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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_1960s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Late 1960s </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Late_1960s-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Late 1960s subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Late_1960s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Civil_rights_campaign_and_unionist_backlash" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_rights_campaign_and_unionist_backlash"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Civil rights campaign and unionist backlash </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_rights_campaign_and_unionist_backlash-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-August_1969_riots_and_aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#August_1969_riots_and_aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 August 1969 riots and aftermath </div> </a> <ul id="toc-August_1969_riots_and_aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1970s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 1970s </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1970s-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle 1970s subsection </button> <ul id="toc-1970s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Violence_peaks_and_Stormont_collapses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Violence_peaks_and_Stormont_collapses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Violence peaks and Stormont collapses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Violence_peaks_and_Stormont_collapses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bloody_Sunday" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bloody_Sunday"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Bloody Sunday </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bloody_Sunday-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sunningdale_Agreement_and_UWC_strike" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sunningdale_Agreement_and_UWC_strike"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Sunningdale Agreement and UWC strike </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sunningdale_Agreement_and_UWC_strike-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proposal_of_an_independent_Northern_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proposal_of_an_independent_Northern_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Proposal of an independent Northern Ireland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proposal_of_an_independent_Northern_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mid-1970s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mid-1970s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Mid-1970s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mid-1970s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_1970s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_1970s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Late 1970s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_1970s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1980s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 1980s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 1990s </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-1990s-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle 1990s subsection </button> <ul id="toc-1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Escalation_in_South_Armagh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Escalation_in_South_Armagh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Escalation in South Armagh </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Escalation_in_South_Armagh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Downing_Street_mortar_attack" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Downing_Street_mortar_attack"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Downing Street mortar attack </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Downing_Street_mortar_attack-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_ceasefire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_ceasefire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 First ceasefire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_ceasefire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_ceasefire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_ceasefire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Second ceasefire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_ceasefire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Political process </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Support_outside_Northern_Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support_outside_Northern_Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Support outside Northern Ireland </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Support_outside_Northern_Ireland-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Support outside Northern Ireland subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Support_outside_Northern_Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arms_importation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arms_importation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Arms importation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arms_importation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Funding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collusion_between_security_forces_and_paramilitaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collusion_between_security_forces_and_paramilitaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Collusion between security forces and paramilitaries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collusion_between_security_forces_and_paramilitaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Disappeared" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Disappeared"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 The Disappeared </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Disappeared-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_Army_attacks_on_civilians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Army_attacks_on_civilians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 British Army attacks on civilians </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Army_attacks_on_civilians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shoot-to-kill_allegations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shoot-to-kill_allegations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Shoot-to-kill allegations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shoot-to-kill_allegations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parades_issue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parades_issue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Parades issue </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parades_issue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_repercussions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_repercussions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Social repercussions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_repercussions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Casualties </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Casualties subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Responsibility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Responsibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Responsibility </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Responsibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.2 Status </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.3 Location </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chronological_listing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chronological_listing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.4 Chronological listing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chronological_listing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.5 Additional statistics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_Deaths_(1969)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_Deaths_(1969)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.6 List of Deaths (1969) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_Deaths_(1969)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_Ireland_Troubles_(Legacy_and_Reconciliation)_Act_2023" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Ireland_Troubles_(Legacy_and_Reconciliation)_Act_2023"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Northern Ireland Troubles (Legacy and Reconciliation) Act 2023 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Ireland_Troubles_(Legacy_and_Reconciliation)_Act_2023-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 See also </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle See also subsection </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.1 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Similar_conflicts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Similar_conflicts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.2 Similar conflicts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Similar_conflicts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">The Troubles</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 57 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" > 57 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%84_(%D8%A3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7)" title="المشاكل (أيرلندا) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المشاكل (أيرلندا)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflictu_d%27Irlanda_del_Norte" title="Conflictu d'Irlanda del Norte – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Conflictu d'Irlanda del Norte" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eimali_%C4%B0rlandiya_konflikti" title="Şimali İrlandiya konflikti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Şimali İrlandiya konflikti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82_%D1%83_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%86%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Канфлікт у Паўночнай Ірляндыі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Канфлікт у Паўночнай Ірляндыі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Конфликт в Северна Ирландия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Конфликт в Северна Ирландия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjevernoirski_sukob" title="Sjevernoirski sukob – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sjevernoirski sukob" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na_Triobl%C3%B3id%C3%AD" title="Na Trioblóidí – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Na Trioblóidí" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflicte_nord-irland%C3%A8s" title="Conflicte nord-irlandès – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Conflicte nord-irlandès" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konflikt_v_Severn%C3%ADm_Irsku" title="Konflikt v Severním Irsku – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Konflikt v Severním Irsku" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr_Helyntion" title="Yr Helyntion – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Yr Helyntion" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konflikten_i_Nordirland" title="Konflikten i Nordirland – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Konflikten i Nordirland" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordirlandkonflikt" title="Nordirlandkonflikt – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nordirlandkonflikt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B5hja-Iirimaa_konflikt" title="Põhja-Iirimaa konflikt – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Põhja-Iirimaa konflikt" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%8D%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7_%CE%92%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%99%CF%81%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Σύγκρουση στη Βόρεια Ιρλανδία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σύγκρουση στη Βόρεια Ιρλανδία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflicto_norirland%C3%A9s" title="Conflicto norirlandés – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Conflicto norirlandés" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordirlanda_konflikto" title="Nordirlanda konflikto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nordirlanda konflikto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipar_Irlandako_gatazka" title="Ipar Irlandako gatazka – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ipar Irlandako gatazka" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="درگیری‌های ایرلند شمالی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="درگیری‌های ایرلند شمالی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflit_nord-irlandais" title="Conflit nord-irlandais – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Conflit nord-irlandais" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na_Triobl%C3%B3id%C3%AD" title="Na Trioblóidí – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Na Trioblóidí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflito_de_Irlanda_do_Norte" title="Conflito de Irlanda do Norte – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Conflito de Irlanda do Norte" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%81%EC%95%84%EC%9D%BC%EB%9E%9C%EB%93%9C_%EB%B6%84%EC%9F%81" title="북아일랜드 분쟁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="북아일랜드 분쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7" title="उत्तरी आयरलैंड संघर्ष – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उत्तरी आयरलैंड संघर्ष" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjevernoirski_sukob" title="Sjevernoirski sukob – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sjevernoirski sukob" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord-Irlandana_konflikto" title="Nord-Irlandana konflikto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nord-Irlandana konflikto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konflik_Irlandia_Utara" title="Konflik Irlandia Utara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Konflik Irlandia Utara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81t%C3%B6kin_%C3%A1_Nor%C3%B0ur-%C3%8Drlandi" title="Átökin á Norður-Írlandi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Átökin á Norður-Írlandi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflitto_nordirlandese" title="Conflitto nordirlandese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Conflitto nordirlandese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%9B%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9A_%D7%91%D7%A6%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%93" title="הסכסוך בצפון אירלנד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הסכסוך בצפון אירלנד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%97_%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ჩრდილოეთ ირლანდიის კონფლიქტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩრდილოეთ ირლანდიის კონფლიქტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zieme%C4%BC%C4%ABrijas_konflikts" title="Ziemeļīrijas konflikts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ziemeļīrijas konflikts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbas_en_Er_Norde" title="Turbas en Er Norde – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Turbas en Er Norde" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89szak-%C3%ADrorsz%C3%A1gi_konfliktus" title="Észak-írországi konfliktus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Észak-írországi konfliktus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="The Troubles" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="The Troubles" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" title="北アイルランド問題 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="北アイルランド問題" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konflikten_i_Nord-Irland" title="Konflikten i Nord-Irland – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Konflikten i Nord-Irland" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konflikten_i_Nord-Irland" title="Konflikten i Nord-Irland – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Konflikten i Nord-Irland" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A8rra_Civila_d%27Irlanda_del_N%C3%B2rd" title="Guèrra Civila d'Irlanda del Nòrd – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Guèrra Civila d'Irlanda del Nòrd" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konflikt_w_Irlandii_P%C3%B3%C5%82nocnej" title="Konflikt w Irlandii Północnej – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Konflikt w Irlandii Północnej" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conflitos_na_Irlanda_do_Norte" title="Conflitos na Irlanda do Norte – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Conflitos na Irlanda do Norte" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problema_irlandez%C4%83" title="Problema irlandeză – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Problema irlandeză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%98%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Конфликт в Северной Ирландии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Конфликт в Северной Ирландии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Truibils" title="The Truibils – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="The Truibils" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konflikti_i_Irland%C3%ABs_Veriore" title="Konflikti i Irlandës Veriore – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Konflikti i Irlandës Veriore" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="The Troubles" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konflikt_v_Severnom_%C3%8Drsku" title="Konflikt v Severnom Írsku – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Konflikt v Severnom Írsku" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1" title="Северноирски сукоб – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Северноирски сукоб" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjevernoirski_sukob" title="Sjevernoirski sukob – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sjevernoirski sukob" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohjois-Irlannin_konflikti" title="Pohjois-Irlannin konflikti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pohjois-Irlannin konflikti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konflikten_i_Nordirland" title="Konflikten i Nordirland – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Konflikten i Nordirland" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="เดอะทรับเบิลส์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เดอะทรับเบิลส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuzey_%C4%B0rlanda_sorunu" title="Kuzey İrlanda sorunu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kuzey İrlanda sorunu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82_%D1%83_%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%86%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%97" title="Конфлікт у Північній Ірландії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Конфлікт у Північній Ірландії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B4%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_(%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D8%A6%D8%B1%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88)" title="مشکلات (شمالی آئرلینڈ) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مشکلات (شمالی آئرلینڈ)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xung_%C4%91%E1%BB%99t_v%C5%A9_trang_t%E1%BA%A1i_B%E1%BA%AFc_Ireland" title="Xung đột vũ trang tại Bắc Ireland – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Xung đột vũ trang tại Bắc Ireland" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98" title="北爱尔兰问题 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="北爱尔兰问题" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Troubles_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Troubles (disambiguation)">Troubles (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">The Troubles</th></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Ireland%27s_capitals.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="a map showing the outline of Ireland in the colour green with the capitals of the North and South marked on it" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Map_of_Ireland%27s_capitals.png/250px-Map_of_Ireland%27s_capitals.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Map_of_Ireland%27s_capitals.png/375px-Map_of_Ireland%27s_capitals.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Map_of_Ireland%27s_capitals.png/500px-Map_of_Ireland%27s_capitals.png 2x" data-file-width="1630" data-file-height="2078" /></a> Political map of Ireland</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>Late 1960s–1998<a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-aughey7-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ireland_1999,_page_221-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Northern_Ireland_Conflict'_page_250-6">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> Violence occasionally spread to the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainland Europe">mainland Europe</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <ul><li>Military stalemate<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">Good Friday Agreement</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Andrews_Agreement" title="St Andrews Agreement">St Andrews Agreement</a> (2006)</li> <li>Withdrawal of British forces taking part in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Banner" title="Operation Banner">Operation Banner</a><a href="#cite_note-MODreport-9">[8]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decommissioning_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Decommissioning in Northern Ireland">Disarmament of paramilitary groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissident_Irish_republican_campaign" title="Dissident Irish republican campaign">Continuing sporadic violence</a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> State security forces:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_the_Ministry_of_Defence_%28United_Kingdom%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ministry_of_Defence_%28United_Kingdom%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_the_Ministry_of_Defence_%28United_Kingdom%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ministry_of_Defence_%28United_Kingdom%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_the_Ministry_of_Defence_%28United_Kingdom%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ministry_of_Defence_%28United_Kingdom%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="450" /> <a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">British Armed Forces</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Force_Standard_of_the_RUC.png/23px-Force_Standard_of_the_RUC.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Force_Standard_of_the_RUC.png/35px-Force_Standard_of_the_RUC.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Force_Standard_of_the_RUC.png/46px-Force_Standard_of_the_RUC.png 2x" data-file-width="1418" data-file-height="851" /> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary" title="Royal Ulster Constabulary">Royal Ulster Constabulary</a><hr /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Badge_of_the_Irish_Defence_Forces.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Badge_of_the_Irish_Defence_Forces.svg/20px-Badge_of_the_Irish_Defence_Forces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Badge_of_the_Irish_Defence_Forces.svg/30px-Badge_of_the_Irish_Defence_Forces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Badge_of_the_Irish_Defence_Forces.svg/40px-Badge_of_the_Irish_Defence_Forces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="461" data-file-height="461" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Irish_Defence_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Defence Forces">Irish Defence Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Badge_of_An_Garda_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Badge_of_An_Garda_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na.svg/20px-Badge_of_An_Garda_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Badge_of_An_Garda_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na.svg/30px-Badge_of_An_Garda_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Badge_of_An_Garda_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na.svg/40px-Badge_of_An_Garda_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Garda%C3%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Gardaí">Gardaí</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Irish_republican" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish republican">Irish republican</a> paramilitaries:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_Badge.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_Badge.svg/20px-Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_Badge.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_Badge.svg/30px-Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_Badge.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_Badge.svg/40px-Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_Badge.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Provisional_IRA" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisional IRA">Provisional IRA</a> (IRA)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/StarryPlough-darkblue.svg/23px-StarryPlough-darkblue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/StarryPlough-darkblue.svg/35px-StarryPlough-darkblue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/StarryPlough-darkblue.svg/46px-StarryPlough-darkblue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="268" /> <a href="/wiki/Irish_National_Liberation_Army" title="Irish National Liberation Army">Irish National Liberation Army</a> (INLA)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/StarryPlough.svg/23px-StarryPlough.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/StarryPlough.svg/35px-StarryPlough.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/StarryPlough.svg/46px-StarryPlough.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="728" data-file-height="382" /> <a href="/wiki/Official_IRA" class="mw-redirect" title="Official IRA">Official IRA</a> (OIRA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuity_IRA" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuity IRA">Continuity IRA</a> (CIRA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_IRA" class="mw-redirect" title="Real IRA">Real IRA</a> (RIRA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_People%27s_Liberation_Organisation" title="Irish People's Liberation Organisation">Irish People's Liberation Organisation</a> (IPLO)</li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:33%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster loyalist">Ulster loyalist</a> paramilitaries:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flag_of_the_Ulster_Defence_Association.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ulster_Defence_Association.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flag_of_the_Ulster_Defence_Association.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ulster_Defence_Association.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flag_of_the_Ulster_Defence_Association.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Ulster_Defence_Association.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Defence_Association" title="Ulster Defence Association">Ulster Defence Association</a> (UDA)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Ulster_Volunteer_Force.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ulster_Volunteer_Force.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Ulster_Volunteer_Force.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ulster_Volunteer_Force.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Ulster_Volunteer_Force.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Ulster_Volunteer_Force.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="187" /> <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Volunteer_Force" title="Ulster Volunteer Force">Ulster Volunteer Force</a> (UVF)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Red_hand_commando_Flag.png/23px-Red_hand_commando_Flag.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Red_hand_commando_Flag.png/35px-Red_hand_commando_Flag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Red_hand_commando_Flag.png/46px-Red_hand_commando_Flag.png 2x" data-file-width="8000" data-file-height="4000" /> <a href="/wiki/Red_Hand_Commando" title="Red Hand Commando">Red Hand Commando</a> (RHC)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Northern_Ireland_%281953%E2%80%931972%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Northern_Ireland_%281953%E2%80%931972%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Northern_Ireland_%281953%E2%80%931972%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Northern_Ireland_%281953%E2%80%931972%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Northern_Ireland_%281953%E2%80%931972%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Northern_Ireland_%281953%E2%80%931972%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Resistance" title="Ulster Resistance">Ulster Resistance</a> (UR)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_the_LVF.png/23px-Flag_of_the_LVF.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_the_LVF.png/35px-Flag_of_the_LVF.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_the_LVF.png/45px-Flag_of_the_LVF.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="266" /> <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_Volunteer_Force" title="Loyalist Volunteer Force">Loyalist Volunteer Force</a> (LVF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Protestant_Volunteers" title="Ulster Protestant Volunteers">Ulster Protestant Volunteers</a> (UPV)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a>: 705</li> <li>(incl. <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Defence_Regiment" title="Ulster Defence Regiment">UDR</a>)</li> <li>RUC: 301</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Prison_Service" title="Northern Ireland Prison Service">NIPS</a>: 24</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Reserve_(United_Kingdom)" title="Army Reserve (United Kingdom)">TA</a>: 7</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Law enforcement in the United Kingdom">Other UK police</a>: 6</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a>: 4</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>: 2</li> <li>Total: 1,049<a href="#cite_note-suttonstatus-10">[9]</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Army" title="Irish Army">Irish Army</a>: 1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garda%C3%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Gardaí">Gardaí</a>: 9</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Prison_Service" title="Irish Prison Service">IPS</a>: 1</li> <li>Total: 11<a href="#cite_note-suttonstatus-10">[9]</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:33%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>PIRA: 292</li> <li>INLA: 38</li> <li>OIRA: 27</li> <li>IPLO: 9</li> <li>RIRA: 2</li> <li>Total: 368<a href="#cite_note-suttonstatus-10">[9]</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:33%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>UDA: 91</li> <li>UVF: 62</li> <li>RHC: 4</li> <li>LVF: 3</li> <li>UR: 2</li> <li>UPV: 1<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a></li> <li>Total: 162<a href="#cite_note-suttonstatus-10">[9]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="text-align:center;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Civilians killed: 1,840<a href="#cite_note-statsum-12">[11]</a></li> <li>(1,935 including ex-combatants)<a href="#cite_note-suttonstatus-10">[9]</a></li> <li>Total dead: 3,532<a href="#cite_note-statsum-12">[11]</a></li> <li>Total injured: 47,500+<a href="#cite_note-secdef05-13">[12]</a></li> <li>All casualties: c. 50,000<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style 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navbox-vertical mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Northern_Ireland_Troubles" title="Template:Campaignbox Northern Ireland Troubles"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Northern_Ireland_Troubles" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Northern Ireland Troubles"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Northern_Ireland_Troubles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Northern Ireland Troubles"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Troublesin_Ireland11243" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Troubles</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">1960s and 1970s <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bogside" title="Battle of the Bogside">Battle of the Bogside</a>/<a href="/wiki/1969_Northern_Ireland_riots" title="1969 Northern Ireland riots">1969 riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89_Studio_bombing" title="RTÉ Studio bombing">RTÉ bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Banner" title="Operation Banner">Operation Banner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St_Matthew%27s" title="Battle of St Matthew's">Battle of St Matthew's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falls_Curfew" title="Falls Curfew">Falls Curfew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Crossmaglen_bombing" title="1970 Crossmaglen bombing">Crossmaglen bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Scottish_soldiers%27_killings" title="1971 Scottish soldiers' killings">Scottish soldiers' killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Demetrius" title="Operation Demetrius">Operation Demetrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballymurphy_massacre" title="Ballymurphy massacre">Ballymurphy massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Newry_killings" title="1971 Newry killings">Newry killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Lion_Pub_bombing" title="Red Lion Pub bombing">Red Lion Pub bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McGurk%27s_Bar_bombing" title="McGurk's Bar bombing">McGurk's Bar bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Balmoral_Furniture_Company_bombing" title="1971 Balmoral Furniture Company bombing">Balmoral showroom bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_Sunday_(1972)" title="Bloody Sunday (1972)">Bloody Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abercorn_Restaurant_bombing" title="Abercorn Restaurant bombing">Abercorn Restaurant bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donegall_Street_bombing" title="Donegall Street bombing">Donegall St bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_at_Springmartin" title="Battle at Springmartin">Battle at Springmartin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungiven_landmine_and_gun_attack" title="Dungiven landmine and gun attack">Dungiven ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lenadoon" title="Battle of Lenadoon">Battle of Lenadoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springhill_massacre" title="Springhill massacre">Springhill massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_Friday_(1972)" title="Bloody Friday (1972)">Bloody Friday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Motorman" title="Operation Motorman">Operation Motorman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudy_bombing" title="Claudy bombing">Claudy bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newry_customs_bombing" title="Newry customs bombing">Newry customs bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanaghanroe_landmine_attack" title="Sanaghanroe landmine attack">Sanaghanroe attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benny%27s_Bar_bombing" title="Benny's Bar bombing">Benny's Bar bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_of_the_Hill_bar_shooting" title="Top of the Hill bar shooting">Annie's Bar massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belturbet_bombing" title="Belturbet bombing">Belturbet bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_and_1973_Dublin_bombings" title="1972 and 1973 Dublin bombings">Dublin bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Lodge_Six_shooting" title="New Lodge Six shooting">New Lodge Six shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Coleraine_bombings" title="1973 Coleraine bombings">Coleraine bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_%26_Crown_Bar_bombing" title="Rose & Crown Bar bombing">Rose & Crown Bar bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_UDR_Clogher_barracks" title="Attack on UDR Clogher barracks">Clogher barracks attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_and_Monaghan_bombings" title="Dublin and Monaghan bombings">Dublin & Monaghan bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountainview_Tavern_attack" title="Mountainview Tavern attack">Mountainview Tavern attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleary_Darts_Club_shooting" title="Bleary Darts Club shooting">Bleary Darts Club shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strand_Bar_bombing" title="Strand Bar bombing">Strand Bar bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forkhill_beer_keg_bombing" title="Forkhill beer keg bombing">Forkhill beer keg bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_Showband_killings" title="Miami Showband killings">Miami Showband killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayardo_Bar_attack" title="Bayardo Bar attack">Bayardo Bar attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullyvallen_massacre" title="Tullyvallen massacre">Tullyvallen massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_1975_Northern_Ireland_attacks" title="October 1975 Northern Ireland attacks">October 1975 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drummuckavall_ambush" title="Drummuckavall ambush">Drummuckavall ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_Airport_bombing" title="Dublin Airport bombing">Dublin Airport bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donnelly%27s_Bar_and_Kay%27s_Tavern_attacks" title="Donnelly's Bar and Kay's Tavern attacks">Dundalk & Silverbridge attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bar_bombing" title="Central Bar bombing">Central Bar bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reavey_and_O%27Dowd_killings" title="Reavey and O'Dowd killings">Reavey and O'Dowd killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingsmill_massacre" title="Kingsmill massacre">Kingsmill massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castleblayney_bombing" title="Castleblayney bombing">Castleblayney bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillcrest_Bar_bombing" title="Hillcrest Bar bombing">Hillcrest Bar bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flagstaff_Hill_incident" title="Flagstaff Hill incident">Flagstaff Hill incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlemont_pub_attacks" title="Charlemont pub attacks">Charlemont pub attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Store_Bar_shooting" title="The Store Bar shooting">Store Bar shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorane_Bar_attack" title="Chlorane Bar attack">Chlorane Bar attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramble_Inn_attack" title="Ramble Inn attack">Ramble Inn attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stag_Inn_attack" title="Stag Inn attack">Stag Inn attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Andersonstown_incident" title="1976 Andersonstown incident">Andersonstown incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garryhinch_ambush" title="Garryhinch ambush">Garryhinch ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Balmoral_Furniture_Company_bombing" title="1976 Balmoral Furniture Company bombing">1976 Balmoral bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_British_Army_Gazelle_downing" title="1978 British Army Gazelle downing">Jonesborough Gazelle shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Mon_restaurant_bombing" title="La Mon restaurant bombing">La Mon restaurant bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrenpoint_ambush" title="Warrenpoint ambush">Warrenpoint ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungannon_land_mine_attack" title="Dungannon land mine attack">Dungannon land mine attack</a></li></ul> <hr /> 1980s <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dunmurry_train_bombing" title="Dunmurry train bombing">Dunmurry train bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_shipping_in_Lough_Foyle_(1981%E2%80%9382)" title="Attacks on shipping in Lough Foyle (1981–82)">Lough Foyle attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altnaveigh_landmine_attack" title="Altnaveigh landmine attack">Altnaveigh landmine attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasdrumman_ambush" title="Glasdrumman ambush">Glasdrumman ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Divis_Flats_bombing" title="1982 Divis Flats bombing">Divis Flats bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droppin_Well_bombing" title="Droppin Well bombing">Droppin Well bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballygawley_land_mine_attack" title="Ballygawley land mine attack">Ballygawley land mine attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkley_killings" title="Darkley killings">Darkley killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kesh_ambush" title="Kesh ambush">Kesh ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strabane_ambush" title="Strabane ambush">Strabane ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Newry_mortar_attack" title="1985 Newry mortar attack">Newry mortar attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Ballygawley_barracks" title="Attack on Ballygawley barracks">Ballygawley barracks attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_RUC_Birches_barracks" title="Attack on RUC Birches barracks">Birches barracks attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clontibret_invasion" title="Clontibret invasion">Clontibret invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loughgall_ambush" title="Loughgall ambush">Loughgall ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remembrance_Day_bombing" title="Remembrance Day bombing">Remembrance Day bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milltown_Cemetery_attack" title="Milltown Cemetery attack">Milltown Cemetery attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporals_killings" title="Corporals killings">Corporals killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avenue_Bar_shooting" title="Avenue Bar shooting">Avenue Bar shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisburn_van_bombing" title="Lisburn van bombing">Lisburn van bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_British_Army_Lynx_shootdown" title="1988 British Army Lynx shootdown">Aughanduff Lynx shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballygawley_bus_bombing" title="Ballygawley bus bombing">Ballygawley bus bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambush_at_Drumnakilly" title="Ambush at Drumnakilly">Drumnakilly ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Jonesborough_ambush" title="1989 Jonesborough ambush">Jonesborough ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Derryard_checkpoint" title="Attack on Derryard checkpoint">Derryard checkpoint attack</a></li></ul> <hr /> 1990s <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1990_British_Army_Gazelle_shootdown" title="1990 British Army Gazelle shootdown">Derrygorry Gazelle shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downpatrick_landmine_attack" title="Downpatrick landmine attack">Downpatrick landmine attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Conservation" title="Operation Conservation">Operation Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Armagh_City_roadside_bomb" title="1990 Armagh City roadside bomb">Armagh City roadside bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RFA_Fort_Victoria_bombing" title="RFA Fort Victoria bombing">Fort Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_bomb#October_1990_proxy_bombings" title="Proxy bomb">Proxy bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Lough_Neagh_ambush" title="1990 Lough Neagh ambush">Lough Neagh ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_British_Army_Lynx_shootdown" title="1991 British Army Lynx shootdown">Silverbridge Lynx shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullacreevie_ambush" title="Mullacreevie ambush">Mullacreevie ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Cappagh_killings" title="1991 Cappagh killings">Cappagh killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craigavon_mobile_shop_killings" title="Craigavon mobile shop killings">Craigavon mobile shop killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenanne_barracks_bombing" title="Glenanne barracks bombing">Glenanne barracks bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coagh_ambush" title="Coagh ambush">Coagh ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musgrave_Park_Hospital_bombing" title="Musgrave Park Hospital bombing">Musgrave Park Hospital bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Craigavon_killings" title="1991 Craigavon killings">Craigavon Hyster killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teebane_bombing" title="Teebane bombing">Teebane bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Sinn_F%C3%A9in_Headquarters_shooting" title="1992 Sinn Féin Headquarters shooting"> Sinn Féin Headquarters shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Graham_bookmakers%27_shooting" title="Sean Graham bookmakers' shooting">Sean Graham bookmakers' shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonoe_ambush" title="Clonoe ambush">Clonoe ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Cloghoge_checkpoint" title="Attack on Cloghoge checkpoint">Cloghoge checkpoint attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Coalisland_riots" title="1992 Coalisland riots">Coalisland riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Armagh_Sniper_(1990%E2%80%931997)" title="South Armagh Sniper (1990–1997)">South Armagh sniper campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_Science_Laboratory_bombing" title="Forensic Science Laboratory bombing">Forensic Lab bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_James_Murray%27s_bookmakers" title="Attack on James Murray's bookmakers">James Murray's bookmakers attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Castlerock_killings" title="1993 Castlerock killings">Castlerock killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Cullaville" title="Occupation of Cullaville">Cullaville occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Newry_Road" title="Battle of Newry Road">Battle of Newry Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankill_Road_bombing" title="Shankill Road bombing">Shankill Road bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greysteel_massacre" title="Greysteel massacre">Greysteel massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Fivemiletown_ambush" title="1993 Fivemiletown ambush">Fivemiletown ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_British_Army_Lynx_shootdown" title="1994 British Army Lynx shootdown">Crossmaglen Lynx shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Shankill_Road_killings" title="1994 Shankill Road killings">1994 Shankill Road killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loughinisland_massacre" title="Loughinisland massacre">Loughinisland massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killeeshil_ambush" title="Killeeshil ambush">Killeeshil ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drumcree_conflict" title="Drumcree conflict">Drumcree conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiepval_barracks_bombing" title="Thiepval barracks bombing">Thiepval barracks bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Coalisland_attack" title="1997 Coalisland attack">Coalisland attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Northern_Ireland_riots" title="1997 Northern Ireland riots">1997 riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinn_brothers%27_killings" class="mw-redirect" title="Quinn brothers' killings">Quinn brothers' killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Banbridge_bombing" title="1998 Banbridge bombing">Banbridge bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omagh_bombing" title="Omagh bombing">Omagh bombing</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_The_Troubles_in_Britain_and_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Campaignbox The Troubles in Britain and Europe">The Troubles in Britain & Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_assassinations_Northern_Ireland_Troubles" title="Template:Campaignbox assassinations Northern Ireland Troubles">Assassinations during the Troubles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_feud" title="Loyalist feud">Loyalist feud</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Troublesin_Britain_and_continental_Europe6229" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_The_Troubles_in_Britain_and_mainland_Europe" title="Template:Campaignbox The Troubles in Britain and mainland Europe"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_The_Troubles_in_Britain_and_mainland_Europe" title="Template talk:Campaignbox The Troubles in Britain and mainland Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_The_Troubles_in_Britain_and_mainland_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox The Troubles in Britain and mainland Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Troublesin_Britain_and_continental_Europe6229" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Troubles</a> in Britain and continental Europe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="font-size:97%;"> <dl><dt>1970 – 1981</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_Aldershot_bombing" title="1972 Aldershot bombing">Aldershot bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Old_Bailey_bombing" title="1973 Old Bailey bombing">Old Bailey bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombings_of_King%27s_Cross_and_Euston_stations" title="Bombings of King's Cross and Euston stations">King's Cross & Euston bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Westminster_bombing" title="1973 Westminster bombing">Westminster bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M62_coach_bombing" title="M62 coach bombing">M62 coach bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Houses_of_Parliament_bombing" title="1974 Houses of Parliament bombing">Parliament bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Tower_of_London_bombing" title="1974 Tower of London bombing">Tower of London bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guildford_pub_bombings" title="Guildford pub bombings">Guildford pub bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woolwich_pub_bombing" title="Woolwich pub bombing">Woolwich pub bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_pub_bombings" title="Birmingham pub bombings">Birmingham pub bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_London_pillar_box_bombings" title="1974 London pillar box bombings">Pillar box bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talbot_Arms_pub_bombing" title="Talbot Arms pub bombing">Talbot Arms bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Bristol_bombing" title="1974 Bristol bombing">Bristol bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlton_Tower_and_Portman_Hotel_shootings" title="Carlton Tower and Portman Hotel shootings">Carlton Tower and Portman Hotel shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caterham_Arms_pub_bombing" title="Caterham Arms pub bombing">Caterham bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Hilton_bombing" title="London Hilton bombing">Hilton bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Piccadilly_bombing" title="1975 Piccadilly bombing">Piccadilly bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walton%27s_Restaurant_bombing" title="Walton's Restaurant bombing">Walton's bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biddy_Mulligan%27s_pub_bombing" title="Biddy Mulligan's pub bombing">Biddy Mulligan's bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balcombe_Street_siege" title="Balcombe Street siege">Balcombe St siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Ham_station_attack" title="West Ham station attack">West Ham attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Olympia_bombing" title="1976 Olympia bombing">Olympia bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Airey_Neave" title="Assassination of Airey Neave">Airey Neave killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_pub_bombings" title="Glasgow pub bombings">Glasgow pub bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Brussels_bombing" title="1979 Brussels bombing">Brussels bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelsea_Barracks_bombing" title="Chelsea Barracks bombing">Chelsea Barracks bombing</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>1982 – 1998</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park_and_Regent%27s_Park_bombings" title="Hyde Park and Regent's Park bombings">Hyde & Regent's Park bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrods_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Harrods bombing">Harrods bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_hotel_bombing" title="Brighton hotel bombing">Brighton hotel bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Rheindahlen_bombing" title="1987 Rheindahlen bombing">Rheindahlen bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Flavius" title="Operation Flavius">Operation Flavius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_IRA_attacks_in_the_Netherlands" title="1988 IRA attacks in the Netherlands">1988 Netherlands attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glamorgan_barracks_bombing" title="Glamorgan barracks bombing">Glamorgan barracks bombing</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Deal_barracks_bombing" title="Deal barracks bombing">Deal barracks bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Wembley_bombing" title="1990 Wembley bombing">Wembley bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killings_of_Nick_Spanos_and_Stephen_Melrose" title="Killings of Nick Spanos and Stephen Melrose">Roermond killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichfield_gun_attack" title="Lichfield gun attack">Lichfield shooting</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Carlton_Club_bombing" title="Carlton Club bombing">Carlton bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange_bombing" title="London Stock Exchange bombing">London Stock Exchange bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downing_Street_mortar_attack" title="Downing Street mortar attack">Downing Street