_(2).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Samsun_Piazza_AVM_i%C3%A7_%282%29.JPG/220px-Samsun_Piazza_AVM_i%C3%A7_%282%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Samsun_Piazza_AVM_i%C3%A7_%282%29.JPG/220px-Samsun_Piazza_AVM_i%C3%A7_%282%29.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Samsun_Piazza_AVM_i%C3%A7_%282%29.JPG/330px-Samsun_Piazza_AVM_i%C3%A7_%282%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Samsun_Piazza_AVM_i%C3%A7_%282%29.JPG/440px-Samsun_Piazza_AVM_i%C3%A7_%282%29.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Piazza Samsun</figcaption></figure> Most of the many new shopping malls are purpose built, but the former tobacco factory in the city center has been converted into a mall. Samsun's largest mall is the Piazza Samsun. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Tourism">Tourism</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Samsun&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Tourism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nature_Tourism">Nature Tourism</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Samsun&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Nature Tourism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Samsun has one of the longest coastlines of the Black Sea Region and this strip stretches from <a href="/wiki/Canik" title="Canik">Canik</a> until May 19.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> 90% of this 35 km long coastline consists of fine sandy beaches suitable for swimming, and alternative sports such as surfing, jet <a href="/wiki/Skiing" title="Skiing">skiing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sailing" title="Sailing">sailing</a> can be practiced besides <a href="/wiki/Swimming" title="Swimming">swimming</a>. There are a total of 39 beaches in Samsun, with the highest number of beaches in Atakum with 19 of them.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> After Atakum, Alaçam and Çarşamba come with three beaches each. Bafra, Ilkadım and May 19 each have two beaches, and Canik also has one beach. There are no beaches in Asarcık, Ayvacık, Havza, Kavak and Ladik. As of August 2018, all of the beaches measured by the Environmental Health Department are classified as very clean. In addition, 13 beaches, 10 of which are in <a href="/wiki/Atakum" title="Atakum">Atakum</a>, are awarded the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Flag_beach" title="Blue Flag beach">Blue Flag beach</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> In Samsun, where activities for winter tourism can be carried out in addition to beach tourism, Akdağ Winter Sports and Ski Center, especially in Ladik, is the most important investment in this area with its 1675 m ski track and 1300 m chair lift, attracting tourists from the surrounding cities.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Akdağ also stands out as a <a href="/wiki/Paragliding" title="Paragliding">paragliding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mountaineering" title="Mountaineering">mountaineering</a> and highland tourism center together with Kocadağ; Nebiyan Mountain is visited by mountaineers, and Kunduz Mountains are visited by transhumance.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> In addition to natural areas such as Asarağaç Hill, Gölalan Waterfalls and Kabaceviz Waterfall, Çamgölü, Sarıgazel, Vezirköprü nature parks and Çakkır and Hasköy recreation areas have also been brought into tourism in recent years.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> The <a href="/wiki/%C3%87ar%C5%9Famba_Plain" title="Çarşamba Plain">Çarşamba Plain</a> and the Galeriç Floodplain, especially the <a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1z%C4%B1l%C4%B1rmak_Delta" title="Kızılırmak Delta">Kızılırmak Delta</a> is frequently visited by bird watchers.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> May 25 Thermal Tourism Center in Havza, which has been given the status of a tourism center, is the most important health tourism point in Samsun, and the thermal springs in Havza and Ladik are also among the tourism centers of the city.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> The waters coming out of the hot springs, which are visited by 200 thousand people a year, have been used in the treatment of diseases such as rheumatic diseases, gynecological diseases, nervous diseases, joint diseases and calcification for two thousand years.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Samsun&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Atatürk_Culture_Center">The Atatürk Culture Center</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Samsun&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: The Atatürk Culture Center" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Samsun" title="Special:EditPage/Samsun">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (December 2022) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Atatürk Kültür Sarayı (AKM – Palace of Culture). Concerts and other performances are held at the Kultur Sarayi, which is shaped much like a ski jump. "Samsun State Opera and Ballet" performs in The Atatürk Culture Center. Founded in 2009 it is one of the six state opera houses in Turkey. The Samsun Opera have performed Die Entführung (W. A. Mozart) in the annual Istanbul Opera Festival. In collaboration with The Pekin Opera, The Samsun Opera performed Puccini's Madama Butterfly in the <a href="/wiki/Aspendos_International_Opera_and_Ballet_Festival" title="Aspendos International Opera and Ballet Festival">Aspendos International Opera and Ballet Festival</a> in 2012. Other performances include La bohème, La traviata, Don Quijote, Giselle. The current musical director is Lorenzo Castriota Skanderbeg. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums">Museums</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Samsun&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Museums" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gazi_M%C3%BCzesi_cephe.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Gazi_M%C3%BCzesi_cephe.JPG/220px-Gazi_M%C3%BCzesi_cephe.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Gazi_M%C3%BCzesi_cephe.JPG/220px-Gazi_M%C3%BCzesi_cephe.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Gazi_M%C3%BCzesi_cephe.JPG/330px-Gazi_M%C3%BCzesi_cephe.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Gazi_M%C3%BCzesi_cephe.JPG/440px-Gazi_M%C3%BCzesi_cephe.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Gazi Museum</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Archaeological and Atatürk Museum. The archaeological part of the museum displays ancient artifacts found in the Samsun area, including the <a href="/wiki/Amisos_treasure" class="mw-redirect" title="Amisos treasure">Amisos treasure</a>. The Atatürk section includes photographs of his life and some personal belongings.</li> <li>Atatürk (Gazi) Museum. It houses Atatürk's bedroom, his study and conference room as well as some personal belongings.</li> <li>Samsun City Museum. A new museum.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surgical_Instruments_and_Health_Museum" title="Surgical Instruments and Health Museum">Surgical Instruments and Health Museum</a>, opened in 2021.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Folk_dancing">Folk dancing</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Samsun&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Folk dancing" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> There is an annual international festival.