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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>League founded</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-League_founded-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>In the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Land_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Land war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outcomes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outcomes"> <div 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Late 19th century Irish political organisation</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid green; border-bottom:2px solid green; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">Irish National Land League</div> <div style="font-size: 0.8em; padding-top:0.3em;" class="nickname" lang="ga">Conradh na Talún</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" style="padding-top:.4em;padding-bottom:.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Irish_landlord_begging_for_rent.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Irish_landlord_begging_for_rent.jpg/220px-Irish_landlord_begging_for_rent.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Irish_landlord_begging_for_rent.jpg/330px-Irish_landlord_begging_for_rent.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Irish_landlord_begging_for_rent.jpg/440px-Irish_landlord_begging_for_rent.jpg 2x" data-file-width="825" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Irish landlord reduced to begging for rent, 1880 caricature</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname" style="line-height:1.3em;">INLL</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">President</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Stewart_Parnell" title="Charles Stewart Parnell">Charles Stewart Parnell</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Party_secretary" title="Party secretary">Secretary</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Kettle" title="Andrew Kettle">Andrew Kettle</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Michael_Davitt" title="Michael Davitt">Michael Davitt</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brennan_(Irish_Land_League)" title="Thomas Brennan (Irish Land League)">Thomas Brennan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">21 October 1879<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1879-10-21</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Dissolved</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">17 October 1882<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend itvend">1882-10-17</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Irish_National_League" title="Irish National League">Irish National League</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish nationalism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political position</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Centre-left" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre-left">Centre-left</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-top:0.3em; border-top:2px solid green;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Ireland">Politics of Ireland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of political parties in Ireland">Political parties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Elections in the United Kingdom">Elections</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Irish National Land League</b> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>: <i>Conradh na Talún</i>), also known as the <b>Land League</b>, was an Irish political organisation of the late 19th century which organised <a href="/wiki/Tenant_farmer" title="Tenant farmer">tenant farmers</a> in their resistance to exactions of landowners. Its primary aim was to abolish landlordism in Ireland and enable tenant farmers to own the land they worked on. The period of the Land League's agitation is known as the <a href="/wiki/Land_War" title="Land War">Land War</a>. Historian <a href="/wiki/R._F._Foster_(historian)" title="R. F. Foster (historian)">R. F. Foster</a> argues that in the countryside the Land League "reinforced the politicization of rural Catholic nationalist Ireland, partly by defining that identity against urbanization, landlordism, Englishness and—implicitly—Protestantism."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foster adds that about a third of the activists were Catholic priests, and Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Croke" title="Thomas Croke">Thomas Croke</a> was one of its most influential champions.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_National_Land_League&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Irishtown_commemorative_monster_meeting_wall,_April_1879.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Irishtown_commemorative_monster_meeting_wall%2C_April_1879.jpg/220px-Irishtown_commemorative_monster_meeting_wall%2C_April_1879.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Irishtown_commemorative_monster_meeting_wall%2C_April_1879.jpg/330px-Irishtown_commemorative_monster_meeting_wall%2C_April_1879.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Irishtown_commemorative_monster_meeting_wall%2C_April_1879.jpg/440px-Irishtown_commemorative_monster_meeting_wall%2C_April_1879.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2952" data-file-height="3181" /></a><figcaption>Irishtown commemorative wall and plaque recalling Connaught tenant farmers' Monster Meeting April 1879</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Irishtown_commemorative_plaque,_1879.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Irishtown_commemorative_plaque%2C_1879.jpg/220px-Irishtown_commemorative_plaque%2C_1879.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Irishtown_commemorative_plaque%2C_1879.jpg/330px-Irishtown_commemorative_plaque%2C_1879.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Irishtown_commemorative_plaque%2C_1879.jpg/440px-Irishtown_commemorative_plaque%2C_1879.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Irishtown plaque: Cradle of Land League</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the founding meeting of the Mayo Tenants Defence Association in <a href="/wiki/Castlebar" title="Castlebar">Castlebar</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Mayo" title="County Mayo">County Mayo</a> on 26 October 1878 the demand for <i><b>The Land of Ireland for the people of Ireland</b></i> was reported in the <i><a href="/wiki/Connaught_Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Connaught Telegraph">Connaught Telegraph</a></i> 2 November 1878. </p><p>The first of many "monster meetings" of tenant farmers was held in <a href="/wiki/Irishtown,_County_Mayo" title="Irishtown, County Mayo">Irishtown</a> near <a href="/wiki/Claremorris" title="Claremorris">Claremorris</a> on 20 April 1879, with an estimated turnout of 15,000 to 20,000 people. This meeting was addressed by <a href="/wiki/James_Daly_(Irish_Land_League)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Daly (Irish Land League)">James Daly</a> (who presided), <a href="/wiki/John_O%27Connor_Power" title="John O'Connor Power">John O'Connor Power</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Ferguson_(Scottish_activist)" title="John Ferguson (Scottish activist)">John Ferguson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brennan_(Irish_Land_League)" title="Thomas Brennan (Irish Land League)">Thomas Brennan</a>, and J. J. Louden. </p><p>The <i>Connaught Telegraph'</i>s report of the meeting in its edition of 26 April 1879 began: </p> <blockquote><p>Since the days of <a href="/wiki/Daniel_O%27Connell" title="Daniel