mortar attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombings_of_Paddington_and_Victoria_stations" title="Bombings of Paddington and Victoria stations">Paddington & Victoria bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_London_Bridge_bombing" title="1992 London Bridge bombing">London Bridge bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Exchange_bombing" title="Baltic Exchange bombing">Baltic Exchange bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Staples_Corner_bombing" title="1992 Staples Corner bombing">Staples Cnr bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sussex_Arms_pub_bombing" title="Sussex Arms pub bombing">Sussex Arms bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoke_Newington_Road_lorry_bomb" title="Stoke Newington Road lorry bomb">Stoke Newington bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Manchester_bombing" title="1992 Manchester bombing">1992 Manchester bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrington_bombings" title="Warrington bombings">Warrington bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Harrods_bombing" title="1993 Harrods bombing">1993 Harrods bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Camden_Town_bombing" title="1993 Camden Town bombing">Camden bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Bishopsgate_bombing" title="1993 Bishopsgate bombing">Bishopsgate bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Finchley_Road_bombings" title="1993 Finchley Road bombings">Finchley Rd bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathrow_mortar_attacks" title="Heathrow mortar attacks">Heathrow mortar attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Docklands_bombing" title="1996 Docklands bombing">Docklands bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldwych_bus_bombing" title="Aldwych bus bombing">Aldwych bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Manchester_bombing" title="1996 Manchester bombing">1996 Manchester bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck_mortar_attack" title="Osnabrück mortar attack">Osnabrück attack</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Northern_Ireland_Troubles" title="Template:Campaignbox Northern Ireland Troubles">The Troubles in Ireland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_assassinations_Northern_Ireland_Troubles" title="Template:Campaignbox assassinations Northern Ireland Troubles">Assassinations during the Troubles</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_TroublesAssassinations_in_Ireland,_Britain_and_mainland_Europe8882" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_assassinations_Northern_Ireland_Troubles" title="Template:Campaignbox assassinations Northern Ireland Troubles"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_assassinations_Northern_Ireland_Troubles" title="Template talk:Campaignbox assassinations Northern Ireland Troubles"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_assassinations_Northern_Ireland_Troubles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox assassinations Northern Ireland Troubles"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_TroublesAssassinations_in_Ireland,_Britain_and_mainland_Europe8882" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Troubles</a> Assassinations in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a> and mainland Europe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div> <dl><dt>1970s</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Barnhill_(politician)" title="John Barnhill (politician)">John Barnhill killed by OIRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Herron" title="Tommy Herron">Tommy Herron killed by UDA/UFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_McCann" title="Joe McCann">Joe McCann killed by British Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitchfork_murders" title="Pitchfork murders"> Michael Naan and Andrew Murray killed by British Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddy_Wilson_and_Irene_Andrews_killings" title="Paddy Wilson and Irene Andrews killings">Paddy Wilson and Irene Andrews killed by UDA/UFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Ann_Ogilby" title="Murder of Ann Ogilby">Ann Ogilby killed by UDA/UFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Hanna" title="Billy Hanna">Billy Hanna killed by UVF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Hanna_(loyalist)" title="Jim Hanna (loyalist)">Jim Hanna killed by UVF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Fox_(politician)" title="Billy Fox (politician)">Billy Fox killed by UDA/UFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_McMillen" title="Billy McMillen">Billy McMillen killed by INLA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Niedermayer" title="Thomas Niedermayer">Thomas Niedermayer killed by PIRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_McBirney" title="Martin McBirney">Martin McBirney killed by PIRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Staunton" title="William J. Staunton">William J. Staunton killed by PIRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_McWhirter" title="Ross McWhirter">Ross McWhirter killed by PIRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McConnell_(loyalist)" title="Robert McConnell (loyalist)">Robert McConnell killed by PIRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Majella_O%27Hare" title="Killing of Majella O'Hare">Majella O'Hare killed by British Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ire_Drumm" title="Máire Drumm">Máire Drumm killed by UVF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Ewart-Biggs" title="Christopher Ewart-Biggs">Christopher Ewart-Biggs killed by PIRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seamus_Ludlow" title="Seamus Ludlow">Seamus Ludlow killed by RHC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Francis_Green" title="John Francis Green">John Francis Green killed by UVF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nairac" title="Robert Nairac">Robert Nairac killed by PIRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seamus_Costello" title="Seamus Costello">Seamus Costello killed by OIRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffery_Agate" title="Jeffery Agate">Jeffery Agate killed by PIRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Sykes_(diplomat)" title="Richard Sykes (diplomat)">Richard Sykes killed by PIRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Airey_Neave" title="Assassination of Airey Neave">Airey Neave killed by INLA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Lord_Mountbatten" title="Assassination of Lord Mountbatten">Louis Mountbatten killed by PIRA</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>1980s</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miriam_Daly" title="Miriam Daly">Miriam Daly killed by UDA/UFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronnie_Bunting" title="Ronnie Bunting">Ronnie Bunting killed by UDA/UFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Stronge_(Mid-Armagh_MP)" title="James Stronge (Mid-Armagh MP)">James Stronge killed by PIRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Stronge" title="Norman Stronge">Norman Stronge killed by PIRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McCullough_(loyalist)" title="William McCullough (loyalist)">William McCullough killed by INLA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McKeague" title="John McKeague">John McKeague killed by INLA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenny_Murphy" title="Lenny Murphy">Lenny Murphy killed by PIRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bradford_(Northern_Irish_politician)" title="Robert Bradford (Northern Irish politician)">Robert Bradford killed by PIRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Seawright" title="George Seawright">George Seawright killed by IPLO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Graham" title="Edgar Graham">Edgar Graham killed by PIRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Berry" title="Anthony Berry">Anthony Berry killed by PIRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bingham_(loyalist)" title="John Bingham (loyalist)">John Bingham killed by PIRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Marley" title="Larry Marley">Larry Marley killed by UVF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_%22Ta%22_Power" title="Thomas "Ta" Power">Ta Power killed by IPLO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Steenson" title="Gerard Steenson">Gerard Steenson killed by INLA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Gibson" title="Maurice Gibson">Maurice Gibson killed by PIRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Seymour_(loyalist)" title="Robert Seymour (loyalist)">Robert Seymour killed by PIRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McMichael" title="John McMichael">John McMichael killed by PIRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Marchant_(loyalist)" title="William Marchant (loyalist)">William "Frenchie" Marchant killed by PIRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aidan_McAnespie" title="Aidan McAnespie">Aidan McAnespie killed by British Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Craig_(loyalist)" title="James Craig (loyalist)">James Craig killed by UDA/UFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Finucane" title="Pat Finucane">Pat Finucane killed by UDA/UFF</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>1990s</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Gow" title="Ian Gow">Ian Gow killed by PIRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fergal_Caraher" title="Fergal Caraher">Fergal Caraher killed by Royal Marines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Fullerton" title="Eddie Fullerton">Eddie Fullerton killed by UDA/UFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_O%27Prey" title="Martin O'Prey">Martin O'Prey killed by UVF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearse_Jordan" title="Pearse Jordan">Pearse Jordan killed by RUC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammy_Ward" title="Sammy Ward">Sammy Ward killed by PIRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevor_King" title="Trevor King">Trevor King killed by INLA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Smallwoods" title="Ray Smallwoods">Ray Smallwoods killed by PIRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Bratty" title="Joe Bratty">Joe Bratty killed by PIRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Elder" title="Raymond Elder">Raymond Elder killed by PIRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gino_Gallagher" title="Gino Gallagher">Gino Gallagher killed by INLA-GHQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Torney_(Irish_republican)" title="Hugh Torney (Irish republican)">Hugh Torney killed by INLA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hemsworth" title="John Hemsworth">John Hemsworth killed by RUC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Wright_(loyalist)" title="Billy Wright (loyalist)">Billy Wright killed by INLA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Nelson" title="Rosemary Nelson">Rosemary Nelson killed by LVF</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>acronyms</dt></dl> <ul><li>Republicans INLA = <a href="/wiki/Irish_National_Liberation_Army" title="Irish National Liberation Army">Irish National Liberation Army</a> IPLO = <a href="/wiki/Irish_People%27s_Liberation_Organisation" title="Irish People's Liberation Organisation">Irish People's Liberation Organisation</a> OIRA = <a href="/wiki/Official_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Official Irish Republican Army">Official Irish Republican Army</a> PIRA = <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army">Provisional Irish Republican Army</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Loyalists LVF = <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_Volunteer_Force" title="Loyalist Volunteer Force">Loyalist Volunteer Force</a> RHC = <a href="/wiki/Red_Hand_Commando" title="Red Hand Commando">Red Hand Commando</a> UDA/UFF = <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Defence_Association" title="Ulster Defence Association">Ulster Defence Association</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Freedom_Fighters" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster Freedom Fighters">Ulster Freedom Fighters</a> UVF = <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Volunteer_Force" title="Ulster Volunteer Force">Ulster Volunteer Force</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Security Forces RUC = <a href="/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary" title="Royal Ulster Constabulary">Royal Ulster Constabulary</a></li></ul> see also: <a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Northern_Ireland_Troubles" title="Template:Campaignbox Northern Ireland Troubles">The Troubles in Ireland</a> See also: <a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_The_Troubles_in_Britain_and_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Campaignbox The Troubles in Britain and Europe">The Troubles in Britain and Europe</a> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> The Troubles (<a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>: Na Trioblóidí) were an <a href="/wiki/Ethno-nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethno-nationalist">ethno-nationalist</a><a href="#cite_note-CMitchell-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> conflict in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> that lasted for about 30 years from the late 1960s to 1998.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> Also known internationally as the Northern Ireland conflict,<a href="#cite_note-Gloss-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-McEvoy_2008-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> it began in the late 1960s and is usually deemed to have ended with the <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">Good Friday Agreement</a> of 1998.<a href="#cite_note-aughey7-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ireland_1999,_page_221-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-elliot-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> Although the Troubles mostly took place in Northern Ireland, at times violence spilled over into parts of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a>, England, and mainland Europe. Sometimes described as an "<a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_warfare" title="Asymmetric warfare">asymmetric</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Irregular_warfare" title="Irregular warfare">irregular</a>" war<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> or a "<a href="/wiki/Low-intensity_conflict" title="Low-intensity conflict">low-intensity conflict</a>",<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> the Troubles were a political and <a href="/wiki/Nationalistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalistic">nationalistic</a> struggle fuelled by historical events,<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> with a strong <a href="/wiki/Ethnic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic">ethnic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sectarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Sectarian">sectarian</a> dimension,<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> fought over the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Ireland" title="Partition of Ireland">status of Northern Ireland</a>. <a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland" title="Unionism in Ireland">Unionists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalism" title="Ulster loyalism">loyalists</a>, who for <a href="/wiki/Plantation_of_Ulster" title="Plantation of Ulster">historical reasons</a> were mostly <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Protestants" title="Ulster Protestants">Ulster Protestants</a>, wanted Northern Ireland to remain within the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. <a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish nationalists">Irish nationalists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">republicans</a>, who were mostly <a href="/wiki/Irish_Catholics" title="Irish Catholics">Irish Catholics</a>, wanted Northern Ireland to leave the United Kingdom and join a <a href="/wiki/United_Ireland" title="United Ireland">united Ireland</a>. Despite the division between <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholics</a>, it was not primarily a <a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">religious war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CMitchell-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-RJenkins-35">[34]</a> The conflict began during a campaign by the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Civil_Rights_Association" title="Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association">Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association</a> to end discrimination against the Catholic-nationalist minority by <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Northern_Ireland_(1921%E2%80%931972)" title="Government of Northern Ireland (1921–1972)">the Protestant-unionist government</a> and local authorities.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-dbryan-37">[36]</a> The government attempted to suppress the protests. The police, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary" title="Royal Ulster Constabulary">Royal Ulster Constabulary</a> (RUC), were overwhelmingly Protestant and known for sectarianism and <a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">police brutality</a>. The campaign was also violently opposed by Ulster loyalists, who believed it was a front for republican political activity. Increasing tensions led to the <a href="/wiki/1969_Northern_Ireland_riots" title="1969 Northern Ireland riots">August 1969 riots</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Banner" title="Operation Banner">deployment of British troops</a>, in what became the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a>'s longest operation.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> "<a href="/wiki/Peace_lines" title="Peace lines">Peace walls</a>" were built in some areas to keep the two communities apart. Some Catholics initially welcomed the British Army as a more neutral force than the RUC, but soon came to see it as hostile and biased, particularly after <a href="/wiki/Bloody_Sunday_(1972)" title="Bloody Sunday (1972)">Bloody Sunday</a> in 1972.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> The main <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Troubles" title="Outline of the Troubles">participants in the Troubles</a> were republican <a href="/wiki/Paramilitaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramilitaries">paramilitaries</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army">Provisional Irish Republican Army</a> (IRA) and the <a href="/wiki/Irish_National_Liberation_Army" title="Irish National Liberation Army">Irish National Liberation Army</a> (INLA); loyalist paramilitaries such as the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Volunteer_Force" title="Ulster Volunteer Force">Ulster Volunteer Force</a> (UVF) and <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Defence_Association" title="Ulster Defence Association">Ulster Defence Association</a> (UDA); British state security forces such as the British Army and RUC; and political activists. The security forces of the Republic of Ireland played a smaller role. Republicans carried out a <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Guerrilla">guerrilla</a> campaign against British forces as well as a bombing campaign against infrastructural, commercial, and political targets. Loyalists attacked republicans/nationalists and the wider Catholic community in what they described as retaliation. At times, there were bouts of sectarian <a href="/wiki/Tit-for-tat" class="mw-redirect" title="Tit-for-tat">tit-for-tat</a> violence, as well as feuds within and between paramilitary groups. The British security forces undertook policing and <a href="/wiki/Counterinsurgency" title="Counterinsurgency">counterinsurgency</a>, primarily against republicans. There were incidents of collusion between British state forces and loyalist paramilitaries (see <a href="/wiki/Stevens_Inquiries" title="Stevens Inquiries">Stevens Inquiries</a>). The Troubles also involved numerous riots, mass protests, and acts of <a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">civil disobedience</a>, and led to increased <a href="/wiki/Segregation_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Segregation in Northern Ireland">segregation</a> and the creation of temporary <a href="/wiki/No-go_area" title="No-go area">no-go areas</a>. More than 3,500 people were killed in the conflict, of whom 52% were <a href="/wiki/Civilian" title="Civilian">civilians</a>, 32% were members of the British security forces, and 16% were members of paramilitary groups.<a href="#cite_note-suttonstatus-10">[9]</a> Republic paramilitaries were responsible for 60% of total deaths, followed by loyalist paramilitaries at 30% and security forces at 10%.<a href="#cite_note-suttonresponsible-40">[39]</a> Loyalists were responsible for 48% of all civilian deaths, however, followed by republicans at 39% and security forces at 10%.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Northern Ireland peace process</a> led to paramilitary <a href="/wiki/Ceasefire" title="Ceasefire">ceasefires</a> and talks between the main political parties, which resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">Good Friday Agreement</a> of 1998. This Agreement restored self-government to Northern Ireland on the basis of "<a href="/wiki/Power-sharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Power-sharing">power-sharing</a>" and it included acceptance of the <a href="/wiki/Principle_of_consent" title="Principle of consent">principle of consent</a>, commitment to <a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">civil and political rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parity_of_esteem" title="Parity of esteem">parity of esteem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Independent_Commission_on_Policing_for_Northern_Ireland" title="Independent Commission on Policing for Northern Ireland">police reform</a>, <a href="/wiki/Decommissioning_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Decommissioning in Northern Ireland">paramilitary disarmament</a> and early release of paramilitary prisoners. There has been sporadic violence since the Agreement, including <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary_punishment_attacks_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Paramilitary punishment attacks in Northern Ireland">punishment attacks</a>,<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> loyalist gangs' control of major organised crime rackets (e.g., drugs supply, community coercion and violence, intimidation),<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> and violent crime linked to <a href="/wiki/Dissident_Irish_republican_campaign" title="Dissident Irish republican campaign">dissident republican groups</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ireland_1999,_page_221-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-elliot-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2></div> The word "troubles" has been used as a synonym for violent conflict for centuries. It was used to describe the 17th-century <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Three_Kingdoms" title="Wars of the Three Kingdoms">Wars of the Three Kingdoms</a> by all three national parliaments. For example, after the <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(1660)" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration (1660)">Restoration</a> in 1660, the English <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/An_act_of_free_and_general_pardon,_indemnity_and_oblivion" class="extiw" title="s:An act of free and general pardon, indemnity and oblivion">Act of free and general pardon, indemnity and oblivion</a> starts with "The King's most excellent Majesty, taking into his gracious and serious consideration the long and great troubles ..."; as does the similar act in Scotland: "The king's most excellent majesty, considering that by the late troubles diverse of his subjects ..." (Scottish Parliament 1662); and by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Ireland" title="Parliament of Ireland">Irish Parliament</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Settlement_1662#The_Act_of_1665" title="Act of Settlement 1662">Act of Explanation (1665)</a> "our royal father of blessed memory had been forced, during the late troubles, to make with the Irish subjects of that our kingdom" (Irish Parliament 1665, § 2). The term was used to describe the <a href="/wiki/Irish_revolutionary_period" title="Irish revolutionary period">Irish revolutionary period</a> in the early twentieth century.<a href="#cite_note-cottrell-50">[49]</a> It was subsequently adopted to refer to the escalating violence in Northern Ireland after 1969.<a href="#cite_note-storey-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1609–1791">1609–1791</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:De_slag_aan_de_Boyne_(Ierland)_tussen_Jacobus_II_en_Willem_III,_12_juli_1690_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-605.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/De_slag_aan_de_Boyne_%28Ierland%29_tussen_Jacobus_II_en_Willem_III%2C_12_juli_1690_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-605.jpeg/220px-De_slag_aan_de_Boyne_%28Ierland%29_tussen_Jacobus_II_en_Willem_III%2C_12_juli_1690_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-605.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/De_slag_aan_de_Boyne_%28Ierland%29_tussen_Jacobus_II_en_Willem_III%2C_12_juli_1690_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-605.jpeg/330px-De_slag_aan_de_Boyne_%28Ierland%29_tussen_Jacobus_II_en_Willem_III%2C_12_juli_1690_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-605.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/De_slag_aan_de_Boyne_%28Ierland%29_tussen_Jacobus_II_en_Willem_III%2C_12_juli_1690_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-605.jpeg/440px-De_slag_aan_de_Boyne_%28Ierland%29_tussen_Jacobus_II_en_Willem_III%2C_12_juli_1690_Rijksmuseum_SK-A-605.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2952" data-file-height="2004" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Boyne" title="Battle of the Boyne">Battle of the Boyne</a> (12 July 1690) by <a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Huchtenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan van Huchtenburg">Jan van Huchtenburg</a></figcaption></figure> In 1609, Scottish and English settlers, known as planters, were given land <a href="/wiki/Escheat" title="Escheat">escheated</a> from the native Irish in the <a href="/wiki/Plantation_of_Ulster" title="Plantation of Ulster">Plantation of Ulster</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> Coupled with Protestant immigration to "unplanted" areas of <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Antrim,_County_Antrim" title="Antrim, County Antrim">Antrim</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_Down" title="County Down">Down</a>, this resulted in conflict between the native Catholics and the "planters", leading in turn to two bloody religious conflicts known as the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Confederate_Wars" title="Irish Confederate Wars">Irish Confederate Wars</a> (1641–1653) and the <a href="/wiki/Williamite_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Williamite war">Williamite war</a> (1689–1691), both of which resulted in Protestant victories. <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> dominance in Ireland was ensured by the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Penal_Laws_(Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Penal Laws (Ireland)">Penal Laws</a> that curtailed the religious, legal, and political rights of anyone (including both Catholics and Protestant Dissenters, such as <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterians</a>) who did not conform to the state church, the Anglican <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a>. As the Penal Laws started to be phased out in the latter part of the 18th century, there was more competition for land, as restrictions were lifted on the Irish Catholic ability to rent. With Irish Catholics allowed to buy land and enter trades from which they had formerly been banned, tensions arose resulting in the Protestant "<a href="/wiki/Peep_o%27_Day_Boys" title="Peep o' Day Boys">Peep o' Day Boys</a>"<a href="#cite_note-Wright-56">[55]</a> and Catholic "<a href="/wiki/Defenders_(Ireland)" title="Defenders (Ireland)">Defenders</a>". This created polarisation between the communities and a dramatic reduction in reformers among Protestants, many of whom had been growing more receptive to democratic reform.<a href="#cite_note-Wright-56">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1791–1912">1791–1912</h3></div> Following the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_republican" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish republican">republican</a> <a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_United_Irishmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of the United Irishmen">Society of the United Irishmen</a> by Presbyterians, Catholics, and liberal Anglicans, and the resulting failed <a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">Irish Rebellion of 1798</a>, sectarian violence between Catholics and Protestants continued. The <a href="/wiki/Orange_Order" title="Orange Order">Orange Order</a> (founded 1795), with its stated goal of upholding the Protestant faith and loyalty to the heirs of <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William of Orange</a>, dates from this period and remains active to this day.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> With the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Acts of Union 1800</a> (which came into force on 1 January 1801), a new political framework was formed with the abolition of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Ireland" title="Parliament of Ireland">Irish Parliament</a> and incorporation of Ireland into the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a>. The result was a closer tie between Anglicans and the formerly republican Presbyterians as part of a "loyal" Protestant community. Although <a href="/wiki/Catholic_emancipation" title="Catholic emancipation">Catholic emancipation</a> was achieved in 1829, largely eliminating official discrimination against Roman Catholics (then around 75% of Ireland's population), Dissenters, and Jews, the <a href="/wiki/Repeal_Association" title="Repeal Association">Repeal Association</a>'s campaign to repeal the 1801 Union failed. In the late 19th century, the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Home_Rule_movement" title="Irish Home Rule movement">Home Rule movement</a> was created and served to define the divide between most nationalists (usually Catholics) who sought the restoration of an Irish Parliament, and most unionists (usually Protestants) who were afraid of being a minority under a Catholic-dominated Irish Parliament and who tended to support continuing union with Great Britain. Unionists and Home Rule advocates were the main political factions in late 19th- and early 20th-century Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1912–1922">1912–1922</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Ireland" title="Partition of Ireland">Partition of Ireland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ulster_Covenant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ulster_Covenant.jpg/150px-Ulster_Covenant.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ulster_Covenant.jpg/225px-Ulster_Covenant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Ulster_Covenant.jpg/300px-Ulster_Covenant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1460" data-file-height="1904" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Covenant" title="Ulster Covenant">Ulster Covenant</a> was issued in protest against the <a href="/wiki/Third_Home_Rule_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Home Rule Bill">Third Home Rule Bill</a> in September 1912.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Easter_Proclamation_of_1916.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Easter_Proclamation_of_1916.png/150px-Easter_Proclamation_of_1916.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Easter_Proclamation_of_1916.png/225px-Easter_Proclamation_of_1916.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Easter_Proclamation_of_1916.png/300px-Easter_Proclamation_of_1916.png 2x" data-file-width="954" data-file-height="1450" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Irish_Republic" title="Proclamation of the Irish Republic">Proclamation of the Irish Republic</a> was issued during the <a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a> of April 1916.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Irish_Boundary_Commission_final_report_map_(1925)_-_religious_distribution.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Irish_Boundary_Commission_final_report_map_%281925%29_-_religious_distribution.png/220px-Irish_Boundary_Commission_final_report_map_%281925%29_-_religious_distribution.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Irish_Boundary_Commission_final_report_map_%281925%29_-_religious_distribution.png/330px-Irish_Boundary_Commission_final_report_map_%281925%29_-_religious_distribution.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Irish_Boundary_Commission_final_report_map_%281925%29_-_religious_distribution.png/440px-Irish_Boundary_Commission_final_report_map_%281925%29_-_religious_distribution.png 2x" data-file-width="1078" data-file-height="1182" /></a><figcaption>Irish Boundary Commission final report map (1925) shows religious distribution of the population. The green areas signify Catholic majority areas, while the red areas signify non-Catholic majority areas.</figcaption></figure> By the second decade of the 20th century, Home Rule, or limited Irish self-government, was on the brink of being conceded due to the agitation of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Parliamentary_Party" title="Irish Parliamentary Party">Irish Parliamentary Party</a>. In response to the campaign for Home Rule which started in the 1870s, unionists, mostly Protestant and largely concentrated in Ulster, had resisted both self-government and independence for Ireland, fearing for their future in an overwhelmingly Catholic country dominated by the Roman Catholic Church. In 1912, unionists led by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Carson" title="Edward Carson">Edward Carson</a> signed the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Covenant" title="Ulster Covenant">Ulster Covenant</a> and pledged to resist Home Rule by force if necessary. To this end, they formed the paramilitary <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Volunteers" title="Ulster Volunteers">Ulster Volunteer Force</a> (UVF).<a href="#cite_note-coogan-59">[58]</a> In response, nationalists led by <a href="/wiki/Eoin_MacNeill" title="Eoin MacNeill">Eoin MacNeill</a> formed the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Volunteers" title="Irish Volunteers">Irish Volunteers</a> in 1913, whose goal was to oppose the UVF and ensure enactment of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Home_Rule_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Home Rule Bill">Third Home Rule Bill</a> in the event of British or unionist refusal. The outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> in 1914, and <a href="/wiki/Ireland_and_World_War_I" title="Ireland and World War I">Ireland's involvement in the war</a>, temporarily averted possible civil war in Ireland and delayed the resolution of the question of Irish independence. Home Rule, although passed in the British Parliament with <a href="/wiki/Royal_Assent" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Assent">Royal Assent</a>, was suspended for the duration of the war. The Irish Volunteers split, with a majority, known as the <a href="/wiki/National_Volunteers" title="National Volunteers">National Volunteers</a>, supporting the war effort, and some of them joining Irish regiments of the <a href="/wiki/Kitchener%27s_Army" title="Kitchener's Army">New British Army</a>. Many of those who stayed were radical nationalists, among them <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Brotherhood" title="Irish Republican Brotherhood">Irish Republican Brotherhood</a> infiltrators. From these ranks came those who launched the <a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a> in Dublin in 1916, led by <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Pearse" title="Patrick Pearse">Patrick Pearse</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">James Connolly</a>. Two-and-a-half years after the executions of sixteen of the Rising's leaders, the separatist <a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a> party won the December 1918 <a href="/wiki/1918_Irish_general_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1918 Irish general election">general election in Ireland</a> with 47% of the vote and a majority of seats, and set up the 1919 <a href="/wiki/First_D%C3%A1il" title="First Dáil">First Dáil</a> (Irish Parliament) in Dublin. Their victory was aided by the <a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1918" title="Conscription Crisis of 1918">threat of conscription for First World War service</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Irish_War_for_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish War for Independence">Irish War for Independence</a> followed, leading to eventual independence in 1922 for the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a>, which comprised 26 of the 32 Irish counties. In <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a>, particularly in the six counties which became <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, Sinn Féin fared relatively poorly in the 1918 election, and unionists won a majority.<a href="#cite_note-coogan-59">[58]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Act_1920" title="Government of Ireland Act 1920">Government of Ireland Act 1920</a> partitioned the island of Ireland into two separate jurisdictions, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ireland_(1921%E2%80%931922)" title="Southern Ireland (1921–1922)">Southern Ireland</a> and Northern Ireland, both devolved regions of the United Kingdom. This <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Ireland" title="Partition of Ireland">partition of Ireland</a> was confirmed when the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Parliament of Northern Ireland">Parliament of Northern Ireland</a> exercised its right in December 1922 under the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a> of 1921 to opt out of the newly established Irish Free State.<a href="#cite_note-Parliament-60">[59]</a> A part of the treaty signed in 1922 mandated that a boundary commission would sit to decide where the frontier of the northern state would be in relation to its southern neighbour. After the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Civil_War" title="Irish Civil War">Irish Civil War</a> of 1922–1923, this part of the treaty was given less priority by the new Dublin government led by <a href="/wiki/W._T._Cosgrave" title="W. T. Cosgrave">W. T. Cosgrave</a>, and was quietly dropped. As counties <a href="/wiki/County_Fermanagh" title="County Fermanagh">Fermanagh</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_Tyrone" title="County Tyrone">Tyrone</a> and border areas of <a href="/wiki/County_Londonderry" title="County Londonderry">Londonderry</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Armagh" title="County Armagh">Armagh</a>, and Down were mainly nationalist, the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Boundary_Commission" title="Irish Boundary Commission">Irish Boundary Commission</a> could reduce Northern Ireland to four counties or fewer.<a href="#cite_note-coogan-59">[58]</a> In October 1922, the Irish Free State government established the North-Eastern Boundary Bureau, a government office which by 1925 had prepared 56 boxes of files to argue its case for large areas of Northern Ireland to be transferred to the Free State.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> Northern Ireland remained a part of the United Kingdom, albeit under a separate system of government whereby it was given its own <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Parliament of Northern Ireland">parliament</a> and <a href="/wiki/Devolved_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Devolved government">devolved government</a>. While this arrangement met the desires of unionists to remain part of the United Kingdom, nationalists largely viewed the partition of Ireland as an illegal and arbitrary division of the island against the will of the majority of its people. They argued that the Northern Ireland state was neither legitimate nor democratic, but created with a deliberately <a href="/wiki/Gerrymandered" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerrymandered">gerrymandered</a> unionist majority. Catholics initially composed about 35% of its population.<a href="#cite_note-familiesatwar-62">[61]</a> A total of 557 people, mostly Catholics, were killed in political or sectarian violence from 1920 to 1922 in the six counties that would become Northern Ireland, both during and after the Irish War of Independence.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> The result was communal strife between Catholics and Protestants,<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> with some historians describing this violence, especially that in <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a>, as a <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogrom</a>,<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> although historian Peter Hart argues that the term is not appropriate given the reciprocity of violence in Northern Ireland. (see <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles_in_Ulster_(1920%E2%80%931922)" title="The Troubles in Ulster (1920–1922)">The Troubles in Ulster (1920–1922)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bloody_Sunday_(1921)" title="Bloody Sunday (1921)">Bloody Sunday (1921)</a>).<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1922–1966">1922–1966</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Craig,_1st_Viscount_Craigavon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black-and-white picture of a man with a moustache." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/42/James_Craig%2C_1st_Viscount_Craigavon.jpg/220px-James_Craig%2C_1st_Viscount_Craigavon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/42/James_Craig%2C_1st_Viscount_Craigavon.jpg/330px-James_Craig%2C_1st_Viscount_Craigavon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/42/James_Craig%2C_1st_Viscount_Craigavon.jpg/440px-James_Craig%2C_1st_Viscount_Craigavon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/James_Craig,_1st_Viscount_Craigavon" title="James Craig, 1st Viscount Craigavon">Sir James Craig</a>, 1st Prime Minister of Northern Ireland, who said, "All I boast is that we are a Protestant Parliament and Protestant State"</figcaption></figure> A marginalised remnant of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army_(1922%E2%80%931969)" title="Irish Republican Army (1922–1969)">Irish Republican Army</a> survived the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Civil_War" title="Irish Civil War">Irish Civil War</a>. This would come to have a major impact on Northern Ireland. Although the IRA was proscribed on both sides of the new <a href="/wiki/Irish_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish border">Irish border</a>, it remained ideologically committed to overthrowing both the Northern Ireland and the Free State governments by force of arms to unify Ireland. The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Northern_Ireland_(1921%E2%80%931972)" title="Government of Northern Ireland (1921–1972)">government of Northern Ireland</a> passed the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Authorities_(Special_Powers)_Act_(Northern_Ireland)_1922" title="Civil Authorities (Special Powers) Act (Northern Ireland) 1922">Special Powers Act</a> in 1922, giving sweeping powers to the government and police to intern suspects without trial and to administer <a href="/wiki/Corporal_punishment" title="Corporal punishment">corporal punishment</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Flogging" class="mw-redirect" title="Flogging">flogging</a> to re-establish or preserve law and order. The Act continued to be used against nationalists long after the violence of this period had come to an end.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> Various unionist militias were also incorporated into state structures, including the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Special_Constabulary" title="Ulster Special Constabulary">Ulster Special Constabulary</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Allen_Feldman" title="Allen Feldman">Allen Feldman</a> argues "emulated the state's fusion of repressive and ideological apparatuses".<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> In 1920, in local elections held under <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a>, nationalists had won control over many local governments, including the <a href="/wiki/County_Councils" class="mw-redirect" title="County Councils">County Councils</a> of Fermanagh and Tyrone, and the <a href="/wiki/Londonderry_Borough_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Londonderry Borough Council">Londonderry Borough Council</a> governing <a href="/wiki/Derry" title="Derry">Derry City</a>. In response, in 1922 the new unionist government re-drew the electoral boundaries to give its supporters a disproportionate majority and abolished proportional representation in favour of <a href="/wiki/First_past_the_post" class="mw-redirect" title="First past the post">first past the post</a> voting.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> This resulted in control by unionists of areas such as Derry City, Fermanagh, and Tyrone, where they were actually a minority of voters.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> The two sides' positions became strictly defined following this period. From a unionist perspective, Northern Ireland's nationalists were inherently disloyal and determined to force unionists into a united Ireland. This threat was seen as justifying preferential treatment of unionists in housing, employment, and other fields.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The prevalence of larger families and thus the potential for a more rapid population growth among Catholics was seen as a threat.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Unionist governments ignored <a href="/wiki/Edward_Carson" title="Edward Carson">Edward Carson</a>'s warning in 1921 that alienating Catholics would make Northern Ireland inherently unstable. After the early 1920s, there were occasional incidents of sectarian unrest in Northern Ireland. These included severe rioting in Belfast in the 1930s and 1950s, and the IRA's brief <a href="/wiki/Northern_Campaign_(Irish_Republican_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Campaign (Irish Republican Army)">Northern Campaign</a> in the 1940s and <a href="/wiki/Border_Campaign_(Irish_Republican_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Border Campaign (Irish Republican Army)">Border Campaign</a> between 1956 and 1962, which did not enjoy broad popular support among nationalists. After the IRA called off its campaign in 1962, Northern Ireland became relatively stable for a few years.<a href="#cite_note-coogan-59">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Late_1960s">Late 1960s</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Troubles" title="Timeline of the Troubles">Timeline of the Troubles</a>.</div> There is little agreement on the exact date of the start of the Troubles. Different writers have suggested different dates. These include the formation of the modern <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Volunteer_Force" title="Ulster Volunteer Force">Ulster Volunteer Force</a> in 1966,<a href="#cite_note-Beginning_of_the_Troubles,_CAIN-1">[1]</a> the civil rights march in Derry on 5 October 1968, the beginning of the '<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bogside" title="Battle of the Bogside">Battle of the Bogside</a>' on 12 August 1969, or the deployment of British troops on 14 August 1969.<a href="#cite_note-coogan-59">[58]</a> The Northern Ireland Troubles (Legacy and Reconciliation) Act 2023, passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom, defined the start of the Troubles as 1 January 1966 for the purposes of the act.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_rights_campaign_and_unionist_backlash">Civil rights campaign and unionist backlash</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_civil_rights_movement" title="Northern Ireland civil rights movement">Northern Ireland civil rights movement</a></div> In March and April 1966, Irish nationalists/republicans held parades throughout Ireland to mark the 50th anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a>. On 8 March, a group of Irish republicans dynamited <a href="/wiki/Nelson%27s_Pillar" title="Nelson's Pillar">Nelson's Pillar</a> in Dublin. At the time, the IRA was weak and not engaged in armed action, but some unionists warned it was about to be revived to launch another campaign against Northern Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-cain1800-73">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-ptuvf-74">[73]</a> In April 1966, loyalists led by <a href="/wiki/Ian_Paisley" title="Ian Paisley">Ian Paisley</a>, a Protestant fundamentalist preacher, founded the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Constitution_Defence_Committee" title="Ulster Constitution Defence Committee">Ulster Constitution Defence Committee</a> (UCDC). It set up a paramilitary-style wing called the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Protestant_Volunteers" title="Ulster Protestant Volunteers">Ulster Protestant Volunteers</a> (UPV)<a href="#cite_note-cain1800-73">[72]</a> to oust <a href="/wiki/Terence_O%27Neill" title="Terence O'Neill">Terence O'Neill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Prime Minister of Northern Ireland">Prime Minister of Northern Ireland</a>. Although O'Neill was a unionist, they viewed him as being too 'soft' on the civil rights movement and opposed his policies.<a href="#cite_note-tricolour-75">[74]</a> At the same time, a loyalist group calling itself the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) emerged in the <a href="/wiki/Shankill_Road" title="Shankill Road">Shankill</a> area of Belfast. It was led by <a href="/wiki/Gusty_Spence" title="Gusty Spence">Gusty Spence</a>, a former British soldier. Many of its members were also members of the UCDC and UPV.<a href="#cite_note-jordan-76">[75]</a> In April and May 1966, the UVF <a href="/wiki/Petrol_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrol bomb">petrol bombed</a> a number of Catholic homes, schools, and businesses. A firebomb killed an elderly Protestant widow, Matilda Gould.<a href="#cite_note-cain1800-73">[72]</a> On 21 May, the UVF issued a statement declaring "war" against the IRA and anyone helping it.<a href="#cite_note-taylorloyalists-77">[76]</a> The UVF fatally shot a Catholic civilian, John Scullion, as he walked home on 27 May. A month later it shot three Catholic civilians as they left a pub, killing Peter Ward, a Catholic from the <a href="/wiki/Falls_Road,_Belfast" title="Falls Road, Belfast">Falls Road</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cain1800-73">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-taylorloyalists-77">[76]</a> Shortly after, the UVF was <a href="/wiki/Proscribed" class="mw-redirect" title="Proscribed">proscribed</a> by the Northern Ireland government.<a href="#cite_note-cain1800-73">[72]</a> The UVF is still considered a <a href="/wiki/Terrorist_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorist organization">terrorist organization</a> by the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> In the mid-1960s, a non-violent <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_civil-rights_movement_(1960s)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Ireland civil-rights movement (1960s)">civil rights campaign</a> began in Northern Ireland. It comprised groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Civil_Rights_Association" title="Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association">Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association</a> (NICRA), the <a href="/wiki/Campaign_for_Social_Justice" title="Campaign for Social Justice">Campaign for Social Justice</a>, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Derry_Citizens%27_Action_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Derry Citizens' Action Committee (page does not exist)">Derry Citizens' Action Committee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democracy_(Ireland)" title="People's Democracy (Ireland)">People's Democracy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-NICRA-79">[78]</a> whose stated goals were: <ul><li>an end to job discrimination – it showed evidence that Catholics/nationalists were less likely to be given certain jobs, especially government jobs</li> <li>an end to discrimination in housing allocation – it showed evidence that unionist-controlled local councils allocated housing to Protestants ahead of Catholics/nationalists</li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_man,_one_vote" title="One man, one vote">one man, one vote</a> – in Northern Ireland, only householders could vote in local elections, while in the rest of the United Kingdom all adults could vote</li> <li>an end to <a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">gerrymandering</a> of <a href="/wiki/Electoral_district" title="Electoral district">electoral boundaries</a> – this meant that nationalists had less voting power than unionists, even where nationalists were a majority</li> <li>reform of the police force (<a href="/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary" title="Royal Ulster Constabulary">Royal Ulster Constabulary</a>) – it was over 90% Protestant and criticised for <a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">sectarianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">police brutality</a></li> <li>repeal of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Authorities_(Special_Powers)_Act_(Northern_Ireland)_1922" title="Civil Authorities (Special Powers) Act (Northern Ireland) 1922">Special Powers Act</a> – this allowed police to search without a warrant, arrest and imprison people without charge or trial, ban any assemblies or parades, and ban any publications; the Act was used almost exclusively against nationalists<a href="#cite_note-cain1800-73">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-tonge-81">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-joint2005p110-83">[82]</a></li></ul> Some suspected and accused NICRA of being a republican front-group whose ultimate goal was to unite Ireland. Although republicans and some members of the IRA (then led by <a href="/wiki/Cathal_Goulding" title="Cathal Goulding">Cathal Goulding</a> and pursuing a non-violent agenda) helped to create and drive the movement, they did not control it and were not a dominant faction within it.