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Samsun&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Education" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_Samsun" title="Category:Education in Samsun">Category:Education in Samsun</a></div> There are two universities in Samsun: the state run <a href="/wiki/Ondokuz_May%C4%B1s_University" title="Ondokuz Mayıs University">Ondokuz Mayıs University</a> and the private sector <a href="/wiki/Samsun_University" title="Samsun University">Samsun University</a>. There is also a police training college<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> and many small private colleges. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="Parks,_nature_reserves_and_other_greenspace">Parks, nature reserves and other greenspace</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Samsun&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Parks, nature reserves and other greenspace" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Onur_An%C4%B1t%C4%B1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Onur_An%C4%B1t%C4%B1.JPG/220px-Onur_An%C4%B1t%C4%B1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3204" data-file-height="2065"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 142px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Onur_An%C4%B1t%C4%B1.JPG/220px-Onur_An%C4%B1t%C4%B1.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="142" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Onur_An%C4%B1t%C4%B1.JPG/330px-Onur_An%C4%B1t%C4%B1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Onur_An%C4%B1t%C4%B1.JPG/440px-Onur_An%C4%B1t%C4%B1.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Statue of <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Atatürk</a> by the Austrian sculptor Heinrich Krippel in Samsun's city center</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samdob.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Samdob.jpg/220px-Samdob.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5759" data-file-height="3839"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Samdob.jpg/220px-Samdob.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Samdob.jpg/330px-Samdob.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Samdob.jpg/440px-Samdob.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Samsun Opera and Ballet Hall</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Parks</dt></dl> <ul><li>Batı Park (West Park) is a large park on land reclaimed from the sea</li> <li>Doğu Park (East Park)</li> <li>Atatürk Park contains his <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Honor" title="Statue of Honor">statue</a> by Austrian sculptor <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Krippel" title="Heinrich Krippel">Heinrich Krippel</a>, which was completed in 1931. The statue was depicted on the <a href="/wiki/Obverse_and_reverse" title="Obverse and reverse">obverse</a> of the Turkish 100,000 <a href="/wiki/Turkish_lira" title="Turkish lira">lira</a> banknotes of 1991–2001.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Nature reserves</dt></dl> <ul><li>Çakırlar Korusu<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other greenspace</dt></dl> There are several army bases in the city (Esentepe Kışlası, Gökberk Kışlası, 19 Mayis Kışlası and others). Should they become surplus to military requirements in future, for example due to reduced <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Turkey" title="Conscription in Turkey">conscription in Turkey</a>, it is currently unclear whether they would become <a href="/wiki/Urban_open_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban open space">urban open space</a> or be further built on. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Samsun&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Sports" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Sport_in_Samsun" title="Category:Sport in Samsun">Category:Sport in Samsun</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samsun_19_May%C4%B1s_Stadyumu_(Ekim_2019).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Samsun_19_May%C4%B1s_Stadyumu_%28Ekim_2019%29.jpg/220px-Samsun_19_May%C4%B1s_Stadyumu_%28Ekim_2019%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Samsun_19_May%C4%B1s_Stadyumu_%28Ekim_2019%29.jpg/220px-Samsun_19_May%C4%B1s_Stadyumu_%28Ekim_2019%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Samsun_19_May%C4%B1s_Stadyumu_%28Ekim_2019%29.jpg/330px-Samsun_19_May%C4%B1s_Stadyumu_%28Ekim_2019%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Samsun_19_May%C4%B1s_Stadyumu_%28Ekim_2019%29.jpg/440px-Samsun_19_May%C4%B1s_Stadyumu_%28Ekim_2019%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Samsun_19_May%C4%B1s_Stadium" title="Samsun 19 Mayıs Stadium">Samsun 19 Mayıs Stadium</a></figcaption></figure> In ancient Roman times gladiator sword fighting<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> apparently took place in Amisos, as depicted on a tombstone dating from the 2nd or 3rd century <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tekkek%C3%B6y_Ya%C5%9Far_Do%C4%9Fu_Arena" class="mw-redirect" title="Tekkeköy Yaşar Doğu Arena">Tekkeköy Yaşar Doğu Arena</a> opened in 2013. <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> is the most popular sport: in the older districts above the city center children often kick balls around in the evenings in the smallest streets. The city's main club is <a href="/wiki/Samsunspor" title="Samsunspor">Samsunspor</a>, which plays its games at the <a href="/wiki/Samsun_19_May%C4%B1s_Stadium" title="Samsun 19 Mayıs Stadium">Samsun 19 Mayıs Stadium</a>. <a href="/wiki/Samsunspor_(basketball)" title="Samsunspor (basketball)">Basketball</a>, volleyball, tennis, swimming, <a href="/wiki/Cable_skiing" title="Cable skiing">cable skiing</a> (in summer), horse riding, go karting, paintballing, martial arts and many other sports are played. Cycling and jogging are only common along the sea front, where recreational fishing is also popular. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Samsun&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: International relations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Turkey" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Turkey">List of twin towns and sister cities in Turkey</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twin_towns—Sister_cities">Twin towns—Sister cities</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Samsun&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Twin towns—Sister cities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karde%C5%9F_%C5%9Fehirler.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Karde%C5%9F_%C5%9Fehirler.JPG/220px-Karde%C5%9F_%C5%9Fehirler.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3596" data-file-height="1650"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 101px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Karde%C5%9F_%C5%9Fehirler.JPG/220px-Karde%C5%9F_%C5%9Fehirler.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="101" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Karde%C5%9F_%C5%9Fehirler.JPG/330px-Karde%C5%9F_%C5%9Fehirler.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Karde%C5%9F_%C5%9Fehirler.JPG/440px-Karde%C5%9F_%C5%9Fehirler.