O'Connell">O'Connell</a> a larger public demonstration has not been witnessed than that of Sunday last. About 1 o'clock the monster procession started from Claremorris, headed by several thousand men on foot – the men of each district wearing a laural leaf or green ribbon in hat or coat to distinguish the several contingents. At 11 o'clock a monster contingent of tenant-farmers on horseback drew up in front of Hughes's hotel, showing discipline and order that a cavalry regiment might feel proud of. They were led on in sections, each having a marshal who kept his troops well in hand. Messrs. P.W. Nally, J.W. Nally, H. French, and M. Griffin, wearing green and gold sashes, led on their different sections, who rode two deep, occupying, at least, over an Irish mile of the road. Next followed a train of carriages, brakes, cares, etc. led on by Mr. Martin Hughes, the spirited hotel proprietor, driving a pair of rare black ponies to a phæton, taking Messrs. J.J. Louden and J. Daly. Next came Messrs. O'Connor, J. Ferguson, and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brennan_(Irish_Land_League)" title="Thomas Brennan (Irish Land League)">Thomas Brennan</a> in a covered carriage, followed by at least 500 vehicles from the neighbouring towns. On passing through Ballindine the sight was truly imposing, the endless train directing its course to Irishtown – a neat little hamlet on the boundaries of Mayo, <a href="/wiki/County_Roscommon" title="County Roscommon">Roscommon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/County_Galway" title="County Galway">Galway</a>.</p></blockquote> <p>Evolving out of this a number of local land league organisations were set up to work against the excessive <a href="/wiki/Renting" title="Renting">rents</a> being demanded by landlords throughout Ireland, but especially in Mayo and surrounding counties. </p><p>From 1874 agricultural prices in Europe had dropped, followed by some bad harvests due to wet weather during the <a href="/wiki/Long_Depression" title="Long Depression">Long Depression</a>. The effect by 1878 was that many Irish farmers were unable to pay the rents that they had agreed, particularly in the poorer and wetter parts of <a href="/wiki/Connacht" title="Connacht">Connacht</a>. The localised <a href="/wiki/Irish_Famine_(1879)" title="Irish Famine (1879)">1879 Famine</a> added to the misery. Unlike many other parts of Europe, the Irish land tenure system was inflexible in times of economic hardship. </p><p>In January 1874, there had been an attempt to revive what the <a href="/wiki/Young_Ireland" title="Young Ireland">Young Ireland</a>er <a href="/wiki/Charles_Gavan_Duffy_(Australian_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Gavan Duffy (Australian politician)">Charles Gavan Duffy</a> had hailed as the "League of North and South".<sup id="cite_ref-:9_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 297">: 297 </span></sup>In 1852, the <a href="/wiki/Tenant_Right_League" title="Tenant Right League">Tenant Right League</a> had helped return 48 MPs to Westminster where they briefly cohered as the <a href="/wiki/Independent_Irish_Party" title="Independent Irish Party">Independent Irish Party</a>. The initiative in 1874 came from largely <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Ireland" title="Presbyterian Church in Ireland">Presbyterian</a> tenant righters in the north. The Route Tenants Defence Association (<a href="/wiki/Ballymoney" title="Ballymoney">Ballymoney</a>) organised an all-Ireland National Tenants Rights conference in <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the "<a href="/wiki/Free_sale,_fixity_of_tenure,_and_fair_rent" title="Free sale, fixity of tenure, and fair rent">Three F's</a>" (fair rent fixity of tenure, and free sales), resolutions called for loans to facilitate tenant purchase of land and for breaking the landlord monopoly on local government.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (September 2024)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once again there was a determination to organise parliamentary constituencies so as to return <a href="/wiki/Member_of_parliament" title="Member of parliament">Members</a> pledged to tenant rights.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But, as in the 1850s, the "shared dislike for, or hostility to, landlords, and a common desire for improved tenurial terms" could not overcome the sectarian-aligned division over Irish self-government between the <a href="/wiki/Repeal_Association" title="Repeal Association">Repeal Association</a>, or now in 1874 the <a href="/wiki/Home_Rule_League" title="Home Rule League">Home Rule League</a>, parliamentary candidates who adopted the tenant programme in the south and west, and the majority of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberals</a> who championed it in the north.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 298">: 298 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="League_founded">League founded</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_National_Land_League&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: League founded"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Land_League.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/National_Land_League.jpg/170px-National_Land_League.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/National_Land_League.jpg/255px-National_Land_League.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/National_Land_League.jpg/340px-National_Land_League.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>National Land League plaque Imperial Hotel in Castlebar</figcaption></figure> <p>The Irish National Land League was founded at the Imperial Hotel in <a href="/wiki/Castlebar" title="Castlebar">Castlebar</a>, the County town of <a href="/wiki/County_Mayo" title="County Mayo">Mayo</a>, on 21 October 1879. At that meeting <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stewart_Parnell" title="Charles Stewart Parnell">Charles Stewart Parnell</a>, the prominent <a href="/wiki/Home_Rule_League" title="Home Rule League">Home Rule</a> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a>, was elected president of the league. <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Kettle" title="Andrew Kettle">Andrew Kettle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Davitt" title="Michael Davitt">Michael Davitt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brennan_(Irish_Land_League)" title="Thomas Brennan (Irish Land League)">Thomas Brennan</a> were appointed as honorary secretaries. This united practically in a single organisation all the different strands of land agitation and tenant rights movements on the <i>nationalist</i> side of the increasingly frozen sectarian-political divide in Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 320">: 320 </span></sup> </p><p>The key motion at the Dublin meeting was proposed by Parnell. It proposed that the objectives of the League were:<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>... first, to bring about a reduction of <a href="/wiki/Rack-rent" title="Rack-rent">rack-rents</a>; second, to facilitate the obtaining of the ownership of the soil by the occupiers [and that these] ... can be best attained by promoting organisation among the tenant-farmers; by defending those who may be threatened with eviction for refusing to pay unjust rents; by facilitating the working of the Bright clauses of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Land_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Land Act">Irish Land Act</a> during the winter; and by obtaining such reforms in the laws relating to land as will enable every tenant to become owner of his holding by paying a fair rent for a limited number of years.