<a href="#cite_note-coogan-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-cameron-85">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> On 20 June 1968, civil rights activists, including nationalist <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a> (MP) <a href="/wiki/Austin_Currie" title="Austin Currie">Austin Currie</a>, protested against housing discrimination by <a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">squatting</a> in a house in <a href="/wiki/Caledon,_County_Tyrone" title="Caledon, County Tyrone">Caledon, County Tyrone</a>. The local council had allocated the house to an unmarried 19-year-old Protestant (Emily Beattie, the secretary of a local UUP politician) instead of either of two large Catholic families with children.<a href="#cite_note-cain1968-88">[87]</a> RUC officers – one of whom was Beattie's brother – forcibly removed the activists.<a href="#cite_note-cain1968-88">[87]</a> Two days before the protest, the two Catholic families who had been squatting in the house next door were removed by police.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> Currie had brought their grievance to the local council and to Stormont, but had been told to leave. The incident invigorated the civil rights movement.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Civil_Rights_Commemoration,_Coalisland_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1413288.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Civil_Rights_Commemoration%2C_Coalisland_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1413288.jpg/220px-Civil_Rights_Commemoration%2C_Coalisland_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1413288.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Civil_Rights_Commemoration%2C_Coalisland_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1413288.jpg/330px-Civil_Rights_Commemoration%2C_Coalisland_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1413288.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Civil_Rights_Commemoration%2C_Coalisland_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1413288.jpg/440px-Civil_Rights_Commemoration%2C_Coalisland_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1413288.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="479" /></a><figcaption>A monument to Northern Ireland's first civil rights march</figcaption></figure> On 24 August 1968, the civil rights movement held its first civil rights march from <a href="/wiki/Coalisland" title="Coalisland">Coalisland</a> to <a href="/wiki/Dungannon" title="Dungannon">Dungannon</a>. Many more marches were held over the following year. Loyalists (especially members of the UPV) attacked some of the marches and held counter-demonstrations in a bid to get the marches banned.<a href="#cite_note-cain1968-88">[87]</a> Because of the lack of police reaction to the attacks, nationalists saw the RUC, which was almost wholly Protestant, as backing the loyalists and allowing the attacks to occur.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> On 5 October 1968, a civil rights march in Derry was banned by the Northern Ireland government.<a href="#cite_note-derrymarch-92">[91]</a> When marchers defied the ban, RUC officers surrounded the marchers and beat them indiscriminately and without provocation. More than 100 people were injured, including a number of nationalist politicians.<a href="#cite_note-derrymarch-92">[91]</a> The incident was filmed by television news crews and shown around the world.<a href="#cite_note-cathcart-93">[92]</a> It caused outrage among Catholics and nationalists, sparking two days of rioting in Derry between nationalists and the RUC.<a href="#cite_note-derrymarch-92">[91]</a> A few days later, a student civil rights group, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democracy_(Ireland)" title="People's Democracy (Ireland)">People's Democracy</a>, was formed in Belfast.<a href="#cite_note-cain1968-88">[87]</a> In late November, O'Neill promised the civil rights movement some concessions, but these were seen as too little by nationalists and too much by loyalists. On 1 January 1969, People's Democracy began a four-day march from Belfast to Derry, which was repeatedly harassed and attacked by loyalists. At <a href="/wiki/Burntollet_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Burntollet Bridge">Burntollet Bridge</a>, the marchers were attacked by about 200 loyalists, including some off-duty police officers, armed with iron bars, bricks, and bottles in a planned ambush. When the march reached Derry City, it was again attacked. The marchers claimed that police did nothing to protect them and that some officers helped the attackers.<a href="#cite_note-burntollet-94">[93]</a> That night, RUC officers went on a rampage in the <a href="/wiki/Bogside" title="Bogside">Bogside</a> area of Derry, attacking Catholic homes, attacking and threatening residents, and hurling sectarian abuse.<a href="#cite_note-burntollet-94">[93]</a> Residents then sealed off the Bogside with barricades to keep the police out, creating "<a href="/wiki/Free_Derry" title="Free Derry">Free Derry</a>", which was briefly a <a href="/wiki/No-go_area" title="No-go area">no-go area</a> for the security forces.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-brits-96">[95]</a> In March and April 1969, loyalists bombed <a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">water and electricity installations</a> in Northern Ireland, blaming them on the dormant IRA and elements of the civil rights movement. Some attacks left much of Belfast without power and water. Loyalists hoped the bombings would force O'Neill to resign and bring an end to any concessions to nationalists.<a href="#cite_note-cain1969-97">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> There were six bombings between 30 March and 26 April.<a href="#cite_note-cain1969-97">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-psb-99">[98]</a> All were widely blamed on the IRA, and British soldiers were sent to guard installations. Unionist support for O'Neill waned, and on 28 April he resigned as prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-cain1969-97">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="August_1969_riots_and_aftermath">August 1969 riots and aftermath</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1969_Northern_Ireland_riots" title="1969 Northern Ireland riots">1969 Northern Ireland riots</a></div> On 19 April, there were clashes between NICRA marchers, the RUC, and loyalists in the Bogside. RUC officers entered the house of Samuel Devenny (42), an uninvolved Catholic civilian, and beat him along with two of his teenage daughters and a family friend.<a href="#cite_note-cain1969-97">[96]</a> One of the daughters was beaten unconscious as she lay recovering from surgery.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> Devenny suffered a heart attack and died on 17 July from his injuries. On 13 July, RUC officers beat another Catholic civilian, Francis McCloskey (67), during clashes in <a href="/wiki/Dungiven" title="Dungiven">Dungiven</a>. He died of his injuries the next day.<a href="#cite_note-cain1969-97">[96]</a> On 12 August, the loyalist <a href="/wiki/Apprentice_Boys_of_Derry" title="Apprentice Boys of Derry">Apprentice Boys of Derry</a> were allowed to march along the edge of the Bogside. Taunts and missiles were exchanged between the loyalists and nationalist residents. After being bombarded with stones and petrol bombs from nationalists, the RUC, backed by loyalists, tried to storm the Bogside. The RUC used <a href="/wiki/CS_gas" title="CS gas">CS gas</a>, armoured vehicles, and water cannons, but were kept at bay by hundreds of nationalists.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> The continuous fighting, which became known as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bogside" title="Battle of the Bogside">Battle of the Bogside</a>, lasted for three days. In response to events in Derry, nationalists held protests at RUC bases in Belfast and elsewhere. Some of these led to clashes with the RUC and attacks on RUC bases. In Belfast, loyalists responded by invading nationalist districts, burning houses and businesses. There were gun battles between nationalists and the RUC and between nationalists and loyalists. A group of about 30 IRA members was involved in the fighting in Belfast. The RUC deployed <a href="/wiki/Shorland_armoured_car" title="Shorland armoured car">Shorland armoured cars</a> mounted with heavy <a href="/wiki/M1919_Browning_machine_gun" title="M1919 Browning machine gun">Browning machine guns</a>. The Shorlands twice opened fire on a block of flats in a nationalist district, killing a nine-year-old boy named Patrick Rooney. RUC officers opened fire on rioters in Armagh, Dungannon, and Coalisland.<a href="#cite_note-coogan-59">[58]</a> During the riots, on 13 August, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_broadcast_by_An_Taoiseach_Mr._Jack_Lynch_T.D." class="extiw" title="wikisource:A broadcast by An Taoiseach Mr. Jack Lynch T.D.">Taoiseach Jack Lynch made a television address</a>. He condemned the RUC and said that the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Government">Irish Government</a> "can no longer stand by and see innocent people injured and perhaps worse".<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> He called for a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_peacekeeping" title="United Nations peacekeeping">United Nations peacekeeping</a> force to be deployed and said that <a href="/wiki/Irish_Army" title="Irish Army">Irish Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Field_hospital" title="Field hospital">field hospitals</a> were being set up at the border in <a href="/wiki/County_Donegal" title="County Donegal">County Donegal</a> near Derry. Lynch added that Irish re-unification would be the only permanent solution. Some interpreted the speech as a threat of military intervention.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> After the riots, Lynch ordered the Irish Army to plan for a possible <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_intervention" title="Humanitarian intervention">humanitarian intervention</a> in Northern Ireland. The plan, <a href="/wiki/Exercise_Armageddon" title="Exercise Armageddon">Exercise Armageddon</a>, was rejected and remained <a href="/wiki/Classified_information" title="Classified information">classified</a> for thirty years.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> On 14–15 August, British troops were deployed in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Banner" title="Operation Banner">Operation Banner</a> in Derry and Belfast to restore order,<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> but did not try to enter the Bogside, bringing a temporary end to the riots. Ten people had been killed,<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> among them Rooney (the first child killed by police during the conflict),<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> and 745 had been injured, including 154 who suffered gunshot wounds.<a href="#cite_note-ll-108">[107]</a> 154 homes and other buildings were demolished and over 400 needed repairs, of which 83% of the buildings damaged were occupied by Catholics.<a href="#cite_note-ll-108">[107]</a> Between July and 1 September 505 Catholic and 315 Protestant families were forced to flee their homes.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> The Irish Army set up refugee camps in the Republic near the border (see <a href="/wiki/Gormanston_Camp" title="Gormanston Camp">Gormanston Camp</a>). Nationalists initially welcomed the British Army, as they did not trust the RUC.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> On 9 September, the Northern Ireland Joint Security Committee met at <a href="/wiki/Stormont_Castle" title="Stormont Castle">Stormont Castle</a> and decided that <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">A <a href="/wiki/Peace_lines" title="Peace lines">peace line</a> was to be established to separate physically the <a href="/wiki/Falls_Road,_Belfast" title="Falls Road, Belfast">Falls</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Shankill_Road" title="Shankill Road">Shankill</a> communities. Initially this would take the form of a temporary barbed wire fence which would be manned by the Army and the Police ... It was agreed that there should be no question of the peace line becoming permanent although it was acknowledged that the barriers might have to be strengthened in some locations.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a></blockquote> On 10 September, the British Army started construction of the first "peace wall".<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> It was the first of many such walls across Northern Ireland, and still stands today.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> After the riots, the <a href="/wiki/Hunt_Report" title="Hunt Report">Hunt Committee</a> was set up to examine the RUC. It published its report on 12 October, recommending that the RUC become an unarmed force and the B Specials be disbanded. That night, loyalists took to the streets of Belfast in protest at the report. During violence in the <a href="/wiki/Shankill_Road" title="Shankill Road">Shankill</a>, UVF members shot dead RUC officer Victor Arbuckle. He was the first RUC officer to be killed during the Troubles.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> In October and December 1969, the UVF carried out a number of small bombings in the Republic of Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-coogan-59">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1970s">1970s</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Violence_peaks_and_Stormont_collapses">Violence peaks and Stormont collapses</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Ulster.ogv/220px--Ulster.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="167" data-durationhint="626" data-mwtitle="Ulster.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Ulster.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Ulster.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="632" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/69/Ulster.ogv/Ulster.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="632" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/69/Ulster.ogv/Ulster.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="316" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/69/Ulster.ogv/Ulster.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="474" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/69/Ulster.ogv/Ulster.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="474" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AUlster.ogv&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>1971 <a href="/wiki/Newsreel" title="Newsreel">newsreel</a> about the background of the conflict</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shankilltroubles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Shankilltroubles.jpg/220px-Shankilltroubles.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Shankilltroubles.jpg/330px-Shankilltroubles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Shankilltroubles.jpg/440px-Shankilltroubles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="998" data-file-height="646" /></a><figcaption>Loyalist banner and graffiti on a building in the <a href="/wiki/Shankill_Road" title="Shankill Road">Shankill</a> area of Belfast, 1970</figcaption></figure> Despite the British government's attempt to do "nothing that would suggest partiality to one section of the community" and the improvement of the relationship between the Army and the local population following the Army assistance with flood relief in August 1970, the <a href="/wiki/Falls_Curfew" title="Falls Curfew">Falls Curfew</a> and a situation that was described at the time as "an inflamed sectarian one, which is being deliberately exploited by the IRA and other extremists" meant that relations between the Catholic population and the British Army rapidly deteriorated.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> From 1970 to 1972, an explosion of <a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">political violence</a> occurred in Northern Ireland. The deadliest attack in the early 1970s was the <a href="/wiki/McGurk%27s_Bar_bombing" title="McGurk's Bar bombing">McGurk's Bar bombing</a> by the UVF in 1971.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> The violence peaked in 1972, when nearly 500 people, just over half of them civilians, were killed, the worst year in the entire conflict.<a href="#cite_note-suttonindexofdeaths-117">[116]</a> By the end of 1971, 29 barricades were in place in <a href="/wiki/Derry" title="Derry">Derry</a>, blocking access to what was known as <a href="/wiki/Free_Derry" title="Free Derry">Free Derry</a>; 16 of these were impassable even to the British Army's one-ton armoured vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-brits-96">[95]</a> Many of the nationalist or republican "<a href="/wiki/No-go_area" title="No-go area">no-go areas</a>" were controlled by one of the two factions of the Irish Republican Army – the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_IRA" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisional IRA">Provisional IRA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Official_IRA" class="mw-redirect" title="Official IRA">Official IRA</a>. There are several reasons offered for why violence escalated in these years. Unionists say the main reason was the formation of the Provisional IRA and Official IRA, particularly the former.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] These two groups were formed when <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army_(1922%E2%80%931969)#1960s:_Marxist_tendency_and_the_1969_split" title="Irish Republican Army (1922–1969)">the IRA split</a> into the 'Provisional' and 'Official' factions. While the older IRA had embraced non-violent civil agitation,<a href="#cite_note-bishopmallie-118">[117]</a> the new Provisional IRA was determined to wage "armed struggle" against British rule in Northern Ireland. The new IRA was willing to take on the role of "defenders of the Catholic community",<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> rather than seeking working-class ecumenical unity across both communities. Nationalists point to a number of events in these years to explain the upsurge in violence. One such incident was the Falls Curfew in July 1970, when 3,000 troops imposed a curfew on the nationalist Lower Falls area of Belfast, firing more than 1,500 rounds of ammunition in gun battles with the Official IRA and killing four people. Another was the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Demetrius" title="Operation Demetrius">introduction of internment without trial in 1971</a> (of 350 initial detainees, none were Protestants).<a href="#cite_note-rkwalker-120">[119]</a> Moreover, due to poor intelligence,<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> very few of those interned were actually republican activists at the time, but some internees became increasingly radicalised as a result of their experiences.<a href="#cite_note-coogan-59">[58]</a> In August 1971, ten civilians were shot dead in the <a href="/wiki/Ballymurphy_massacre" title="Ballymurphy massacre">Ballymurphy massacre</a> in Belfast. They were innocent and the killings were unjustified, according to a 2021 coroner's inquest. Nine victims were shot by the British Army.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bloody_Sunday">Bloody Sunday</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bloody_Sunday_(1972)" title="Bloody Sunday (1972)">Bloody Sunday (1972)</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Bloody_Sunday_(1972)" title="Bloody Sunday (1972)">Bloody Sunday</a> was the shooting dead of thirteen unarmed men by the British Army at a proscribed anti-internment rally in Derry on 30 January 1972 (a fourteenth man died of his injuries some months later), while fifteen other civilians were wounded.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> The march had been organised by the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association (NICRA). The soldiers involved were members of the <a href="/wiki/1st_Battalion,_Parachute_Regiment" title="1st Battalion, Parachute Regiment">1st Battalion, Parachute Regiment</a>, also known as "1 Para".<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> This was one of the most prominent events that occurred during the Troubles as it was recorded as the largest number of civilians killed in a single shooting incident.<a href="#cite_note-records-126">[125]</a> Bloody Sunday greatly increased the hostility of Catholics and Irish nationalists towards the British military and government while significantly elevating tensions. As a result, the Provisional IRA gained more support, especially through rising numbers of recruits in the local areas.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> Following the introduction of internment, there were numerous gun battles between the British Army and both the Provisional and Official IRA. These included the <a href="/wiki/Battle_at_Springmartin" title="Battle at Springmartin">Battle at Springmartin</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lenadoon" title="Battle of Lenadoon">Battle of Lenadoon</a>. Between 1971 and 1975, 1,981 people were interned: 1,874 were Catholic/republican, and 107 were Protestant/loyalist.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> There were widespread allegations of abuse and even <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a> of detainees,<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-asmathews-130">[129]</a> and in 1972, the "<a href="/wiki/Five_techniques" title="Five techniques">five techniques</a>" used by the police and army for interrogation were ruled to be illegal following a British government inquiry.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> The Provisional IRA, or "Provos", as they became known, sought to establish themselves as the defender of the nationalist community.<a href="#cite_note-moloney-132">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> The Official IRA (OIRA) began its own armed campaign in reaction to the ongoing violence. The Provisional IRA's offensive campaign began in early 1971 when the <a href="/wiki/IRA_Army_Council" title="IRA Army Council">Army Council</a> sanctioned attacks on the British Army.<a href="#cite_note-English137-134">[133]</a> In 1972, the Provisional IRA killed approximately 100 members of the security forces, wounded 500 others, and carried out approximately 1,300 bombings,<a href="#cite_note-bobrien-135">[134]</a> mostly against commercial targets which they considered "the artificial economy".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">further explanation needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-suttonindexofdeaths-117">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-English137-134">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-jbb-136">[135]</a> Their bombing campaign killed many civilians, notably on <a href="/wiki/Bloody_Friday_(1972)" title="Bloody Friday (1972)">Bloody Friday</a> on 21 July, when they set off 22 bombs in the centre of Belfast, killing five civilians, two British soldiers, a Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) reservist, and an Ulster Defence Association (UDA) member.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> Ten days later, nine civilians were killed in <a href="/wiki/Claudy_bombing" title="Claudy bombing">a triple car bombing</a> in <a href="/wiki/Claudy" title="Claudy">Claudy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> The IRA is accused of committing this bombing but no proof for that accusation is yet published.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> In 1972, the Official IRA's campaign was largely counter-productive.<a href="#cite_note-sanders-143">[142]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Aldershot_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Aldershot bombing">Aldershot bombing</a>, an attack on the barracks of the Parachute Regiment in retaliation for Bloody Sunday, killed five female cleaners, a gardener and an army <a href="/wiki/Chaplain" title="Chaplain">chaplain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> The Official IRA killed three soldiers in Derry in April, but <a href="/wiki/Joe_McCann" title="Joe McCann">Joe McCann</a> was killed by the Parachute Regiment in Belfast during the same month.<a href="#cite_note-sanders-143">[142]</a> The Official IRA called off its campaign in May 1972.<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> British troop concentrations peaked at 1:50 of the civilian population, the highest ratio found in the history of <a href="/wiki/Counterinsurgency" title="Counterinsurgency">counterinsurgency</a> warfare, higher than that achieved during the "<a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a>"/"Anti-British National Liberation War" to which the conflict is frequently compared.<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> <a href="/wiki/Operation_Motorman" title="Operation Motorman">Operation Motorman</a>, the military operation for the surge, was the biggest military operation in Ireland since the <a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CAIN1972-147">[146]</a> In total, almost 22,000 British forces were involved.<a href="#cite_note-CAIN1972-147">[146]</a> In the days before 31 July, about 4,000 extra troops were brought into Northern Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-CAIN1972-147">[146]</a> Despite a temporary ceasefire in 1972 and talks with British officials, the Provisionals were determined to continue their campaign until the achievement of a united Ireland. The UK government in London, believing the Northern Ireland administration incapable of containing the security situation, sought to take over the control of law and order there. As this was unacceptable to the Northern Ireland Government, the British government pushed through emergency legislation (the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_(Temporary_Provisions)_Act_1972" title="Northern Ireland (Temporary Provisions) Act 1972">Northern Ireland (Temporary Provisions) Act 1972</a>) which suspended the unionist-controlled <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Parliament of Northern Ireland">Stormont</a> parliament and government, and introduced "<a href="/wiki/Direct_rule_over_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct rule over Northern Ireland">direct rule</a>" from London. Direct rule was initially intended as a short-term measure; the medium-term strategy was to restore self-government to Northern Ireland on a basis that was acceptable to both unionists and nationalists. Agreement proved elusive, however, and the Troubles continued throughout the 1970s, 1980s, and the 1990s within a context of political deadlock. The existence of "no-go areas" in Belfast and Derry was a challenge to the authority of the British government in Northern Ireland, and the British Army demolished the barricades and re-established control over the areas in Operation Motorman on 31 July 1972.<a href="#cite_note-coogan-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-jbb-136">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sunningdale_Agreement_and_UWC_strike">Sunningdale Agreement and UWC strike</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Belfast, 1974</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:British_troops_investigate_a_couple_on_the_street_in_Belfast.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/British_troops_investigate_a_couple_on_the_street_in_Belfast.jpg/200px-British_troops_investigate_a_couple_on_the_street_in_Belfast.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/British_troops_investigate_a_couple_on_the_street_in_Belfast.jpg/300px-British_troops_investigate_a_couple_on_the_street_in_Belfast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/British_troops_investigate_a_couple_on_the_street_in_Belfast.jpg/400px-British_troops_investigate_a_couple_on_the_street_in_Belfast.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1054" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">British troops and police investigate a couple behind the <a href="/wiki/Europa_Hotel,_Belfast" title="Europa Hotel, Belfast">Europa Hotel</a>. They were taken away.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Protestant_graffiti_in_Belfast,_Northern_Ireland,_1974.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Protestant_graffiti_in_Belfast%2C_Northern_Ireland%2C_1974.jpg/200px-Protestant_graffiti_in_Belfast%2C_Northern_Ireland%2C_1974.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Protestant_graffiti_in_Belfast%2C_Northern_Ireland%2C_1974.jpg/300px-Protestant_graffiti_in_Belfast%2C_Northern_Ireland%2C_1974.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Protestant_graffiti_in_Belfast%2C_Northern_Ireland%2C_1974.jpg/400px-Protestant_graffiti_in_Belfast%2C_Northern_Ireland%2C_1974.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1499" data-file-height="1049" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Loyalist graffiti: "You are now in Protestant teratory [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>]"</div></div></div></div></div> In June 1973, following the publication of a British <a href="/wiki/White_Paper" class="mw-redirect" title="White Paper">White Paper</a> and a <a href="/wiki/1973_Northern_Ireland_border_poll" title="1973 Northern Ireland border poll">referendum</a> in March on the status of Northern Ireland, a new parliamentary body, the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly,_1973" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Ireland Assembly, 1973">Northern Ireland Assembly</a>, was established. <a href="/wiki/1973_Northern_Ireland_Assembly_election" title="1973 Northern Ireland Assembly election">Elections</a> to this body were held on 28 June. In October 1973, mainstream nationalist and unionist parties, along with the British and Irish governments, negotiated the <a href="/wiki/Sunningdale_Agreement" title="Sunningdale Agreement">Sunningdale Agreement</a>, which was intended to produce a political settlement within Northern Ireland, but with a so-called "Irish dimension" involving the Republic. The agreement provided for "power-sharing" – the creation of an executive containing both unionists and nationalists; and a "Council of Ireland" – a body made up of ministers from Northern Ireland and the Republic that was designed to encourage cross-border co-operation. Unionists were split over Sunningdale, which was also opposed by the IRA, whose goal remained nothing short of an end to the existence of Northern Ireland as part of the UK. Many unionists opposed the concept of power-sharing, arguing that it was not feasible to share power with nationalists who sought the destruction of the state. Perhaps more significant, however, was the unionist opposition to the "Irish dimension" and the Council of Ireland, which was perceived as being an all-Ireland parliament-in-waiting. Remarks by a young <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_and_Labour_Party" title="Social Democratic and Labour Party">Social Democratic and Labour Party</a> (SDLP) councillor <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Logue" title="Hugh Logue">Hugh Logue</a> to an audience at <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Trinity College Dublin">Trinity College Dublin</a> that Sunningdale was the tool "by which the Unionists will be trundled off to a united Ireland" also damaged chances of significant unionist support for the agreement. In January 1974, <a href="/wiki/Brian_Faulkner" title="Brian Faulkner">Brian Faulkner</a> was narrowly deposed as UUP leader and replaced by <a href="/wiki/Harry_West" title="Harry West">Harry West</a>, although Faulkner retained his position as Chief Executive in the new government. A <a href="/wiki/February_1974_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="February 1974 United Kingdom general election">UK general election in February 1974</a> gave the anti-Sunningdale unionists the opportunity to test unionist opinion with the slogan "Dublin is only a Sunningdale away", and the result galvanised their support: they won 11 of the 12 seats, winning 58% of the vote with most of the rest going to nationalists and pro-Sunningdale unionists.<a href="#cite_note-coogan-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-jbb-136">[135]</a> Ultimately, the Sunningdale Agreement was brought down by mass action on the part of loyalist paramilitaries and workers, who formed the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Workers%27_Council" title="Ulster Workers' Council">Ulster Workers' Council</a>. They organised a <a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">general strike</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Workers%27_Council_strike" title="Ulster Workers' Council strike">Ulster Workers' Council strike</a>. This severely curtailed business in Northern Ireland and cut off essential services such as water and electricity. Nationalists argue that the British Government did not do enough to break this strike and uphold the Sunningdale initiative. There is evidence that the strike was further encouraged by <a href="/wiki/MI5" title="MI5">MI5</a>, a part of their campaign to 'disorientate' British prime minister <a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Harold Wilson</a>'s government<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> (see also <a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson_conspiracy_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold Wilson conspiracy theories">Harold Wilson conspiracy theories</a>). Faced with such opposition, the pro-Sunningdale unionists resigned from the power-sharing government and the new regime collapsed. Three days into the UWC strike, on 17 May 1974, two UVF teams from the Belfast and <a href="/wiki/UVF_Mid-Ulster_Brigade" title="UVF Mid-Ulster Brigade">Mid-Ulster</a> brigades<a href="#cite_note-taylorloyalists-77">[76]</a> detonated <a href="/wiki/Dublin_and_Monaghan_bombings" title="Dublin and Monaghan bombings">three no-warning car bombs</a> in Dublin's city centre during the Friday evening rush hour, resulting in 26 deaths and close to 300 injuries. Ninety minutes later, a fourth car bomb exploded in <a href="/wiki/Monaghan" title="Monaghan">Monaghan</a>, killing seven additional people. Nobody has ever been convicted for these attacks<a href="#cite_note-coogan-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-jbb-136">[135]</a> and the bombings were the greatest loss of life in a single day during the Troubles.<a href="#cite_note-records-126">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proposal_of_an_independent_Northern_Ireland">Proposal of an independent Northern Ireland</h3></div> Even as his government deployed troops in August 1969, Wilson ordered a secret study of whether the British military could withdraw from Northern Ireland, including all 45 bases, such as the submarine school in Derry. The study concluded that the military could do so in three months, but if increased violence collapsed civil society, Britain would have to send in troops again. Without bases, to do so would be an invasion of Ireland; Wilson thus decided against a withdrawal.<a href="#cite_note-ryder20190812-150">[149]</a> Wilson's cabinet discussed the more drastic step of complete British withdrawal from an independent Northern Ireland as early as February 1969, as one of various possibilities for the region including direct rule.<a href="#cite_note-donnelly20000103-151">[150]</a> He wrote in 1971 that Britain had "responsibility without power" there,<a href="#cite_note-bourke20050103-152">[151]</a> and secretly met with the IRA that year while leader of the opposition; his government in late 1974 and early 1975 again met with the IRA to negotiate a ceasefire. During the meetings, the parties discussed complete British withdrawal.<a href="#cite_note-fitzgerald2006-153">[152]</a> Although the British government publicly stated that troops would stay as long as necessary, widespread fear from the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_pub_bombings" title="Birmingham pub bombings">Birmingham pub bombings</a> and other IRA attacks in Britain itself increased support among MPs and the public for a military withdrawal.<a href="#cite_note-sydney-154">[153]</a> The failure of Sunningdale and the effectiveness of the UWC strike against British authority were more evidence to Wilson of his 1971 statement. They led to the serious consideration in London of independence until November 1975. Had the withdrawal occurred – which Wilson supported but others, including <a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">James Callaghan</a>, opposed – the region would have become a separate <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bourke20050103-152">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-fitzgerald2006-153">[152]</a> According to the secret plan, codenamed "Doomsday",<a href="#cite_note-bbc20080911-155">[154]</a> Britain would have had as little to do with the new "Ulster Dominion" as possible, with financial subsidies ending within five years. It would not have been an <a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">associated state</a>, with Britain in control only of foreign relations, because a war between Ulster and the Republic would involve Britain.<a href="#cite_note-bourke20050103-152">[151]</a> The dominion would also not have been a member of the <a href="/wiki/British_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="British Commonwealth">British Commonwealth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bbc20080911-155">[154]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Office" title="Northern Ireland Office">Northern Ireland Office</a> cited the <a href="/wiki/1948_Newfoundland_referendums" title="1948 Newfoundland referendums">1948 Newfoundland referendums</a> – in which the island voluntarily joined Canada, its larger neighbor – as an example that divided Ireland might hopefully follow.<a href="#cite_note-bourke20050103-152">[151]</a> The British negotiations with the IRA, an illegal organisation, angered the Republic's government. It did not know what was discussed but feared that the British were considering abandoning Northern Ireland. Irish Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Garret_FitzGerald" title="Garret FitzGerald">Garret FitzGerald</a> discussed in a memorandum of June 1975 the possibilities of orderly withdrawal and independence, <a href="/wiki/Repartition_of_Ireland" title="Repartition of Ireland">repartition of the island</a>, or a collapse of Northern Ireland into civil war and anarchy. The memorandum preferred a negotiated independence as the best of the three "worst case scenarios", but concluded that the Irish government could do little.<a href="#cite_note-fitzgerald2006-153">[152]</a> The Irish government had already failed to prevent a crowd from the <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_British_Embassy,_Dublin" class="mw-redirect" title="Burning of British Embassy, Dublin">burning of British Embassy, Dublin</a> in 1972. It believed that Ireland could not enlarge the country's small army of 12,500 men without negative consequences. A civil war in Northern Ireland would cause many deaths there and severe consequences for the Republic, as the public would demand that it intervene to protect nationalists. FitzGerald warned Callaghan that the failure to intervene, despite Ireland's inability to do so, would "threaten democratic government in the Republic", which would jeopardise British and European security against <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">Communist</a> and other foreign nations.<a href="#cite_note-fitzgerald2006-153">[152]</a> Wilson's aides had in 1969 come to a similar conclusion, telling him that removing Northern Ireland from the United Kingdom would cause violence and a military intervention by the Republic that would not allow the removal of British troops.<a href="#cite_note-donnelly20000103-151">[150]</a> Loyalist leader <a href="/wiki/Glen_Barr" class="mw-redirect" title="Glen Barr">Glen Barr</a> said in 2008 that a British withdrawal would have caused civil war, as Loyalists would have expected the Republic to invade Northern Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-bbc20080911-155">[154]</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Ramsbotham" title="Peter Ramsbotham">Peter Ramsbotham</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Ambassador_to_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="British Ambassador to the United States">British Ambassador to the United States</a>, warned of a hostile American reaction.<a href="#cite_note-bourke20050103-152">[151]</a> Wilson's desire to extricate the British government from Northern Ireland was ultimately stymied by the fear that doing so might lead to catastrophe.<a href="#cite_note-bourke20050103-152">[151]</a> The Irish government so dreaded the consequences that FitzGerald refused to ask Britain not to withdraw – as he feared that openly discussing the issue could permit the British to proceed – and other members of government opposed the <a href="/wiki/Irish_cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish cabinet">Irish Cabinet</a> even discussing what FitzGerald referred to as a "doomsday scenario". He wrote in 2006 that "Neither then nor since has public opinion in Ireland realised how close to disaster our whole island came during the last two years of Harold Wilson's premiership";<a href="#cite_note-fitzgerald2006-153">[152]</a> in 2008, he said that the Republic "was more at risk then than at any time since our formation".<a href="#cite_note-bbc20080911-155">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mid-1970s">Mid-1970s</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CW._Derry,_IRSP-INLA_m%C3%B6te.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/CW._Derry%2C_IRSP-INLA_m%C3%B6te.JPG/220px-CW._Derry%2C_IRSP-INLA_m%C3%B6te.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/CW._Derry%2C_IRSP-INLA_m%C3%B6te.JPG/330px-CW._Derry%2C_IRSP-INLA_m%C3%B6te.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/CW._Derry%2C_IRSP-INLA_m%C3%B6te.JPG/440px-CW._Derry%2C_IRSP-INLA_m%C3%B6te.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1468" data-file-height="1668" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Irish_National_Liberation_Army" title="Irish National Liberation Army">Irish National Liberation Army</a> began operations in the mid-1970s.</figcaption></figure> In February 1974, an IRA <a href="/wiki/Time_bomb" title="Time bomb">time bomb</a> <a href="/wiki/M62_coach_bombing" title="M62 coach bombing">killed 12 people on a coach</a> on the <a href="/wiki/M62_motorway" title="M62 motorway">M62</a> in the <a href="/wiki/West_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="West Riding of Yorkshire">West Riding of Yorkshire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> <a href="/wiki/Merlyn_Rees" title="Merlyn Rees">Merlyn Rees</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Northern_Ireland" title="Secretary of State for Northern Ireland">Secretary of State for Northern Ireland</a>, lifted the proscription against the UVF in April 1974. In December, a month after the Birmingham pub bombings killed 21 people, the IRA declared a ceasefire; this would theoretically last throughout most of the following year. The ceasefire notwithstanding, sectarian killings escalated in 1975, along with internal feuding between rival paramilitary groups. This made 1975 one of the "bloodiest years of the conflict".<a href="#cite_note-taylorloyalists-77">[76]</a> On 7 August 1974, a 24 year old man from Limehill near <a href="/wiki/Pomeroy,_County_Tyrone" title="Pomeroy, County Tyrone">Pomeroy, County Tyrone</a> was shot in the back and killed by a member of the British Army (First Battalion, Royal Regiment of Wales). At the first inquest the soldier was cleared of all charges but in 2020 another inquest was ordered by the Attorney General. The inquest was the first in a series of coroners' inquiries into deaths associated with the Troubles.<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> The Coroner ruled that the killing of Paddy McElhone was unjustified with a judge stating "an innocent man shot in cold blood without warning when he was no threat to anyone." The McElhone family issued a statement reading in part: "Our family always knew that Paddy was an innocent young man, taken from his home and shot by a British soldier for no reason". The statement also said that his parents "went to their graves broken-hearted knowing that their innocent son had been killed, without justification, explanation or apology".<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> On 5 April 1975, Irish republican paramilitary members killed a UDA <a href="/wiki/Volunteer_(Ulster_loyalist)" title="Volunteer (Ulster loyalist)">volunteer</a> and four Protestant <a href="/wiki/Civilians" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilians">civilians</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Gun" title="Gun">gun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bomb" title="Bomb">bomb</a> <a href="/wiki/Mountainview_Tavern_attack" title="Mountainview Tavern attack">attack at the Mountainview Tavern</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Shankill_Road" title="Shankill Road">Shankill Road</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a>. The attack was claimed by the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Action_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Action Force">Republican Action Force</a> believed to be a covername used by Provisional IRA (IRA) <a href="/wiki/Volunteer_(Irish_republican)" title="Volunteer (Irish republican)">volunteers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> On 31 July 1975 at Buskhill, outside <a href="/wiki/Newry" title="Newry">Newry</a>, popular Irish <a href="/wiki/Cabaret" title="Cabaret">cabaret</a> band <a href="/wiki/The_Miami_Showband" title="The Miami Showband">the Miami Showband</a> was returning home to Dublin after a gig in <a href="/wiki/Banbridge" title="Banbridge">Banbridge</a> when it was <a href="/wiki/Miami_Showband_killings" title="Miami Showband killings">ambushed by gunmen</a> from the UVF Mid-Ulster Brigade wearing British Army uniforms at a bogus military <a href="/wiki/Security_checkpoint" title="Security checkpoint">roadside checkpoint</a> on the main <a href="/wiki/A1_road_(Northern_Ireland)" title="A1 road (Northern Ireland)">A1 road</a>. Three of the bandmembers, two Catholics and a Protestant, were shot dead, while two of the UVF men were killed when the bomb they had loaded onto the band's minibus detonated prematurely. The following January, eleven Protestant workers were gunned down in <a href="/wiki/Kingsmill_massacre" title="Kingsmill massacre">Kingsmill, South Armagh</a> after having been ordered off their bus by an armed republican gang, which called itself the <a href="/wiki/South_Armagh_Republican_Action_Force" title="South Armagh Republican Action Force">South Armagh Republican Action Force</a>. This resulted in 10 fatalities, with one man surviving despite being shot 18 times. These killings were reportedly in retaliation to a loyalist double shooting attack against the <a href="/wiki/Reavey_and_O%27Dowd_killings" title="Reavey and O'Dowd killings">Reavey and O'Dowd families</a> the previous night.<a href="#cite_note-coogan-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-suttonindexofdeaths-117">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-jbb-136">[135]</a> The violence continued through the rest of the 1970s. This included a series of attacks in <a href="/wiki/Southern_England" title="Southern England">Southern England</a> in 1974 and 1975 by Provisional IRA <a href="/wiki/Active_service_unit" title="Active service unit">active service unit</a> the <a href="/wiki/Balcombe_Street_Gang" class="mw-redirect" title="Balcombe Street Gang">Balcombe Street Gang</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> The British Government reinstated the ban against the UVF in October 1975, making it once more an illegal organisation. The Provisional IRA's December 1974 ceasefire officially ended in January 1976, although it had carried out several attacks in 1975.<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> The Provisional IRA had lost the hope it had felt in the early 1970s that it could force a rapid British withdrawal from Northern Ireland, and instead developed a strategy known as the "<a href="/wiki/Long_War_(Provisional_IRA_strategy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Long War (Provisional IRA strategy)">Long War</a>", which involved a less intense but more sustained campaign of violence that could continue indefinitely.<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> The Official IRA ceasefire of 1972, however, became permanent, and the "Official" movement eventually evolved into the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_(Ireland)" title="Workers' Party (Ireland)">Workers' Party</a>, which rejected violence completely. However, a splinter from the "Officials" – the <a href="/wiki/Irish_National_Liberation_Army" title="Irish National Liberation Army">Irish National Liberation Army</a> – continued a campaign of violence beginning in 1974.<a href="#cite_note-jbb-136">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_1970s">Late 1970s</h3></div> By the late 1970s, <a href="/wiki/War-weariness" title="War-weariness">war-weariness</a> was visible in both communities. One sign of this was the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Community_for_Peace_People" class="mw-redirect" title="Community for Peace People">Peace People</a>, which won the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> in 1976. The Peace People organised large demonstrations calling for an end to paramilitary violence. Their campaign lost momentum, however, after they appealed to the nationalist community to provide information on the IRA to security forces.<a href="#cite_note-dooley-165">[164]</a> In February 1978, the IRA <a href="/wiki/La_Mon_restaurant_bombing" title="La Mon restaurant bombing">bombed La Mon</a>, a hotel restaurant in <a href="/wiki/Comber" title="Comber">Comber</a>, County Down.<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> The decade ended with a double attack by the IRA against the British. On 27 August 1979, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Mountbatten" title="Lord Mountbatten">Lord Mountbatten</a>, while on holiday in Mullaghmore, <a href="/wiki/County_Sligo" title="County Sligo">County Sligo</a>, was killed by a bomb planted on board his boat. Three other people were also killed: <a href="/wiki/Doreen_Knatchbull,_Baroness_Brabourne" title="Doreen Knatchbull, Baroness Brabourne">Lady Brabourne</a>, the elderly mother of Mountbatten's son-in-law; and two teenagers, a grandson of Mountbatten and a local boatman.<a href="#cite_note-suttonindexofdeaths-117">[116]</a> That same day, eighteen British soldiers, mostly members of the <a href="/wiki/Parachute_Regiment_(United_Kingdom)" title="Parachute Regiment (United Kingdom)">Parachute Regiment</a>, were killed by two remote-controlled bombs in the <a href="/wiki/Warrenpoint_ambush" title="Warrenpoint ambush">Warrenpoint ambush</a> at Narrow Water Castle, near <a href="/wiki/Warrenpoint" title="Warrenpoint">Warrenpoint</a>, County Down.<a href="#cite_note-taylorloyalists-77">[76]</a> It was the British Army's largest loss of life in a single incident in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Banner" title="Operation Banner">Operation Banner</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a> Successive British Governments, having failed to achieve a political settlement, tried to "normalise" Northern Ireland. Aspects included the removal of internment without trial and the removal of <a href="/wiki/Special_Category_Status" title="Special Category Status">political status</a> for paramilitary prisoners. From 1972 onward, paramilitaries were tried in juryless <a href="/wiki/Diplock_courts" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplock courts">Diplock courts</a> to avoid intimidation of jurors. On conviction, they were to be treated as ordinary criminals. Resistance to this policy among republican prisoners led to more than 500 of them in the <a href="/wiki/Maze_prison" class="mw-redirect" title="Maze prison">Maze prison</a> initiating the <a href="/wiki/Blanket_protest" title="Blanket protest">"blanket"</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dirty_protest" title="Dirty protest">"dirty"</a> protests. Their protests culminated in <a href="/wiki/Hunger_strike" title="Hunger strike">hunger strikes</a> in 1980 and 1981, aimed at the restoration of political status, as well as other concessions.<a href="#cite_note-coogan-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-jbb-136">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1980s">1980s</h2></div> In the <a href="/wiki/1981_Irish_hunger_strike" title="1981 Irish hunger strike">1981 Irish hunger strike</a>, ten republican prisoners (seven from the Provisional IRA and three from the INLA) died of starvation. The first hunger striker to die, <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Sands" title="Bobby Sands">Bobby Sands</a>, was elected to Parliament on an <a href="/wiki/Anti-H-Block" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-H-Block">Anti-H-Block</a> ticket, as was his election agent <a href="/wiki/Owen_Carron" title="Owen Carron">Owen Carron</a> following Sands's death. The hunger strikes resonated among many nationalists; over 100,000 people<a href="#cite_note-cainhsc-168">[167]</a> attended Sands's funeral mass in West Belfast and thousands attended those of the other hunger strikers. From an Irish republican perspective, the significance of these events was to demonstrate potential for a political and electoral strategy.