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Sister cities of Samsun</figcaption></figure> Samsun is <a href="/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin towns and sister cities">twinned</a> with: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><noscript><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" data-alt="United States" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/North_Little_Rock,_Arkansas" title="North Little Rock, Arkansas">North Little Rock, Arkansas</a>, United States (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><noscript><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" data-alt="Iran" data-width="23" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Gorgan" title="Gorgan">Gorgan</a>, Iran (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus"><noscript><img alt="Northern Cyprus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png" data-alt="Northern Cyprus" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Trikomo,_Cyprus" title="Trikomo, Cyprus">İskele</a>, Northern Cyprus (2006)<a href="#cite_note-Samsun-91">[91]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><noscript><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" data-alt="Russia" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Novorossiysk" title="Novorossiysk">Novorossiysk</a>, Russia (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania"><noscript><img alt="Tanzania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png" data-alt="Tanzania" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tanzania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tanzania.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Dar_es_Salaam" title="Dar es Salaam">Dar es Salaam</a>, Tanzania (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><noscript><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" data-alt="Sweden" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Kalmar" title="Kalmar">Kalmar</a>, Sweden (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><noscript><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="France" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a>, France (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><noscript><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" data-alt="Germany" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a>, Germany (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina"><noscript><img alt="Bosnia and Herzegovina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" data-alt="Bosnia and Herzegovina" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Br%C4%8Dko" title="Brčko">Brčko</a>, Bosnia and Herzegovina (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia"><noscript><img alt="Tunisia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" data-alt="Tunisia" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Bizerte" title="Bizerte">Bizerte</a>, Tunisia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"><noscript><img alt="Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" data-alt="Ukraine" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Donetsk" title="Donetsk">Donetsk</a>, Ukraine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana"><noscript><img alt="Ghana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" data-alt="Ghana" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Accra" title="Accra">Accra</a>, Ghana</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan"><noscript><img alt="Kyrgyzstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" data-alt="Kyrgyzstan" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Bishkek" title="Bishkek">Bishkek</a>, Kyrgyzstan <a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(16)"><h2 id="Notable_people_from_Samsun">Notable people from Samsun</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Samsun&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Notable people from Samsun" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-16 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-16"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footballers_who_played_for_Samsunspor_or_were_born_in_Samsun">Footballers who played for Samsunspor or were born in Samsun</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Samsun&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Footballers who played for Samsunspor or were born in Samsun" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mete_Adan%C4%B1r" title="Mete Adanır">Mete Adanır</a> (1961–1989), Turkish Cypriot football forward</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuri_Asan" title="Nuri Asan">Nuri Asan</a> (1940–1989), football player and manager</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serkan_Aykut" title="Serkan Aykut">Serkan Aykut</a> (born 1975), former football forward</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCsl%C3%BCm_Can" title="Müslüm Can">Müslüm Can</a> (born 1975), retired footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanju_%C3%87olak" title="Tanju Çolak">Tanju Çolak</a> (born 1963), Samsun-born former football forward</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenk_%C4%B0%C5%9Fler" title="Cenk İşler">Cenk İşler</a> (born 1974), former football striker and manager</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Nas" title="Mehmet Nas">Mehmet Nas</a> (born 1979), former footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmet_%C3%96zdilek" title="Mehmet Özdilek">Mehmet Özdilek</a> (born 1966), retired footballer born in Samsun</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Samsun&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Others" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A._I._Bezzerides" title="A. I. Bezzerides">A. I. Bezzerides</a>, (1908–2007), Greek-American novelist and screenwriter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmet_Demircan" title="Ahmet Demircan">Ahmet Demircan</a> (born 1954), Turkish doctor, politician and former Minister of Health of Turkey</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orhan_Gencebay" title="Orhan Gencebay">Orhan Gencebay</a> (born 1944), <a href="/wiki/Arabesque_(Turkish_music)" title="Arabesque (Turkish music)">Arabesque music</a> artist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levent_K%C4%B1rca" title="Levent Kırca">Levent Kırca</a> (1950–2015), comedian, actor, newspaper columnist and politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Far_Do%C4%9Fu" title="Yaşar Doğu">Yasar Dogu</a>, Wrestler</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(17)"><h2 id="Mayors_of_Samsun_Metropolitan_Municipality">Mayors of Samsun <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Municipality">Metropolitan Municipality</a></h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Samsun&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Mayors of Samsun Metropolitan Municipality" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-17 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-17"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Turkish_local_elections" title="1968 Turkish local elections">1968</a>-<a href="/wiki/1980_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Turkish coup d'état">1980</a> and <a href="/wiki/1984_Turkish_local_elections" title="1984 Turkish local elections">1984</a>-<a href="/wiki/1987_Turkish_general_election" title="1987 Turkish general election">1987</a> <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemal_Vehbi_G%C3%BCl" class="extiw" title="tr:Kemal Vehbi Gül">Kemal Vehbi Gül</a> <a href="/wiki/Justice_Party_(Turkey)" title="Justice Party (Turkey)">AP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motherland_Party_(Turkey)" title="Motherland Party (Turkey)">ANAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Turkish_general_election" title="1987 Turkish general election">1987</a>-<a href="/wiki/1989_Turkish_local_elections" title="1989 Turkish local elections">1989</a> <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruhat_%C3%87etinkaya" class="extiw" title="tr:Ruhat Çetinkaya">Ruhat Çetinkaya</a> <a href="/wiki/Motherland_Party_(Turkey,_2011)" title="Motherland Party (Turkey, 2011)">ANAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Turkish_local_elections" title="1989 Turkish local elections">1989</a>-<a href="/wiki/1999_Turkish_local_elections" title="1999 