</p></blockquote> <p>Parnell, Davitt, <a href="/wiki/John_Dillon" title="John Dillon">John Dillon</a> and others then went to the United States to raise funds for the League with spectacular results. Branches were also set up in Scotland, where the <a href="/wiki/Crofters_Party" title="Crofters Party">Crofters Party</a> imitated the League and secured a reforming Act in 1886. </p><p>The government had introduced the first <a href="/wiki/Land_Act_in_1870" class="mw-redirect" title="Land Act in 1870">Land Act in 1870</a>, which proved largely ineffective. It was followed by further marginally more effective <a href="/wiki/Land_Acts_(Ireland)" title="Land Acts (Ireland)">Irish Land Acts</a> of 1880 and 1881. These established a <a href="/wiki/Land_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Land Commission">Land Commission</a> that started to reduce some rents. Parnell together with all of his party lieutenants, including <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Sheehy_(priest)" title="Eugene Sheehy (priest)">Father Eugene Sheehy</a> known as "the Land League priest", went into a bitter verbal offensive and were imprisoned in October 1881 under the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Coercion_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Coercion Act">Irish Coercion Act</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kilmainham_Jail" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilmainham Jail">Kilmainham Jail</a> for "sabotaging the Land Act", from where the <i><a href="/wiki/No_Rent_Manifesto" title="No Rent Manifesto">No-Rent Manifesto</a></i> was issued, calling for a national tenant farmer <a href="/wiki/Rent_strike" title="Rent strike">rent strike</a> until "constitutional liberties" were restored and the prisoners freed. It had a modest success In Ireland, and mobilized financial and political support from the Irish Diaspora.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the League discouraged violence, agrarian crimes increased widely. Typically a rent strike would be followed by eviction by the police and the bailiffs. Tenants who continued to pay the rent would be subject to a <a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">boycott</a>, or as it was contemporaneously described in the US press, an "<a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">excommunication</a>" by local League members.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Where cases went to court, witnesses would change their stories, resulting in an unworkable legal system. This in turn led on to stronger criminal laws being passed that were described by the League as "<a href="/wiki/Irish_Coercion_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Coercion Bill">Coercion Acts</a>". </p><p>The bitterness that developed helped Parnell later in his Home Rule campaign. Davitt's views as seen in his famous slogan: "The land of Ireland for the people of Ireland" was aimed at strengthening the hold on the land by the peasant Irish at the expense of the alien landowners.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In reaction to such appeals, and to the <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Park_Murders" title="Phoenix Park Murders">Phoenix Park murders</a> to which Parnell's <a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland" title="Unionism in Ireland">unionist</a> opponents sought to associate him, what limited <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Ireland" title="Protestantism in Ireland">Protestant</a> support that the League had enjoyed in the north fell away.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parnell aimed to harness the emotive element, but he and his party were strictly constitutional. He envisioned tenant farmers as potential freeholders of the land they had rented. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_United_States">In the United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_National_Land_League&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Land League had an equivalent organization in the United States, which raised hundreds of thousands of dollars both for famine relief and also for political action.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJanis201541,_65_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanis201541,_65-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Clan_na_Gael" title="Clan na Gael">Clan na Gael</a> attempted to infiltrate the Land League, with limited success.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJanis201564_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanis201564-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Land_war">Land war</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_National_Land_League&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Land war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gladstone_and_Land_League.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Gladstone_and_Land_League.jpg/220px-Gladstone_and_Land_League.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Gladstone_and_Land_League.jpg/330px-Gladstone_and_Land_League.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Gladstone_and_Land_League.jpg/440px-Gladstone_and_Land_League.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption>William Gladstone under pressure of Land League. Caricature circa 1880s.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Landleagueposter.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Landleagueposter.JPG/220px-Landleagueposter.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6e/Landleagueposter.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="412" /></a><figcaption>Irish land League poster dating from the 1880s</figcaption></figure> <p>From 1879 to 1882, the "<a href="/wiki/Land_War" title="Land War">Land War</a>" in pursuance of the "<a href="/wiki/Three_Fs" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Fs">Three Fs</a>" (Fair Rent, Fixity of Tenure and Free Sale) first demanded by the <a href="/wiki/Tenant_Right_League" title="Tenant Right League">Tenant Right League</a> in 1850, was fought in earnest. The League organised resistance to evictions, reductions in rents and aided the work of relief agencies. Landlords' attempts to evict tenants led to violence, but the Land League denounced excessive violence and destruction. </p><p>Withholding of rent led on to evictions until "<a href="/wiki/Purchase_of_Land_(Ireland)_Act_1885" title="Purchase of Land (Ireland) Act 1885">Ashbourne's Act</a>" in 1885 made it unprofitable for most landlords to evict.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By then agricultural prices had made a recovery, and rents had been fixed and could be reviewed downwards, but tenants found that holding out communally was the best option. Critics noted that the poorer sub-tenants were still expected to pay their rents to tenant farmers. </p><p>The widespread upheavals and extensive evictions were accompanied by several years of bad weather and poor harvests, when the tenant farmers who were unable to pay the full arrears of rents resorted to a <a href="/wiki/Rent_strike" title="Rent strike">rent strike</a>. A renewed Land War was waged under the <a href="/wiki/Plan_of_Campaign" title="Plan of Campaign">Plan of Campaign</a> from 1886 up until 1892 during which the League decided on a fair rent and then encouraged its members to offer this rent to the landlords. If this was refused, then the rent would be paid by tenants to the League and the landlord would not receive any money until he accepted a discount. </p><p>The first target, ironically, was a member of the Catholic clergy, Canon Ulick Burke of <a href="/wiki/Knock,_County_Mayo" title="Knock, County Mayo">Knock</a>, who was eventually induced to reduce his rents by 25%. Many landlords resisted these tactics, often violently and there were deaths on either side of the dispute. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Irish_Constabulary" title="Royal Irish Constabulary">Royal Irish Constabulary</a>, the national armed police force, were charged with upholding the law and protecting both landlord and tenant against violence. Originally, the movement cut across some <a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">sectarian</a> boundaries, with some meetings held in Orange halls in <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a>, but the tenancy system in effect there <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Custom" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster Custom">Ulster Custom</a> was quite different and fairer to tenants and support drifted away. </p><p>As a result of the Land War, the Irish National Land League was suppressed by the authorities.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In October 1882, as its successor Parnell founded the <a href="/wiki/Irish_National_League" title="Irish National League">Irish National League</a> to campaign on broader issues including <a href="/wiki/Irish_Home_Rule_bills" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Home Rule bills">Home Rule</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the Scottish members formed the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Land_Restoration_League" title="Scottish Land Restoration League">Scottish Land Restoration League</a>. <span class="anchor" id="United_Ireland"></span>In 1881, the League started publishing <i>United Ireland</i>, a weekly newspaper edited by <a href="/wiki/William_O%27Brien" title="William O'Brien">William O'Brien</a>, which continued until 1898. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outcomes">Outcomes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_National_Land_League&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Outcomes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Within decades of the league's foundation, through the efforts of <a href="/wiki/William_O%27Brien" title="William O'Brien">William O'Brien</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Wyndham" title="George Wyndham">George Wyndham</a> (a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Lord_Edward_FitzGerald" title="Lord Edward FitzGerald">Lord Edward FitzGerald</a>), the 1902 <a href="/wiki/Land_Conference" title="Land Conference">Land Conference</a> produced the <a href="/wiki/Land_Purchase_(Ireland)_Act_1903" class="mw-redirect" title="Land Purchase (Ireland) Act 1903">Land Purchase (Ireland) Act 1903</a> which allowed Irish tenant farmers to buy out their freeholds with UK government loans over 68 years through the <a href="/wiki/Land_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Land Commission">Land Commission</a> (an arrangement that has never been possible in Britain itself). For agricultural labourers, <a href="/wiki/D.D._Sheehan" class="mw-redirect" title="D.D. Sheehan">D.D. Sheehan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Land_and_Labour_Association" title="Irish Land and Labour Association">Irish Land and Labour Association</a> secured their demands from the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Government_1905-1915" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Government 1905-1915">Liberal government</a> elected in 1905 to pass the <i><a href="/wiki/Land_Acts_(Ireland)#Labourers_(Ireland)_Act_1906" title="Land Acts (Ireland)">Labourers (Ireland) Act 1906</a></i>, and the <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Irish_Labourers_Housing_Bill" class="extiw" title="s:Irish Labourers Housing Bill"><i>Labourers (Ireland) Act 1911</i></a>, which paid County Councils to build over 40,000 new rural cottages, each on an acre of land. By 1914, 75% of occupiers were buying out their landlords, mostly under the two Acts. In all, under the pre-UK Land Acts over 316,000 tenants purchased their holdings amounting to 15 million acres (61,000 km<sup>2</sup>) out of a total of 20 million acres (81,000 km<sup>2</sup>) in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes the holdings were described as "uneconomic", but the overall sense of social justice was manifest. </p><p>The major land reforms came when Parliament passed laws in 1870, 1881, 1903 and 1909 that enabled most tenant farmers to purchase their lands, and lowered the rents of the others.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1870 and as a result of the Land War agitations and the <a href="/wiki/Plan_of_Campaign" title="Plan of Campaign">Plan of Campaign</a> of the 1880s, various British governments introduced a series of <a href="/wiki/Irish_Land_Acts" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Land Acts">Irish Land Acts</a>. <a href="/wiki/William_O%27Brien" title="William O'Brien">William O'Brien</a> played a leading role in the 1902 <a href="/wiki/Land_Conference" title="Land Conference">Land Conference</a> to pave the way for the most advanced social legislation in Ireland since the Union, the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Land_Acts#Land_Purchase_(Ireland)_Act_(1903)_(Wyndham_Land_Act)" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Land Acts">Wyndham Land Purchase Act</a> of 1903. This Act set the conditions for the break-up of large estates and gradually devolved to rural landholders, and tenants' ownership of the lands. It effectively ended the era of the <a href="/wiki/Absentee_landlord" title="Absentee landlord">absentee landlord</a>, finally resolving the Irish Land Question. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_National_Land_League&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Land_League" title="Highland Land League">Highland Land League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_Land_League" title="Ladies' Land League">Ladies' Land League</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_National_Land_League&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_National_Land_League&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. F. Foster, <i>Modern Ireland, 1600–1972</i> (1988) p. 415.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foster, <i>Modern Ireland, 1600–1972</i> (1988) pp. 417–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBartlett2010" class="citation book cs1">Bartlett, Thomas (2010). <i>Ireland, a History</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521197205" title="Special:BookSources/9780521197205"><bdi>9780521197205</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ireland%2C+a+History&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780521197205&rft.aulast=Bartlett&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+National+Land+League" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:12_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCourtney2013" class="citation book cs1">Courtney, Roger (2013). <i>Dissenting Voices: Rediscovering the Irish Progressive Presbyterian Tradition</i>. Belfast: Ulster Historical Foundation. p. 225. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781909556065" title="Special:BookSources/9781909556065"><bdi>9781909556065</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/890011817">890011817</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dissenting+Voices%3A+Rediscovering+the+Irish+Progressive+Presbyterian+Tradition&rft.place=Belfast&rft.pages=225&rft.pub=Ulster+Historical+Foundation&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F890011817&rft.isbn=9781909556065&rft.aulast=Courtney&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+National+Land+League" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Nation_(Irish_newspaper)" title="The Nation (Irish newspaper)">The Nation</a></i>. 