<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> In the wake of the hunger strikes, Sinn Féin, which had become the Provisional IRA's political wing,<a href="#cite_note-cainhsc-168">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-taylorbehindthemask-170">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-toolis-171">[170]</a> began to contest elections for the first time in both Northern Ireland (as <a href="/wiki/Abstentionism" title="Abstentionism">abstentionists</a>) and in the Republic. In 1986, Sinn Féin recognised the legitimacy of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_D%C3%A1il" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish Dáil">Irish Dáil</a>, which caused a small group of members to break away and form <a href="/wiki/Republican_Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Republican Sinn Féin">Republican Sinn Féin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-coogan-59">[58]</a> The IRA's "Long War" was boosted by large donations of arms from <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> in the 1980s (see <a href="/wiki/Provisional_IRA_arms_importation" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisional IRA arms importation">Provisional IRA arms importation</a>) partly due to <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a>'s anger at British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a>'s government for assisting the <a href="/wiki/Reagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan">Reagan</a> government's <a href="/wiki/1986_bombing_of_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="1986 bombing of Libya">1986 bombing of Libya</a>, which had allegedly killed one of Gaddafi's children. Additionally, it received funding from supporters in the Republic of Ireland and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and elsewhere throughout the <a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish diaspora</a>.<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a> Loyalist paramilitaries also received significant funding and arms from supporters in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FADD-173">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Belfast_1981.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A picture of a city street with an army vehicle in the road." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/South_Belfast_1981.jpg/220px-South_Belfast_1981.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/South_Belfast_1981.jpg/330px-South_Belfast_1981.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/South_Belfast_1981.jpg/440px-South_Belfast_1981.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1282" data-file-height="857" /></a><figcaption>British troops in South Belfast, 1981</figcaption></figure> In July 1982, the IRA <a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park_and_Regent%27s_Park_bombings" title="Hyde Park and Regent's Park bombings">bombed</a> military ceremonies in London's <a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park,_London" title="Hyde Park, London">Hyde Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regent%27s_Park" title="Regent's Park">Regent's Park</a>, killing four soldiers, seven bandsmen, and seven horses.<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a> The INLA was highly active in the early and mid-1980s. In December 1982, it <a href="/wiki/Droppin_Well_bombing" title="Droppin Well bombing">bombed a disco</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ballykelly,_County_Londonderry" title="Ballykelly, County Londonderry">Ballykelly, County Londonderry</a>, frequented by off-duty British soldiers which killed 11 soldiers and six civilians.<a href="#cite_note-suttonindexofdeaths-117">[116]</a> In December 1983, the IRA <a href="/wiki/Harrods_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Harrods bombing">attacked</a> <a href="/wiki/Harrods" title="Harrods">Harrods</a> using a car bomb, killing six people.<a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a> One of the IRA's most high-profile actions in this period was the <a href="/wiki/Brighton_hotel_bombing" title="Brighton hotel bombing">Brighton hotel bombing</a> on 12 October 1984, when it set off a 100-pound time bomb in the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Brighton_Hotel" title="Grand Brighton Hotel">Grand Brighton Hotel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brighton" title="Brighton">Brighton</a>, where politicians including Thatcher were staying for the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a> conference. The bomb, which exploded in the early hours of the morning, killed five people, including Conservative MP Sir <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Berry" title="Anthony Berry">Anthony Berry</a>, and injured 34 others.<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand-Hotel-Following-Bomb-Attack-1984-10-12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Grand-Hotel-Following-Bomb-Attack-1984-10-12.jpg/220px-Grand-Hotel-Following-Bomb-Attack-1984-10-12.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Grand-Hotel-Following-Bomb-Attack-1984-10-12.jpg/330px-Grand-Hotel-Following-Bomb-Attack-1984-10-12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Grand-Hotel-Following-Bomb-Attack-1984-10-12.jpg/440px-Grand-Hotel-Following-Bomb-Attack-1984-10-12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1640" data-file-height="1011" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Brighton_Hotel" title="Grand Brighton Hotel">Grand Brighton Hotel</a> after the IRA <a href="/wiki/Brighton_hotel_bombing" title="Brighton hotel bombing">bomb attack</a> in October 1984</figcaption></figure> On 28 February 1985 in Newry, nine RUC officers were killed in <a href="/wiki/1985_Newry_mortar_attack" title="1985 Newry mortar attack">a mortar attack</a> on the police station.<a href="#cite_note-NB-178">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a> It was planned by the IRA's <a href="/wiki/South_Armagh_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="South Armagh Brigade">South Armagh Brigade</a> and an IRA unit in Newry. Nine shells were fired from a mark 10 mortar which was bolted onto the back of a hijacked Ford van in <a href="/wiki/Crossmaglen" title="Crossmaglen">Crossmaglen</a>. Eight shells overshot the station; the ninth hit a <a href="/wiki/Portable_cabin" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable cabin">portable cabin</a> which was being used as a canteen. It was the RUC's largest loss of life during the Troubles.<a href="#cite_note-NB-178">[177]</a> On 8 May 1987, eight IRA members <a href="/wiki/Loughgall_ambush" title="Loughgall ambush">attacked</a> an RUC station in <a href="/wiki/Loughgall" title="Loughgall">Loughgall</a>, County Armagh, using a bomb and guns.<a href="#cite_note-BTL-180">[179]</a> All were killed by the SAS – the most IRA members killed in a single incident in the Troubles.<a href="#cite_note-BTL-180">[179]</a> On 8 November 1987 in <a href="/wiki/Enniskillen" title="Enniskillen">Enniskillen</a>, County Fermanagh, a Provisional IRA <a href="/wiki/Enniskillen_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Enniskillen bombing">time bomb</a> exploded during a <a href="/wiki/Remembrance_Sunday" title="Remembrance Sunday">Remembrance Sunday</a> ceremony for UK Commonwealth war casualties. The bomb went off near a <a href="/wiki/Cenotaph" title="Cenotaph">cenotaph</a> that was at the heart of the parade. Eleven people (ten civilians and one serving member of the RUC) were killed and 63 were injured. Former school <a href="/wiki/Headmaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Headmaster">headmaster</a> Ronnie Hill was seriously injured in the bombing and slipped into a coma two days later, remaining in this condition for more than a decade before his death in December 2000.<a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a> The unit that carried out the bombing was disbanded.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] Loyalist paramilitaries responded to the bombing with revenge attacks on Catholics, mostly civilians.<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a> Another bomb had been planted at nearby <a href="/wiki/Tullyhommon" title="Tullyhommon">Tullyhommon</a> at a parallel Remembrance Day commemoration but failed to detonate.<a href="#cite_note-jbb-136">[135]</a> In March 1988, three IRA volunteers who were planning a bombing were shot dead by the SAS at a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Dutch Shell">Shell</a> petrol station on Winston Churchill Avenue in <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>, the <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="British Overseas Territory">British Overseas Territory</a> attached to the south of Spain. This became known as <a href="/wiki/Operation_Flavius" title="Operation Flavius">Operation Flavius</a>. Their funeral at <a href="/wiki/Milltown_Cemetery" title="Milltown Cemetery">Milltown Cemetery</a> in Belfast <a href="/wiki/Milltown_Cemetery_attack" title="Milltown Cemetery attack">was attacked</a> by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Stone_(loyalist)" title="Michael Stone (loyalist)">Michael Stone</a>, a UDA member who threw grenades as the coffin was lowered and shot at people who chased him. Stone killed three people, including IRA volunteer Kevin Brady. Stone was jailed for life the following year, but was freed 11 years later under the Good Friday Agreement.<a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a> Two British Army corporals, David Howes and Derek Wood, who were in plain clothes, drove their car into Brady's funeral cortege in <a href="/wiki/Andersonstown" title="Andersonstown">Andersonstown</a>. The crowd assumed the soldiers were loyalists intent on repeating Stone's attack; dozens of people surrounded and attacked their car. The soldiers were pulled out of their car, kidnapped and shot dead by the IRA. This became known as the <a href="/wiki/Corporals_killings" title="Corporals killings">Corporals killings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-coogan-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-jbb-136">[135]</a> In September 1989, the IRA used a time bomb <a href="/wiki/Deal_barracks_bombing" title="Deal barracks bombing">to attack</a> the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Marine_Depot,_Deal" title="Royal Marine Depot, Deal">Royal Marine Depot, Deal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a>, killing 11 bandsmen.<a href="#cite_note-184">[183]</a> Towards the end of the decade, the British Army tried to soften its public appearance to residents in communities such as Derry in order to improve relations between the local community and the military. Soldiers were told not to use the telescopic sights on their rifles to scan the streets, as civilians believed they were being aimed at. Soldiers were also encouraged to wear berets when manning checkpoints (and later other situations) rather than helmets, which were perceived as militaristic and hostile. The system of complaints was overhauled – previously, if civilians believed they were being harassed or abused by soldiers in the streets or during searches and made a complaint, they would never find out what action (if any) was taken. The new regulations required an officer to visit the complainants house to inform them of the outcome of their complaint.<a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a> In the 1980s, loyalist paramilitary groups—the Ulster Volunteer Force, the Ulster Defence Association, and <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Resistance" title="Ulster Resistance">Ulster Resistance</a>—imported arms and explosives from <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-taylorloyalists-77">[76]</a> The weapons obtained were divided between the groups, although some of the weaponry (such as <a href="/wiki/Rocket-propelled_grenade" title="Rocket-propelled grenade">rocket-propelled grenades</a>) were hardly used. In 1987, the <a href="/wiki/Irish_People%27s_Liberation_Organisation" title="Irish People's Liberation Organisation">Irish People's Liberation Organisation</a> (IPLO), a breakaway faction of the INLA, engaged in a bloody feud against the INLA which weakened the INLA's presence in some areas. By 1992, the IPLO was destroyed by the Provisionals for its involvement in drug dealing, thus ending the feud.<a href="#cite_note-coogan-59">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1990s">1990s</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Northern Ireland peace process</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Escalation_in_South_Armagh">Escalation in South Armagh</h3></div> The IRA's South Armagh Brigade had made the countryside village of Crossmaglen their stronghold since the 1970s. The surrounding villages of <a href="/wiki/Silverbridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Silverbridge">Silverbridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cullyhanna" title="Cullyhanna">Cullyhanna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cullaville" title="Cullaville">Cullaville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forkhill" title="Forkhill">Forkhill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonesborough,_County_Armagh" title="Jonesborough, County Armagh">Jonesborough</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Creggan,_County_Armagh" title="Creggan, County Armagh">Creggan</a> were also IRA strongholds. In February 1978, a British Army <a href="/wiki/Gazelle_helicopter" class="mw-redirect" title="Gazelle helicopter">Gazelle helicopter</a> <a href="/wiki/1978_British_Army_Gazelle_downing" title="1978 British Army Gazelle downing">was shot down near Silverbridge</a>, killing Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/Ian_Corden-Lloyd" title="Ian Corden-Lloyd">Ian Corden-Lloyd</a>.<a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sniperatwork.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sniperatwork.jpg/220px-Sniperatwork.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sniperatwork.jpg/330px-Sniperatwork.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Sniperatwork.jpg 2x" data-file-width="409" data-file-height="268" /></a><figcaption>'Sniper at Work' sign in Crossmaglen</figcaption></figure> In the 1990s, the IRA came up with a new plan to restrict British Army foot patrols near Crossmaglen. They developed <a href="/wiki/South_Armagh_Sniper_(1990%E2%80%931997)" title="South Armagh Sniper (1990–1997)">two sniper teams</a> to attack British Army and RUC patrols.<a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a> They usually fired from an <a href="/wiki/Improvised_vehicle_armour" title="Improvised vehicle armour">improvised armoured car</a> using a .50 BMG calibre <a href="/wiki/Barrett_M82" title="Barrett M82">M82 sniper rifle</a>. Signs were put up around South Armagh reading "Sniper at Work". The snipers killed a total of nine members of the security forces: seven soldiers and two constables. The last to be killed before the Good Friday Agreement was a British soldier, <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_(rank)" title="Bombardier (rank)">bombardier</a> Steven Restorick. The IRA had developed the capacity to attack helicopters in South Armagh and elsewhere since the 1980s,<a href="#cite_note-Toby_Harnden-2000-188">[187]</a> including the 1990 <a href="/wiki/1990_British_Army_Gazelle_shootdown" title="1990 British Army Gazelle shootdown">shootdown of a Gazelle</a> flying over the border between counties Tyrone and <a href="/wiki/County_Monaghan" title="County Monaghan">Monaghan</a> by the East Tyrone Brigade; there were no fatalities in any of those incidents.<a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a> Another incident involving British helicopters in South Armagh was the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Newry_Road" title="Battle of Newry Road">Battle of Newry Road</a> in September 1993.<a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a> Two other <a href="/wiki/1994_British_Army_Lynx_shootdown" title="1994 British Army Lynx shootdown">helicopters</a>, a British Army <a href="/wiki/Westland_Lynx" title="Westland Lynx">Lynx</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/Eurocopter_AS332_Super_Puma" title="Eurocopter AS332 Super Puma">Puma</a> were shot down by <a href="/wiki/Barrack_buster" title="Barrack buster">improvised mortar</a> fire in 1994. The IRA set up checkpoints in South Armagh during this period, which were unchallenged by the security forces.<a href="#cite_note-Toby_Harnden-2000-188">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Downing_Street_mortar_attack">Downing Street mortar attack</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1991_Mortar_attack_on_Downing_Street.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c4/1991_Mortar_attack_on_Downing_Street.jpg/220px-1991_Mortar_attack_on_Downing_Street.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c4/1991_Mortar_attack_on_Downing_Street.jpg/330px-1991_Mortar_attack_on_Downing_Street.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c4/1991_Mortar_attack_on_Downing_Street.jpg 2x" data-file-width="331" data-file-height="301" /></a><figcaption>Police officers looking at a burned van used by the IRA in the 1991 mortar attack on 10 Downing Street</figcaption></figure> On 7 February 1991, the IRA attempted to assassinate prime minister <a href="/wiki/John_Major" title="John Major">John Major</a> and his <a href="/wiki/War_cabinet" title="War cabinet">war cabinet</a> by <a href="/wiki/Downing_Street_mortar_attack" title="Downing Street mortar attack">firing</a> a <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">mortar</a> at <a href="/wiki/10_Downing_Street" title="10 Downing Street">10 Downing Street</a> while they were gathered there to discuss the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IN-192">[191]</a> The shelling caused only four injuries, two of which were to police officers, while Major and the entire war cabinet were unharmed.<a href="#cite_note-IN-192">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_ceasefire">First ceasefire</h3></div> After a prolonged period of background political manoeuvring, during which the 1992 <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Exchange_bombing" title="Baltic Exchange bombing">Baltic Exchange</a> and <a href="/wiki/1993_Bishopsgate_bombing" title="1993 Bishopsgate bombing">1993 Bishopsgate bombings</a> occurred in London, both loyalist and republican paramilitary groups declared ceasefires in 1994. The year leading up to the ceasefires included a <a href="/wiki/Mass_shooting" title="Mass shooting">mass shooting</a> in <a href="/wiki/Castlerock" title="Castlerock">Castlerock</a>, County Londonderry in which <a href="/wiki/1993_Castlerock_killings" title="1993 Castlerock killings">four people were killed</a>. The IRA responded with the <a href="/wiki/Shankill_Road_bombing" title="Shankill Road bombing">Shankill Road bombing</a> in October 1993, which aimed to kill the UDA leadership, but instead killed eight Protestant civilian shoppers and a low-ranking UDA member, as well as one of the perpetrators, who was killed when the bomb detonated prematurely. The UDA responded with attacks in nationalist areas including <a href="/wiki/Greysteel_massacre" title="Greysteel massacre">a mass shooting</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greysteel" title="Greysteel">Greysteel</a>, in which eight civilians were killed – six Catholics and two Protestants.<a href="#cite_note-coogan-59">[58]</a> On 16 June 1994, just before the ceasefires, the Irish National Liberation Army <a href="/wiki/1994_Shankill_Road_killings" title="1994 Shankill Road killings">killed three UVF members in a gun attack on the Shankill Road</a>. In revenge, three days later the UVF <a href="/wiki/Loughinisland_massacre" title="Loughinisland massacre">killed six civilians in a shooting at a pub</a> in <a href="/wiki/Loughinisland" title="Loughinisland">Loughinisland</a>, County Down. The IRA, in the remaining month before its ceasefire, killed four senior loyalist paramilitaries, three from the UDA and one from the UVF. On 31 August 1994, the IRA declared a <a href="/wiki/Ceasefire" title="Ceasefire">ceasefire</a>. The loyalist paramilitaries, temporarily united in the "<a href="/wiki/Combined_Loyalist_Military_Command" title="Combined Loyalist Military Command">Combined Loyalist Military Command</a>", reciprocated six weeks later. Although these ceasefires failed in the short run, they marked an effective end to large-scale political violence, as they paved the way for the final ceasefires.<a href="#cite_note-coogan-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-jbb-136">[135]</a> In 1995, the United States appointed <a href="/wiki/George_J._Mitchell" title="George J. Mitchell">George J. Mitchell</a> as the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Special_Envoy_for_Northern_Ireland" title="United States Special Envoy for Northern Ireland">United States Special Envoy for Northern Ireland</a>. Mitchell was recognised as being more than a token envoy and as representing a President (<a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>) with a deep interest in events.<a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a> The British and Irish governments agreed that Mitchell would chair an international commission on disarmament of paramilitary groups.<a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_ceasefire">Second ceasefire</h3></div> On 9 February 1996, less than two years after the declaration of the ceasefire, the IRA revoked it with the <a href="/wiki/Docklands_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Docklands bombing">Docklands bombing</a> in the Canary Wharf area of London, killing two people, injuring 39 others,<a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a> and causing £85 million in damage to the city's financial centre. Sinn Féin blamed the failure of the ceasefire on the British Government's refusal to begin all-party negotiations until the IRA decommissioned its weapons.<a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Quay_bombing_-_9.2.96.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A picture of a large office building which has been very badly damaged." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7a/South_Quay_bombing_-_9.2.96.jpg/220px-South_Quay_bombing_-_9.2.96.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7a/South_Quay_bombing_-_9.2.96.jpg/330px-South_Quay_bombing_-_9.2.96.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/7a/South_Quay_bombing_-_9.2.96.jpg 2x" data-file-width="357" data-file-height="279" /></a><figcaption>The destruction caused by the Docklands bombing in London, 1996</figcaption></figure> The attack was followed by several more, most notably the <a href="/wiki/1996_Manchester_bombing" title="1996 Manchester bombing">1996 Manchester bombing</a>, which destroyed a large area of the centre of the city on 15 June. It was the largest bomb attack in Britain since <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. While the attack avoided any fatalities due to a telephone warning and the rapid response of the emergency services, over 200 people were injured in the attack, many of them outside the established cordon. The damage caused by the blast was estimated at £411 million. <a href="/wiki/Lance_bombardier" class="mw-redirect" title="Lance bombardier">Lance bombardier</a> Stephen Restorick, the last British soldier killed during the Troubles, was shot dead at a checkpoint on the Green Rd near Bessbrook on 12 February 1997 by the IRA's <a href="/wiki/South_Armagh_Sniper_(1990%E2%80%931997)" title="South Armagh Sniper (1990–1997)">South Armagh sniper</a>.<a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a> The IRA reinstated their ceasefire in July 1997, as negotiations for the document that became known as the Good Friday Agreement began without Sinn Féin. In September of the same year, Sinn Féin signed <a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Principles" title="Mitchell Principles">the Mitchell Principles</a> and were admitted to the talks. The UVF was the first paramilitary grouping to split as a result of their ceasefire, spawning the <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_Volunteer_Force" title="Loyalist Volunteer Force">Loyalist Volunteer Force</a> (LVF) in 1996. In December 1997, the INLA assassinated LVF leader <a href="/wiki/Billy_Wright_(loyalist)" title="Billy Wright (loyalist)">Billy Wright</a>, leading to a series of revenge killings by loyalist groups. A group split from the Provisional IRA and formed the <a href="/wiki/Real_IRA" class="mw-redirect" title="Real IRA">Real IRA</a> (RIRA).<a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a> In August 1998, <a href="/wiki/Omagh_bombing" title="Omagh bombing">a Real IRA bomb</a> in <a href="/wiki/Omagh" title="Omagh">Omagh</a> killed 29 civilians, the most by a single bomb during the Troubles.<a href="#cite_note-records-126">[125]</a> This bombing discredited "<a href="/wiki/Dissident_republican" title="Dissident republican">dissident republicans</a>" and their campaigns in the eyes of many who had previously supported the Provisionals' campaign. They became small groups with little influence, but still capable of violence.<a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a> The INLA also declared a ceasefire after the Good Friday Agreement. Since then, most paramilitary violence has been directed at their "own" communities and at other factions within their organisations. The UDA, for example, has feuded with their fellow loyalists the UVF on two occasions since 2000. There have been internal struggles for power between "brigade commanders" and involvement in <a href="/wiki/Organised_crime" class="mw-redirect" title="Organised crime">organised crime</a>.<a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_process">Political process</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unidentified_irish_mural.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Unidentified_irish_mural.jpg/220px-Unidentified_irish_mural.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Unidentified_irish_mural.jpg/330px-Unidentified_irish_mural.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Unidentified_irish_mural.jpg/440px-Unidentified_irish_mural.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>A republican mural in Belfast during the mid-1990s bidding "safe home" (<a href="/wiki/Sl%C3%A1n_Abhaile" class="mw-redirect" title="Slán Abhaile">Slán Abhaile</a>) to British troops. Security normalisation was one of the key points of the Good Friday Agreement.</figcaption></figure> After the ceasefires, talks began between the main political parties in Northern Ireland to establish political agreement. These talks led to the <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">Good Friday Agreement</a> of 1998. This Agreement restored self-government to Northern Ireland on the basis of "power-sharing". In 1999, an executive was formed consisting of the four main parties, including Sinn Féin. Other important changes included the reform of the RUC, renamed as the <a href="/wiki/Police_Service_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Police Service of Northern Ireland">Police Service of Northern Ireland</a>, which was required to recruit at least a 50% quota of Catholics for ten years, and the removal of <a href="/wiki/Diplock_courts" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplock courts">Diplock courts</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Justice_and_Security_(Northern_Ireland)_Act_2007" title="Justice and Security (Northern Ireland) Act 2007">Justice and Security (Northern Ireland) Act 2007</a>.<a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a> A security normalisation process also began as part of the treaty, which comprised the progressive closing of redundant British Army barracks, border observation towers, and the withdrawal of all forces taking part in Operation Banner – including the resident battalions of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Irish_Regiment_(1992)" title="Royal Irish Regiment (1992)">Royal Irish Regiment</a> – that would be replaced by <a href="/wiki/19th_Light_Brigade_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="19th Light Brigade (United Kingdom)">an infantry brigade</a>, deployed in ten sites around Northern Ireland but with no operative role in the province.<a href="#cite_note-MODreport-9">[8]</a> The power-sharing Executive and Assembly were suspended in 2002, when unionists withdrew following "<a href="/wiki/Stormontgate" title="Stormontgate">Stormontgate</a>", a controversy over allegations of an IRA spy ring operating at Stormont. There were ongoing tensions about the Provisional IRA's failure to disarm fully and sufficiently quickly. IRA decommissioning has since been completed (in September 2005) to the satisfaction of most parties.<a href="#cite_note-202">[201]</a> A feature of Northern Ireland politics since the Agreement has been eclipsed in electoral terms of parties such as the <a href="/wiki/SDLP" class="mw-redirect" title="SDLP">SDLP</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party" title="Ulster Unionist Party">Ulster Unionist Party</a> (UUP) by rival parties such as Sinn Féin and the DUP. Similarly, although political violence is greatly reduced, sectarian animosity has not disappeared. Residential areas are more segregated between Catholic nationalists and Protestant unionists than ever.<a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update?</a>] Thus, progress towards restoring the power-sharing institutions was slow and tortuous. On 8 May 2007, devolved government returned to Northern Ireland. DUP leader <a href="/wiki/Ian_Paisley" title="Ian Paisley">Ian Paisley</a> and Sinn Féin's <a href="/wiki/Martin_McGuinness" title="Martin McGuinness">Martin McGuinness</a> took office as First Minister and deputy First Minister, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Support_outside_Northern_Ireland">Support outside Northern Ireland</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arms_importation">Arms importation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Provisional_IRA_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Provisional IRA in the Republic of Ireland">Provisional IRA in the Republic of Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_arms_importation" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army arms importation">Provisional Irish Republican Army arms importation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Official_Irish_Republican_Army#Support" title="Official Irish Republican Army">Official Irish Republican Army § Support</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Irish_National_Liberation_Army#Arms_importation" title="Irish National Liberation Army">Irish National Liberation Army § Arms importation</a></div> Both Republican and Loyalist paramilitaries sought to obtain weapons outside of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> in order to achieve their objectives. Irish Republican paramilitaries received the vast majority of external support. Over the years, the Provisional IRA imported arms from external sources such as sympathisers in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish diaspora</a> communities within the <a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a>, mainland Europe, the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">Palestine Liberation Organization</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libyan</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> supplied the Official IRA with 5,000 weapons,<a href="#cite_note-205">[204]</a> and the INLA received considerable arms from overseas as well. The IRA's primary external support was from the Republic of Ireland, whose safe haven allowed the group to raise legal and illegal funds, organise and train, and manufacture a large number of firearms and explosives with ease and then smuggled them into Northern Ireland and England.<a href="#cite_note-HWEFA-206">[205]</a> The IRA's primary weapon in the Republic was <a href="/wiki/Explosive" title="Explosive">explosives</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Gelignite" title="Gelignite">gelignite</a> and <a href="/wiki/ANFO" title="ANFO">ANFO</a>), which were responsible for the vast majority of the bombings in Northern Ireland and England throughout the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-HWEFA-206">[205]</a> While the <a href="/wiki/Plastic_explosive" title="Plastic explosive">plastic explosive</a> <a href="/wiki/Semtex" title="Semtex">Semtex</a> donated by Gaddafi was appreciated and infamous in IRA bombing campaigns, they were actually sparsely used. Notable events of IRA bombs of Irish origin included Bloody Friday, the Warrenpoint ambush, the assassination of Lord Mountbatten, and the Hyde Park and Regent's Park bombings. Loyalist paramilitaries also received support, mainly from Protestant supporters in Canada, England, and Scotland (including members of the Orange Order). From 1979 to 1986, loyalist paramilitaries imported up to 100 machine guns and "as many rifles, grenade launchers, magnum revolvers and hundreds of thousands of rounds of ammunition from Canada."<a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a> Members of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Orange_Lodge_of_Scotland" title="Grand Orange Lodge of Scotland">Grand Orange Lodge of Scotland</a> sent gelignite explosives to UDA and UVF members.<a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a> British Army's <a href="/wiki/Force_Research_Unit" title="Force Research Unit">Force Research Unit</a> (FRU) agent <a href="/wiki/Brian_Nelson_(Northern_Irish_loyalist)" title="Brian Nelson (Northern Irish loyalist)">Brian Nelson</a> also secured a large amount of weaponry from the South African government to loyalists.<a href="#cite_note-211">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funding">Funding</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary_finances_in_the_Troubles" title="Paramilitary finances in the Troubles">Paramilitary finances in the Troubles</a></div> Irish Republican and Loyalist militants also received significant funding from groups, individuals, and state actors outside Northern Ireland. From the 1970s to the early 1990s, Libya gave the IRA over $12.5 million in cash (equivalent to $46.2 million in 2023).<a href="#cite_note-212">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a> The IRA also received at least $2 million from the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Armed_Forces_of_Colombia" title="Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia">Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia</a> (FARC) in exchange for training them with bomb techniques, including <a href="/wiki/Shaped_charge" title="Shaped charge">shaped charges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Propane_bomb" title="Propane bomb">propane bombs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landmine" class="mw-redirect" title="Landmine">landmines</a>, and the construction of mortars (see also the <a href="/wiki/Colombia_Three" title="Colombia Three">Colombia Three</a>).<a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a> On the Loyalist side, the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Affairs_Select_Committee" title="Northern Ireland Affairs Select Committee">Northern Ireland Affairs Select Committee</a> report of June 2002 stated that "in 1992 it was estimated that Scottish support for the UDA and UVF might amount to £100,000 a year."<a href="#cite_note-DDBVGEW-216">[215]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a> outside Great Britain, <a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans" title="Irish Americans">Irish Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_Canadians" title="Irish Canadians">Irish Canadians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_Australians" title="Irish Australians">Irish Australians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Irish_New_Zealanders" title="Irish New Zealanders">Irish New Zealanders</a> provided considerable or substantial financial donations to the Republican movement, mostly the Provisionals.<a href="#cite_note-217">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[218]</a> The financial backbone of the Provisional cause in America was the Irish Northern Aid Committee (<a href="/wiki/NORAID" title="NORAID">NORAID</a>), which was estimated to have raised $3.6 million between 1970 and 1991, including for supporting families of dead or imprisoned IRA members, lobbying and propaganda efforts, and sometimes purchasing weapons for the Provisional IRA.<a href="#cite_note-220">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[224]</a> In Australia, officials estimated that by the 1990s, no more than A$20,000 were raised annually for the Provisionals.<a href="#cite_note-226">[225]</a> Canadian supporters raised money to secretly purchase weapons, notably detonators used for Canadian mining sites and smuggled to the IRA.<a href="#cite_note-227">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[228]</a> However, nearly all or the vast majority of the funding for both Republican and Loyalist paramilitaries came from criminal and business activities within the island of Ireland and Great Britain.<a href="#cite_note-230">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-DDBVGEW-216">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-HWEFA-206">[205]</a> The Northern Ireland Affairs Select Committee report of June 2002 stated that:<blockquote>Historically, the vast majority of paramilitary funds for both Republican and Loyalist groups have been generated within Northern Ireland. The primary reason for this is the relative ease of raising funds within these communities. Sympathy for the cause is greatest within the originating community. Those concerned also have the local knowledge which facilitates crime or the direct intimidation of individuals from whom money is sought. The fact that Northern Ireland remains predominantly a cash economy also encourages a local focus, as it facilitates money laundering and makes it difficult for the law enforcement agencies to trace transactions.<a href="#cite_note-DDBVGEW-216">[215]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collusion_between_security_forces_and_paramilitaries">Collusion between security forces and paramilitaries</h2></div> There were many incidents of <a href="/wiki/Collusion" title="Collusion">collusion</a> between the British state security forces (the British Army and RUC) and loyalist paramilitaries. This included soldiers and policemen taking part in loyalist attacks while off-duty, giving weapons and intelligence to loyalists, not taking action against loyalists, and hindering police investigations. The <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Lorenz_de_Silva" class="mw-redirect" title="Desmond Lorenz de Silva">De Silva</a> Report found that, during the 1980s, 85% of the intelligence loyalists used to target people came from the security forces,<a href="#cite_note-232">[231]</a> who in turn also had <a href="/wiki/Double_agent" title="Double agent">double agents</a> and <a href="/wiki/Informer" class="mw-redirect" title="Informer">informers</a> within loyalist groups who organised attacks on the orders of or with the knowledge of their <a href="/wiki/Agent_handling" title="Agent handling">handlers</a>. Of the 210 loyalists arrested by the <a href="/wiki/Stevens_Inquiries" title="Stevens Inquiries">Stevens Inquiries</a> team, all but three were found to be state agents or informers.<a href="#cite_note-bbcmay2015-233">[232]</a> The British Army's locally recruited <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Defence_Regiment" title="Ulster Defence Regiment">Ulster Defence Regiment</a> (UDR) was almost wholly Protestant.<a href="#cite_note-234">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[234]</a> Despite recruits being vetted, some loyalist militants managed to enlist, mainly to obtain weapons, training, and information.<a href="#cite_note-cain-subversion-236">[235]</a> A 1973 British Government document (uncovered in 2004), Subversion in the UDR, suggested that 5–15% of UDR soldiers then were members of loyalist paramilitaries.<a href="#cite_note-cain-subversion-236">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-irishnewsmay06-237">[236]</a> The report said the UDR was the main source of weapons for those groups,<a href="#cite_note-cain-subversion-236">[235]</a> although by 1973, UDR weapons losses had dropped significantly, partly due to stricter controls.<a href="#cite_note-cain-subversion-236">[235]</a> In 1977, the Army investigated <a href="/wiki/10th_Battalion,_Ulster_Defence_Regiment" title="10th Battalion, Ulster Defence Regiment">a UDR battalion</a> based at Girdwood Barracks, Belfast. The investigation found that 70 soldiers had links to the UVF, that thirty soldiers had fraudulently diverted up to £47,000 to the UVF, and that UVF members socialised with soldiers in their mess. Following this, two UDR members were dismissed.<a href="#cite_note-detail2011-238">[237]</a> The investigation was halted after a senior officer claimed it was harming morale.<a href="#cite_note-detail2011-238">[237]</a> By 1990, at least 197 UDR soldiers had been convicted of loyalist terrorist offences and other serious crimes, including 19 convicted of murder.<a href="#cite_note-239">[238]</a> This was only a small fraction of those who served in the UDR, but the proportion was higher than the regular British Army, the RUC, and the civilian population.<a href="#cite_note-240">[239]</a> During the 1970s, the <a href="/wiki/Glenanne_gang" title="Glenanne gang">Glenanne gang</a> – a secret alliance of loyalist militants, British soldiers, and RUC officers – carried out a string of gun and bomb attacks against nationalists in an area of Northern Ireland known as the "murder triangle".<a href="#cite_note-cassel2006-241">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-SArmagh-242">[241]</a> It also carried out some attacks in the Republic, killing about 120 people in total, mostly uninvolved civilians.<a href="#cite_note-lethal-allies-conc-243">[242]</a> The Cassel Report investigated 76 murders attributed to the group and found evidence that soldiers and policemen were involved in 74 of those.<a href="#cite_note-cassel4-244">[243]</a> One member, RUC officer <a href="/wiki/John_Weir_(loyalist)" title="John Weir (loyalist)">John Weir</a>, claimed his superiors knew of the collusion but allowed it to continue.<a href="#cite_note-245">[244]</a> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassel_Report&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cassel Report (page does not exist)">Cassel Report</a> also stated some senior officers knew of the crimes but did nothing to prevent, investigate, or punish perpetrators.<a href="#cite_note-cassel4-244">[243]</a> Attacks attributed to the group include the <a href="/wiki/Dublin_and_Monaghan_bombings" title="Dublin and Monaghan bombings">Dublin and Monaghan bombings</a> (1974), the <a href="/wiki/Miami_Showband_killings" title="Miami Showband killings">Miami Showband killings</a> (1975), and the <a href="/wiki/Reavey_and_O%27Dowd_killings" title="Reavey and O'Dowd killings">Reavey and O'Dowd killings</a> (1976).<a href="#cite_note-246">[245]</a> The Stevens Inquiries found that elements of the security forces had used loyalists as "proxies"<a href="#cite_note-stevenspeople-247">[246]</a> who, via double-agents and informers, had helped loyalist groups to kill targeted individuals, usually suspected republicans but also civilians both intentionally and otherwise. The inquiries concluded this had intensified and prolonged the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-guardianscandal-248">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-forcesaidedloyalists-249">[248]</a> The British Army's Force Research Unit (FRU) was the main agency involved.<a href="#cite_note-stevenspeople-247">[246]</a> Brian Nelson, the UDA's chief 'intelligence officer', was a FRU agent.<a href="#cite_note-nelsonobituary-250">[249]</a> Through Nelson, FRU helped loyalists target people for assassination. FRU commanders say they helped loyalists target only suspected or known republican activists and prevented the killing of civilians.<a href="#cite_note-stevenspeople-247">[246]</a> The Inquiries found evidence only two lives were saved and that Nelson/FRU was responsible for at least 30 murders and many other attacks, many on civilians.<a href="#cite_note-guardianscandal-248">[247]</a> One victim was solicitor <a href="/wiki/Pat_Finucane" title="Pat Finucane">Pat Finucane</a>. Nelson also supervised the shipping of weapons to loyalists in 1988.<a href="#cite_note-nelsonobituary-250">[249]</a> From 1992 to 1994, loyalists were responsible for more deaths than republicans,<a href="#cite_note-251">[250]</a> partly due to FRU involvement.<a href="#cite_note-birw-252">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[252]</a> Members of the security forces tried to obstruct the Stevens investigation.<a href="#cite_note-forcesaidedloyalists-249">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[253]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Police_Ombudsman" class="mw-redirect" title="Police Ombudsman">Police Ombudsman</a> report from 2007 revealed that UVF members had been allowed to commit a string of terrorist offences, including murder, while working as informers for RUC Special Branch. It found that Special Branch had given informers immunity by ensuring they were not caught or convicted and blocking weapons searches.<a href="#cite_note-255">[254]</a> Ombudsman <a href="/wiki/Nuala_O%27Loan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuala O'Loan">Nuala O'Loan</a> concluded that this had led to "hundreds" of deaths<a href="#cite_note-bbcmay2015-233">[232]</a> and said senior British Government officials pressured her into halting her investigation.<a href="#cite_note-256">[255]</a> UVF member <a href="/wiki/Robin_Jackson" title="Robin Jackson">Robin Jackson</a> has been linked to between 50<a href="#cite_note-257">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[257]</a> and 100<a href="#cite_note-SArmagh-242">[241]</a> killings in Northern Ireland, although he was never convicted for any.<a href="#cite_note-cassel68-259">[258]</a> It is alleged by many, including members of the security forces, that Jackson was an RUC agent.<a href="#cite_note-cassel68-259">[258]</a> The Irish Government's Barron Report alleged that Jackson also "had relationships with British Intelligence".<a href="#cite_note-260">[259]</a> In 2016, a new Ombudsman report concluded that there had been collusion between the police and the UVF in relation to the deaths of six Catholic men in the 1994 <a href="/wiki/Loughinisland_massacre" title="Loughinisland massacre">Loughinisland massacre</a> and that the investigation was undermined by the wish to protect informers, but found no evidence police had foreknowledge of the attack.<a href="#cite_note-261">[260]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Smithwick_Tribunal" title="Smithwick Tribunal">Smithwick Tribunal</a> concluded that a member of the <a href="/wiki/Garda_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na" title="Garda Síochána">Garda Síochána</a> (the Republic of Ireland's police force) colluded with the IRA in the <a href="/wiki/1989_Jonesborough_ambush" title="1989 Jonesborough ambush">killing of two senior RUC officers in 1989</a>.<a href="#cite_note-262">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbc_collusion-263">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-264">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-265">[264]</a> The two officers were ambushed by the IRA near <a href="/wiki/Jonesborough,_County_Armagh" title="Jonesborough, County Armagh">Jonesborough, County Armagh</a>, when returning from a cross-border security conference in <a href="/wiki/Dundalk" title="Dundalk">Dundalk</a> in the Republic of Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-bbc_collusion-263">[262]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Disappeared">The Disappeared</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Disappeared_(Northern_Ireland)" title="Disappeared (Northern Ireland)">Disappeared (Northern Ireland)</a></div> During the 1970s and 1980s, republican and loyalist paramilitaries abducted a number of individuals, many alleged to have been informers, who were then secretly killed and buried.<a href="#cite_note-266">[265]</a> Eighteen people – two women and sixteen men – including one British Army officer, were kidnapped and killed during the Troubles. They are referred to informally as "<a href="/wiki/Disappeared_(Northern_Ireland)" title="Disappeared (Northern Ireland)">The Disappeared</a>". All but one, Lisa Dorrian, were abducted and killed by republicans. Dorrian is believed to have been abducted by loyalists. The remains of all but four of "The Disappeared" have been recovered and turned over to their families.<a href="#cite_note-267">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-268">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[268]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="British_Army_attacks_on_civilians">British Army attacks on civilians</h2></div> British government security forces, including the <a href="/wiki/Military_Reaction_Force" title="Military Reaction Force">Military Reaction Force</a> (MRF), carried out what have been described as "<a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killing" title="Extrajudicial killing">extrajudicial killings</a>" of unarmed civilians.<a href="#cite_note-BBC1-270">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-II1-271">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[271]</a> Their victims were often Catholic or suspected Catholic civilians unaffiliated with any paramilitaries, such as the Whiterock Road shooting of two unarmed Catholic civilians by British soldiers on 15 April 1972, and the <a href="/wiki/Military_Reaction_Force#Andersonstown_shootings" title="Military Reaction Force">Andersonstown shooting</a> of seven unarmed Catholic civilians on 12 May that same year.<a href="#cite_note-mckittrick182-273">[272]</a> A member of the MRF stated in 1978 that the Army often attempted <a href="/wiki/False_flag" title="False flag">false flag</a> sectarian attacks, provoking sectarian conflict and "taking the heat off the Army".<a href="#cite_note-murray44-45-274">[273]</a> A former member stated: "[W]e were not there to act like an army unit, we were there to act like a terror group."<a href="#cite_note-275">[274]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shoot-to-kill_allegations">Shoot-to-kill allegations</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shoot-to-kill_policy_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Shoot-to-kill policy in Northern Ireland">Shoot-to-kill policy in Northern Ireland</a></div> Republicans allege that the security forces operated a shoot-to-kill policy rather than arresting IRA suspects. The security forces denied this and pointed out that six of the eight IRA men killed in the <a href="/wiki/Loughgall_ambush" title="Loughgall ambush">Loughgall ambush</a> in 1987 were heavily armed. On the other hand, the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Flavius" title="Operation Flavius">shooting of three unarmed IRA members</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Special_Air_Service" title="Special Air Service">Special Air Service</a> ten months later appeared to confirm suspicions among republicans and in the British and Irish media of a tacit British shoot-to-kill policy of suspected IRA members.<a href="#cite_note-maxinewilliams-276">[275]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parades_issue">Parades issue</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Parades_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Parades in Northern Ireland">Parades in Northern Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drumcree_conflict" title="Drumcree conflict">Drumcree conflict</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Quinn_brothers%27_killings" class="mw-redirect" title="Quinn brothers' killings">Quinn brothers' killings</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orangemen_parade_in_Bangor,_12_July_2010_-_geograph_-_1964645.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Orangemen_parade_in_Bangor%2C_12_July_2010_-_geograph_-_1964645.jpg/220px-Orangemen_parade_in_Bangor%2C_12_July_2010_-_geograph_-_1964645.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Orangemen_parade_in_Bangor%2C_12_July_2010_-_geograph_-_1964645.jpg/330px-Orangemen_parade_in_Bangor%2C_12_July_2010_-_geograph_-_1964645.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Orangemen_parade_in_Bangor%2C_12_July_2010_-_geograph_-_1964645.jpg/440px-Orangemen_parade_in_Bangor%2C_12_July_2010_-_geograph_-_1964645.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="451" /></a><figcaption>Orangemen <a href="/wiki/Orange_walk" title="Orange walk">marching</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bangor,_County_Down" title="Bangor, County Down">Bangor</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_of_July" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelfth of July">Twelfth of July</a> 2010</figcaption></figure> Inter-communal tensions rise and violence often breaks out during the "marching season" when the Protestant Orange Order parades take place across Northern Ireland. The parades are held to commemorate William of Orange's victory in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Boyne" title="Battle of the Boyne">Battle of the Boyne</a> in 1690, which secured the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Ascendancy" title="Protestant Ascendancy">Protestant Ascendancy</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Ireland" title="British rule in Ireland">British rule in Ireland</a>. One particular flashpoint which has caused continuous annual strife is the Garvaghy Road area in <a href="/wiki/Portadown" title="Portadown">Portadown</a>, where an Orange parade from <a href="/wiki/Drumcree_Church" title="Drumcree Church">Drumcree Church</a> passes through a mainly nationalist estate off the Garvaghy Road. This parade has now been banned indefinitely, following nationalist riots against the parade and loyalist counter-riots against its banning. In 1995, 1996, and 1997, there were several weeks of prolonged rioting throughout Northern Ireland over the impasse at Drumcree. A number of people died in this violence, including a Catholic taxi driver killed by the <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_Volunteer_Force" title="Loyalist Volunteer Force">Loyalist Volunteer Force</a>, and three (of four) nominally Catholic brothers (from a mixed-religion family) died when their house in <a href="/wiki/Ballymoney" title="Ballymoney">Ballymoney</a> <a href="/wiki/Quinn_brothers%27_killings" class="mw-redirect" title="Quinn brothers' killings">was petrol-bombed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-277">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-279">[278]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_repercussions">Social repercussions</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary_punishment_attacks_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Paramilitary punishment attacks in Northern Ireland">Paramilitary punishment attacks in Northern Ireland</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RUC,_Crois.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/RUC%2C_Crois.jpg/220px-RUC%2C_Crois.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/RUC%2C_Crois.jpg/330px-RUC%2C_Crois.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/RUC%2C_Crois.jpg/440px-RUC%2C_Crois.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A watchtower at a heavily fortified RUC base in <a href="/wiki/Crossmaglen" title="Crossmaglen">Crossmaglen</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Belfast_peaceline_Bombay_Street.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Belfast_peaceline_Bombay_Street.jpg/220px-Belfast_peaceline_Bombay_Street.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Belfast_peaceline_Bombay_Street.jpg/330px-Belfast_peaceline_Bombay_Street.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Belfast_peaceline_Bombay_Street.jpg/440px-Belfast_peaceline_Bombay_Street.