Turkish local elections">1999</a> <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzaffer_%C3%96nder" class="extiw" title="tr:Muzaffer Önder">Muazffer Önder</a> <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_People%27s_Party_(Turkey)" title="Social Democratic People's Party (Turkey)">SHP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republican_People%27s_Party" title="Republican People's Party">CHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_Turkish_local_elections" title="1999 Turkish local elections">1999</a>-<a href="/wiki/2018_Turkish_general_election" title="2018 Turkish general election">2018</a> <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Ziya_Y%C4%B1lmaz" title="Yusuf Ziya Yılmaz">Yusuf Ziya Yılmaz</a> <a href="/wiki/Motherland_Party_(Turkey)" title="Motherland Party (Turkey)">ANAP</a>, <a href="/wiki/AK_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="AK Party">AK Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Turkish_general_election" title="2018 Turkish general election">2018</a>-<a href="/wiki/2019_Turkish_local_elections" title="2019 Turkish local elections">2019</a> <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zihni_%C5%9Eahin" class="extiw" title="tr:Zihni Şahin">Zihni Şahin</a> <a href="/wiki/AK_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="AK Party">AK Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Turkish_local_elections" title="2019 Turkish local elections">2019</a>-<a href="/wiki/2024_Turkish_local_elections" title="2024 Turkish local elections">2024</a> <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Demir" title="Mustafa Demir">Mustafa Demir</a> <a href="/wiki/AK_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="AK Party">AK Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Turkish_local_elections" title="2024 Turkish local elections">2024</a>-<a href="/wiki/Present" title="Present">present</a> <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halit_Do%C4%9Fan" class="extiw" title="tr:Halit Doğan">Halit Doğan</a> <a href="/wiki/AK_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="AK Party">AK Party</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(18)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Samsun&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-18 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-18"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/32px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 21px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/32px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="21" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/48px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/64px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Turkey" title="Portal:Turkey">Turkey portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_Tigers" title="Anatolian Tigers">Anatolian Tigers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beyliks_of_Canik" title="Beyliks of Canik">Beyliks of Canik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_road_D010_(Turkey)" class="mw-redirect" title="State road D010 (Turkey)">State road D010 (Turkey)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsun_Castle" title="Samsun Castle">Samsun Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Samsun" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Samsun">Category:Tourist attractions in Samsun</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(19)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Samsun&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-19 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-19"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/ilgosterge/?locale=tr">"Statistics by Theme > National Accounts > Regional Accounts"</a>. www.turkstat.gov.tr. Retrieved 11 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.turkstat.gov.tr&rft.atitle=Statistics+by+Theme+%3E+National+Accounts+%3E+Regional+Accounts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiruni.tuik.gov.tr%2Filgosterge%2F%3Flocale%3Dtr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamsun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haberturk.com/7x24/yavuz-barlas/2961232-bu-ilceler-pandemide-doldu-tasti">"İlçe ilçe nüfus istatistikleri"</a> [County district population statistics]. www.haberturk.com (in Turkish). 5 February 2021. Retrieved 27 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.haberturk.com&rft.atitle=%C4%B0l%C3%A7e+il%C3%A7e+n%C3%BCfus+istatistikleri&rft.date=2021-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haberturk.com%2F7x24%2Fyavuz-barlas%2F2961232-bu-ilceler-pandemide-doldu-tasti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamsun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÖzgören2019" class="citation book cs1">Özgören, Aydın (2019). La question du Pont-Euxin. <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrk_Tarih_Kurumu" class="mw-redirect" title="Türk Tarih Kurumu">Türk Tarih Kurumu</a>. p. 135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-975-16-3633-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-975-16-3633-1"><bdi>978-975-16-3633-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+question+du+Pont-Euxin&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=T%C3%BCrk+Tarih+Kurumu&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-975-16-3633-1&rft.aulast=%C3%96zg%C3%B6ren&rft.aufirst=Ayd%C4%B1n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamsun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%96zhan_%C3%96zt%C3%BCrk" title="Özhan Öztürk">Özhan Öztürk</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.karalahana.com/english/ENCYCLOPEDIC%20DICTIONARY%20OF%20BLACKSEA.html">Karadeniz: Ansiklopedik Sözlük (Blacksea: Encyclopedic Dictionary)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080513094652/http://www.karalahana.com/english/ENCYCLOPEDIC%20DICTIONARY%20OF%20BLACKSEA.html">Archived</a> 13 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 2 Cilt (2 Volumes). Heyamola Publishing. Istanbul. 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/975-6121-00-9" title="Special:BookSources/975-6121-00-9">975-6121-00-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-iliad-5"><a href="#cite_ref-iliad_5-0">^</a> Homer, Iliad; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classics.mit.edu/Homer/iliad.2.ii.html">online version</a> at classics.mit.edu, accessed on 2009-08-18. Book II: "The Paphlagonians were commanded by stout-hearted Pylaemanes from Enetae, where the mules run wild in herds. These were they that held <a href="/wiki/Cytorus" title="Cytorus">Cytorus</a> and the country round <a href="/wiki/Sesamus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sesamus">Sesamus</a>, with the cities by the river <a href="/wiki/Bart%C4%B1n_River" title="Bartın River">Parthenius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cromna_(place)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cromna (place)">Cromna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aegialus" title="Aegialus">Aegialus</a>, and lofty <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erithini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erithini (page does not exist)">Erithini</a>." </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0198:book=12:chapter=3&highlight=thracian%2Ceneti">Strab. 