24 January 1874.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.date=1874-01-24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+National+Land+League" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCaffrey1962" class="citation journal cs1">McCaffrey, Lawrence J. (1962). "Irish Federalism in the 1870's: A Study in Conservative Nationalism". <i>Transactions of the American Philosophical Society</i>. <b>52</b> (6): (1–58), 16, 18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1005883">10.2307/1005883</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fmdp.49015000248188">2027/mdp.49015000248188</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0065-9746">0065-9746</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1005883">1005883</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+American+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=Irish+Federalism+in+the+1870%27s%3A+A+Study+in+Conservative+Nationalism&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%281-58%29%2C+16%2C+18&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fmdp.49015000248188&rft.issn=0065-9746&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1005883%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1005883&rft.aulast=McCaffrey&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+National+Land+League" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://victoriancollections.net.au/items/529839142162ef15fc3f4b18">"Image, Land League Committee Meeting, Dublin, 1864"</a>. <i>Victorian Collections</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Victorian+Collections&rft.atitle=Image%2C+Land+League+Committee+Meeting%2C+Dublin%2C+1864&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvictoriancollections.net.au%2Fitems%2F529839142162ef15fc3f4b18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+National+Land+League" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Schneirov1998" class="citation book cs1">Richard Schneirov (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p6CktVNaVKsC&pg=PA131"><i>Labor and Urban Politics: Class Conflict and the Origins of Modern Liberalism in Chicago, 1864-97</i></a>. University of Illinois Press. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780252066764" title="Special:BookSources/9780252066764"><bdi>9780252066764</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Labor+and+Urban+Politics%3A+Class+Conflict+and+the+Origins+of+Modern+Liberalism+in+Chicago%2C+1864-97&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780252066764&rft.au=Richard+Schneirov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp6CktVNaVKsC%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+National+Land+League" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030272/1880-12-29/ed-1/seq-3/">"The sun., December 29, 1880, Image 3 About The sun. (New York N.Y.) 1833-1916"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180902084152/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030272/1880-12-29/ed-1/seq-3/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+sun.%2C+December+29%2C+1880%2C+Image+3+About+The+sun.+%28New+York+N.Y.%29+1833-1916&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchroniclingamerica.loc.gov%2Flccn%2Fsn83030272%2F1880-12-29%2Fed-1%2Fseq-3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+National+Land+League" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSidney_Webb1908" class="citation book cs1">Sidney Webb (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/basispolicyofsoc00webb"><i>The Basis and Policy of Socialism</i></a>. A. C. Fifield. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/basispolicyofsoc00webb/page/72">72</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Basis+and+Policy+of+Socialism&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=A.+C.+Fifield&rft.date=1908&rft.au=Sidney+Webb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbasispolicyofsoc00webb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+National+Land+League" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBardon1992" class="citation book cs1">Bardon, Jonathan (1992). <i>A History of Ulster</i>. Belfast: The Blackstaff Press. p. 371. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0856404764" title="Special:BookSources/0856404764"><bdi>0856404764</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ulster&rft.place=Belfast&rft.pages=371&rft.pub=The+Blackstaff+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0856404764&rft.aulast=Bardon&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+National+Land+League" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanis201541,_65-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJanis201541,_65_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJanis2015">Janis 2015</a>, pp. 41, 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJanis201564-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJanis201564_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJanis2015">Janis 2015</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Ireland as It Is and as It Would Be Under Home Rule</i>. 1893. p. 400.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ireland+as+It+Is+and+as+It+Would+Be+Under+Home+Rule&rft.pages=400&rft.date=1893&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+National+Land+League" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Davitt1904" class="citation book cs1">Michael Davitt (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MGMUAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA372"><i>The Fall of Feudalism in Ireland: Or, The Story of the Land League Revolution</i></a>. p. 372. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780716500438" title="Special:BookSources/9780716500438"><bdi>9780716500438</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fall+of+Feudalism+in+Ireland%3A+Or%2C+The+Story+of+the+Land+League+Revolution&rft.pages=372&rft.date=1904&rft.isbn=9780716500438&rft.au=Michael+Davitt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMGMUAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA372&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+National+Land+League" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferriter, Diarmaid: "The Transformation of Ireland, 1900–2000", Profile Books, London (2004), pp. 62–63, 159 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1%2B86197%2B443-4" title="Special:BookSources/1+86197+443-4">1 86197 443-4</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Timothy W. Guinnane and Ronald I. Miller. "The Limits to Land Reform: The Land Acts in Ireland, 1870–1909*." <i>Economic Development and Cultural Change</i> 45#3 (1997): 591-612. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.princeton.edu/rpds/papers/Guinnane_Miller_Limits_to_Land_Reform_EDCC1997.pdf">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117223641/https://www.princeton.edu/rpds/papers/Guinnane_Miller_Limits_to_Land_Reform_EDCC1997.pdf">Archived</a> 17 November 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Print_sources">Print sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_National_Land_League&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Print sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanis2015" class="citation book cs1">Janis, Ely M. (2015). <i>A Greater Ireland: The Land League and Transatlantic Nationalism in Gilded Age America</i>. Madison: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin_Press" title="University of Wisconsin Press">University of Wisconsin Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780299301248" title="Special:BookSources/9780299301248"><bdi>9780299301248</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Greater+Ireland%3A+The+Land+League+and+Transatlantic+Nationalism+in+Gilded+Age+America&rft.place=Madison&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780299301248&rft.aulast=Janis&rft.aufirst=Ely+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+National+Land+League" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_National_Land_League&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bull, Philip (1996). <i>Land, Politics and Nationalism: A Study of the Irish Land Question</i>. Gill & Macmillan.</li> <li>Cashman, D. B. & Davitt, Michael (1881). <i>The Life of Michael Davitt and the Secret History of The Land League</i></li> <li>Clark, Sam (1971). "The social composition of the Land League". <i>Irish Historical Studies</i>: 447–469. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30005304">30005304</a>.</li> <li>Clark, Samuel, and James S. Donnelly (1983). <i>Irish peasants: violence & political unrest, 1780–1914</i>. Manchester University Press.</li> <li>Davitt, Michael. <i>The Fall of Feudalism in Ireland</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59107-031-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-59107-031-7">1-59107-031-7</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Davitt1882" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Davitt" title="Michael Davitt">Michael Davitt</a> (1882), <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_land_league_proposal" class="extiw" title="s:The land league proposal">The land league proposal: a statement for honest and thoughtful men</a></i> (1st ed.), Glasgow: Cameron and Ferguson, <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19091811" class="extiw" title="d:Q19091811">Q19091811</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+land+league+proposal%3A+a+statement+for+honest+and+thoughtful+men&rft.place=Glasgow&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Cameron+and+Ferguson&rft.date=1882&rft.au=Michael+Davitt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIrish+National+Land+League" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Gross, David (ed.). <i>We Won’t Pay!: A Tax Resistance Reader</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4348-9825-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-4348-9825-3">1-4348-9825-3</a>. pp. 263–266.</li> <li>Green, James J. (1949). "American Catholics and the Irish Land League, 1879-1882" <i>Catholic Historical Review</i>: 19-42. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25014992">25014992</a>.</li> <li>Jordan, Donald (1998). "The Irish National League and the 'Unwritten Law': Rural Protest and Nation-Building in Ireland 1882-1890". <i>Past and Present</i>: 146–171. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/651224">651224</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Hurlbert" title="William Henry Hurlbert">William Henry Hurlbert</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/13109"><i>Ireland Under Coercion</i> Vol. 1</a> (1888); <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/14511">Vol. 2</a>. Analysis by a Catholic Irish-American.</li> <li>Linton, E. Lynn (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/13109"><i>About Ireland</i></a>. (Anti-League analysis by an English journalist).</li> <li>Stanford, Jane (2011). <i>That Irishman: The Life and Times of John O'Connor Power</i>. History Press Ireland. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84588-698-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84588-698-1">978-1-84588-698-1</a></li> <li>TeBrake, Janet K. (1992). "Irish Peasant Women in Revolt: The Land League Years". <i>Irish Historical Studies</i> 63–80. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30008005">30008005</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irish_National_Land_League&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelandleague.org">Michael Davitt and his legacy today</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230228095922/http://www.chaptersofdublin.com/books/14510-h/14510-h.htm">Hurlbert W. "Ireland under Coercion" 1888</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Land_War" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Land_War" title="Template:Land War"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Land_War" title="Template talk:Land War"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Land_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Land War"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Land_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Land_War" title="Land War">Land War</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Departure_(Ireland)" title="New Departure (Ireland)">New Departure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Rent_Manifesto" title="No Rent Manifesto">No Rent Manifesto</a> <small>(1881)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilmainham_Treaty" title="Kilmainham Treaty">Kilmainham Treaty</a> <small>(1882)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_of_Campaign" title="Plan of Campaign">Plan of Campaign</a> <small>(1886–1891)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Conference" title="Land Conference">Land Conference</a> <small>(1902–1903)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranch_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranch War">Ranch War</a> <small>(1906–1909)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Laws</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_farm_subdivision" title="Irish farm subdivision">Irish farm subdivision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protection_of_Persons_and_Property_Act_1881" class="mw-redirect" title="Protection of Persons and Property Act 1881">Coercion Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Acts_(Ireland)" title="Land Acts (Ireland)">Land Acts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landlord_and_Tenant_(Ireland)_Act_1870" title="Landlord and Tenant (Ireland) Act 1870">1870</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Law_(Ireland)_Act_1881" title="Land Law (Ireland) Act 1881">1881</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purchase_of_Land_(Ireland)_Act_1885" title="Purchase of Land (Ireland) Act 1885">1885</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Law_(Ireland)_Act_1887" class="mw-redirect" title="Land Law (Ireland) Act 1887">1887</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Purchase_(Ireland)_Act_1903" class="mw-redirect" title="Land Purchase (Ireland) Act 1903">1903</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Brotherhood" title="Irish Republican Brotherhood">Irish Republican Brotherhood</a> <small>(1858)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Route_Tenants%27_Defence_Association" title="Route Tenants' Defence Association">Route Tenants' Defence Association</a> <small>(1869)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Parliamentary_Party" title="Irish Parliamentary Party">Irish Parliamentary Party</a> <small>(1874)</small></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Irish National Land League</a> <small>(1879)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Land_Commission" title="Irish Land Commission">Irish Land Commission</a> <small>(1881)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_National_League" title="Irish National League">Irish National