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>A "<a href="/wiki/Peace_lines" title="Peace lines">peace line</a>" at the back of a house on Bombay Street, Belfast</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Belfast_peace_line_Cupar_Way.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Belfast_peace_line_Cupar_Way.jpg/220px-Belfast_peace_line_Cupar_Way.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Belfast_peace_line_Cupar_Way.jpg/330px-Belfast_peace_line_Cupar_Way.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Belfast_peace_line_Cupar_Way.jpg/440px-Belfast_peace_line_Cupar_Way.jpg 2x" data-file-width="858" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>A "<a href="/wiki/Peace_lines" title="Peace lines">peace line</a>" in Belfast, 2010, built to separate nationalist and unionist neighbourhoods</figcaption></figure> The impact of the Troubles on the ordinary people of Northern Ireland has been compared to that of the <a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">Blitz</a> on the people of London.<a href="#cite_note-280">[279]</a> The stress resulting from bomb attacks, street disturbances, security checkpoints, and the constant military presence had the strongest effect on children and young adults.<a href="#cite_note-281">[280]</a> There was also the fear that local paramilitaries instilled in their respective communities with the <a href="/wiki/Corporal_punishment" title="Corporal punishment">punishment beatings</a>, "romperings", and the occasional <a href="/wiki/Tarring_and_feathering" title="Tarring and feathering">tarring and feathering</a> meted out to individuals for various purported infractions.<a href="#cite_note-nelson126-282">[281]</a> In addition to the violence and intimidation, there was chronic unemployment and a severe housing shortage. Many people were rendered homeless as a result of intimidation or having their houses burnt, and urban redevelopment played a role in the social upheaval. Belfast families faced being transferred to new, alien estates when older, decrepit districts such as <a href="/wiki/Sailortown,_Belfast" class="mw-redirect" title="Sailortown, Belfast">Sailortown</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pound_Loney" class="mw-redirect" title="Pound Loney">Pound Loney</a> were being demolished. According to social worker and author Sarah Nelson, this problem of homelessness and disorientation contributed to the breakdown of the normal fabric of society, allowing for paramilitaries to exert a strong influence in certain districts.<a href="#cite_note-nelson126-282">[281]</a> Vandalism was also a major problem. In the 1970s, there were 10,000 vandalised empty houses in Belfast alone. Most of the vandals were aged between eight and thirteen.<a href="#cite_note-283">[282]</a> According to one historian of the conflict, the stress of the Troubles engendered a breakdown in the previously strict sexual morality of Northern Ireland, resulting in a "confused <a href="/wiki/Hedonism" title="Hedonism">hedonism</a>" in respect of personal life.<a href="#cite_note-284">[283]</a> In Derry, <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(family_law)" title="Legitimacy (family law)">illegitimate births</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">alcoholism</a> increased for women and the divorce rate rose.<a href="#cite_note-285">[284]</a> Teenage alcoholism was also a problem, partly as a result of the drinking clubs established in both loyalist and republican areas. In many cases, there was little parental supervision of children in some of the poorer districts.<a href="#cite_note-286">[285]</a> The Department of Health has looked at a report written in 2007 by Mike Tomlinson of <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_of_Belfast" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's University of Belfast">Queen's University</a>, which asserted that the legacy of the Troubles has played a substantial role in the current rate of suicide in Northern Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-287">[286]</a> Further social issues arising from the Troubles include <a href="/wiki/Antisocial_behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisocial behavior">antisocial behavior</a> and an aversion towards political participation. According to one historian, children raised during the Troubles were found to develop similar antisocial external behaviors as children similarly born in regions of conflict, notably those born and raised during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-288">[287]</a> Further studies into the impact of violence on the psychological development of children in Northern Ireland also found that those raised during the Troubles were more likely to be averse towards political participation, noting that while older generations still actively associated with their own social and political groups, younger generations became wary of such groups as social and political divisions continued to expand during the thirty years of the Troubles.<a href="#cite_note-289">[288]</a> Peace lines, which were built in Northern Ireland during the early years of the Troubles, remain in place.<a href="#cite_note-290">[289]</a> According to a 2022 poll, 69% of Irish nationalists polled believe there was no option but "violent resistance to British rule during the Troubles".<a href="#cite_note-291">[290]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Casualties">Casualties</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Troubles_deaths_by_perpetrator.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Troubles_deaths_by_perpetrator.png/220px-Troubles_deaths_by_perpetrator.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Troubles_deaths_by_perpetrator.png/330px-Troubles_deaths_by_perpetrator.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Troubles_deaths_by_perpetrator.png/440px-Troubles_deaths_by_perpetrator.png 2x" data-file-width="998" data-file-height="561" /></a><figcaption>Responsibility for Troubles-related deaths between 1969 and 2001</figcaption></figure> According to the <a href="/wiki/Conflict_Archive_on_the_Internet" title="Conflict Archive on the Internet">Conflict Archive on the Internet</a> (CAIN), 3,532 people were killed as a result of the conflict between 1969 and 2001.<a href="#cite_note-sutton-year-292">[291]</a> Of these, 3,489 were killed up to 1998.<a href="#cite_note-sutton-year-292">[291]</a> According to the book Lost Lives (2006 edition), 3,720 people were killed as a result of the conflict from 1966 to 2006. Of these, 3,635 were killed up to 1998.<a href="#cite_note-293">[292]</a> In The Politics of Antagonism: Understanding Northern Ireland, <a href="/wiki/Brendan_O%27Leary" title="Brendan O'Leary">Brendan O'Leary</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_McGarry" title="John McGarry">John McGarry</a> point out that "nearly two per cent of the population of Northern Ireland have been killed or injured through political violence [...] If the equivalent ratio of victims to population had been produced in Great Britain in the same period some 100,000 people would have died, and if a similar level of political violence had taken place, the number of fatalities in the USA would have been over 500,000".<a href="#cite_note-294">[293]</a> Using this relative comparison to the US, analyst John M. Gates suggests that whatever one calls the conflict, it was "certainly not" a "<a href="/wiki/Low_intensity_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Low intensity conflict">low intensity conflict</a>".<a href="#cite_note-295">[294]</a> In 2010, it was estimated that 107,000 people in Northern Ireland suffered some physical injury as a result of the conflict. On the basis of data gathered by the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Statistics_and_Research_Agency" title="Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency">Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Victims%27_Commissioner" title="Victims' Commissioner">Victims Commission</a> estimated that the conflict resulted in 500,000 'victims' in Northern Ireland alone. It defines 'victims' are those who are directly affected by 'bereavement', 'physical injury', or 'trauma' as a result of the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-296">[295]</a> One statistical breakdown of Troubles deaths put the death toll at 3,466, with 3,218 lives lost in Northern Ireland, 125 in Great Britain, 105 in the Republic of Ireland, and 18 in the rest of Europe.<a href="#cite_note-TroublesRepublic-297">[296]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Responsibility">Responsibility</h3></div> Republican paramilitaries were responsible for some 60% of all deaths, loyalists 30% and British security forces 10%.<a href="#cite_note-suttonresponsible-40">[39]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Responsibility for killing<a href="#cite_note-suttonresponsible-40">[39]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Responsible party </th> <th scope="col">No. </th> <th scope="col">% </th></tr> <tr> <td>Republican paramilitary groups </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,058 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">60% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Loyalist paramilitary groups </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,027 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">30% </td></tr> <tr> <td>British security forces </td> <td style="text-align:right;">365 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10% </td></tr> <tr> <td>Persons unknown </td> <td style="text-align:right;">77 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Irish security forces </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5 </td> <td style="text-align:right;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,532 </td></tr></tbody></table> Loyalists killed 48% of the <a href="/wiki/Civilian" title="Civilian">civilian</a> casualties, republicans killed 39%, and the British security forces killed 10%.<a href="#cite_note-298">[297]</a> Most of the Catholic civilians were killed by loyalists, and most of the Protestant civilians were killed by republicans.<a href="#cite_note-299">[298]</a> Of those killed by republican paramilitaries:<a href="#cite_note-org-status-300">[299]</a> <ul><li>1,080 (~52.5%) were members/former members of the British security forces</li> <li>722 (~35.1%) were civilians</li> <li>188 (~9.2%) were members of republican paramilitaries</li> <li>57 (~2.8%) were members of loyalist paramilitaries</li> <li>11 (~0.5%) were members of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_security_forces" title="Irish security forces">Irish security forces</a></li></ul> Of those killed by loyalist paramilitaries:<a href="#cite_note-org-status-300">[299]</a> <ul><li>878 (~85.5%) were civilians</li> <li>94 (~9.2%) were members of loyalist paramilitaries</li> <li>41 (~4.0%) were members of republican paramilitaries</li> <li>14 (~1.4%) were members of the British security forces</li></ul> Of those killed by British security forces:<a href="#cite_note-org-status-300">[299]</a> <ul><li>188 (~51.5%) were civilians</li> <li>146 (~40.2%) were members of republican paramilitaries</li> <li>18 (~5.0%) were members of loyalist paramilitaries</li> <li>13 (~3.6%) were fellow members of the British security forces</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Status">Status</h3></div> Approximately 52% of the dead were civilians, 32% were members or former members of the British security forces, 11% were members of republican paramilitaries, and 5% were members of loyalist paramilitaries.<a href="#cite_note-suttonresponsible-40">[39]</a> About 60% of the civilian casualties were Catholics, 30% of the civilians were Protestants, and the rest were from outside Northern Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-301">[300]</a> About 257 of those killed were children under the age of seventeen, representing 7.2% of the total,<a href="#cite_note-302">[301]</a> while 274 children under the age of eighteen were killed during the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-303">[302]</a> It has been the subject of dispute whether some individuals were members of paramilitary organisations. Several casualties that were listed as civilians were later claimed by the IRA as their members.<a href="#cite_note-304">[303]</a> One Ulster Defence Association (UDA) and three Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) members killed during the conflict were also Ulster Defence Regiment (UDR) soldiers at the time of their deaths.<a href="#cite_note-305">[304]</a> At least one civilian victim was an off-duty member of the <a href="/wiki/Territorial_Army_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Territorial Army (United Kingdom)">Territorial Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-306">[305]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Deaths by status of victim<a href="#cite_note-suttonstatus-10">[9]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Status </th> <th scope="col">No. </th></tr> <tr> <td>Civilians (inc. Civilian political activists) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1840 </td></tr> <tr> <td>British security force personnel (serving and former members) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1114 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 2em;"><a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> (inc. <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Defence_Regiment" title="Ulster Defence Regiment">UDR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Irish_Regiment_(1992)" title="Royal Irish Regiment (1992)">RIR</a> and <a href="/wiki/Territorial_Army_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Territorial Army (United Kingdom)">TA</a>) </td> <td style="text-align:right;">757 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 2em;"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary" title="Royal Ulster Constabulary">Royal Ulster Constabulary</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">319 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 2em;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Prison_Service" title="Northern Ireland Prison Service">Northern Ireland Prison Service</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">26 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 2em;"><a href="/wiki/Policing_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Policing in the United Kingdom">English police forces</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">6 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 2em;"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 2em;"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Irish security force personnel </td> <td style="text-align:right;">11 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 2em;"><a href="/wiki/Garda_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na" title="Garda Síochána">Garda Síochána</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 2em;"><a href="/wiki/Irish_Army" title="Irish Army">Irish Army</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 2em;"><a href="/wiki/Irish_Prison_Service" title="Irish Prison Service">Irish Prison Service</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Republican paramilitaries </td> <td style="text-align:right;">397 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Loyalist paramilitaries </td> <td style="text-align:right;">170 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Location">Location</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deaths_in_The_Troubles_by_area.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Deaths_in_The_Troubles_by_area.png/220px-Deaths_in_The_Troubles_by_area.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Deaths_in_The_Troubles_by_area.png/330px-Deaths_in_The_Troubles_by_area.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Deaths_in_The_Troubles_by_area.png/440px-Deaths_in_The_Troubles_by_area.png 2x" data-file-width="447" data-file-height="399" /></a><figcaption>Troubles deaths by area</figcaption></figure> Most killings took place within Northern Ireland, especially in Belfast and County Armagh. Most of the killings in Belfast took place in the west and north of the city. <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, London and <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a> were also affected, albeit to a lesser degree than Northern Ireland itself. Occasionally, the IRA attempted or carried out attacks on British targets in Gibraltar, Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands.<a href="#cite_note-307">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-308">[307]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Conflict-related deaths by location<a href="#cite_note-309">[308]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Location </th> <th scope="col">No. </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,541 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 2em;">West Belfast </td> <td style="text-align:right;">623 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 2em;">North Belfast </td> <td style="text-align:right;">577 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 2em;">South Belfast </td> <td style="text-align:right;">213 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left: 2em;">East Belfast </td> <td style="text-align:right;">128 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/County_Armagh" title="County Armagh">County Armagh</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">477 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/County_Tyrone" title="County Tyrone">County Tyrone</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">340 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/County_Down" title="County Down">County Down</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">243 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Derry" title="Derry">Derry</a> City </td> <td style="text-align:right;">227 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/County_Antrim" title="County Antrim">County Antrim</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">209 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/County_Londonderry" title="County Londonderry">County Londonderry</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">123 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/County_Fermanagh" title="County Fermanagh">County Fermanagh</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">112 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">116 </td></tr> <tr> <td>England </td> <td style="text-align:right;">125 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Continental Europe </td> <td style="text-align:right;">18 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chronological_listing">Chronological listing</h3></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Conflict-related deaths by year<a href="#cite_note-sutton-year-292">[291]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Year </th> <th scope="col">No. </th></tr> <tr> <td>2001 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">16 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">19 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1999 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1998 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">55 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1997 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">22 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1996 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">18 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1995 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1994 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">64 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1993 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">88 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1992 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">88 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1991 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">97 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1990 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">81 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1989 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">76 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1988 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">104 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1987 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">98 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1986 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">61 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1985 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">57 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1984 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">69 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1983 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">84 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1982 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">111 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1981 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">114 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1980 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">80 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1979 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">121 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1978 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">82 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1977 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">110 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1976 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">297 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1975 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">260 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1974 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">294 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1973 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">255 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1972 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">480 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1971 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">171 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1970 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">26 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1969 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">16 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Additional_statistics">Additional statistics</h3></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Additional estimated statistics on the conflict<a href="#cite_note-secdef05-13">[12]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Incident </th> <th scope="col">No. </th></tr> <tr> <td>Injury </td> <td style="text-align:right;">47,541 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Shooting incident </td> <td style="text-align:right;">36,923 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Armed robbery </td> <td style="text-align:right;">22,539 </td></tr> <tr> <td>People charged with paramilitary offences </td> <td style="text-align:right;">19,605 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bombing and attempted bombing </td> <td style="text-align:right;">16,209 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Arson </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,225 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_Deaths_(1969)">List of Deaths (1969)</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_killed_during_The_Troubles_(1969%E2%80%931998)" title="List of people killed during The Troubles (1969–1998)">List of people killed during The Troubles (1969–1998)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Northern_Ireland_Troubles_(Legacy_and_Reconciliation)_Act_2023">Northern Ireland Troubles (Legacy and Reconciliation) Act 2023</h2></div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United Kingdom legislation</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size:100%">Northern Ireland Troubles (Legacy and Reconciliation) Act 2023</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;">Act of Parliament</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_1%29.svg/140px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_1%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_1%29.svg/210px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_1%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_1%29.svg/280px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom_%282022%2C_variant_1%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1444" /><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Short_and_long_titles" title="Short and long titles">Long title</a></th><td class="infobox-data description">An Act to address the legacy of the Northern Ireland Troubles and promote reconciliation by establishing an Independent Commission for Reconciliation and Information Recovery, limiting criminal investigations, legal proceedings, inquests and police complaints, extending the prisoner release scheme in the Northern Ireland (Sentences) Act 1998, and providing for experiences to be recorded and preserved and for events to be studied and memorialised, and to provide for the validity of interim custody orders.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Citation_of_United_Kingdom_legislation" title="Citation of United Kingdom legislation">Citation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_acts_of_the_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom_from_2023" title="List of acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom from 2023">2023</a> c. 41</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Territorial extent </th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Dates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">Royal assent</a></th><td class="infobox-data">18 September 2023</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coming_into_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Coming into force">Commencement</a></th><td class="infobox-data dtstart"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>18 September 2023</li><li>18 November 2023</li><li>1 May 2024</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Other legislation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Amends</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>Northern Ireland (Sentences) Act 1998</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><div style="background-color: #ccffcc;">Status: Current legislation</div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bills.parliament.uk/bills/3160">History of passage through Parliament</a></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2023/41/contents/enacted">Text of statute as originally enacted</a></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2023/41/">Revised text of statute as amended</a></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.uk/id?title=Northern+Ireland+Troubles+%28Legacy+and+Reconciliation%29+Act+2023">Text of the Northern Ireland Troubles (Legacy and Reconciliation) Act 2023</a> as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from <a href="/wiki/Legislation.gov.uk" title="Legislation.gov.uk">legislation.gov.uk</a>.</th></tr></tbody></table> On 18 September 2023, the Northern Ireland Troubles (Legacy and Reconciliation) Act 2023 (c. 41), also known as the Legacy Act received royal assent.<a href="#cite_note-310">[309]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Human_Rights_Commission" title="Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission">Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission</a> has raised concerns about the legislation's incompatibility with the <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Act_1998" title="Human Rights Act 1998">Human Rights Act 1998</a>.<a href="#cite_note-311">[310]</a> The legislation exempts conduct related to the Troubles from prosecution and establishes the Independent Commission for Reconciliation and Information Recovery.<a href="#cite_note-312">[311]</a> The legislation has been criticised by all major <a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties in Northern Ireland">political parties in Northern Ireland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> and the Irish government - the Irish government announced it was challenging the legislation through the <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a> and Labour have pledged to repeal the legislation, but have stated they would keep the Independent Commission for Reconciliation and Information Recovery.<a href="#cite_note-313">[312]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/32px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/48px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/64px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="680" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ireland" title="Portal:Ireland">Ireland portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/NIShape.gif/32px-NIShape.gif" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/NIShape.gif/48px-NIShape.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/NIShape.gif/64px-NIShape.gif 2x" data-file-width="532" data-file-height="405" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Northern_Ireland" title="Portal:Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Northern_Ireland_riots" title="2021 Northern Ireland riots">2021 Northern Ireland riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Children%27s_Fund" title="Irish Children's Fund">Irish Children's Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bombings_during_the_Troubles" title="List of bombings during the Troubles">List of bombings during the Troubles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Garda%C3%AD_killed_in_the_line_of_duty" title="List of Gardaí killed in the line of duty">List of Gardaí killed in the line of duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_uprisings" title="List of Irish uprisings">List of Irish uprisings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Troubles" title="Outline of the Troubles">Outline of the Troubles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Segregation in Northern Ireland">Segregation in Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Continuity_IRA_actions" title="Timeline of Continuity IRA actions">Timeline of Continuity IRA actions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Irish_National_Liberation_Army_actions" title="Timeline of Irish National Liberation Army actions">Timeline of Irish National Liberation Army actions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_actions" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Provisional Irish Republican Army actions">Timeline of Provisional Irish Republican Army actions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Real_Irish_Republican_Army_actions" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Real Irish Republican Army actions">Timeline of Real Irish Republican Army actions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Troubles" title="Timeline of the Troubles">Timeline of the Troubles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Ulster_Defence_Association_actions" title="Timeline of Ulster Defence Association actions">Timeline of Ulster Defence Association actions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Ulster_Volunteer_Force_actions" title="Timeline of Ulster Volunteer Force actions">Timeline of Ulster Volunteer Force actions</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Works_about_The_Troubles_(Northern_Ireland)" title="Category:Works about The Troubles (Northern Ireland)">Category:Works about The Troubles (Northern Ireland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_the_Troubles" title="List of books about the Troubles">List of books about the Troubles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_The_Troubles_films" title="List of The Troubles films">List of The Troubles films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murals_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Murals in Northern Ireland">Murals in Northern Ireland</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Similar_conflicts">Similar conflicts</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a> - Algeria, France</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_conflict" title="Basque conflict">Basque conflict</a> – Basque Country, Spain</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_conflict" title="Corsican conflict">Corsican conflict</a> – Corsica, France</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Sri Lankan civil war">Sri Lankan Civil War</a> – Sri Lanka</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead</a> - Italy</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> The exact starting date of the Troubles is disputed; the most common dates proposed include the formation of the modern <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Volunteer_Force" title="Ulster Volunteer Force">Ulster Volunteer Force</a> in 1966,<a href="#cite_note-Beginning_of_the_Troubles,_CAIN-1">[1]</a> the civil rights march in Derry on 5 October 1968, the beginning of the '<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bogside" title="Battle of the Bogside">Battle of the Bogside</a>' on 12 August 1969 or the deployment of British troops on 14 August 1969. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Beginning_of_the_Troubles,_CAIN-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beginning_of_the_Troubles,_CAIN_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beginning_of_the_Troubles,_CAIN_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/faq/faq2.htm#when">"Beginning of the Troubles"</a>. Cain.ulst.ac.uk – CAIN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101206192850/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/faq/faq2.htm#when">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2010. Retrieved 12 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beginning+of+the+Troubles&rft.pub=Cain.ulst.ac.uk+%E2%80%93+CAIN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulst.ac.uk%2Ffaq%2Ffaq2.htm%23when&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelaugh2006" class="citation web cs1">Melaugh, Martin (3 February 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/faq/faq2.htm">"Frequently Asked Questions – The Northern Ireland Conflict"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Conflict_Archive_on_the_Internet" title="Conflict Archive on the Internet">Conflict Archive on the Internet</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ulster_University" title="Ulster University">Ulster University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170701054345/http://cain.ulster.ac.uk/faq/faq2.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2017. Retrieved 18 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Conflict+Archive+on+the+Internet&rft.atitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions+%E2%80%93+The+Northern+Ireland+Conflict&rft.date=2006-02-03&rft.aulast=Melaugh&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulster.ac.uk%2Ffaq%2Ffaq2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-aughey7-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aughey7_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-aughey7_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAughey2005" class="citation book cs1">Aughey, Arthur (2005). The Politics of Northern Ireland: Beyond the Belfast Agreement. London / New York: Routledge. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32788-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32788-6"><bdi>978-0-415-32788-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/55962335">55962335</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Northern+Ireland%3A+Beyond+the+Belfast+Agreement&rft.place=London+%2F+New+York&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F55962335&rft.isbn=978-0-415-32788-6&rft.aulast=Aughey&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ireland_1999,_page_221-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ireland_1999,_page_221_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ireland_1999,_page_221_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ireland_1999,_page_221_5-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolland1999" class="citation book cs1">Holland, Jack (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hopeagainsthisto00holl/page/221">Hope Against History: The Course of Terrorist trouble in Northern Ireland</a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Holt_and_Company" title="Henry Holt and Company">Henry Holt and Company</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hopeagainsthisto00holl/page/221">221</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6087-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6087-4"><bdi>978-0-8050-6087-4</bdi></a>. <q>The troubles were over, but the killing continued. Some of the heirs to Ireland's violent traditions refused to give up their inheritance.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hope+Against+History%3A+The+Course+of+Terrorist+trouble+in+Northern+Ireland&rft.pages=221&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-6087-4&rft.aulast=Holland&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhopeagainsthisto00holl%2Fpage%2F221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Northern_Ireland_Conflict'_page_250-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Northern_Ireland_Conflict'_page_250_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillespie2008" class="citation book cs1">Gillespie, Gordon (2008). Historical Dictionary of the Northern Ireland Conflict. <a href="/wiki/Scarecrow_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Scarecrow Press">Scarecrow Press</a>. p. 250. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5583-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5583-0"><bdi>978-0-8108-5583-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Northern+Ireland+Conflict&rft.pages=250&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-5583-0&rft.aulast=Gillespie&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Taylor_(journalist)" title="Peter Taylor (journalist)">Taylor, Peter</a> (1997). "Chapter 21: Stalemate". Behind the Mask: The IRA and Sinn Féin. New York: TV Books. pp. 246–261. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57500-061-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57500-061-9"><bdi>978-1-57500-061-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/38012191">38012191</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+21%3A+Stalemate&rft.btitle=Behind+the+Mask%3A+The+IRA+and+Sinn+F%C3%A9in&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E246-%3C%2Fspan%3E261&rft.pub=TV+Books&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F38012191&rft.isbn=978-1-57500-061-9&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoxGuelkeStephen2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cox_(academic)" title="Michael Cox (academic)">Cox, Michael</a>; <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Guelke" title="Adrian Guelke">Guelke, Adrian</a>; Stephen, Fiona (2006). A Farewell to Arms? Beyond the Good Friday Agreement. <a href="/wiki/Manchester_University_Press" title="Manchester University Press">Manchester University Press</a>. p. 213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-7115-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-7115-7"><bdi>978-0-7190-7115-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Farewell+to+Arms%3F+Beyond+the+Good+Friday+Agreement&rft.pages=213&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-7115-7&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Guelke%2C+Adrian&rft.au=Stephen%2C+Fiona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MODreport-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MODreport_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MODreport_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.official-documents.gov.uk/document/hc0607/hc06/0697/0697.pdf">Ministry of Defence Annual Report and Accounts 2006–2007</a> (PDF) (Report). <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)">Ministry of Defence</a>. 23 July 2007. HC 697. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120824170853/http://www.official-documents.gov.uk/document/hc0607/hc06/0697/0697.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 24 August 2012. Retrieved 24 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Ministry+of+Defence+Annual+Report+and+Accounts+2006%E2%80%932007&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Defence&rft.date=2007-07-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.official-documents.gov.uk%2Fdocument%2Fhc0607%2Fhc06%2F0697%2F0697.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-suttonstatus-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-suttonstatus_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-suttonstatus_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-suttonstatus_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-suttonstatus_10-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-suttonstatus_10-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-suttonstatus_10-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-suttonstatus_10-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutton" class="citation web cs1">Sutton, Malcolm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/sutton/tables/Status.html">"Sutton Index of Deaths"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Conflict_Archive_on_the_Internet" title="Conflict Archive on the Internet">Conflict Archive on the Internet</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170701045148/http://cain.ulster.ac.uk/sutton/tables/Status.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2017. Retrieved 18 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Conflict+Archive+on+the+Internet&rft.atitle=Sutton+Index+of+Deaths&rft.aulast=Sutton&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulster.ac.uk%2Fsutton%2Ftables%2FStatus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelaugh" class="citation web cs1">Melaugh, Martin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/othelem/organ/uorgan.htm">"CAIN: Abstracts of Organisations – 'U'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Conflict_Archive_on_the_Internet" title="Conflict Archive on the Internet">Conflict Archive on the Internet</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ulster_University" title="Ulster University">Ulster University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190226112139/https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/othelem/organ/uorgan.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2019. Retrieved 20 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Conflict+Archive+on+the+Internet&rft.atitle=CAIN%3A+Abstracts+of+Organisations+%E2%80%93+%27U%27&rft.aulast=Melaugh&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulster.ac.uk%2Fothelem%2Forgan%2Fuorgan.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-statsum-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-statsum_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-statsum_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutton" class="citation web cs1">Sutton, Malcolm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/tables/Status_Summary.html">"Sutton Index of Deaths – Status Summary"</a>. Conflict Archive on the Internet. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150824193436/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/tables/Status_Summary.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 August 2015. Retrieved 31 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Conflict+Archive+on+the+Internet&rft.atitle=Sutton+Index+of+Deaths+%E2%80%93+Status+Summary&rft.aulast=Sutton&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulst.ac.uk%2Fsutton%2Ftables%2FStatus_Summary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-secdef05-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-secdef05_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-secdef05_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelaughLynnMcKenna" class="citation web cs1">Melaugh, Mertin; Lynn, Brendan; McKenna, F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/ni/security.htm">"Northern Ireland Society – Security and Defence"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Conflict_Archive_on_the_Internet" title="Conflict Archive on the Internet">Conflict Archive on the Internet</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ulster_University" title="Ulster University">Ulster University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190226112129/https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/ni/security.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2019. Retrieved 20 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Conflict+Archive+on+the+Internet&rft.atitle=Northern+Ireland+Society+%E2%80%93+Security+and+Defence&rft.aulast=Melaugh&rft.aufirst=Mertin&rft.au=Lynn%2C+Brendan&rft.au=McKenna%2C+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulster.ac.uk%2Fni%2Fsecurity.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelters2013" class="citation magazine cs1">Kelters, Seamus (February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130605010515/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/topics/troubles_violence">"Violence in the Troubles"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_History" title="BBC History">BBC History</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/topics/troubles_violence">the original</a> on 5 June 2013. Retrieved 17 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+History&rft.atitle=Violence+in+the+Troubles&rft.date=2013-02&rft.aulast=Kelters&rft.aufirst=Seamus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Ftopics%2Ftroubles_violence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CMitchell-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CMitchell_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CMitchell_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell2013" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell, Claire (2013). Religion, Identity and Politics in Northern Ireland. Ashgate Publishing. p. 5. <q>The most popular school of thought on religion is encapsulated in McGarry and O'Leary's Explaining Northern Ireland (1995) and it is echoed by Coulter (1999) and Clayton (1998). The central argument is that religion is an ethnic marker but that it is not generally politically relevant in and of itself. Instead, ethnonationalism lies at the root of the conflict. Hayes and McAllister (1999a) point out that this represents something of an academic consensus.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion%2C+Identity+and+Politics+in+Northern+Ireland&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Claire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGarryO'Leary1995" class="citation book cs1">McGarry, John; O'Leary, Brendan (1995). Explaining Northern Ireland. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-18349-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-18349-5"><bdi>978-0-631-18349-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Explaining+Northern+Ireland&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-631-18349-5&rft.aulast=McGarry&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=O%27Leary%2C+Brendan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeogh1994" class="citation book cs1">Keogh, Dermot, ed. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521459334/page/55">Northern Ireland and the Politics of Reconciliation</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521459334/page/55">55–59</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45933-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45933-4"><bdi>978-0-521-45933-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Northern+Ireland+and+the+Politics+of+Reconciliation&rft.pages=55-59&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-521-45933-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780521459334%2Fpage%2F55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoakley" class="citation web cs1">Coakley, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120229043534/http://www.passia.org/seminars/2004/John-Coakley-Ireland-Seminar.htm">"Ethnic Conflict and the Two-State Solution: The Irish Experience of Partition"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucd.ie/ibis/filestore/wp2004/42/42_coakley.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 29 February 2012. Retrieved 15 February 2009. <q>... these attitudes are not rooted particularly in religious belief, but rather in underlying ethnonational identity patterns.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Conflict+and+the+Two-State+Solution%3A+The+Irish+Experience+of+Partition&rft.aulast=Coakley&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucd.ie%2Fibis%2Ffilestore%2Fwp2004%2F42%2F42_coakley.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/what-you-need-to-know-about-the-troubles">"What You Need to Know About The Troubles"</a>. Imperial War Museums. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210106174049/https://www.iwm.org.uk/history/what-you-need-to-know-about-the-troubles">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2021. Retrieved 31 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Imperial+War+Museums&rft.atitle=What+You+Need+to+Know+About+The+Troubles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iwm.org.uk%2Fhistory%2Fwhat-you-need-to-know-about-the-troubles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gloss-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Gloss_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelaughLynn" class="citation web cs1">Melaugh, Martin; Lynn, Brendan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/othelem/glossary.htm#T">"Glossary of Terms on Northern Ireland Conflict"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Conflict_Archive_on_the_Internet" title="Conflict Archive on the Internet">Conflict Archive on the Internet</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ulster_University" title="Ulster University">Ulster University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190226172042/https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/othelem/glossary.htm#T">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2019. Retrieved 19 February 2019. <q>The term 'the Troubles' is a euphemism used by people in Ireland for the present conflict. The term has been used before to describe other periods of Irish history. On the CAIN web site the terms 'Northern Ireland conflict' and 'the Troubles', are used interchangeably.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Conflict+Archive+on+the+Internet&rft.atitle=Glossary+of+Terms+on+Northern+Ireland+Conflict&rft.aulast=Melaugh&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Lynn%2C+Brendan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulster.ac.uk%2Fothelem%2Fglossary.htm%23T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McEvoy_2008-21"><a href="#cite_ref-McEvoy_2008_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcEvoy2008" class="citation book cs1">McEvoy, Joanne (2008). The politics of Northern Ireland. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2501-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2501-7"><bdi>978-0-7486-2501-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/232570935">232570935</a>. <q>The Northern Ireland conflict, known locally as 'the Troubles', endured for three decades and claimed the lives of more than 3,500 people.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+politics+of+Northern+Ireland&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F232570935&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-2501-7&rft.aulast=McEvoy&rft.aufirst=Joanne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKittrickMcVea2001" class="citation book cs1">McKittrick, David; McVea, David (2001). Making Sense of the Troubles: A History of the Northern Ireland Conflict (Rdevised ed.). <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-100305-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-100305-4"><bdi>978-0-14-100305-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Sense+of+the+Troubles%3A+A+History+of+the+Northern+Ireland+Conflict&rft.edition=Rdevised&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-14-100305-4&rft.aulast=McKittrick&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=McVea%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwardsMcGrattan2012" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, Aaron; McGrattan, Cillian (2012). The Northern Ireland Conflict: A Beginner's Guide. <a href="/wiki/Oneworld_Publications" title="Oneworld Publications">Oneworld Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78074-171-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78074-171-0"><bdi>978-1-78074-171-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Northern+Ireland+Conflict%3A+A+Beginner%27s+Guide&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-78074-171-0&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft.au=McGrattan%2C+Cillian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillespie2007" class="citation book cs1">Gillespie, Gordon (2007). Historical Dictionary of the Northern Ireland Conflict. Scarecrow Press. p. 250. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5583-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5583-0"><bdi>978-0-8108-5583-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Northern+Ireland+Conflict&rft.pages=250&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-5583-0&rft.aulast=Gillespie&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-elliot-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-elliot_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-elliot_25-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliott2007" class="citation book cs1">Elliott, Marianne (2007). The Long Road to Peace in Northern Ireland: Peace Lectures from the Institute of Irish Studies at Liverpool University (2 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_University_Press" title="Liverpool University Press">Liverpool University Press</a>. pp. 2, 188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84631-065-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84631-065-2"><bdi>978-1-84631-065-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Long+Road+to+Peace+in+Northern+Ireland%3A+Peace+Lectures+from+the+Institute+of+Irish+Studies+at+Liverpool+University&rft.pages=2%2C+188&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84631-065-2&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=Marianne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodspeed2002" class="citation book cs1">Goodspeed, Michael (2002). When Reason Fails: Portraits of Armies at War : America, Britain, Israel, and the Future. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. pp. 44, 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-97378-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-97378-6"><bdi>0-275-97378-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Reason+Fails%3A+Portraits+of+Armies+at+War+%3A+America%2C+Britain%2C+Israel%2C+and+the+Future&rft.pages=44%2C+61&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-275-97378-6&rft.aulast=Goodspeed&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLesley-Dixon2018" class="citation book cs1">Lesley-Dixon, Kenneth (2018). Northern Ireland: The Troubles: From The Provos to The Det. <a href="/wiki/Pen_and_Sword_Books" title="Pen and Sword Books">Pen and Sword Books</a>. p. 13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Northern+Ireland%3A+The+Troubles%3A+From+The+Provos+to+The+Det&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword+Books&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Lesley-Dixon&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaeffer1999" class="citation book cs1">Schaeffer, Robert (1999). Severed States: Dilemmas of Democracy in a Divided World. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 152.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Severed+States%3A+Dilemmas+of+Democracy+in+a+Divided+World&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Schaeffer&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRainey2016" class="citation news cs1">Rainey, Mark (12 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsletter.co.uk/news/crime/special-branch-officer-s-insider-view-of-northern-ireland-s-secret-war-1-7676099">"Special Branch officer's insider view of Northern Ireland's 'secret war'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_News_Letter" class="mw-redirect" title="The News Letter">The News Letter</a>. Johnston Publishing (NI). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190221000529/https://www.newsletter.co.uk/news/crime/special-branch-officer-s-insider-view-of-northern-ireland-s-secret-war-1-7676099">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2019. Retrieved 20 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+News+Letter&rft.atitle=Special+Branch+officer%27s+insider+view+of+Northern+Ireland%27s+%27secret+war%27&rft.date=2016-11-12&rft.aulast=Rainey&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsletter.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fcrime%2Fspecial-branch-officer-s-insider-view-of-northern-ireland-s-secret-war-1-7676099&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2014" class="citation news cs1">Taylor, Peter (26 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-29369805">"Who Won The War? Revisiting NI on 20th anniversary of ceasefires"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190328032236/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-29369805">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2019. Retrieved 26 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Who+Won+The+War%3F+Revisiting+NI+on+20th+anniversary+of+ceasefires&rft.date=2014-09-26&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-northern-ireland-29369805&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/7249681.stm">"Troubles 'not war' motion passed"</a>. BBC News. 18 February 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080225204704/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/7249681.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2008. Retrieved 3 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Troubles+%27not+war%27+motion+passed&rft.date=2008-02-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fnorthern_ireland%2F7249681.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHennessey2001" class="citation book cs1">Hennessey, Thomas (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/northernirelandp00henn/page/48">The Northern Ireland peace process: ending the troubles?</a>. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/northernirelandp00henn/page/48">48</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-23949-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-23949-7"><bdi>978-0-312-23949-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Northern+Ireland+peace+process%3A+ending+the+troubles%3F&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-312-23949-7&rft.aulast=Hennessey&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnorthernirelandp00henn%2Fpage%2F48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnglish2005" class="citation book cs1">English, Richard (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WxJutBLDxg0C">Armed Struggle: The History of the IRA</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517753-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517753-4"><bdi>978-0-19-517753-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armed+Struggle%3A+The+History+of+the+IRA&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517753-4&rft.aulast=English&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWxJutBLDxg0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStorey2004" class="citation book cs1">Storey, Michael L. (2004). Representing the Troubles in Irish Short Fiction. The Catholic University of America Press. p. 149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-1366-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-1366-8"><bdi>978-0-8132-1366-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Representing+the+Troubles+in+Irish+Short+Fiction&rft.pages=149&rft.pub=The+Catholic+University+of+America+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8132-1366-8&rft.aulast=Storey&rft.aufirst=Michael+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RJenkins-35"><a href="#cite_ref-RJenkins_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins1997" class="citation book cs1">Jenkins, Richard (1997). Rethinking Ethnicity: Arguments and Explorations. SAGE Publications. p. 120. <q>It should, I think, be apparent that the Northern Irish conflict is not a religious conflict ... Although religion has a place – and indeed an important one – in the repertoire of conflict in Northern Ireland, the majority of participants see the situation as primarily concerned with matters of politics and nationalism, not religion. And there is no reason to disagree with them.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Ethnicity%3A+Arguments+and+Explorations&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnglishTownshend1998" class="citation book cs1">English, Richard; Townshend, Charles (1998). The State: Historical and Political Dimensions. Routledge. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-15477-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-15477-4"><bdi>0-415-15477-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+State%3A+Historical+and+Political+Dimensions&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-415-15477-4&rft.aulast=English&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Townshend%2C+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-dbryan-37"><a href="#cite_ref-dbryan_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryan2000" class="citation book cs1">Bryan, Dominic (2000). Orange Parades: The Politics of Ritual, Tradition and Control. Pluto Press. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7453-1413-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7453-1413-9"><bdi>0-7453-1413-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orange+Parades%3A+The+Politics+of+Ritual%2C+Tradition+and+Control&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-7453-1413-9&rft.aulast=Bryan&rft.aufirst=Dominic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191001024019/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-49250284">"The Troubles: How 1969 violence led to Army's longest campaign"</a>. BBC News. 14 August 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-49250284">the original</a> on 1 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Troubles%3A+How+1969+violence+led+to+Army%27s+longest+campaign&rft.date=2019-08-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-northern-ireland-49250284&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alphahistory.com/northernireland/operation-banner">Operation Banner</a>, alphahistory.com Retrieved 18 June 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-suttonresponsible-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-suttonresponsible_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-suttonresponsible_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-suttonresponsible_40-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-suttonresponsible_40-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/tables/Organisation_Summary.html">"Sutton Index of Deaths: Summary of Organisation responsible"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Conflict_Archive_on_the_Internet" title="Conflict Archive on the Internet">Conflict Archive on the Internet</a> (CAIN). <a href="/wiki/Ulster_University" title="Ulster University">Ulster University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150721103456/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/tables/Organisation_Summary.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2015. Retrieved 24 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Conflict+Archive+on+the+Internet+%28CAIN%29&rft.atitle=Sutton+Index+of+Deaths%3A+Summary+of+Organisation+responsible&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulst.ac.uk%2Fsutton%2Ftables%2FOrganisation_Summary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/crosstabs.html">"Sutton Index of Deaths: Crosstabulations (two-way tables)"</a>. Conflict Archive on the Internet. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160324044004/http://www.cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/crosstabs.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2016. Retrieved 10 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Conflict+Archive+on+the+Internet&rft.atitle=Sutton+Index+of+Deaths%3A+Crosstabulations+%28two-way+tables%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulst.ac.uk%2Fsutton%2Fcrosstabs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> (choose "organization summary" and "status" as the variables) </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoriarty2019" class="citation news cs1">Moriarty, Gerry (5 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/crime-and-law/northern-ireland-eighty-one-punishment-attacks-in-past-year-1.3977767">"Northern Ireland: Eighty-one 'punishment attacks' in past year"</a>. The Irish Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190806184710/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/crime-and-law/northern-ireland-eighty-one-punishment-attacks-in-past-year-1.3977767">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2019. Retrieved 28 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Northern+Ireland%3A+Eighty-one+%27punishment+attacks%27+in+past+year&rft.date=2019-08-05&rft.aulast=Moriarty&rft.aufirst=Gerry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fcrime-and-law%2Fnorthern-ireland-eighty-one-punishment-attacks-in-past-year-1.3977767&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-56460503">"South East Antrim UDA: 'A criminal cartel wrapped in a flag'"</a>. BBC News. 21 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=South+East+Antrim+UDA%3A+%27A+criminal+cartel+wrapped+in+a+flag%27&rft.date=2021-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-northern-ireland-56460503&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/drugs-and-cash-seized-in-raids-linked-to-south-east-antrim-uda-41872314.html">"Drugs and cash seized in raids linked to South East Antrim UDA"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Belfast_Telegraph" title="Belfast Telegraph">Belfast Telegraph</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Belfast+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Drugs+and+cash+seized+in+raids+linked+to+South+East+Antrim+UDA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfasttelegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fnorthern-ireland%2Fdrugs-and-cash-seized-in-raids-linked-to-south-east-antrim-uda-41872314.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEarwin2021" class="citation web cs1">Earwin, Alan (25 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsletter.co.uk/news/crime/surveillance-recorded-south-east-antrim-uda-drugs-conversation-court-is-told-3178888">"Surveillance recorded 'South East Antrim UDA drugs conversation', court is told"</a>. News Letter. Retrieved 9 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News+Letter&rft.atitle=Surveillance+recorded+%27South+East+Antrim+UDA+drugs+conversation%27%2C+court+is+told&rft.date=2021-03-25&rft.aulast=Earwin&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsletter.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fcrime%2Fsurveillance-recorded-south-east-antrim-uda-drugs-conversation-court-is-told-3178888&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishnews.com/news/northernirelandnews/2022/10/15/news/police_seize_suspected_drugs_in_operation_linked_to_the_south_east_antrim_uda-2861926/">"Police seize suspected drugs in operation linked to the South East Antrim UDA"</a>. 14 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Police+seize+suspected+drugs+in+operation+linked+to+the+South+East+Antrim+UDA&rft.date=2022-10-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishnews.com%2Fnews%2Fnorthernirelandnews%2F2022%2F10%2F15%2Fnews%2Fpolice_seize_suspected_drugs_in_operation_linked_to_the_south_east_antrim_uda-2861926%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-45415621">"Drugs seized in searches linked to South East Antrim UDA"</a>. BBC News. 4 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Drugs+seized+in+searches+linked+to+South+East+Antrim+UDA&rft.date=2018-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-northern-ireland-45415621&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sundayworld.com/crime/irish-crime/loyalist-terror-groups-uvf-and-uda-on-collision-course-over-drug-deal-turned-sour/793582485.html">"Loyalist terror groups UVF and UDA on collision course over 'drug deal turned sour'"</a>. 16 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Loyalist+terror+groups+UVF+and+UDA+on+collision+course+over+%27drug+deal+turned+sour%27&rft.date=2023-05-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sundayworld.com%2Fcrime%2Firish-crime%2Floyalist-terror-groups-uvf-and-uda-on-collision-course-over-drug-deal-turned-sour%2F793582485.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/violence/deathsfrom2002draft.htm">"Draft List of Deaths Related to the Conflict (2003–present)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130105150612/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/violence/deathsfrom2002draft.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2013. Retrieved 31 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Draft+List+of+Deaths+Related+to+the+Conflict+%282003%E2%80%93present%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulst.ac.uk%2Fissues%2Fviolence%2Fdeathsfrom2002draft.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cottrell-50"><a href="#cite_ref-cottrell_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Cottrell2006" class="citation book cs1">Peter Cottrell (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qMpGh8UyICgC&pg=PA7">The Anglo-Irish War: The Troubles of 1913–1922</a>. Osprey Publishing. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-023-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-023-9"><bdi>978-1-84603-023-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 23 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anglo-Irish+War%3A+The+Troubles+of+1913%E2%80%931922&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84603-023-9&rft.au=Peter+Cottrell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqMpGh8UyICgC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-storey-51"><a href="#cite_ref-storey_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_L._Storey2004" class="citation book cs1">Michael L. Storey (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2eAVjfnn0SYC&pg=PA2">Representing the Troubles in Irish Short Fiction</a>. CUA Press. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-1366-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-1366-8"><bdi>978-0-8132-1366-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170420065038/https://books.google.com/books?id=2eAVjfnn0SYC&pg=PA2">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2017. Retrieved 23 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Representing+the+Troubles+in+Irish+Short+Fiction&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=CUA+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8132-1366-8&rft.au=Michael+L.+Storey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2eAVjfnn0SYC%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Peter Rose (2001), How the Troubles Came to Northern Ireland. p. 94. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0333753460" title="Special:BookSources/978-0333753460">978-0333753460</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Anisseh Van Engeland & Rachael M. Rudolph. From Terrorism to Politics (2008), Aldershot, England; Burlington, VT: Ashgate. p, 59. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0754649908" title="Special:BookSources/978-0754649908">978-0754649908</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Ryan Hackney and Amy Blackwell Hackney. The Everything Irish History & Heritage Book (2004). p. 200 </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/03/12/northern.ireland/index.html">"Out of trouble: How diplomacy brought peace to Northern Ireland"</a>. CNN. 17 March 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080719001308/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/03/12/northern.ireland/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2008. Retrieved 2 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Out+of+trouble%3A+How+diplomacy+brought+peace+to+Northern+Ireland&rft.date=2008-03-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2008%2FWORLD%2Feurope%2F03%2F12%2Fnorthern.ireland%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wright-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wright_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wright_56-1">b</a> Frank Wright. Ulster: Two Lands, One Soil, 1996, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/1422212.stm">"Profile: The Orange Order"</a>. BBC News. 4 July 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080629181232/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/1422212.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2008. Retrieved 2 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Profile%3A+The+Orange+Order&rft.date=2001-07-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2Fnorthern_ireland%2F1422212.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnglish2006" class="citation book cs1">English, Richard (2006). Irish Freedom: The History of Nationalism in Ireland. Pan Books. pp. 200–231. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-330-42759-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-330-42759-3"><bdi>978-0-330-42759-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Irish+Freedom%3A+The+History+of+Nationalism+in+Ireland&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E200-%3C%2Fspan%3E231&rft.pub=Pan+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-330-42759-3&rft.aulast=English&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-coogan-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-coogan_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-coogan_59-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-coogan_59-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-coogan_59-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-coogan_59-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-coogan_59-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-coogan_59-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-coogan_59-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-coogan_59-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-coogan_59-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-coogan_59-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-coogan_59-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-coogan_59-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-coogan_59-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-coogan_59-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-coogan_59-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-coogan_59-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-coogan_59-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-coogan_59-18">s</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoogan2002" class="citation book cs1">Coogan, Tim Pat (2002). The Troubles: Ireland's Ordeal and the Search for Peace. Palgrave Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Troubles%3A+Ireland%27s+Ordeal+and+the+Search+for+Peace&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Coogan&rft.aufirst=Tim+Pat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parliament-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Parliament_60-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199394/cmhansrd/1993-12-15/Debate-1.html">Parliamentary debate</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101010094440/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199394/cmhansrd/1993-12-15/Debate-1.html">Archived</a> 10 October 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: "The British government agree that it is for the people of the island of Ireland alone, by agreement between the two parts respectively, to exercise their right of self-determination on the basis of <a href="/wiki/Principle_of_consent" title="Principle of consent">consent</a>, freely and concurrently given, North and South, to bring about a united Ireland, if that is their wish." </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowleyÓ_DrisceoilMurphyBorgonovo2017" class="citation book cs1">Crowley, John; Ó Drisceoil, Donal; Murphy, Michael; Borgonovo, John; Hogan, Nick, eds. (2017). Atlas of the Irish Revolution. New York: NYU Press. p. 830. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4798-3428-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4798-3428-0"><bdi>978-1-4798-3428-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1001466881">1001466881</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+the+Irish+Revolution&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=830&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1001466881&rft.isbn=978-1-4798-3428-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-familiesatwar-62"><a href="#cite_ref-familiesatwar_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Taylor1989" class="citation book cs1">Peter Taylor (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/familiesatwarvoi0000tayl/page/10">Families at War</a>. BBC. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/familiesatwarvoi0000tayl/page/10">10</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-563-20787-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-563-20787-0"><bdi>978-0-563-20787-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Families+at+War&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-563-20787-0&rft.au=Peter+Taylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffamiliesatwarvoi0000tayl%2Fpage%2F10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnglish2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_English" title="Richard English">English, Richard</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WxJutBLDxg0C&pg=PR3">Armed Struggle: The History of the IRA</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 39–40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517753-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517753-4"><bdi>978-0-19-517753-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170420031341/https://books.google.com/books?id=WxJutBLDxg0C&pg=PR3">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armed+Struggle%3A+The+History+of+the+IRA&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E39-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517753-4&rft.aulast=English&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWxJutBLDxg0C%26pg%3DPR3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170101170441/http://www.cresc.ac.uk/medialibrary/workingpapers/wp122.pdf">"CRESC Working Paper Series : Working Paper No. 122"</a> (PDF). Cresc.ac.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cresc.ac.uk/medialibrary/workingpapers/wp122.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 1 January 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cresc.ac.uk&rft.atitle=CRESC+Working+Paper+Series+%3A+Working+Paper+No.+122&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cresc.ac.uk%2Fmedialibrary%2Fworkingpapers%2Fwp122.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeehan1970" class="citation journal cs1">Meehan, Niall (1 January 1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/6318325">"Facts and Figures of the Belfast Pogroms G.B. Kenna 1922 | Niall Meehan"</a>. Academia.edu. Retrieved 3 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Academia.edu&rft.atitle=Facts+and+Figures+of+the+Belfast+Pogroms+G.B.+Kenna+1922+%26%23124%3B+Niall+Meehan&rft.date=1970-01-01&rft.aulast=Meehan&rft.aufirst=Niall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F6318325&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyireland.com/20th-century-contemporary-history/tit-for-tat-the-war-of-independence-in-the-northern-counties/">"History Ireland"</a>. History Ireland. 4 March 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161010211229/http://www.historyireland.com/20th-century-contemporary-history/tit-for-tat-the-war-of-independence-in-the-northern-counties/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+Ireland&rft.pub=History+Ireland&rft.date=2013-03-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyireland.com%2F20th-century-contemporary-history%2Ftit-for-tat-the-war-of-independence-in-the-northern-counties%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Hart2003" class="citation book cs1">Peter Hart (2003). The I.R.A. at war, 1916–1923. Oxford University Press. pp. 247, 251. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925258-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925258-9"><bdi>978-0-19-925258-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+I.R.A.+at+war%2C+1916%E2%80%931923&rft.pages=247%2C+251&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-925258-9&rft.au=Peter+Hart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Laura K. Dohonue. "Regulating Northern Ireland: The Special Powers Acts, 1922–1972", The Historical Journal (1998), vol 41, no. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeldman1991" class="citation book cs1">Feldman, Allen (1991). Formations of Violence: The Narrative of the Body and Political Terror in Northern Ireland (2nd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 40–41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Formations+of+Violence%3A+The+Narrative+of+the+Body+and+Political+Terror+in+Northern+Ireland&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E40-%3C%2Fspan%3E41&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Feldman&rft.aufirst=Allen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKittrickMcVea2012" class="citation book cs1">McKittrick, David; McVea, David (2012). Making Sense of the Troubles: A History of the Northern Ireland. London: Viking. pp. 8–10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+Sense+of+the+Troubles%3A+A+History+of+the+Northern+Ireland&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E8-%3C%2Fspan%3E10&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=McKittrick&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=McVea%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theirishstory.com/2018/12/03/revisiting-the-northern-ireland-civil-rights-movement-1968-69/">"Revisiting the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Movement: 1968–69 – The Irish Story"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200307140523/https://www.theirishstory.com/2018/12/03/revisiting-the-northern-ireland-civil-rights-movement-1968-69/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2020. Retrieved 17 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Revisiting+the+Northern+Ireland+Civil+Rights+Movement%3A+1968%E2%80%9369+%E2%80%93+The+Irish+Story&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theirishstory.com%2F2018%2F12%2F03%2Frevisiting-the-northern-ireland-civil-rights-movement-1968-69%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2023/41/section/1/">"Northern Ireland Troubles (Legacy and Reconciliation) Act 2023: Section 1"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legislation.gov.uk" title="Legislation.gov.uk">legislation.gov.uk</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">The National Archives</a>, 18 September 2023, 2023 c. 41 (s. 1), retrieved 17 July 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=legislation.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Northern+Ireland+Troubles+%28Legacy+and+Reconciliation%29+Act+2023%26%2358%3B+Section+1&rft.date=2023-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flegislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2F2023%2F41%2Fsection%2F1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cain1800-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cain1800_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cain1800_73-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cain1800_73-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cain1800_73-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cain1800_73-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cain1800_73-5">f</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/chron/ch1800-1967.htm">Chronology of Key Events in Irish History: 1800 to 1967</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110303105236/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/chron/ch1800-1967.htm">Archived</a> 3 March 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, cain.ulst.ac.uk. Retrieved 12 June 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-ptuvf-74"><a href="#cite_ref-ptuvf_74-0">^</a> Loyalists, pp. 37–40. </li> <li id="cite_note-tricolour-75"><a href="#cite_ref-tricolour_75-0">^</a> Andrew Boyd. Holy War in Belfast. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/docs/boyd69.htm">"Chapter 11: The Tricolour Riots"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110827111703/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/docs/boyd69.htm">Archived</a> 27 August 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Anvil Books, 1969; reproduced <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk">here</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070530181849/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/">Archived</a> 30 May 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-jordan-76"><a href="#cite_ref-jordan_76-0">^</a> Hugh Jordan. Milestones in Murder: Defining moments in Ulster's terror war. Random House, 2011. Chapter 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-taylorloyalists-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-taylorloyalists_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-taylorloyalists_77-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-taylorloyalists_77-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-taylorloyalists_77-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-taylorloyalists_77-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-taylorloyalists_77-5">f</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Taylor_(journalist)" title="Peter Taylor (journalist)">Peter Taylor</a>. Loyalists (1990). London: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. pp. 41–44, 125, 143, 163, 188–90 </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/proscribed-terror-groups-or-organisations--2/proscribed-terrorist-groups-or-organisations-accessible-version">"Proscribed terrorist groups or organisations"</a>. GOV.UK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210719150016/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/proscribed-terror-groups-or-organisations--2/proscribed-terrorist-groups-or-organisations-accessible-version">Archived</a> from the original on 19 July 2021. Retrieved 2 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GOV.UK&rft.atitle=Proscribed+terrorist+groups+or+organisations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fpublications%2Fproscribed-terror-groups-or-organisations--2%2Fproscribed-terrorist-groups-or-organisations-accessible-version&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NICRA-79"><a href="#cite_ref-NICRA_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/crights/nicra/nicra78.htm#contents">"We Shall Overcome ... The History of the Struggle for Civil Rights in Northern Ireland 1968–1978"</a>. cain.ulst.ac.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110531024030/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/crights/nicra/nicra78.htm#contents">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2011. Retrieved 17 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=We+Shall+Overcome+...+The+History+of+the+Struggle+for+Civil+Rights+in+Northern+Ireland+1968%E2%80%931978&rft.pub=cain.ulst.ac.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulst.ac.uk%2Fevents%2Fcrights%2Fnicra%2Fnicra78.htm%23contents&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/crights/pdfs/truth.pdf">Northern Ireland: The Plain Truth (second edition)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514183620/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/crights/pdfs/truth.pdf">Archived</a> 14 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Campaign for Social Justice in Northern Ireland, 15 June 1969. Retrieved 12 June 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-tonge-81"><a href="#cite_ref-tonge_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_Tonge2002" class="citation book cs1">Jonathan Tonge (2002). Northern Ireland: Conflict and Change. Longman. pp. 37–38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-42400-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-42400-5"><bdi>978-0-582-42400-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Northern+Ireland%3A+Conflict+and+Change&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E37-%3C%2Fspan%3E38&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-582-42400-5&rft.au=Jonathan+Tonge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarious2006" class="citation book cs1">Various (2006). Politics UK. Longman. p. 770. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-2411-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-2411-8"><bdi>978-1-4058-2411-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+UK&rft.pages=770&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4058-2411-8&rft.au=Various&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-joint2005p110-83"><a href="#cite_ref-joint2005p110_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoint_Committee2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joint_Committee_on_Human_Rights" title="Joint Committee on Human Rights">Joint Committee on Human Rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2CRQ6hNzHuAC&pg=PA114">Counter-Terrorism Policy And Human Rights: Terrorism Bill and related matters: Oral and Written Evidence</a>. Vol. 2. <a href="/wiki/The_Stationery_Office" title="The Stationery Office">The Stationery Office</a>. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-10-400766-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-10-400766-2"><bdi>978-0-10-400766-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170420031450/https://books.google.com/books?id=2CRQ6hNzHuAC&pg=PA114">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2017. Retrieved 17 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Counter-Terrorism+Policy+And+Human+Rights%3A+Terrorism+Bill+and+related+matters%3A+Oral+and+Written+Evidence&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=The+Stationery+Office&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-10-400766-2&rft.au=Joint+Committee+on+Human+Rights%2C+Parliament+of+the+United+Kingdom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2CRQ6hNzHuAC%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> English (2003), pp. 91, 94, 98 </li> <li id="cite_note-cameron-85"><a href="#cite_ref-cameron_85-0">^</a> Lord Cameron, Disturbances in Northern Ireland: Report of the Commission appointed by the Governor of Northern Ireland (Belfast, 1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/hmso/cameron2.htm#chap16">Chapter 16</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180601151429/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/hmso/cameron2.htm#chap16">Archived</a> 1 June 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Quote: "While there is evidence that members of the I.R.A. are active in the organisation, there is no sign that they are in any sense dominant or in a position to control or direct policy of the Civil Rights Association." </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._L._R._Smith2002" class="citation book cs1">M. L. R. Smith (2002). Fighting for Ireland?: The Military Strategy of the Irish Republican Movement. Routledge. p. 81. <q>Republicans were instrumental in setting up NICRA itself, though they did not control the Association and remained a minority faction within it.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fighting+for+Ireland%3F%3A+The+Military+Strategy+of+the+Irish+Republican+Movement&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.au=M.+L.+R.+Smith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBob_Purdie" class="citation book cs1">Bob Purdie. "Chapter 4: The Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association". Politics in the Streets: The origins of the civil rights movement in Northern Ireland. Blackstaff Press. <q>There is also clear evidence that the republicans were not actually in control of NICRA in the period up to and including the 5 October march.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+4%3A+The+Northern+Ireland+Civil+Rights+Association&rft.btitle=Politics+in+the+Streets%3A+The+origins+of+the+civil+rights+movement+in+Northern+Ireland&rft.pub=Blackstaff+Press&rft.au=Bob+Purdie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cain1968-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cain1968_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cain1968_88-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cain1968_88-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cain1968_88-3">d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/chron/ch68.htm">Chronology of the Conflict: 1968</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110806142228/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/chron/ch68.htm">Archived</a> 6 August 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, cain.ulst.ac.uk. Retrieved 12 June 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation interview cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rte.ie/archives/exhibitions/1031-civil-rights-movement-1968-9/1032-caledon-protest/319342-interview-with-mrs-goodfellow">"Sixteen of us in one small house"</a> (Audio) (Interview). Interviewed by Proinsias Ó Conluain. RTÉ Archives. 27 August 1969. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140410001129/http://www.rte.ie/archives/exhibitions/1031-civil-rights-movement-1968-9/1032-caledon-protest/319342-interview-with-mrs-goodfellow/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2014. Retrieved 22 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sixteen+of+us+in+one+small+house&rft.pub=RT%C3%89+Archives&rft.date=1969-08-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rte.ie%2Farchives%2Fexhibitions%2F1031-civil-rights-movement-1968-9%2F1032-caledon-protest%2F319342-interview-with-mrs-goodfellow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130828171004/http://campaignforcivilrights.org/eventsarticles.php?id=162">"Caledon Housing Protest"</a>. Campaign for Civil Rights. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://campaignforcivilrights.org/eventsarticles.php?id=162">the original</a> on 28 August 2013. Retrieved 23 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Caledon+Housing+Protest&rft.pub=Campaign+for+Civil+Rights&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcampaignforcivilrights.org%2Feventsarticles.php%3Fid%3D162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081122100048/http://www.serve.com/pfc/policing/submiss1.html">"Submission to the Independent Commission into Policing"</a>. Serve.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.serve.com/pfc/policing/submiss1.html">the original</a> on 22 November 2008. Retrieved 2 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Submission+to+the+Independent+Commission+into+Policing&rft.pub=Serve.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.serve.com%2Fpfc%2Fpolicing%2Fsubmiss1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-derrymarch-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-derrymarch_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-derrymarch_92-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-derrymarch_92-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_Melaugh" class="citation web cs1">Martin Melaugh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/derry/events.htm">"The Derry March: Main events of the day"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Conflict_Archive_on_the_Internet" title="Conflict Archive on the Internet">Conflict Archive on the Internet</a> (CAIN). <a href="/wiki/Ulster_University" title="Ulster University">Ulster University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071123235747/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/derry/events.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2007. Retrieved 16 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Conflict+Archive+on+the+Internet+%28CAIN%29&rft.atitle=The+Derry+March%3A+Main+events+of+the+day&rft.au=Martin+Melaugh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulst.ac.uk%2Fevents%2Fderry%2Fevents.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cathcart-93"><a href="#cite_ref-cathcart_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRex_Cathcart1984" class="citation book cs1">Rex Cathcart (1984). The Most Contrary Region. The Blackstaff Press. p. 208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85640-323-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85640-323-1"><bdi>978-0-85640-323-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Most+Contrary+Region&rft.pages=208&rft.pub=The+Blackstaff+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-85640-323-1&rft.au=Rex+Cathcart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-burntollet-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-burntollet_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-burntollet_94-1">b</a> Bowes Egan and Vincent McCormack. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/pdmarch/egan.htm">Burntollet</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071020182023/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/pdmarch/egan.htm">Archived</a> 20 October 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. L.R.S. Publishers, 1969; reproduced on CAIN. Retrieved 12 June 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Taylor_(Journalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Taylor (Journalist)">Taylor, Peter</a> (1997). Provos The IRA & Sinn Féin. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7475-3818-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7475-3818-2"><bdi>0-7475-3818-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Provos+The+IRA+%26+Sinn+F%C3%A9in&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-7475-3818-2&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-brits-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brits_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brits_96-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2001" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Peter (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/brits00pete/page/83">Brits: The War Against the IRA</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/brits00pete/page/82">82</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7475-5806-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7475-5806-4"><bdi>978-0-7475-5806-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brits%3A+The+War+Against+the+IRA&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7475-5806-4&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbrits00pete%2Fpage%2F83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cain1969-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cain1969_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cain1969_97-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cain1969_97-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cain1969_97-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cain1969_97-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/chron/ch69.htm">"Chronology of the Conflict: 1969"</a>. cain.ulst.ac.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101206184139/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/chron/ch69.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2010. Retrieved 12 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chronology+of+the+Conflict%3A+1969&rft.pub=cain.ulst.ac.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulst.ac.uk%2Fothelem%2Fchron%2Fch69.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Jim Cusack & Henry McDonald. UVF. Poolbeg, 1997. p. 28 </li> <li id="cite_note-psb-99"><a href="#cite_ref-psb_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Taylor1999" class="citation book cs1">Peter Taylor (1999). Loyalists. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. pp. 59–60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7475-4519-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7475-4519-4"><bdi>978-0-7475-4519-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Loyalists&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E59-%3C%2Fspan%3E60&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7475-4519-4&rft.au=Peter+Taylor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/police/ombudsman/po041001devenny.pdf">Police Ombudsman statement on Devenny investigation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121006092627/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/police/ombudsman/po041001devenny.pdf">Archived</a> 6 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, cain.ulst.ac.uk. Retrieved 4 October 2001. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Russell Stetler. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/battlebogside/stetler/stetler70.htm">Extract from The Battle of Bogside (1970)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100620024458/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/battlebogside/stetler/stetler70.htm">Archived</a> 20 June 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, cain.ulst.ac.uk. Retrieved 17 March 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Aldous2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Aldous" title="Richard Aldous">Richard Aldous</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatirishspeech0000unse_l7s0/page/133/">Great Irish Speeches</a>. 21 Bloomsbury Square, London, WC1A 2NS: <a href="/wiki/Quercus_(publisher)" title="Quercus (publisher)">Quercus Publishing PLC</a>. pp. 133–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84724-195-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84724-195-5"><bdi>978-1-84724-195-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Irish+Speeches&rft.place=21+Bloomsbury+Square%2C+London%2C+WC1A+2NS&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E133-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.pub=Quercus+Publishing+PLC&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84724-195-5&rft.au=Richard+Aldous&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreatirishspeech0000unse_l7s0%2Fpage%2F133%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rte.ie/archives/exhibitions/1042-northern-ireland-1969/1048-august-1969/320416-broadcast-by-an-taoiseach/">"A broadcast by An Taoiseach Mr. Jack Lynch T.D."</a> (Live television broadcast). <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, Ireland: <a href="/wiki/Telef%C3%ADs_%C3%89ireann" class="mw-redirect" title="Telefís Éireann">Telefís Éireann</a>. 13 August 1969. Retrieved 14 January 2024. <q>The Irish Government can no longer stand by and see innocent people injured and perhaps worse.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+broadcast+by+An+Taoiseach+Mr.+Jack+Lynch+T.D.&rft.place=Dublin%2C+Ireland&rft.pub=Telef%C3%ADs+%C3%89ireann&rft.date=1969-08-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rte.ie%2Farchives%2Fexhibitions%2F1042-northern-ireland-1969%2F1048-august-1969%2F320416-broadcast-by-an-taoiseach%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"></li> <li>The Troubles: Ireland's Ordeal and the Search for Peace, p. 89</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Ranelagh1994" class="citation book cs1">John Ranelagh (1994). A Short History of Ireland (2, illustrated, revised ed.). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 272. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-46944-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-46944-9"><bdi>978-0-521-46944-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Ireland&rft.pages=272&rft.edition=2%2C+illustrated%2C+revised&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-521-46944-9&rft.au=John+Ranelagh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowney2001" class="citation news cs1">Downey, James (2 January 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/army-on-armageddon-alert-26098330.html">"Army on Armageddon alert"</a>. Irish Independent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160311090921/http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/army-on-armageddon-alert-26098330.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2016. Retrieved 7 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Independent&rft.atitle=Army+on+Armageddon+alert&rft.date=2001-01-02&rft.aulast=Downey&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.ie%2Firish-news%2Farmy-on-armageddon-alert-26098330.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_McKernan2005" class="citation book cs1">Michael McKernan (2005). Northern Ireland Yearbook 2005. Stationery Office. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9546284-2-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9546284-2-0"><bdi>978-0-9546284-2-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Northern+Ireland+Yearbook+2005&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Stationery+Office&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-9546284-2-0&rft.au=Michael+McKernan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKittrick2004" class="citation book cs1">McKittrick, David (2004). Lost Lives: The Stories of the Men, Women and Children Who Died as a Result of the Northern Ireland Troubles. Mainstream Publishing. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84018-504-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84018-504-1"><bdi>978-1-84018-504-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Lives%3A+The+Stories+of+the+Men%2C+Women+and+Children+Who+Died+as+a+Result+of+the+Northern+Ireland+Troubles&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Mainstream+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-84018-504-1&rft.aulast=McKittrick&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutton1994" class="citation book cs1">Sutton, Malcolm (1994). Bear in Mind These Dead. Beyond the Pale Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9514229-4-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-9514229-4-4"><bdi>0-9514229-4-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bear+in+Mind+These+Dead&rft.pub=Beyond+the+Pale+Publications&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-9514229-4-4&rft.aulast=Sutton&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ll-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ll_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ll_108-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKittrick2004" class="citation book cs1">McKittrick, David (2004). Lost Lives: The Stories of the Men, Women and Children Who Died as a Result of the Northern Ireland Troubles. Mainstream Publishing. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84018-504-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84018-504-1"><bdi>978-1-84018-504-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Lives%3A+The+Stories+of+the+Men%2C+Women+and+Children+Who+Died+as+a+Result+of+the+Northern+Ireland+Troubles&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Mainstream+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-84018-504-1&rft.aulast=McKittrick&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> The Troubles: Ireland's Ordeal and the Search for Peace, p. 91 </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudolph2013" class="citation book cs1">Rudolph, Joseph R Jr. (2013). From Mediation to Nation-Building: Third Parties and the Management of Communal Conflict. <a href="/wiki/Lexington_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexington Books">Lexington Books</a>. p. 310. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-7694-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-7694-8"><bdi>978-0-7391-7694-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Mediation+to+Nation-Building%3A+Third+Parties+and+the+Management+of+Communal+Conflict&rft.pages=310&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-7694-8&rft.aulast=Rudolph&rft.aufirst=Joseph+R+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/proni/1969/proni_HA-32-3-2_1969-09-09.pdf">"Conclusions of a meeting of the Joint Security Committee held on Tuesday, 9th September, 1969, at Stormont Castle [PRONI Public Records HA/32/3/2]"</a> (PDF). CAIN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190226122931/https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/proni/1969/proni_HA-32-3-2_1969-09-09.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 26 February 2019. Retrieved 13 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CAIN&rft.atitle=Conclusions+of+a+meeting+of+the+Joint+Security+Committee+held+on+Tuesday%2C+9th+September%2C+1969%2C+at+Stormont+Castle+%5BPRONI+Public+Records+HA%2F32%2F3%2F2%5D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulster.ac.uk%2Fproni%2F1969%2Fproni_HA-32-3-2_1969-09-09.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCluskey1969" class="citation book cs1">McCluskey, Conn (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ax0wAQAAIAAJ">Up off their knees: a commentary on the civil rights movement in Northern Ireland</a>. Conn McCluskey and Associates. p. 173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9514837-0-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-9514837-0-6"><bdi>0-9514837-0-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210817191819/https://books.google.com/books?id=ax0wAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2021. Retrieved 13 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Up+off+their+knees%3A+a+commentary+on+the+civil+rights+movement+in+Northern+Ireland&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=Conn+McCluskey+and+Associates&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=0-9514837-0-6&rft.aulast=McCluskey&rft.aufirst=Conn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dax0wAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.peacewall-archive.net/interfaces/">"Interfaces"</a>. Peacewall Archive. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190411092815/http://www.peacewall-archive.net/interfaces">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2019. Retrieved 13 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Peacewall+Archive&rft.atitle=Interfaces&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.peacewall-archive.net%2Finterfaces%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <a href="/wiki/David_McKittrick" title="David McKittrick">David McKittrick</a>. Lost Lives: The Stories of the Men, Women and Children who Died as a Result of the Northern Ireland Troubles. Random House, 2001. p. 42 </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnglish2004" class="citation book cs1">English, Richard (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WxJutBLDxg0C&pg=PA136">Armed Struggle: The History of the IRA</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517753-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517753-4"><bdi>978-0-19-517753-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armed+Struggle%3A+The+History+of+the+IRA&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517753-4&rft.aulast=English&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWxJutBLDxg0C%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-12524214">"McGurk's bar bombing – A dark night in the darkest times"</a>. BBC News. 21 February 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210131152757/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-12524214">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2021. Retrieved 17 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=McGurk%27s+bar+bombing+%E2%80%93+A+dark+night+in+the+darkest+times&rft.date=2011-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-northern-ireland-12524214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-suttonindexofdeaths-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-suttonindexofdeaths_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-suttonindexofdeaths_117-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-suttonindexofdeaths_117-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-suttonindexofdeaths_117-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-suttonindexofdeaths_117-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutton" class="citation web cs1">Sutton, Malcolm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cain.ulst.ac.uk">"Sutton Index of Deaths"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Conflict_Archive_on_the_Internet" title="Conflict Archive on the Internet">CAIN – Conflict Archive on the Internet</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190111174529/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2019. Retrieved 3 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CAIN+%E2%80%93+Conflict+Archive+on+the+Internet&rft.atitle=Sutton+Index+of+Deaths&rft.aulast=Sutton&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cain.ulst.ac.uk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bishopmallie-118"><a href="#cite_ref-bishopmallie_118-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatrick_Bishop_&_Eamonn_Mallie1987" class="citation book cs1">Patrick Bishop & Eamonn Mallie (1987). The Provisional IRA. Corgi Books. pp. 52–54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-552-13337-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-552-13337-1"><bdi>978-0-552-13337-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Provisional+IRA&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E52-%3C%2Fspan%3E54&rft.pub=Corgi+Books&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-552-13337-1&rft.au=Patrick+Bishop+%26+Eamonn+Mallie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> English (2003), pp. 134–135 </li> <li id="cite_note-rkwalker-120"><a href="#cite_ref-rkwalker_120-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR.K._Walker2006" class="citation book cs1">R.K. Walker (2006). The Hunger Strikes. Lagan Books. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904684-18-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904684-18-3"><bdi>978-1-904684-18-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hunger+Strikes&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Lagan+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-904684-18-3&rft.au=R.K.+Walker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Bonner2007" class="citation book cs1">David Bonner (2007). Executive Measures, Terrorism and National Security: Have the Rules of the Game Changed?. Ashgate. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-4756-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-4756-0"><bdi>978-0-7546-4756-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Executive+Measures%2C+Terrorism+and+National+Security%3A+Have+the+Rules+of+the+Game+Changed%3F&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-4756-0&rft.au=David+Bonner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/may/11/inquest-to-report-on-alleged-killings-by-british-soldiers-in-ballymurphy">"10 people shot dead in Ballymurphy were innocent, inquest finds"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. 11 May 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210511095242/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/may/11/inquest-to-report-on-alleged-killings-by-british-soldiers-in-ballymurphy">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2021. Retrieved 11 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=10+people+shot+dead+in+Ballymurphy+were+innocent%2C+inquest+finds&rft.date=2021-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk-news%2F2021%2Fmay%2F11%2Finquest-to-report-on-alleged-killings-by-british-soldiers-in-ballymurphy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelaugh" class="citation web cs1">Melaugh, Dr Martin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/bsunday/deadinj.htm">"CAIN: Events: 'Bloody Sunday' – Names of Dead and Injured"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Conflict_Archive_on_the_Internet" title="Conflict Archive on the Internet">Conflict Archive on the Internet</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110806133640/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/bsunday/deadinj.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2011. Retrieved 9 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Conflict+Archive+on+the+Internet&rft.atitle=CAIN%3A+Events%3A+%27Bloody+Sunday%27+%E2%80%93+Names+of+Dead+and+Injured&rft.aulast=Melaugh&rft.aufirst=Dr+Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulst.ac.uk%2Fevents%2Fbsunday%2Fdeadinj.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalsh2000" class="citation book cs1">Walsh, Dermot (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=l4AMAQAAMAAJ">Bloody Sunday and the Rule of Law in Northern Ireland</a>. Gill & Macmillan. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7171-3085-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7171-3085-6"><bdi>978-0-7171-3085-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170420035442/https://books.google.com/books?id=l4AMAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2017. Retrieved 5 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bloody+Sunday+and+the+Rule+of+Law+in+Northern+Ireland&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Gill+%26+Macmillan&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7171-3085-6&rft.aulast=Walsh&rft.aufirst=Dermot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dl4AMAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelaugh" class="citation web cs1">Melaugh, Dr Martin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/hmso/widgery.htm">"CAIN: [Widgery Report] Report of the Tribunal appointed to inquire into events on Sunday 30 January 1972"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Conflict_Archive_on_the_Internet" title="Conflict Archive on the Internet">Conflict Archive on the Internet</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110923121509/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/hmso/widgery.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2011. Retrieved 9 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Conflict+Archive+on+the+Internet&rft.atitle=CAIN%3A+%5BWidgery+Report%5D+Report+of+the+Tribunal+appointed+to+inquire+into+events+on+Sunday+30+January+1972&rft.aulast=Melaugh&rft.aufirst=Dr+Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulst.ac.uk%2Fhmso%2Fwidgery.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-records-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-records_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-records_126-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-records_126-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelaugh" class="citation web cs1">Melaugh, Dr Martin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/violence/majinc.htm">"CAIN: Violence: List of Significant Violent Incidents"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Conflict_Archive_on_the_Internet" title="Conflict Archive on the Internet">Conflict Archive on the Internet</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170502112934/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/violence/majinc.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2017. Retrieved 9 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Conflict+Archive+on+the+Internet&rft.atitle=CAIN%3A+Violence%3A+List+of+Significant+Violent+Incidents&rft.aulast=Melaugh&rft.aufirst=Dr+Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulst.ac.uk%2Fissues%2Fviolence%2Fmajinc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Those Are Real Bullets, Aren't They?. London: Fourth Estate: Peter Pringle and Phillip Jacobson. 2000. p. 293. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84115-316-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84115-316-2"><bdi>978-1-84115-316-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Those+Are+Real+Bullets%2C+Aren%27t+They%3F&rft.place=London%3A+Fourth+Estate&rft.pages=293&rft.pub=Peter+Pringle+and+Phillip+Jacobson&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-84115-316-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/intern/sum.htm">"Internment – Summary of Main Events"</a>. Cain.ulst.ac.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110608073225/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/intern/sum.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2011. Retrieved 3 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Internment+%E2%80%93+Summary+of+Main+Events&rft.pub=Cain.ulst.ac.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulst.ac.uk%2Fevents%2Fintern%2Fsum.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Oren Gross & <a href="/wiki/Fionnuala_N%C3%AD_Aol%C3%A1in" title="Fionnuala Ní Aoláin">Fionnuala Ní Aoláin</a>. Law in Times of Crisis: Emergency Powers in Theory and Practice, p. 188; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83351-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-83351-6">978-0-521-83351-6</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-asmathews-130"><a href="#cite_ref-asmathews_130-0">^</a> Anthony Stuart Mathews. Freedom, state security and the rule of law: Dilemmas of the apartheid society, p. 246; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-702-11812-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-702-11812-8">978-0-702-11812-8</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Mireille Delmas-Marty. The European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights: International Protection Versus National Restrictions, pp. 261–262; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-792-31283-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-792-31283-3">978-0-792-31283-3</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-moloney-132"><a href="#cite_ref-moloney_132-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Ed_Moloney" title="Ed Moloney">Ed Moloney</a>. A Secret History of the IRA, pp. 89–90; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-101041-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-101041-X">0-14-101041-X</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Taylor_(journalist)" title="Peter Taylor (journalist)">Peter Taylor</a>. Provos: The IRA and Sinn Féin, pp. 75–79; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7475-3818-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7475-3818-9">978-0-7475-3818-9</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-English137-134">^ <a href="#cite_ref-English137_134-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-English137_134-1">b</a> English (2003), p. 137 </li> <li id="cite_note-bobrien-135"><a href="#cite_ref-bobrien_135-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrendan_O'Brien1995" class="citation book cs1">Brendan O'Brien (1995). The Long War – The IRA and Sinn Féin. O'Brien Press, Ltd. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86278-425-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86278-425-6"><bdi>978-0-86278-425-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Long+War+%E2%80%93+The+IRA+and+Sinn+F%C3%A9in&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=O%27Brien+Press%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-86278-425-6&rft.au=Brendan+O%27Brien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jbb-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jbb_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jbb_136-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jbb_136-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jbb_136-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jbb_136-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jbb_136-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jbb_136-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jbb_136-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jbb_136-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jbb_136-9">j</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Bowyer_Bell1997" class="citation book cs1">J. Bowyer Bell (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secretarmyira00bell/page/381">The Secret Army: The IRA</a>. Transaction Publishers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secretarmyira00bell/page/381">381</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56000-901-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56000-901-6"><bdi>978-1-56000-901-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secret+Army%3A+The+IRA&rft.pages=381&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-56000-901-6&rft.au=J.+Bowyer+Bell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsecretarmyira00bell%2Fpage%2F381&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/2132219.stm">"Bloody Friday: What happened"</a>. BBC News. 16 July 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080609024401/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/2132219.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2008. Retrieved 20 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bloody+Friday%3A+What+happened&rft.date=2002-07-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2Fnorthern_ireland%2F2132219.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutton" class="citation web cs1">Sutton, Malcolm. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/sutton/chron/1972.html">"Index of deaths from the conflict in Ireland: 1972"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Conflict_Archive_on_the_Internet" title="Conflict Archive on the Internet">CAIN archive</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200708142032/https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/sutton/chron/1972.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2020. Retrieved 4 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CAIN+archive&rft.atitle=Index+of+deaths+from+the+conflict+in+Ireland%3A+1972&rft.aulast=Sutton&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulster.ac.uk%2Fsutton%2Fchron%2F1972.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKittrick2004" class="citation book cs1">McKittrick, David (2004). Lost Lives: The Stories of the Men, Women and Children Who Died as a Result of the Northern Ireland Troubles. Mainstream Publishing. p. 237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84018-504-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84018-504-1"><bdi>978-1-84018-504-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Lives%3A+The+Stories+of+the+Men%2C+Women+and+Children+Who+Died+as+a+Result+of+the+Northern+Ireland+Troubles&rft.pages=237&rft.pub=Mainstream+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-84018-504-1&rft.aulast=McKittrick&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/victims/memorials/static/monuments/305.html">"CAIN: Victims: Memorials: Claudy Bomb Memorial"</a>. cain.ulster.ac.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804123716/https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/victims/memorials/static/monuments/305.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 12 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cain.ulster.ac.uk&rft.atitle=CAIN%3A+Victims%3A+Memorials%3A+Claudy+Bomb+Memorial&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulster.ac.uk%2Fvictims%2Fmemorials%2Fstatic%2Fmonuments%2F305.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/new-investigation-into-claudy-bombing-1.439114">"New investigation into Claudy bombing"</a>. The Irish Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210125161014/https://www.irishtimes.com/news/new-investigation-into-claudy-bombing-1.439114">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=New+investigation+into+Claudy+bombing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fnew-investigation-into-claudy-bombing-1.439114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/jul/31/ira-bomb-claudy-martin-mcguinness">"IRA bomb in Claudy was indefensible, says Martin McGuinness"</a>. The Guardian. 31 July 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210117092732/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2012/jul/31/ira-bomb-claudy-martin-mcguinness">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=IRA+bomb+in+Claudy+was+indefensible%2C+says+Martin+McGuinness&rft.date=2012-07-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk%2F2012%2Fjul%2F31%2Fira-bomb-claudy-martin-mcguinness&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sanders-143">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sanders_143-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sanders_143-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanders2012" class="citation book cs1">Sanders, Andrew (2012). Inside The IRA: Dissident Republicans And The War For Legitimacy. <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press" title="Edinburgh University Press">Edinburgh University Press</a>. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-4696-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-4696-8"><bdi>978-0-7486-4696-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+The+IRA%3A+Dissident+Republicans+And+The+War+For+Legitimacy&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-4696-8&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoloney2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ed_Moloney" title="Ed Moloney">Moloney, Ed</a> (2002). A Secret History of the IRA. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. p. 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-101041-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-101041-0"><bdi>978-0-14-101041-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Secret+History+of+the+IRA&rft.pages=111&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-14-101041-0&rft.aulast=Moloney&rft.aufirst=Ed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/30/newsid_2973000/2973759.stm">"1972: Official IRA declares ceasefire"</a>. 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Retrieved 26 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RT%C3%89.ie&rft.atitle=1978+La+Mon+bombing+commemorated+in+Belfast&rft.date=2003-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rte.ie%2Fnews%2F2003%2F0216%2F35247-lamon%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/27/newsid_3891000/3891055.stm">"1979: Soldiers die in Warrenpoint massacre"</a>. BBC News. 27 August 1979. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080307131600/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/27/newsid_3891000/3891055.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2008. Retrieved 7 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=1979%3A+Soldiers+die+in+Warrenpoint+massacre&rft.date=1979-08-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Faugust%2F27%2Fnewsid_3891000%2F3891055.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cainhsc-168">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cainhsc_168-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cainhsc_168-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/hstrike/chronology.htm">"The Hunger Strike of 1981 – A Chronology of Main Events"</a>. CAIN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101206165221/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/hstrike/chronology.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2010. Retrieved 26 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Hunger+Strike+of+1981+%E2%80%93+A+Chronology+of+Main+Events&rft.pub=CAIN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulst.ac.uk%2Fevents%2Fhstrike%2Fchronology.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> English (2003), p. 200 </li> <li id="cite_note-taylorbehindthemask-170"><a href="#cite_ref-taylorbehindthemask_170-0">^</a> Peter Taylor. Behind the Mask: The IRA and Sinn Féin, TV books, Inc., New York, 1997; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57500-061-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-57500-061-X">1-57500-061-X</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-toolis-171"><a href="#cite_ref-toolis_171-0">^</a> Kevin Toolis. Rebel Hearts: Journeys Within the IRA's Soul, Picador 2000; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-330-34648-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-330-34648-1">978-0-330-34648-1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._Bowyer_Bell" title="J. Bowyer Bell">Bell, J. Bowyer</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secretarmyira00bell/page/556">The Secret Army: The IRA</a>. Transaction Publishers. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secretarmyira00bell/page/556">556–571</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56000-901-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-56000-901-2"><bdi>1-56000-901-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secret+Army%3A+The+IRA&rft.pages=556-571&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-56000-901-2&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=J.+Bowyer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsecretarmyira00bell%2Fpage%2F556&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FADD-173"><a href="#cite_ref-FADD_173-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Sanders_and_F._Stuart_Ross2020" class="citation journal cs1">Andrew Sanders and F. Stuart Ross (January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.scholarsportal.info/details/07031459/v43inone/192_tcdttnic.xml">"The Canadian Dimension to the Northern Ireland Conflict"</a>. The Canadian Journal of Irish Studies. 43: 192–218. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27041321">27041321</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Canadian+Journal+of+Irish+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Canadian+Dimension+to+the+Northern+Ireland+Conflict&rft.volume=43&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E192-%3C%2Fspan%3E218&rft.date=2020-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27041321%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Andrew+Sanders+and+F.+Stuart+Ross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.scholarsportal.info%2Fdetails%2F07031459%2Fv43inone%2F192_tcdttnic.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> Cusack & McDonald, pp. 198–199 </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/20/newsid_2515000/2515343.stm">"1982: IRA bombs cause carnage in London"</a>. BBC News. 20 July 1982. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140308085004/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/20/newsid_2515000/2515343.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2014. Retrieved 17 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=1982%3A+IRA+bombs+cause+carnage+in+London&rft.date=1982-07-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Fjuly%2F20%2Fnewsid_2515000%2F2515343.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/harrods-bomb-blast-kills-six-people/znjnt39">"Harrods bomb blast kills six people, 1983"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210421121809/https://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/harrods-bomb-blast-kills-six-people/znjnt39">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 21 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Harrods+bomb+blast+kills+six+people%2C+1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Farchive%2Fharrods-bomb-blast-kills-six-people%2Fznjnt39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/12/newsid_2531000/2531583.stm">"On This Day: 12 October 1984"</a>. BBC News. 12 October 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170308094001/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/12/newsid_2531000/2531583.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2017. Retrieved 26 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=On+This+Day%3A+12+October+1984&rft.date=2000-10-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Foctober%2F12%2Fnewsid_2531000%2F2531583.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NB-178">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NB_178-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NB_178-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-16415672">"RUC and IRA chiefs' lives feature in national biography"</a>. BBC News. 5 January 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210131153031/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-16415672">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=RUC+and+IRA+chiefs%27+lives+feature+in+national+biography&rft.date=2012-01-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-northern-ireland-16415672&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/victims/humanface/chron/1985.html">"CAIN: Victims: Memorials: Search Results Page"</a>. cain.ulster.ac.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200725191451/https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/victims/humanface/chron/1985.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2020. Retrieved 25 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cain.ulster.ac.uk&rft.atitle=CAIN%3A+Victims%3A+Memorials%3A+Search+Results+Page&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulster.ac.uk%2Fvictims%2Fhumanface%2Fchron%2F1985.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BTL-180">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BTL_180-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BTL_180-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/ira-men-shot-dead-at-loughgall-had-been-under-surveillance-for-weeks-court-told-36897577.html">"IRA men shot dead at Loughgall had been under surveillance for weeks, court told"</a>. Belfast Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210129040041/https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/ira-men-shot-dead-at-loughgall-had-been-under-surveillance-for-weeks-court-told-36897577.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Belfast+Telegraph&rft.atitle=IRA+men+shot+dead+at+Loughgall+had+been+under+surveillance+for+weeks%2C+court+told&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfasttelegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fnorthern-ireland%2Fira-men-shot-dead-at-loughgall-had-been-under-surveillance-for-weeks-court-told-36897577.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/1093598.stm">"Northern Ireland | IRA bomb victim buried"</a>. BBC News. 30 December 2000. Retrieved 3 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Northern+Ireland+%26%23124%3B+IRA+bomb+victim+buried&rft.date=2000-12-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fnorthern_ireland%2F1093598.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> McKittrick, David. Lost Lives: The stories of the men, women and children who died as a result of the Northern Ireland Troubles. Random House, 2001. pp. 1094–1099 </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/24/newsid_2515000/2515041.stm">On this day: Loyalist killer Michael Stone freed from Maze</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181107110156/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/24/newsid_2515000/2515041.stm">Archived</a> 7 November 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, BBC </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-kent-28283083">"Deal bombing 25th anniversary remembered"</a>. BBC News. 13 July 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414044944/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-kent-28283083">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 7 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Deal+bombing+25th+anniversary+remembered&rft.date=2014-07-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-kent-28283083&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> Moloney, Ed. A Secret History of the IRA. Penguin UK, 2007.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>][<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/chron/ch78.htm#Feb">"A Chronology of the Conflict, 1978"</a>. Conflict Archive on the Internet (CAIN). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110827165111/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/chron/ch78.htm#Feb">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2011. Retrieved 3 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Conflict+Archive+on+the+Internet+%28CAIN%29&rft.atitle=A+Chronology+of+the+Conflict%2C+1978&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulst.ac.uk%2Fothelem%2Fchron%2Fch78.htm%23Feb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> General Sir Michael Jackson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vilaweb.cat/media/attach/vwedts/docs/op_banner_analysis_released.pdf">Operation Banner: An Analysis of Military Operations in Northern Ireland (2006)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303215447/http://www.vilaweb.cat/media/attach/vwedts/docs/op_banner_analysis_released.pdf">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)">MoD</a>, Army Code 71842. Chapter 2, p. 16, item 247. </li> <li id="cite_note-Toby_Harnden-2000-188">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Toby_Harnden-2000_188-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Toby_Harnden-2000_188-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToby_Harnden2000" class="citation book cs1">Toby Harnden (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/banditcountry00toby/page/358">Bandit Country:The IRA and South Armagh</a>. London: Coronet Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/banditcountry00toby/page/358">358–359</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-340-71737-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-340-71737-0"><bdi>978-0-340-71737-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bandit+Country%3AThe+IRA+and+South+Armagh&rft.place=London&rft.pages=358-359&rft.pub=Coronet+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-340-71737-0&rft.au=Toby+Harnden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbanditcountry00toby%2Fpage%2F358&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=1jhAAAAAIBAJ&pg=2878,3517395&hl=en">"Soldiers hurt in IRA attack on helicopter"</a>. Glasgow Herald. 12 February 1990. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210309005810/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=1jhAAAAAIBAJ&pg=2878,3517395&hl=en">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Glasgow+Herald&rft.atitle=Soldiers+hurt+in+IRA+attack+on+helicopter&rft.date=1990-02-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3D1jhAAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D2878%2C3517395%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Ashcroft2012" class="citation book cs1">Michael Ashcroft (2012). Heroes of the Skies. Hachette UK. pp. 355–56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7553-6391-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7553-6391-9"><bdi>978-0-7553-6391-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heroes+of+the+Skies&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E355-%3C%2Fspan%3E56&rft.pub=Hachette+UK&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7553-6391-9&rft.au=Michael+Ashcroft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDepartment_of_the_Official_Report_(Hansard),_House_of_Commons,_Westminster1993" class="citation web cs1">Department of the Official Report (Hansard), House of Commons, Westminster (8 June 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199293/cmhansrd/1993-06-08/Debate-5.html">"House of Commons Hansard Debates for 8 Jun 1993"</a>. Parliament of the United Kingdom. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053510/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm199293/cmhansrd/1993-06-08/Debate-5.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=House+of+Commons+Hansard+Debates+for+8+Jun+1993&rft.pub=Parliament+of+the+United+Kingdom&rft.date=1993-06-08&rft.au=Department+of+the+Official+Report+%28Hansard%29%2C+House+of+Commons%2C+Westminster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fcm199293%2Fcmhansrd%2F1993-06-08%2FDebate-5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-IN-192">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IN_192-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IN_192-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://irishnews.com/news/2017/12/07/news/terror-plot-reminiscent-of-ira-attacks-1204792/">"Terror plot reminiscent of IRA attacks"</a>. 7 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Terror+plot+reminiscent+of+IRA+attacks&rft.date=2017-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firishnews.com%2Fnews%2F2017%2F12%2F07%2Fnews%2Fterror-plot-reminiscent-of-ira-attacks-1204792%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/2927845.stm">"US policy and Northern Ireland"</a>. BBC News. 8 April 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040522041845/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/2927845.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2004. Retrieved 24 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=US+policy+and+Northern+Ireland&rft.date=2003-04-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fnorthern_ireland%2F2927845.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A03EEDD1139F933A05752C1A963958260&scp=2&sq=%22George+Mitchell%22+and+%22northern+Ireland%22&st=nyt">"A Break in the Irish Impasse"</a>. The New York Times. 30 November 1995. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200623095555/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/11/30/opinion/a-break-in-the-irish-impasse.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2020. Retrieved 13 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Break+in+the+Irish+Impasse&rft.date=1995-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9A03EEDD1139F933A05752C1A963958260%26scp%3D2%26sq%3D%2522George%2BMitchell%2522%2Band%2B%2522northern%2BIreland%2522%26st%3Dnyt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/10/newsid_2539000/2539265.stm">"BBC On This Day 1996: Docklands bomb ends IRA ceasefire"</a>. BBC News. 10 February 1996. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120321012534/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/february/10/newsid_2539000/2539265.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2012. Retrieved 3 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=BBC+On+This+Day+1996%3A+Docklands+bomb+ends+IRA+ceasefire&rft.date=1996-02-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Ffebruary%2F10%2Fnewsid_2539000%2F2539265.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9602/n_ireland/10/index.html">"IRA claims responsibility for London bombing"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090805132308/http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/9602/n_ireland/10/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2009. Retrieved 25 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=IRA+claims+responsibility+for+London+bombing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2FWORLD%2F9602%2Fn_ireland%2F10%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBingham2009" class="citation news cs1">Bingham, John (9 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/northernireland/4958589/Northern-Ireland-shootings-The-last-soldier-murdered.html">"Northern Ireland shootings: The last soldier murdered"</a>. The Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171114015230/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/northernireland/4958589/Northern-Ireland-shootings-The-last-soldier-murdered.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2017. Retrieved 9 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Northern+Ireland+shootings%3A+The+last+soldier+murdered&rft.date=2009-03-09&rft.aulast=Bingham&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2Fnorthernireland%2F4958589%2FNorthern-Ireland-shootings-The-last-soldier-murdered.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/mar/10/real-ira-continuity">"Explainer: Real IRA and Continuity IRA"</a>. The Guardian. London. 10 March 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225072529/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2009/mar/10/real-ira-continuity">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Explainer%3A+Real+IRA+and+Continuity+IRA&rft.date=2009-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk%2F2009%2Fmar%2F10%2Freal-ira-continuity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726174747/http://www.independentmonitoringcommission.org/documents/uploads/18.%20Eighteenth%20Report.pdf">"HC 502 Cover"</a> (PDF). Archived from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 2 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=HC+502+Cover&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independentmonitoringcommission.org%2Fdocuments%2Fuploads%2F18.%2520Eighteenth%2520Report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry_McDonald2006" class="citation news cs1">Henry McDonald (30 July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/jul/30/northernireland.henrymcdonald">"New feud rips apart the UDA"</a>. The Guardian. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181107104051/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2006/jul/30/northernireland.henrymcdonald">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2018. Retrieved 13 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=New+feud+rips+apart+the+UDA&rft.date=2006-07-30&rft.au=Henry+McDonald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk%2F2006%2Fjul%2F30%2Fnorthernireland.henrymcdonald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nio.gov.uk/media-detail.htm?newsID=13803">Northern Ireland becoming a more normalised society</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070108133243/http://www.nio.gov.uk/media-detail.htm?newsID=13803">Archived</a> 8 January 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – Northern Ireland Office, 27 November 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/4283444.stm">"IRA 'has destroyed all its arms'"</a>. BBC. 26 September 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070225155758/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/4283444.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2007. Retrieved 6 April 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=IRA+%27has+destroyed+all+its+arms%27&rft.date=2005-09-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fnorthern_ireland%2F4283444.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> Margaret Scanlan. Culture and Customs of Ireland, Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 51, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33162-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33162-6">978-0-313-33162-6</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/people/ian_paisley">"BBC"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150925062203/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/people/ian_paisley">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 25 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fpeople%2Fian_paisley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/official-ira-doomsday-bunkers-may-still-contain-thousands-of-weapons-31267631.html">"Official IRA "doomsday" bunkers may still contain thousands of weapons"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305225253/http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/official-ira-doomsday-bunkers-may-still-contain-thousands-of-weapons-31267631.html">Archived</a> 5 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Belfast Telegraph. 31 May 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-HWEFA-206">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HWEFA_206-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HWEFA_206-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HWEFA_206-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Manley2019" class="citation news cs1">John Manley (6 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishnews.com/news/northernirelandnews/2019/04/06/news/headline-1591367/">"Support in Republic during Troubles 'key for IRA', book claims"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Irish_News" title="The Irish News">The Irish News</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Support+in+Republic+during+Troubles+%27key+for+IRA%27%2C+book+claims&rft.date=2019-04-06&rft.au=John+Manley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishnews.com%2Fnews%2Fnorthernirelandnews%2F2019%2F04%2F06%2Fnews%2Fheadline-1591367%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry_McDonald_and_Jim_Cusack1997" class="citation book cs1">Henry McDonald and Jim Cusack (1997). UVF – The Endgame. <a href="/wiki/Poolbeg_Press" title="Poolbeg Press">Poolbeg Press</a>. p. 119.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=UVF+%E2%80%93+The+Endgame&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Poolbeg+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.au=Henry+McDonald+and+Jim+Cusack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12445506.revealed-how-scots-loyalists-sent-gelignite-to-paramilitaries-secret-memo-says-explosives-were-shipped-in-small-boats/">"Revealed: how Scots loyalists sent gelignite to paramilitaries. Secret memo says explosives were shipped in small boats"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Herald_(Glasgow)" title="The Herald (Glasgow)">The Herald</a>. 30 December 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Revealed%3A+how+Scots+loyalists+sent+gelignite+to+paramilitaries.+Secret+memo+says+explosives+were+shipped+in+small+boats&rft.pub=The+Herald&rft.date=2005-12-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldscotland.com%2Fnews%2F12445506.revealed-how-scots-loyalists-sent-gelignite-to-paramilitaries-secret-memo-says-explosives-were-shipped-in-small-boats%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeil_Mackay2019" class="citation news cs1">Neil Mackay (12 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heraldscotland.com/news/17965179.inside-story-ira-never-attacked-scotland/">"Inside story: Why the IRA never attacked Scotland"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Herald_(Glasgow)" title="The Herald (Glasgow)">The Herald</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Inside+story%3A+Why+the+IRA+never+attacked+Scotland&rft.date=2019-10-12&rft.au=Neil+Mackay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldscotland.com%2Fnews%2F17965179.inside-story-ira-never-attacked-scotland%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernard_Weinraub1976" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Weinraub" title="Bernard Weinraub">Bernard Weinraub</a> (5 February 1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1976/02/05/archives/arms-smuggling-is-said-to-aid-protestants-less-than-the-ira.html">"Arms Smuggling Is Said to Aid Protestants Less Than the I.R.A."</a> <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Arms+Smuggling+Is+Said+to+Aid+Protestants+Less+Than+the+I.R.A.&rft.date=1976-02-05&rft.au=Bernard+Weinraub&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1976%2F02%2F05%2Farchives%2Farms-smuggling-is-said-to-aid-protestants-less-than-the-ira.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Quilligan2013" class="citation book cs1">Michael Quilligan (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j4pXDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT330">Understanding Shadows: The Corrupt Use of Intelligence</a>. Clarity Press. pp. 330–331. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-7809-8603-6286" title="Special:BookSources/9-7809-8603-6286"><bdi>9-7809-8603-6286</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Shadows%3A+The+Corrupt+Use+of+Intelligence&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E330-%3C%2Fspan%3E331&rft.pub=Clarity+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9-7809-8603-6286&rft.au=Michael+Quilligan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj4pXDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT330&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaddy_Clancy2021" class="citation news cs1">Paddy Clancy (31 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishcentral.com/news/gaddafi-ira-support-irish-state-papers">"Libyan leader Gaddafi's IRA support revealed in secret Irish State Papers"</a>. Irish Central.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Libyan+leader+Gaddafi%27s+IRA+support+revealed+in+secret+Irish+State+Papers&rft.date=2021-12-31&rft.au=Paddy+Clancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishcentral.com%2Fnews%2Fgaddafi-ira-support-irish-state-papers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_McCullagh,_Conor_McMorrow_and_Justin_McCarthy2021" class="citation news cs1">David McCullagh, Conor McMorrow and Justin McCarthy (28 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rte.ie/news/2021/1228/1267955-state-papers-libya-ira/">"Extent of Libyan backing for IRA 'shocked' British"</a>. <a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89" title="RTÉ">RTÉ</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Extent+of+Libyan+backing+for+IRA+%27shocked%27+British&rft.date=2021-12-28&rft.au=David+McCullagh%2C+Conor+McMorrow+and+Justin+McCarthy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rte.ie%2Fnews%2F2021%2F1228%2F1267955-state-papers-libya-ira%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/libya-gaddafi-financial-support-ira-stunned-british-intelligence">"Libya: Extent of Gaddafi's financial support for IRA stunned British intelligence"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Eye" title="Middle East Eye">Middle East Eye</a>. 28 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Libya%3A+Extent+of+Gaddafi%27s+financial+support+for+IRA+stunned+British+intelligence&rft.date=2021-12-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.middleeasteye.net%2Fnews%2Flibya-gaddafi-financial-support-ira-stunned-british-intelligence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Hosford2015" class="citation news cs1">Paul Hosford (11 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejournal.ie/farc-rebels-may-be-a-ceasefire-1986656-Mar2015/">"The IRA, the US and Colombia's 50 years of violence"</a>. <a href="/wiki/TheJournal.ie" title="TheJournal.ie">TheJournal.ie</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+IRA%2C+the+US+and+Colombia%27s+50+years+of+violence&rft.date=2015-03-11&rft.au=Paul+Hosford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejournal.ie%2Ffarc-rebels-may-be-a-ceasefire-1986656-Mar2015%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DDBVGEW-216">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DDBVGEW_216-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DDBVGEW_216-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DDBVGEW_216-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200102/cmselect/cmniaf/978/97806.htm">Select Committee on Northern Ireland Affairs – Part One: The continuing threat from paramilitary organisations</a>. UK Parliament (Report). 26 June 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Select+Committee+on+Northern+Ireland+Affairs+%E2%80%93+Part+One%3A+The+continuing+threat+from+paramilitary+organisations&rft.date=2002-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fcm200102%2Fcmselect%2Fcmniaf%2F978%2F97806.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.duncancampbell.org/menu/journalism/newstatesman/newstatesman-1979/the%20army's%20secret%20opinion.pdf#page=2">"The army's secret opinion"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/New_Statesman" title="New Statesman">New Statesman</a>. 13 July 1979. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+army%27s+secret+opinion&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1979-07-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.duncancampbell.org%2Fmenu%2Fjournalism%2Fnewstatesman%2Fnewstatesman-1979%2Fthe%2520army%27s%2520secret%2520opinion.pdf%23page%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Sanders2011" class="citation book cs1">Andrew Sanders (2011). Inside the IRA: Dissident Republicans and the War for Legitimacy. <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press" title="Edinburgh University Press">Edinburgh University Press</a>. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-8812-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-8812-8"><bdi>978-0-7486-8812-8</bdi></a>. <q>The [British] <a href="/wiki/Foreign,_Commonwealth_and_Development_Office" title="Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office">FCO</a> noted [in the 1970s] that 'the IRA has also looked to Irish communities elsewhere to obtain cash for its terror campaign of the past four years', also noting the presence of fundraising organisations in Canada and Australia, and an attempt to establish connections in New Zealand.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+the+IRA%3A+Dissident+Republicans+and+the+War+for+Legitimacy&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-8812-8&rft.au=Andrew+Sanders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Mitrovica2001" class="citation news cs1">Andrew Mitrovica (13 October 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/canada-let-ira-members-slip-through-sources-say/article4154732/">"Canada let IRA members slip through, sources say"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Canada+let+IRA+members+slip+through%2C+sources+say&rft.date=2001-10-13&rft.au=Andrew+Mitrovica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fcanada-let-ira-members-slip-through-sources-say%2Farticle4154732%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_Mumford2012" class="citation book cs1">Andrew Mumford (2012). The Counter-Insurgency Myth: The British Experience of Irregular Warfare. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-7811-3664-9387" title="Special:BookSources/9-7811-3664-9387"><bdi>9-7811-3664-9387</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Counter-Insurgency+Myth%3A+The+British+Experience+of+Irregular+Warfare&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9-7811-3664-9387&rft.au=Andrew+Mumford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholas_Sambanis_and_Paul_Collier2005" class="citation book cs1">Nicholas Sambanis and Paul Collier (2005). Understanding Civil War: Evidence and Analysis · Volume 2. <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>. p. 171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-7808-2136-0507" title="Special:BookSources/9-7808-2136-0507"><bdi>9-7808-2136-0507</bdi></a>. <q>Estimated to have sent at total of $3.6 million to Ireland from 1970 to 1991, NORAID's contributions represented a small, but not [politically] insignificant, part of the IRA's income, which is estimated to have amounted to approximately $10 million a year.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Civil+War%3A+Evidence+and+Analysis+%C2%B7+Volume+2&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9-7808-2136-0507&rft.au=Nicholas+Sambanis+and+Paul+Collier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT._Wittig2011" class="citation book cs1">T. Wittig (2011). Understanding Terrorist Finance. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. pp. 154–155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-7802-3031-6935" title="Special:BookSources/9-7802-3031-6935"><bdi>9-7802-3031-6935</bdi></a>. <q>From its founding in 1969 until 1991, NORAID raised approximately $3.6 million for Irish republican causes, through a combination of testimonial fundraising dinners and an extensive campaign to solicit donations through direct mail, dinner-dance benefits, and "passing the hat" in Irish American-owned businesses (such as bars) in major US cities.' This money was ostensibly to provide support for any number of causes related to Ireland and Irish republicanism, ranging from political activities to support to the families of imprisoned PIRA members</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Terrorist+Finance&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E154-%3C%2Fspan%3E155&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9-7802-3031-6935&rft.au=T.+Wittig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPamela_Duncan_and_Simon_Carswell2015" class="citation news cs1">Pamela Duncan and Simon Carswell (5 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/politics/sinn-fein-raised-12-million-in-the-united-states-1.2126033">"Sinn Féin raised $12 million in the United States"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sinn+F%C3%A9in+raised+%2412+million+in+the+United+States&rft.date=2015-03-05&rft.au=Pamela+Duncan+and+Simon+Carswell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fsinn-fein-raised-12-million-in-the-united-states-1.2126033&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> (subscription required) </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Lessons of Case Studies for Strengthening International Mediation and Arbitration to Prevent Deadly Conflict. 1997. p. 31. <q>[T]he Irish Northern Aid Committee (NORAID) which was established in the early 1970s to raise money for the republican cause, is reported to have collected and sent at least $3 million to Ireland by 1986.