12.3</a> "Tieium is a town that has nothing worthy of mention except that Philetaerus, the founder of the family of Attalic Kings, was from there. Then comes the Parthenius River, which flows through flowery districts and on this account came by its name; it has its sources in Paphlagonia itself. And then comes Paphlagonia and the Eneti. Writers question whom the poet means by 'the Eneti,' when he says, 'And the rugged heart of Pylaemenes led the Paphlagonians, from the land of the Eneti, whence the breed of wild mules; for at the present time, they say, there are no Eneti to be seen in Paphlagonia, though some say that there is a village on the Aegialus ten schoeni distant from Amastris.' But Zenodotus writes 'from Enete,' and says that Homer clearly indicates the Amisus of today. And others say that a tribe called Eneti, bordering on the Cappadocians, made an expedition with the Cimmerians and then were driven out to the Adriatic Sea. But the thing upon which there is general agreement is, that the Eneti, to whom Pylaemenes belonged, were the most notable tribe of the Paphlagonians, and that, furthermore, these made the expedition with him in very great numbers, but, losing their leader, crossed over to Thrace after the capture of Troy, and on their wanderings went to the Enetian country, as it is now called. According to some writers, Antenor and his children took part in this expedition and settled at the recess of the Adriatic, as mentioned by me in my account of Italy. It is therefore reasonable to suppose that it was on this account that the Eneti disappeared and are not to be seen in Paphlagonia." </li> <li id="cite_note-Samsun_Guide-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Samsun_Guide_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Samsun_Guide_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222153628/http://www.yesilirmak.org.tr/malzemeler/Rehber_Samsun_EN.pdf">"Samsun Guide"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yesilirmak.org.tr/malzemeler/Rehber_Samsun_EN.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 22 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Samsun+Guide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yesilirmak.org.tr%2Fmalzemeler%2FRehber_Samsun_EN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamsun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kultur.gov.tr/EN,35044/culture.html">"..:: REPUBLIC OF TURKEY MINISTRY OF CULTURE AND TOURISM ::."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150525224107/http://www.kultur.gov.tr/EN,35044/culture.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2015. Retrieved 25 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=..%3A%3A+REPUBLIC+OF+TURKEY+MINISTRY+OF+CULTURE+AND+TOURISM+%3A%3A..&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kultur.gov.tr%2FEN%2C35044%2Fculture.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamsun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kultur.gov.tr/EN/belge/2-22191/history.html">"..:: REPUBLIC OF TURKEY MINISTRY OF CULTURE AND TOURISM ::."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110404094409/http://www.kultur.gov.tr/EN/belge/2-22191/history.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2011. Retrieved 25 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=..%3A%3A+REPUBLIC+OF+TURKEY+MINISTRY+OF+CULTURE+AND+TOURISM+%3A%3A..&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kultur.gov.tr%2FEN%2Fbelge%2F2-22191%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamsun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Cohen, Getzel M. (1995). "The Hellenistic Settlements in Europe, the Islands, and Asia Minor". Berkeley and Los Angeles: California: University of California Press. p. 384. </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilson,_M._W_p._3-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson,_M._W_p._3_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson,_M._W_p._3_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson,_M._W_p._3_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson,_M._W_p._3_11-3">d</a> Wilson, M. W. "Cities of God in Northern Asia Minor: Using Stark's Social Theories to Reconstruct Peter's Communities". Verbum et Ecclesia 32 (1). p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Topalidis, S. "Formation of the First Greek Settlements in the Pontos". Pontos World. Pontosworld.com. Retrieved 11 March 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Tsetskhladze, G.R. (1998 ) "The Greek Colonisation of the Black Sea Area: Historical Interpretation of Archaeology". Stuttgart: F. Steiner. p. 19.; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/ionian-wild-goat-oenochoe-reflecting-oriental-influence">Louvre page</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150523023256/http://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/ionian-wild-goat-oenochoe-reflecting-oriental-influence">Archived</a> 23 May 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilson,_M._W_p._4-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson,_M._W_p._4_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilson,_M._W_p._4_14-1">b</a> Wilson, M. W. "Cities of God in Northern Asia Minor: Using Stark's Social Theories to Reconstruct Peter's Communities". Verbum et Ecclesia 32 (1). p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Jones, A.H.M (1937). "The Cities of the Eastern Roman Provinces". 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kultur.samsun.bel.tr/programlar/amisos/amisos.htm">the original</a> on 30 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ESK%C4%B0+SAMSUN%27+DA+%28AM%C4%B0SOS%29+AYDINLANAN+TAR%C4%B0H&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kultur.samsun.bel.tr%2Fprogramlar%2Famisos%2Famisos.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamsun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140330143400/http://www.samsun.bel.tr/tarihi-ile-samsun.asp">"Antik Amisos Kenti"</a>. 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Journal of Roman Studies, 85. pp. 301–302. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiftopoulou_Sofia2003" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Giftopoulou Sofia (17 March 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=7207">"Amisos (Byzantium)"</a>. Encyclopaedia of the Hellenic World, Asia Minor. Translated by Koutras Nikolaos. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20131207185832/http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=7207">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2013. 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Verbum et Ecclesia 32 (1). p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-Schalit,_A_2015-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schalit,_A_2015_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schalit,_A_2015_23-1">b</a> Schalit, A. "Asia Minor." Encyclopedia Judaica. Accessed 11 March 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> "Pliny and Trajan on the Christians." Pliny and Trajan on the Christians. Accessed 7 April 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Alikin, V. A. (2010). 'Chapter 7.' In The Earliest History of the Christian Gathering: Origin, Development and Content of the Christian Gathering in the First to Third Centuries. Leiden: Brill. p. 270. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Wilson, M. W. "Cities of God in Northern Asia Minor: Using Stark's Social Theories to Reconstruct Peter's Communities". Verbum et Ecclesia 32 (1). p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Siméon Vailhé, v. 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XII, Paris 1953, coll. 1289–1290] </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Jean Richard, La Papauté et les missions d'Orient au Moyen Age (XIII-XV siècles), École Française de Rome, 1977, pp. 170–171 and 235–236 </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Annuario Pontificio 2013 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-209-9070-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-209-9070-1">978-88-209-9070-1</a>), p. 831 </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anatolia_1097_it.svg">"File:Anatolia 1097 it.svg"</a>. 