League</a> <small>(1882)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Land_and_Labour_Association" title="Irish Land and Labour Association">Irish Land and Labour Association</a> <small>(1890)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Irish_League" title="United Irish League">United Irish League</a> <small>(1898)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Activists_for_Irish_land_reform" title="Category:Activists for Irish land reform">Proponents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Daly_(activist)" title="James Daly (activist)">James Daly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Davitt" title="Michael Davitt">Michael Davitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Ginnell" title="Laurence Ginnell">Laurence Ginnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Stewart_Parnell" title="Charles Stewart Parnell">Charles Stewart Parnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._D._Sheehan" title="D. D. Sheehan">D. D. Sheehan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opponents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Boycott" title="Charles Boycott">Charles Boycott</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_law_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternative law in Ireland">Alternative law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">Boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_sale,_fixity_of_tenure,_and_fair_rent" title="Free sale, fixity of tenure, and fair rent">Free sale, fixity of tenure, and fair rent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Great Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Land_League" title="Highland Land League">Highland Land League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Irish republicanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tax_resistance" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tax_resistance" title="Template:Tax resistance"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tax_resistance" title="Template talk:Tax resistance"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tax_resistance" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tax resistance"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tax_resistance" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">Tax resistance</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objection_to_military_taxation" title="Conscientious objection to military taxation">Conscientious objection to military taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_acts_of_tax_resistance" title="List of historical acts of tax resistance">List of historical acts of tax resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance_in_the_United_States" title="Tax resistance in the United States">Tax resistance in the United States</a> .</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tax_resisters" title="Category:Tax resisters">List of tax resisters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barter" title="Barter">Barter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_currency" title="Local currency">Local currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion" title="Rebellion">Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-sufficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-sufficiency">Self-sufficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_avoidance" title="Tax avoidance">Tax avoidance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_evasion" title="Tax evasion">Tax evasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unreported_employment" title="Unreported employment">Unreported employment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addiopizzo" title="Addiopizzo">Addiopizzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aide-toi,_le_ciel_t%27aidera" title="Aide-toi, le ciel t'aidera">Aide-toi, le ciel t'aidera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Britain_Anti-Poll_Tax_Federation" title="All Britain Anti-Poll Tax Federation">All Britain Anti-Poll Tax Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Poll_Tax_Unions" title="Anti-Poll Tax Unions">Anti-Poll Tax Unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Real_Estate_Taxpayers" title="Association of Real Estate Taxpayers">Association of Real Estate Taxpayers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalunya_Diu_Prou" title="Catalunya Diu Prou">Catalunya Diu Prou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Non-Violent_Action" title="Committee for Non-Violent Action">Committee for Non-Violent Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasci_Siciliani" title="Fasci Siciliani">Fasci Siciliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Don%27t_Pay_Movement" title="I Don't Pay Movement">I Don't Pay Movement</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Irish National Land League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Campaign_for_a_Peace_Tax_Fund" title="National Campaign for a Peace Tax Fund">National Campaign for a Peace Tax Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_War_Tax_Resistance_Coordinating_Committee" title="National War Tax Resistance Coordinating Committee">National War Tax Resistance Coordinating Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_California_War_Tax_Resistance" title="Northern California War Tax Resistance">Northern California War Tax Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagal_Panthis" title="Pagal Panthis">Pagal Panthis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_churches" title="Peace churches">Peace churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacemakers" title="Peacemakers">Peacemakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planka.nu" title="Planka.nu">Planka.nu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Tax_Resistance_League" title="Women's Tax Resistance League">Women's Tax Resistance League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuism" title="Zuism">Zuism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Act_of_Conscience" title="An Act of Conscience">An Act of Conscience</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Civil_Disobedience_(Thoreau)" title="Civil Disobedience (Thoreau)">Civil Disobedience</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clericis_laicos" title="Clericis laicos">Clericis laicos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cold_War_and_the_Income_Tax:_A_Protest" class="mw-redirect" title="The Cold War and the Income Tax: A Protest">The Cold War and the Income Tax: A Protest</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vyborg_Manifesto" title="Vyborg Manifesto">Vyborg Manifesto</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Campaigns<br />by century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuchin_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuchin Revolt">Tuchin Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harelle" title="Harelle">Harelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_Revolt" title="Peasants' Revolt">Peasants' Revolt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">15th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Rebellion_of_1497" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornish Rebellion of 1497">Cornish Rebellion of 1497</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croquant_rebellions" title="Croquant rebellions">Croquant rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rappenkrieg_(Basel)" title="Rappenkrieg (Basel)">Rappenkrieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Pitauds" title="Revolt of the Pitauds">Revolt of the