17 August 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150407193716/http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Anatolia_1097_it.svg">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2015. Retrieved 25 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=File%3AAnatolia+1097+it.svg&rft.date=2008-08-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3AAnatolia_1097_it.svg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamsun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Zehiroğlu, A.M. (2018) "Trabzon İmparatorluğu" vol.III pp.150–156 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-6058103207" title="Special:BookSources/978-6058103207">978-6058103207</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prothero61-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Prothero61_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProthero1920" class="citation book cs1">Prothero, W.G. 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Stationery Office. p. 61. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053235/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11768/view/1/61/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armenia+and+Kurdistan&rft.place=London&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=H.M.+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Prothero&rft.aufirst=W.G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wdl.org%2Fen%2Fitem%2F11768%2Fview%2F1%2F61%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamsun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/SearchUI/details?uri=C7650">"Foreign Office: Consulate, Samsun, Ottoman Empire: Entry Books and Registers of Correspondence"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222070517/http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/SearchUI/details?uri=C7650">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Foreign+Office%3A+Consulate%2C+Samsun%2C+Ottoman+Empire%3A+Entry+Books+and+Registers+of+Correspondence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2FSearchUI%2Fdetails%3Furi%3DC7650&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamsun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrott2016" class="citation book cs1">Prott, Volker (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jXjADAAAQBAJ">The Politics of Self-Determination: Remaking Territories and National Identities in Europe, 1917–1923</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191083556" title="Special:BookSources/9780191083556"><bdi>9780191083556</bdi></a>. <q>They lotted and burned the houses of the Greeks... In early June, Hosford continued, Samsun faced the same threat of looting, massacres and deportation... Osman Aga's troops could not operate freely in Samsoun as they did later in Marsovan or had done before in the district of Bafra</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Self-Determination%3A+Remaking+Territories+and+National+Identities+in+Europe%2C+1917%E2%80%931923&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780191083556&rft.aulast=Prott&rft.aufirst=Volker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjXjADAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamsun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-35"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartrop2014" class="citation book cs1">Bartrop, Paul R. 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Turkish Grand National Assembly. 28 June 1934. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tbmm.gov.tr/tutanaklar/KANUNLAR_KARARLAR/kanuntbmmc013/kanuntbmmc013/kanuntbmmc01302529.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 27 April 2016. 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Retrieved 28 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Samsunda+Turizim+Alternatifleri+%26%23124%3B+T.C.+Samsun+Valili%C3%B0i+%26%23124%3B+www.samsun.gov.tr&rft.date=2014-02-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.samsun.gov.tr%2FTurizm-detay.asp%3FContentAltId%3D36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamsun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140212170258/http://www.samsun.gov.tr/Turizm-detay.asp?ContentAltId=34">"Samsunda Turizim Alternatifleri | T.C. Samsun Valiliði | www.samsun.gov.tr"</a>. 12 February 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.samsun.gov.tr/Turizm-detay.asp?ContentAltId=34">the original</a> on 12 February 2014. Retrieved 28 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Samsunda+Turizim+Alternatifleri+%26%23124%3B+T.C.+Samsun+Valili%C3%B0i+%26%23124%3B+www.samsun.gov.tr&rft.date=2014-02-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.samsun.gov.tr%2FTurizm-detay.asp%3FContentAltId%3D34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamsun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ntv.com.tr/galeri/sanat/kabaceviz-selalelerinde-gorsel-solen,GCjtAKarl0CdMHDZdKcKyQ">"Kabaceviz Şelaleleri'nde görsel şölen"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kabaceviz+%C5%9Eelaleleri%27nde+g%C3%B6rsel+%C5%9F%C3%B6len&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ntv.com.tr%2Fgaleri%2Fsanat%2Fkabaceviz-selalelerinde-gorsel-solen%2CGCjtAKarl0CdMHDZdKcKyQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamsun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20180627170852/http://samsunsube.ormansu.gov.tr/Samsun/AnaSayfa/tabiat_parki.aspx?sflang=tr">"Archive.md"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://samsunsube.ormansu.gov.tr/Samsun/AnaSayfa/tabiat_parki.aspx?sflang=tr">the original</a> on 27 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archive.md&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsamsunsube.ormansu.gov.tr%2FSamsun%2FAnaSayfa%2Ftabiat_parki.aspx%3Fsflang%3Dtr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamsun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20180627171032/http://samsunsube.ormansu.gov.tr/Samsun/AnaSayfa/mesire.aspx?sflang=tr">"Archive.md"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://samsunsube.ormansu.gov.tr/Samsun/AnaSayfa/mesire.aspx?sflang=tr">the original</a> on 27 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archive.md&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsamsunsube.ormansu.gov.tr%2FSamsun%2FAnaSayfa%2Fmesire.aspx%3Fsflang%3Dtr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamsun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6125/">"Kızılırmak Delta Wetland and Bird Sanctuary"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=K%C4%B1z%C4%B1l%C4%B1rmak+Delta+Wetland+and+Bird+Sanctuary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Ftentativelists%2F6125%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamsun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20191219174828/https://samsun.ktb.gov.tr/TR-59847/kus-gozlem-alani.html">"Archive.md"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://samsun.ktb.gov.tr/TR-59847/kus-gozlem-alani.html">the original</a> on 19 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archive.md&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsamsun.ktb.gov.tr%2FTR-59847%2Fkus-gozlem-alani.