Pitauds</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angelets" title="Angelets">Angelets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_papier_timbr%C3%A9" title="Revolt of the papier timbré">Revolt of the papier timbré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_va-nu-pieds" title="Revolt of the va-nu-pieds">Revolt of the va-nu-pieds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_Tax_Revolt" title="Salt Tax Revolt">Salt Tax Revolt</a> in Spain</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_uprising_of_1648" title="Moscow uprising of 1648">Salt Riot</a> in Moscow</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fries%27s_Rebellion" title="Fries's Rebellion">Fries's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspee_affair" title="Gaspee affair"><i>Gaspee</i> affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_taxation_without_representation" title="No taxation without representation">No taxation without representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Tea_Party" title="Philadelphia Tea Party">Philadelphia Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(New_Granada)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (New Granada)">Revolt of the Comuneros (New Granada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulator_Movement_in_North_Carolina" title="Regulator Movement in North Carolina">Regulator Movement in North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Lotus_Rebellion" title="White Lotus Rebellion">White Lotus Rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Rent_War" title="Anti-Rent War">Anti-Rent War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_Tax_War" title="Dog Tax War">Dog Tax War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1810_House_Tax_Hartal" title="1810 House Tax Hartal">House Tax Hartal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hut_Tax_War_of_1898" title="Hut Tax War of 1898">Hut Tax War of 1898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Rebellion" title="Low Rebellion">Low Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mejba_Revolt" title="Mejba Revolt">Mejba Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Riots" title="Rebecca Riots">Rebecca Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saminism_Movement" title="Saminism Movement">Saminism Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tancament_de_Caixes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tancament de Caixes">Tancament de Caixes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithe_War" title="Tithe War">Tithe War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallachian_uprising_of_1821" title="Wallachian uprising of 1821">Wallachian uprising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agbekoya" title="Agbekoya">Agbekoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bambatha_Rebellion" title="Bambatha Rebellion">Bambatha Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardoli_Satyagraha" title="Bardoli Satyagraha">Bardoli Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Sahour" title="Beit Sahour">Beit Sahour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bondelswarts_affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Bondelswarts affair">Bondelswarts affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champaran_Satyagraha" title="Champaran Satyagraha">Champaran Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kheda_Satyagraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Kheda Satyagraha">Kheda Satyagraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_cult" title="Johnson cult">Johnson cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_movement" title="Mau movement">Mau movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poll_Tax_Riots" class="mw-redirect" title="Poll Tax Riots">Poll Tax Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poplar_Rates_Rebellion" title="Poplar Rates Rebellion">Poplar Rates Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turra_Coo" title="Turra Coo">Turra Coo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_March" title="Salt March">Salt March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedaranyam_March" title="Vedaranyam March">Vedaranyam March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_poll_tax_repeal_movement" title="Women's poll tax repeal movement">Women's poll tax repeal movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_War" title="Women's War">Women's War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-austerity_movement_in_Greece" title="Anti-austerity movement in Greece">Anti-austerity movement in Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bin_Tax_Campaign" title="Anti-Bin Tax Campaign">Anti-Bin Tax Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_and_Elaine_Brown" title="Edward and Elaine Brown">Edward and Elaine Brown standoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonnets_Rouges" title="Bonnets Rouges">Bonnets Rouges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_Against_Home_and_Water_Taxes" title="Campaign Against Home and Water Taxes">Campaign Against Home and Water Taxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movimento_Passe_Livre" title="Movimento Passe Livre">Movimento Passe Livre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movimiento_Pos_Me_Salto" title="Movimiento Pos Me Salto">Movimiento Pos Me Salto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_vests_protests" title="Yellow vests protests">Yellow vests protests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Income_tax_threshold" title="Income tax threshold">Income tax threshold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potentially_dangerous_taxpayer" title="Potentially dangerous taxpayer">Potentially dangerous taxpayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Render_unto_Caesar" title="Render unto Caesar">Render unto Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irwin_Schiff" title="Irwin Schiff">Irwin Schiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_citizen_movement" title="Sovereign citizen movement">Sovereign citizen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Freeman_on_the_land_movement" title="Freeman on the land movement">Freeman on the land</a> / <a href="/wiki/Redemption_movement" title="Redemption movement">Redemption movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_haven" title="Tax haven">Tax haven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_inversion" title="Tax inversion">Tax inversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_noncompliance" title="Tax noncompliance">Tax noncompliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_protester" title="Tax protester">Tax protester</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tax_protester_arguments" title="Tax protester arguments">arguments</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tax_protester_history_in_the_United_States" title="Tax protester history in the United States">history in the United States</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_riot" title="Tax riot">Tax riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_as_slavery" title="Taxation as slavery">Taxation as slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_as_theft" title="Taxation as theft">Taxation as theft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446921#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446921#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446921#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/191603505">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4721765-0">Germany</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/050595512">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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