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamsun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oka.org.tr/assets/upload/dosyalar/tr83-bolgesi-yenilenebilir-enerji-raporu.pdf">Yenilenebilir enerji raporu</a> (in Turkish) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191219155627/https://www.oka.org.tr/assets/upload/dosyalar/tr83-bolgesi-yenilenebilir-enerji-raporu.pdf">Archived</a> 19 December 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20180627153255/https://www.kulturportali.gov.tr/turkiye/samsun/gezilecekyer/havza-25-mayis-termal-ve-kaplicalar-bolgesi-maret-mahallesi-turizm-merkezleri">"Archive.md"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kulturportali.gov.tr/turkiye/samsun/gezilecekyer/havza-25-mayis-termal-ve-kaplicalar-bolgesi-maret-mahallesi-turizm-merkezleri">the original</a> on 27 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archive.md&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kulturportali.gov.tr%2Fturkiye%2Fsamsun%2Fgezilecekyer%2Fhavza-25-mayis-termal-ve-kaplicalar-bolgesi-maret-mahallesi-turizm-merkezleri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamsun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20191219175005/https://samsun.ktb.gov.tr/TR-59651/kaplicalar.html">"Archive.md"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://samsun.ktb.gov.tr/TR-59651/kaplicalar.html">the original</a> on 19 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archive.md&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsamsun.ktb.gov.tr%2FTR-59651%2Fkaplicalar.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamsun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140221190401/http://www.dengegazetesi.com.tr/author_article_detail.php?id=8291">""FESTİVALİ ANLAMAK" ve SAHİP"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dengegazetesi.com.tr/author_article_detail.php?id=8291">the original</a> on 21 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22FEST%C4%B0VAL%C4%B0+ANLAMAK%22+ve+SAH%C4%B0P&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dengegazetesi.com.tr%2Fauthor_article_detail.php%3Fid%3D8291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamsun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.19mayispmyo.edu.tr/">"Police college website (Turkish)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120914042559/http://www.19mayispmyo.edu.tr/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Police+college+website+%28Turkish%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.19mayispmyo.edu.tr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamsun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/eng/">Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/5hFIaQq0J?url=http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/eng/">Archived</a> 3 June 2009 at <a href="/wiki/WebCite" title="WebCite">WebCite</a>. Banknote Museum: 7. Emission Group – One Hundred Thousand Turkish Lira – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/banknote/E7/302.htm">I. Series</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090822200013/http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/banknote/E7/302.htm">Archived</a> 22 August 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/banknote/E7/304.htm">II. Series</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090822200016/http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/banknote/E7/304.htm">Archived</a> 22 August 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> & <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/banknote/E7/306.htm">III. Series</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090822200345/http://www.tcmb.gov.tr/yeni/banknote/E7/306.htm">Archived</a> 22 August 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. – Retrieved on 20 April 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://samsunsube.ormansu.gov.tr/Samsun/AnaSayfa/mesire.aspx?sflang=tr">"ÇAKIRLAR KORUSUMESİRE YERİ"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141105214448/http://samsunsube.ormansu.gov.tr/Samsun/AnaSayfa/mesire.aspx?sflang=tr">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C3%87AKIRLAR+KORUSUMES%C4%B0RE+YER%C4%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsamsunsube.ormansu.gov.tr%2FSamsun%2FAnaSayfa%2Fmesire.aspx%3Fsflang%3Dtr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamsun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.archaeology.org/1109/artifact/roman_gladiator_diodorus_tombstone.html">"Tombstone for the gladiator Diodorus"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20140217024359/http://archive.archaeology.org/1109/artifact/roman_gladiator_diodorus_tombstone.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Tombstone+for+the+gladiator+Diodorus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.archaeology.org%2F1109%2Fartifact%2Froman_gladiator_diodorus_tombstone.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamsun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Samsun-91"><a href="#cite_ref-Samsun_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131020051650/http://www.samsun.bel.tr/kardes-sehir-Detay.asp?ContentId=27">"Samsun – Twin Towns"</a>. Samsun-City.sk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.samsun.bel.tr/kardes-sehir-Detay.asp?ContentId=27">the original</a> on 20 October 2013. Retrieved 19 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Samsun+%E2%80%93+Twin+Towns&rft.pub=Samsun-City.sk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.samsun.bel.tr%2Fkardes-sehir-Detay.asp%3FContentId%3D27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamsun" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.samsun.bel.tr/icerik/biskek-kirgizistan">"BISHKEK, KYRGYZSTAN"</a>. Samsun Metropolitan Municipality. Retrieved 25 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Samsun+Metropolitan+Municipality&rft.atitle=BISHKEK%2C+KYRGYZSTAN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.samsun.bel.tr%2Ficerik%2Fbiskek-kirgizistan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamsun" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(20)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Samsun&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-20 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-20"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Samsun" class="extiw" title="commons:Samsun">Samsun</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Samsun#Q160450" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Samsun">Samsun</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://samsun.gov.tr/">Samsun Governor's Office</a> (in Turkish)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="سامسون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سامسون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Samsun" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Samsun" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="سامسون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سامسون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8" title="সামসুন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সামসুন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Самсун – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Самсун" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Самсун – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Самсун" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Самсун – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Самсун" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Samsun" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Samsun" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Samsun" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsun_(kapital_sa_lalawigan)" title="Samsun (kapital sa lalawigan) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Samsun (kapital sa lalawigan)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Samsun" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Samsun" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Samsun" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Samsun" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%88%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Σαμψούντα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σαμψούντα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Samsun" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Samsun" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Samsun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="صامسون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="صامسون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsun_(ville)" title="Samsun (ville) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Samsun (ville)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Samsun" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Samsun" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8A%D9%86" title="صامسۊن – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="صامسۊن" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%BC%EC%88%9C" title="삼순 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="삼순" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Սամսուն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սամսուն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Samsun" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Samsun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Самсун – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Самсун" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Samsun" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9F" title="סמסון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סמסון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="სამსუნი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სამსუნი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Самсун – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Самсун" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Samsun" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Samsun" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sams%C3%BBn" title="Samsûn – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Samsûn" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Самсун – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Самсун" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsuna" title="Samsuna – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Samsuna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsunas" title="Samsunas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Samsunas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsun_(telep%C3%BCl%C3%A9s)" title="Samsun (település) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Samsun (település)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Самсун – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Самсун" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A6%E1%83%90)" title="სამსუნი (ნოღა) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სამსუნი (ნოღა)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86_(%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87_%D9%81%D9%89_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86)" title="سامسون (مدينه فى سامسون) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سامسون (مدينه فى سامسون)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="صامسون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="صامسون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Samsun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Samsun" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsun_(stad)" title="Samsun (stad) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Samsun (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%A0%E3%82%B9%E3%83%B3_(%E9%83%BD%E5%B8%82)" title="サムスン (都市) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サムスン (都市)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Самсун – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Самсун" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsun_(Steed)" title="Samsun (Steed) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Samsun (Steed)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Samsun" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Samsun" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Samsun" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%86" title="سیمسن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سیمسن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="سامسون – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سامسون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Samsun" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Samsun" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Samsun" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Самсун – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Самсун" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsuni" title="Samsuni – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Samsuni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Samsun" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Samsun" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="سامسون – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سامسون" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Самсун – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Самсун" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Samsun" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Samsun" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Samsun" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Самсун – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Самсун" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%99" title="ซัมซุน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ซัมซุน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Самсун – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Самсун" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Samsun" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Samsun" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Самсун – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Самсун" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Самсун – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Самсун" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="صامسون – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="صامسون" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Samsun" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Samsun" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%A7%86%E6%9D%BE" title="萨姆松 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="萨姆松" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A3%AE%E6%9D%BE" title="森松 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="森松" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Samsun" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E5%A7%86%E6%9D%BE" title="薩姆松 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="薩姆松" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Samsun" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c59558b9d-2x98s","wgBackendResponseTime":227,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.568","walltime":"1.919","ppvisitednodes":{"value":14298,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":329244,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":19869,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":27,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":18,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":314333,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1606.293 1 -total"," 30.30% 486.739 1 Template:Reflist"," 23.90% 383.882 1 Template:Infobox_settlement"," 21.80% 350.106 1 Template:Infobox"," 16.73% 268.806 51 Template:Cite_web"," 6.34% 101.871 7 Template:Navbox"," 6.00% 96.358 3 Template:Langx"," 5.32% 85.506 1 Template:Samsun"," 4.31% 69.174 6 Template:Cite_law"," 3.90% 62.649 13 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