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lessons+of+Case+Studies+for+Strengthening+International+Mediation+and+Arbitration+to+Prevent+Deadly+Conflict&rft.pages=31&rft.date=1997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_P._Cunningham2013" class="citation thesis cs1">Christopher P. Cunningham (April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.library.northeastern.edu/files/neu:1836/fulltext.pdf#page=196">Diasporas, Ethnic Conflict, and Traumatic Events</a> (PDF) (Thesis). Northeastern University Department of Political Science. p. 196.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Diasporas%2C+Ethnic+Conflict%2C+and+Traumatic+Events&rft.inst=Northeastern+University+Department+of+Political+Science&rft.date=2013-04&rft.au=Christopher+P.+Cunningham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.library.northeastern.edu%2Ffiles%2Fneu%3A1836%2Ffulltext.pdf%23page%3D196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJesserYoung1997" class="citation book cs1">Jesser, P.; Young, P. (1997). The Media and the Military. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-7802-3037-6809" title="Special:BookSources/9-7802-3037-6809"><bdi>9-7802-3037-6809</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Media+and+the+Military&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9-7802-3037-6809&rft.aulast=Jesser&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Young%2C+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Terrorism in Ireland (RLE: Terrorism & Insurgency). <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. 2015. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-7813-1744-8945" title="Special:BookSources/9-7813-1744-8945"><bdi>9-7813-1744-8945</bdi></a>. <q>The only other source of arms outside the United States that warrants inclusion here is Canada, because of several attempts in that country to supply arms and finance to both Loyalist and Republican paramilitary organisations in Northern Ireland. The first evidence of this supportive activity was seen in August 1969 with an announcement by some 150 Toronto Irish-Canadians that they intended sending money, which could be used to buy guns if necessary, to the women and children of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bogside" title="Battle of the Bogside">(Catholic) Bogside in Derry</a>. Thereafter the networks of the US-based Irish Northern Aid Committee (NORAID) and the Irish Republican Clubs were extended to Canada.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terrorism+in+Ireland+%28RLE%3A+Terrorism+%26+Insurgency%29&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9-7813-1744-8945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDennis_G._Molinaro2021" class="citation book cs1">Dennis G. Molinaro (2021). Bridge in the Parks: The Five Eyes and Cold War Counter-Intelligence. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Press" title="University of Toronto Press">University of Toronto Press</a>. p. 229. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-7814-8752-3718" title="Special:BookSources/9-7814-8752-3718"><bdi>9-7814-8752-3718</bdi></a>. <q>Supporters of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) smuggled detonators from Canadian mining operations for use in the indiscriminate bombings that wracked Northern Ireland for years.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bridge+in+the+Parks%3A+The+Five+Eyes+and+Cold+War+Counter-Intelligence&rft.pages=229&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9-7814-8752-3718&rft.au=Dennis+G.+Molinaro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart_Bell2008" class="citation book cs1">Stewart Bell (2008). Cold Terror: How Canada Nurtures and Exports Terrorism Around the World. <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">Wiley</a>. pp. 31–32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-7804-7015-6223" title="Special:BookSources/9-7804-7015-6223"><bdi>9-7804-7015-6223</bdi></a>. <q>[T]he <a href="/wiki/RCMP" class="mw-redirect" title="RCMP">RCMP</a> found that the Irish Republican Army (IRA) was also fundraising in Canada, but authorities at first did nothing because collecting cash was considered a nonviolent pursuit that was not a threat to Canada. The British government, however, put pressure on Ottawa to take action, since the money raised in Canada was financing the purchase of weapons. Canadian-made detonators were turning up inside IRA bombs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cold+Terror%3A+How+Canada+Nurtures+and+Exports+Terrorism+Around+the+World&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9-7804-7015-6223&rft.au=Stewart+Bell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsabel_Woodford_and_M.L.R._Smith2018" class="citation journal cs1">Isabel Woodford and M.L.R. Smith (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2017.1283195">"The Political Economy of the Provos: Inside the Finances of the Provisional IRA – A Revision"</a>. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism. 41 (3). <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>: 3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1057610X.2017.1283195">10.1080/1057610X.2017.1283195</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Conflict+%26+Terrorism&rft.atitle=The+Political+Economy+of+the+Provos%3A+Inside+the+Finances+of+the+Provisional+IRA+%E2%80%93+A+Revision&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F1057610X.2017.1283195&rft.au=Isabel+Woodford+and+M.L.R.+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F1057610X.2017.1283195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaura_K._Donohue2006" class="citation journal cs1">Laura K. Donohue (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.law.umich.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1187&context=mjil#page=8">"Anti-Terrorist Finance in the United Kingdom and United States"</a>. Michigan Journal of International Law. 27 (2). Stanford University Center for International Security and Cooperation: 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Michigan+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=Anti-Terrorist+Finance+in+the+United+Kingdom+and+United+States&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=8&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Laura+K.+Donohue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.law.umich.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Freferer%3D%26httpsredir%3D1%26article%3D1187%26context%3Dmjil%23page%3D8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-20662412">"Pat Finucane murder: 'Shocking state collusion', says PM"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210125004348/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-20662412">Archived</a> 25 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, BBC News. Retrieved 11 March 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-bbcmay2015-233">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbcmay2015_233-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbcmay2015_233-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-32887445">"UK agents 'worked with NI paramilitary killers'"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181124023847/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-32887445">Archived</a> 24 November 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, BBC News, 28 May 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> Thomas G. Mitchell, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3PNt46aB_sYC&pg=PA55">Native Vs. Settler: Ethnic Conflict in Israel/Palestine, Northern Ireland</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170420054346/https://books.google.com/books?id=3PNt46aB_sYC&pg=PA55&">Archived</a> 20 April 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 55. </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> Brett Bowden, Michael T. Davis (eds). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dZjj87U6v9AC&pg=PA234">Terror: From Tyrannicide to Terrorism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170419233211/https://books.google.com/books?id=dZjj87U6v9AC&pg=PA234">Archived</a> 19 April 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 234 </li> <li id="cite_note-cain-subversion-236">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cain-subversion_236-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cain-subversion_236-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cain-subversion_236-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cain-subversion_236-3">d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/publicrecords/1973/subversion_in_the_udr.htm">"Subversion in the UDR"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141007030836/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/publicrecords/1973/subversion_in_the_udr.htm">Archived</a> 7 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, cain.ulst.ac.uk. Retrieved 11 March 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-irishnewsmay06-237"><a href="#cite_ref-irishnewsmay06_237-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nuzhound.com/articles/irish_news/arts2006/may2_subversion_colluson_UDR.php">"Collusion – Subversion in the UDR"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070310213754/http://www.nuzhound.com/articles/irish_news/arts2006/may2_subversion_colluson_UDR.php">Archived</a> 10 March 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Irish_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish News">Irish News</a>, 3 May 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-detail2011-238">^ <a href="#cite_ref-detail2011_238-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-detail2011_238-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedetail.tv/issues/20/udr-girdwood-story/british-army-covered-up-udr-units-links-to-uvf">"British army 'covered up' UDR units links to UVF"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141104020943/http://www.thedetail.tv/issues/20/udr-girdwood-story/british-army-covered-up-udr-units-links-to-uvf">Archived</a> 4 November 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Detail, 31 July 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> John Eldridge. Getting the Message: News, Truth, and Power. Routledge, 2003. p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> Brendan O'Leary and John McGarry. The Politics of Antagonism: Understanding Northern Ireland. Athlone Press, 1996. pp. 268–269. </li> <li id="cite_note-cassel2006-241"><a href="#cite_ref-cassel2006_241-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/collusion/docs/cassel061106.pdf">The Cassel Report (2006)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150220050645/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/collusion/docs/cassel061106.pdf">Archived</a> 20 February 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, pp. 8, 14, 21, 25, 51, 56, 58–65. </li> <li id="cite_note-SArmagh-242">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SArmagh_242-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SArmagh_242-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.patfinucanecentre.org/sarmagh/sarmagh.html">Collusion in the South Armagh/Mid Ulster Area in the mid-1970s</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110426121606/http://www.patfinucanecentre.org/sarmagh/sarmagh.html">Archived</a> 26 April 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> , patfinucanecentre.org. Retrieved 2 January 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-lethal-allies-conc-243"><a href="#cite_ref-lethal-allies-conc_243-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://patfinucanecentre.org/collusion/PFC%20Conclusions%20-%20Lethal%20Allies%20%28Oct%2023%29.pdf">Lethal Allies: British Collusion in Ireland – Conclusions</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222181333/http://patfinucanecentre.org/collusion/PFC%20Conclusions%20-%20Lethal%20Allies%20%28Oct%2023%29.pdf">Archived</a> 22 February 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> , patfinucanecentre.org. Retrieved 6 March 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-cassel4-244">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cassel4_244-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cassel4_244-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/collusion/docs/cassel061106.pdf">The Cassel Report (2006), p. 4</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150220050645/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/collusion/docs/cassel061106.pdf">Archived</a> 20 February 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, cain.ulst.ac.uk. Retrieved 17 March 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/collusion/docs/cassel061106.pdf">The Cassel Report (2006)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150220050645/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/collusion/docs/cassel061106.pdf">Archived</a> 20 February 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 63 </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/collusion/docs/cassel061106.pdf">The Cassel Report (2006), p. 8</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150220050645/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/collusion/docs/cassel061106.pdf">Archived</a> 20 February 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, cain.ulst.ac.uk. Retrieved 17 March 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-stevenspeople-247">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stevenspeople_247-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stevenspeople_247-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-stevenspeople_247-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/2956161.stm">"Stevens Inquiry: Key people"</a>. BBC News. 17 April 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070914113505/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/2956161.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2007. Retrieved 27 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Stevens+Inquiry%3A+Key+people&rft.date=2003-04-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fnorthern_ireland%2F2956161.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardianscandal-248">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guardianscandal_248-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-guardianscandal_248-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2003/apr/17/northernireland.northernireland2">"Scandal of Ulster's secret war"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170301041522/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2003/apr/17/northernireland.northernireland2">Archived</a> 1 March 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Guardian, 17 April 2003. Retrieved 27 September 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-forcesaidedloyalists-249">^ <a href="#cite_ref-forcesaidedloyalists_249-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-forcesaidedloyalists_249-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/2954773.stm">"Security forces aided loyalist murders"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070313111404/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/2954773.stm">Archived</a> 13 March 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, BBC News, 17 April 2003. Retrieved 27 September 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-nelsonobituary-250">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nelsonobituary_250-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nelsonobituary_250-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/news/2003/apr/17/guardianobituaries.northernireland">"Obituary: Brian Nelson"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. London, UK. 17 April 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190918072051/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2003/apr/17/guardianobituaries.northernireland">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2019. Retrieved 27 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Brian+Nelson&rft.date=2003-04-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fnews%2F2003%2Fapr%2F17%2Fguardianobituaries.northernireland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClayton1996" class="citation book cs1">Clayton, Pamela (1996). Enemies and Passing Friends: Settler ideologies in twentieth-century Ulster. Pluto Press. p. 156. <q>More recently, the resurgence in loyalist violence that led to their carrying out more killings than republicans from the beginning of 1992 until their ceasefire (a fact widely reported in Northern Ireland) was still described as following 'the IRA's well-tested tactic of trying to usurp the political process by violence' ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enemies+and+Passing+Friends%3A+Settler+ideologies+in+twentieth-century+Ulster&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Clayton&rft.aufirst=Pamela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-birw-252"><a href="#cite_ref-birw_252-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/violence/birw0299.htm">"Deadly Intelligence: State Involvement in Loyalist Murder in Northern Ireland – Summary"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131119223458/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/violence/birw0299.htm">Archived</a> 19 November 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, cain.ulst.ac.uk. Retrieved 17 March 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> Human Rights in Northern Ireland: Hearing before the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Foreign_Affairs" title="United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs">Committee on International Relations</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a>, 24 June 1997. US Government Printing Office, 1997. </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.madden-finucane.com/patfinucane/archive/pat_finucane/2003-04-17_stevens_report.pdf">Stevens Enquiry 3: Overview & Recommendations</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110610153435/http://www.madden-finucane.com/patfinucane/archive/pat_finucane/2003-04-17_stevens_report.pdf">Archived</a> 10 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> , madden-finucane.com, 17 April 2003. Retrieved 27 September 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/6286695.stm">"NI police colluded with killers"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070830230651/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/6286695.stm">Archived</a> 30 August 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. BBC News, 22 January 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/bombshell-documentary-uncovers-government-collusion-with-loyalist-paramilitaries-31296370.html">"Bombshell documentary uncovers Government collusion with loyalist paramilitaries"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200623095600/https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/rte-documentary-uncovers-government-collusion-with-loyalist-paramilitaries-31296370.html">Archived</a> 23 June 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Belfast Telegraph, 12 June 2015. Retrieved 15 June 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <a href="/wiki/David_McKittrick" title="David McKittrick">David McKittrick</a>. Lost Lives. Mainstream Publishing, 1999. p. 724. </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> Stephen Howe, "Killing Fields", New Statesman, 14 February 2000. Retrieved 2 February 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-cassel68-259">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cassel68_259-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cassel68_259-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/collusion/docs/cassel061106.pdf">The Cassel Report (2006)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150220050645/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/issues/collusion/docs/cassel061106.pdf">Archived</a> 20 February 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 68. Retrieved 17 March 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouses_of_the_Oireachtas2003" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Oireachtas#Committees" title="Oireachtas">Houses of the Oireachtas, Joint Committee on Justice, Equality, Defence and Women's Rights</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/dublin/barron03.pdf">"The Barron Report"</a> (PDF). Oireachtas. p. 135. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110608075529/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/dublin/barron03.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 8 June 2011. Retrieved 20 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Barron+Report&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=Oireachtas&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Houses+of+the+Oireachtas&rft.aufirst=Joint+Committee+on+Justice%2C+Equality%2C+Defence+and+Women%27s+Rights&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulst.ac.uk%2Fevents%2Fdublin%2Fbarron03.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-36486779">"Loughinisland: Ombudsman confirms collusion between police and loyalist killers"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181002023056/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-36486779">Archived</a> 2 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. BBC News, 9 June 2016. Retrieved 15 June 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opac.oireachtas.ie/AWData/Library3/smithwickFinal03122013_171046.pdf">"Smithwick Report"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151015195444/http://opac.oireachtas.ie/AWData/Library3/smithwickFinal03122013_171046.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 15 October 2015. Retrieved 5 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Smithwick+Report&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopac.oireachtas.ie%2FAWData%2FLibrary3%2FsmithwickFinal03122013_171046.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc_collusion-263">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_collusion_263-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_collusion_263-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-25199800">"Irish police colluded in IRA murders"</a>. BBC News. 3 December 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190104235346/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-25199800">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2019. Retrieved 13 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Irish+police+colluded+in+IRA+murders&rft.date=2013-12-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-25199800&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgencies2013" class="citation news cs1">Agencies (3 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/northernireland/10492655/Irish-police-colluded-in-RUC-officers-murder-report-finds.html">"Irish police colluded in murders of RUC officers Harry Breen and Bob Buchanan, report finds"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180928120922/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/northernireland/10492655/Irish-police-colluded-in-RUC-officers-murder-report-finds.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2018. Retrieved 5 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Irish+police+colluded+in+murders+of+RUC+officers+Harry+Breen+and+Bob+Buchanan%2C+report+finds&rft.date=2013-12-03&rft.au=Agencies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2Fnorthernireland%2F10492655%2FIrish-police-colluded-in-RUC-officers-murder-report-finds.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-25219718">BBC report on Smithwick Tribunal report</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170129074706/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-25219718">Archived</a> 29 January 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 4 December 2013. Retrieved 4 December 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-10814888">"Who were the 'Disappeared'?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181014060049/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-10814888">Archived</a> 14 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, BBC News. 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Independent Commission for the Location of Victims' Remains. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140504234918/http://www.iclvr.ie/en/ICLVR/Pages/TheDisappeared">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2014. Retrieved 3 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Disappeared&rft.pub=Independent+Commission+for+the+Location+of+Victims%27+Remains&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iclvr.ie%2Fen%2FICLVR%2FPages%2FTheDisappeared&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-24818800">"Disappeared issue 'a festering wound' says McGuinness"</a>. BBC News. 5 November 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140325190320/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-24818800">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2014. Retrieved 10 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Disappeared+issue+%27a+festering+wound%27+says+McGuinness&rft.pub=BBC+News&rft.date=2013-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-northern-ireland-24818800&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC1-270"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC1_270-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-24987465">"Undercover soldiers 'killed unarmed civilians in Belfast'"</a>. BBC. 21 November 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150103162930/http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-24987465">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2015. Retrieved 28 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Undercover+soldiers+%27killed+unarmed+civilians+in+Belfast%27&rft.date=2014-11-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-24987465&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-II1-271"><a href="#cite_ref-II1_271-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_McHugh" class="citation news cs1">Michael McHugh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/amnesty-wants-probe-into-british-army-death-squad-29775256.html">"Amnesty wants probe into British army 'death squad'"</a>. Irish Independent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141204211431/http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/amnesty-wants-probe-into-british-army-death-squad-29775256.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2014. Retrieved 28 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Independent&rft.atitle=Amnesty+wants+probe+into+British+army+%27death+squad%27&rft.au=Michael+McHugh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.ie%2Firish-news%2Famnesty-wants-probe-into-british-army-death-squad-29775256.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishcentral.com/news/book-reveals-adams-mcguinness-were-on-british-army-death-squad-hit-list-232325111-237788191.html">"Book reveals Adams, McGuinness were on British Army death squad hit list"</a>. 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BBC News. 12 July 1986. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080307121057/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/12/newsid_2500000/2500503.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2008. Retrieved 27 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=1998%3A+Children+die+in+Drumcree+protests&rft.date=1986-07-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Fjuly%2F12%2Fnewsid_2500000%2F2500503.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> Dervla Murphy. <a href="/wiki/A_Place_Apart" title="A Place Apart">A Place Apart</a>. Penguin Books, 1978, p. 134. </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> Murphy, p. 209. </li> <li id="cite_note-nelson126-282">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nelson126_282-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nelson126_282-1">b</a> Sarah Nelson. Ulster's Uncertain Defenders: Protestant Political, Paramilitary and Community Groups and the Northern Ireland Conflict, 1984, Belfast: Appletree Press. p. 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> Murphy, p. 210. </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Jack_Holland_(writer)" title="Jack Holland (writer)">Jack Holland</a>. Hope Against History: The Course of Conflict in Northern Ireland, 1999, pp. 12–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> Murphy, p. 80. </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> Murphy, pp. 279–282. </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> BBC News, 4 July 2007. Retrieved 29 September 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> Muldoon, Children of the Troubles: The Impact of Political Violence in Northern Ireland, p. 461 </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> Muldoon, Children of the Troubles: The Impact of Political Violence in Northern Ireland, p. 464 </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pri.org/stories/2020-01-14/northern-ireland-still-divided-peace-walls-20-years-after-conflict">"Northern Ireland still divided by peace walls 20 years after conflict"</a>. The World from PRX. 13 January 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201126042135/https://www.pri.org/stories/2020-01-14/northern-ireland-still-divided-peace-walls-20-years-after-conflict">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2020. Retrieved 20 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+from+PRX&rft.atitle=Northern+Ireland+still+divided+by+peace+walls+20+years+after+conflict&rft.date=2020-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pri.org%2Fstories%2F2020-01-14%2Fnorthern-ireland-still-divided-peace-walls-20-years-after-conflict&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreen2022" class="citation news cs1">Breen, Suzanne (19 August 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/politics/seven-in-10-nationalists-agree-with-michelle-oneill-that-there-was-no-alternative-to-iras-campaign-of-violence-new-poll-reveals/41924287.html">"Seven in 10 nationalists agree with Michelle O'Neill that there was 'no alternative' to IRA's campaign of violence, new poll reveals"</a>. Belfast Telegraph.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Belfast+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Seven+in+10+nationalists+agree+with+Michelle+O%27Neill+that+there+was+%27no+alternative%27+to+IRA%27s+campaign+of+violence%2C+new+poll+reveals&rft.date=2022-08-19&rft.aulast=Breen&rft.aufirst=Suzanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfasttelegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fseven-in-10-nationalists-agree-with-michelle-oneill-that-there-was-no-alternative-to-iras-campaign-of-violence-new-poll-reveals%2F41924287.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sutton-year-292">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sutton-year_292-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sutton-year_292-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sutton-year_292-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/tables/Year.html">"Sutton Index of Deaths: Year of the death"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Conflict_Archive_on_the_Internet" title="Conflict Archive on the Internet">Conflict Archive on the Internet</a> (CAIN). <a href="/wiki/Ulster_University" title="Ulster University">Ulster University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150714232618/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/tables/Year.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2015. Retrieved 25 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Conflict+Archive+on+the+Internet+%28CAIN%29&rft.atitle=Sutton+Index+of+Deaths%3A+Year+of+the+death&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulst.ac.uk%2Fsutton%2Ftables%2FYear.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <a href="/wiki/David_McKittrick" title="David McKittrick">David McKittrick</a> et al. Lost Lives: The Stories of the Men, Women and Children who Died as a Result of the Northern Ireland Troubles. Random House, 2006. pp. 1551–1554 </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> Brendan O'Leary and John McGarry. The Politics of Antagonism: Understanding Northern Ireland. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wooster.edu/history/jgates/book-ch11.html">the original</a> on 3 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+M.+Gates%2C+Ch.+11%2C+The+Continuing+Problem+of+Conceptual+Confusion+%E2%80%93+Title&rft.date=2007-01-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wooster.edu%2Fhistory%2Fjgates%2Fbook-ch11.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> Simon Cunningham. "Troubles created 500 000 victims says official body", The Irish News, 27 September 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-TroublesRepublic-297"><a href="#cite_ref-TroublesRepublic_297-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wesleyjohnston.com/users/ireland/past/troubles/troubles_stats.html">"Statistical breakdown of deaths in the 'Troubles'"</a>. www.wesleyjohnston.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021019190826/https://www.wesleyjohnston.com/users/ireland/past/troubles/troubles_stats.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2002. Retrieved 28 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wesleyjohnston.com&rft.atitle=Statistical+breakdown+of+deaths+in+the+%27Troubles%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wesleyjohnston.com%2Fusers%2Fireland%2Fpast%2Ftroubles%2Ftroubles_stats.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/crosstabs.html">"Sutton Index of Deaths: Crosstabulations (two-way tables)"</a>. Conflict Archive on the Internet. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160324044004/http://www.cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/crosstabs.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2016. 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Retrieved 1 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Conflict+Archive+on+the+Internet&rft.atitle=Sutton+Index+of+Deaths%3A+Crosstabulations+%28two-way+tables%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulst.ac.uk%2Fsutton%2Fcrosstabs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> (choose "organization summary" and "status summary" as the variables) </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/crosstabs.html">"Sutton Index of Deaths: Crosstabulations (two-way tables)"</a>. Conflict Archive on the Internet. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160324044004/http://www.cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/crosstabs.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2016. Retrieved 1 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Conflict+Archive+on+the+Internet&rft.atitle=Sutton+Index+of+Deaths%3A+Crosstabulations+%28two-way+tables%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulst.ac.uk%2Fsutton%2Fcrosstabs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> (choose "status summary" and "religion summary" as the variables) </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuldoon2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Orla_Muldoon" title="Orla Muldoon">Muldoon, Orla T.</a> (2004). 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Journal of Social Issues. 60 (3): 453–468. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0022-4537.2004.00366.x">10.1111/j.0022-4537.2004.00366.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Social+Issues&rft.atitle=Children+of+the+Troubles%3AThe+Impact+of+Political+Violence+in+Northern+Ireland&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E453-%3C%2Fspan%3E468&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.0022-4537.2004.00366.x&rft.aulast=Muldoon&rft.aufirst=Orla+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowne2014" class="citation journal cs1">Browne, Brendan (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pure.qub.ac.uk/ws/files/18617363/Navigating_Risk_Understanding_the_Impact_of_the_Conflict_on_Children_and_Young_People.pdf">"Navigating Risk: Understanding the Impact of the Conflict on Children and Young People in Northern Ireland"</a> (PDF). Studies in Conflict and Terrorism. 37 (9): 792–805. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1057610X.2014.931213">10.1080/1057610X.2014.931213</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:111038600">111038600</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180722155821/https://pure.qub.ac.uk/ws/files/18617363/Navigating_Risk_Understanding_the_Impact_of_the_Conflict_on_Children_and_Young_People.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 22 July 2018. Retrieved 16 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Conflict+and+Terrorism&rft.atitle=Navigating+Risk%3A+Understanding+the+Impact+of+the+Conflict+on+Children+and+Young+People+in+Northern+Ireland&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E792-%3C%2Fspan%3E805&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F1057610X.2014.931213&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A111038600%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Browne&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.qub.ac.uk%2Fws%2Ffiles%2F18617363%2FNavigating_Risk_Understanding_the_Impact_of_the_Conflict_on_Children_and_Young_People.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/bloodysunday/article/0,,718401,00.html">"Bloody Sunday victim did volunteer for us, says IRA"</a>, The Guardian, 19 May 2002. </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/chron/1975.html">"Sutton Index of Deaths: 1975"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Conflict_Archive_on_the_Internet" title="Conflict Archive on the Internet">Conflict Archive on the Internet</a>(CAIN). <a href="/wiki/Ulster_University" title="Ulster University">Ulster University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514143816/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/chron/1975.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 1 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Conflict+Archive+on+the+Internet%28CAIN%29&rft.atitle=Sutton+Index+of+Deaths%3A+1975&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulst.ac.uk%2Fsutton%2Fchron%2F1975.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> Robert Dunseath, killed in the Teebane massacre was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Irish_Rangers" title="Royal Irish Rangers">Royal Irish Rangers</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royalirishrangers.co.uk/role.html">Royal Irish Rangers roll of honour</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010084137/http://www.royalirishrangers.co.uk/role.html">Archived</a> 10 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, royalirishrangers.co.uk. Retrieved 11 March 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/dfa72018b4c95d84d74ccc418561acda">"Two Suspected IRA members Arrested in Belgium, Netherlands"</a>. AP NEWS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190623161305/https://apnews.com/dfa72018b4c95d84d74ccc418561acda">Archived</a> from the original on 23 June 2019. Retrieved 20 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AP+NEWS&rft.atitle=Two+Suspected+IRA+members+Arrested+in+Belgium%2C+Netherlands&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Fdfa72018b4c95d84d74ccc418561acda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1979/08/29/archives/ira-sets-off-bomb-at-belgian-concert-15-persons-are-hurt-in.html">"I.r.a. Sets Off Bomb at Belgian Concert"</a>. The New York Times. 29 August 1979. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200307151347/https://www.nytimes.com/1979/08/29/archives/ira-sets-off-bomb-at-belgian-concert-15-persons-are-hurt-in.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2020. Retrieved 22 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=I.r.a.+Sets+Off+Bomb+at+Belgian+Concert&rft.date=1979-08-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1979%2F08%2F29%2Farchives%2Fira-sets-off-bomb-at-belgian-concert-15-persons-are-hurt-in.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/tables/Location.html">"Sutton Index of Deaths: Geographical Location of the death"</a>. Conflict Archive on the Internet. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110608064741/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/tables/Location.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2011. Retrieved 1 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Conflict+Archive+on+the+Internet&rft.atitle=Sutton+Index+of+Deaths%3A+Geographical+Location+of+the+death&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulst.ac.uk%2Fsutton%2Ftables%2FLocation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2023/41/">"Northern Ireland Troubles (Legacy and Reconciliation) Act 2023"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legislation.gov.uk" title="Legislation.gov.uk">legislation.gov.uk</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">The National Archives</a>, 18 September 2023, 2023 c. 41, retrieved 17 July 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=legislation.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Northern+Ireland+Troubles+%28Legacy+and+Reconciliation%29+Act+2023&rft.date=2023-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flegislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2F2023%2F41%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorthern_Ireland_Human_Rights_Commission2024" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Human_Rights_Commission" title="Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission">Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission</a> (28 February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nihrc.org/news/detail/northern-ireland-human-rights-commission-responds-to-legacy-judgment">"Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission responds to Legacy Judgment"</a>. Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission. Retrieved 17 July 2024. <q>The Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission notes today's significant judgment. The Commission has continually made clear its concerns about the failure of this legislation to comply with the law, in particular that which was incorporated into UK law by the Human Rights Act 1998.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Northern+Ireland+Human+Rights+Commission&rft.atitle=Northern+Ireland+Human+Rights+Commission+responds+to+Legacy+Judgment&rft.date=2024-02-28&rft.au=Northern+Ireland+Human+Rights+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnihrc.org%2Fnews%2Fdetail%2Fnorthern-ireland-human-rights-commission-responds-to-legacy-judgment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO’Toole2024" class="citation news cs1">O’Toole, Fintan (11 May 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/article/2024/may/11/island-ireland-troubles-legacy-act-keir-starmer">"On an island still tormented by the Troubles, Britain's Legacy Act is making things worse"</a>. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 17 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=On+an+island+still+tormented+by+the+Troubles%2C+Britain%27s+Legacy+Act+is+making+things+worse&rft.date=2024-05-11&rft.aulast=O%E2%80%99Toole&rft.aufirst=Fintan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2Farticle%2F2024%2Fmay%2F11%2Fisland-ireland-troubles-legacy-act-keir-starmer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrozier2024" class="citation news cs1">Crozier, Raymona (5 July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cx827v8rxzyo">"Hilary Benn is new Northern Ireland secretary"</a>. BBC. London. Retrieved 17 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Hilary+Benn+is+new+Northern+Ireland+secretary&rft.date=2024-07-05&rft.aulast=Crozier&rft.aufirst=Raymona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fcx827v8rxzyo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_the_Troubles" title="List of books about the Troubles">List of books about the Troubles</a></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBewGillespie1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bew" title="Paul Bew">Bew, Paul</a>; Gillespie, Gordon (1993). Northern Ireland: a chronology of the troubles, 1968–1993. Dublin: <a href="/wiki/Gill_%26_Macmillan" class="mw-redirect" title="Gill & Macmillan">Gill & Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7171-2081-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7171-2081-9"><bdi>978-0-7171-2081-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Northern+Ireland%3A+a+chronology+of+the+troubles%2C+1968%E2%80%931993&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pub=Gill+%26+Macmillan&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-7171-2081-9&rft.aulast=Bew&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Gillespie%2C+Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBourke2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bourke_(academic)" title="Richard Bourke (academic)">Bourke, Richard</a> (2003). Peace in Ireland: the war of ideas. Pimlico. London: <a href="/wiki/Pimlico_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Pimlico Books">Pimlico Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84413-316-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84413-316-1"><bdi>978-1-84413-316-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peace+in+Ireland%3A+the+war+of+ideas&rft.place=London&rft.series=Pimlico&rft.pub=Pimlico+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-84413-316-1&rft.aulast=Bourke&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoogan2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Pat_Coogan" title="Tim Pat Coogan">Coogan, Tim Pat</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zWgfwHuOCHYC">Ireland in the twentieth century</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Arrow_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrow Books">Arrow Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-941522-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-941522-0"><bdi>978-0-09-941522-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ireland+in+the+twentieth+century&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Arrow+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-09-941522-0&rft.aulast=Coogan&rft.aufirst=Tim+Pat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzWgfwHuOCHYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtisMcDowell1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Curtis" title="Edmund Curtis">Curtis, Edmund</a>; <a href="/wiki/R._B._McDowell" title="R. B. McDowell">McDowell, R. B.</a>, eds. (1977) [1943]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://celt.ucc.ie/published/E660001-001.html">"The Act of Settlement, 1662"</a>. Irish historical documents, 1172–1922. Methuen Library Reprints. London: Methuen Publishing. pp. 158–169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-416-85930-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-416-85930-0"><bdi>978-0-416-85930-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2866114">2866114</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Act+of+Settlement%2C+1662&rft.btitle=Irish+historical+documents%2C+1172%E2%80%931922&rft.place=London&rft.series=Methuen+Library+Reprints&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E158-%3C%2Fspan%3E169&rft.pub=Methuen+Publishing&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2866114&rft.isbn=978-0-416-85930-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcelt.ucc.ie%2Fpublished%2FE660001-001.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnglish2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_English" title="Richard English">English, Richard</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/armedstrugglehis00engl">Armed struggle: the history of the IRA</a>. Oxford; New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516605-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-516605-7"><bdi>978-0-19-516605-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armed+struggle%3A+the+history+of+the+IRA&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-516605-7&rft.aulast=English&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farmedstrugglehis00engl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnglish2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_English" title="Richard English">English, Richard Ludlow</a> (2009). "The Interplay of Non-violent and Violent Action in Northern Ireland, 1967–72". In <a href="/wiki/Adam_Roberts_(scholar)" title="Adam Roberts (scholar)">Roberts, Adam</a>; <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Garton_Ash" title="Timothy Garton Ash">Ash, Timothy Garton</a> (eds.). Civil resistance and power politics: the experience of non-violent action from Gandhi to the present. London: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 75–90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-955201-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-955201-6"><bdi>978-0-19-955201-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Interplay+of+Non-violent+and+Violent+Action+in+Northern+Ireland%2C+1967%E2%80%9372&rft.btitle=Civil+resistance+and+power+politics%3A+the+experience+of+non-violent+action+from+Gandhi+to+the+present&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E75-%3C%2Fspan%3E90&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-955201-6&rft.aulast=English&rft.aufirst=Richard+Ludlow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngramHarkin2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Ingram" title="Martin Ingram">Ingram, Martin</a>; Harkin, Greg (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stakeknifebritai0000hark_s6b7">Stakeknife: Britain's secret agents in Ireland</a>. Dublin: O'Brien. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86278-843-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86278-843-8"><bdi>978-0-86278-843-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stakeknife%3A+Britain%27s+secret+agents+in+Ireland&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pub=O%27Brien&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-86278-843-8&rft.aulast=Ingram&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Harkin%2C+Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstakeknifebritai0000hark_s6b7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2022" class="citation book cs1">Kelly, Stephen (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oy8LEAAAQBAJ">Margaret Thatcher, the Conservative Party and the Northern Ireland Conflict, 1975–1990</a>. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-350-11538-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-350-11538-5"><bdi>978-1-350-11538-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Margaret+Thatcher%2C+the+Conservative+Party+and+the+Northern+Ireland+Conflict%2C+1975%E2%80%931990&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-350-11538-5&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Doy8LEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKittrickMcVea2002" class="citation book cs1">McKittrick, David; McVea, David (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z-OD6zU_8uEC">Making sense of the Troubles: the story of the conflict in Northern Ireland</a>. Penguin Books (Revised ed.). Chicago: New Amsterdam Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56131-070-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56131-070-8"><bdi>978-1-56131-070-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+sense+of+the+Troubles%3A+the+story+of+the+conflict+in+Northern+Ireland&rft.place=Chicago&rft.series=Penguin+Books&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=New+Amsterdam+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-56131-070-8&rft.aulast=McKittrick&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=McVea%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ-OD6zU_8uEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKittrickKeltersFeeneyThornton2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_McKittrick" title="David McKittrick">McKittrick, David</a>; Kelters, Seamus; Feeney, Brian; Thornton, Chris; McVea, David (2008). <a href="/wiki/Lost_Lives" title="Lost Lives">Lost lives: the stories of the men, women, and children who died as a result of the Northern Ireland troubles</a> (Revised and updated ed.). Edinburgh: Mainstream Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84018-504-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84018-504-1"><bdi>978-1-84018-504-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/41503120">41503120</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+lives%3A+the+stories+of+the+men%2C+women%2C+and+children+who+died+as+a+result+of+the+Northern+Ireland+troubles&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.edition=Revised+and+updated&rft.pub=Mainstream+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2Focm41503120&rft.isbn=978-1-84018-504-1&rft.aulast=McKittrick&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Kelters%2C+Seamus&rft.au=Feeney%2C+Brian&rft.au=Thornton%2C+Chris&rft.au=McVea%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyers2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Myers" title="Kevin Myers">Myers, Kevin</a> (2006). Watching the door: a memoir, 1971–1978. Dublin, Ireland: <a href="/wiki/Lilliput_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Lilliput Press">Lilliput Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84351-085-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84351-085-7"><bdi>978-1-84351-085-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Watching+the+door%3A+a+memoir%2C+1971%E2%80%931978&rft.place=Dublin%2C+Ireland&rft.pub=Lilliput+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84351-085-7&rft.aulast=Myers&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotter2001" class="citation book cs1">Potter, John (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GwCTBMB_w2EC">A testimony to courage: the regimental history of the Ulster Defence Regiment</a>. London: Leo Cooper. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85052-819-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85052-819-0"><bdi>978-0-85052-819-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+testimony+to+courage%3A+the+regimental+history+of+the+Ulster+Defence+Regiment&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Leo+Cooper&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-85052-819-0&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGwCTBMB_w2EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyder1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chris_Ryder_(journalist)" title="Chris Ryder (journalist)">Ryder, Chris</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ulsterdefencereg0000ryde">The Ulster Defence Regiment: an instrument of peace?</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Methuen_Publishing" title="Methuen Publishing">Methuen Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-413-64800-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-413-64800-6"><bdi>978-0-413-64800-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ulster+Defence+Regiment%3A+an+instrument+of+peace%3F&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Methuen+Publishing&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-413-64800-6&rft.aulast=Ryder&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fulsterdefencereg0000ryde&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Troubles" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Northern_Ireland_Troubles" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Northern Ireland Troubles">Northern Ireland Troubles</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/The_Troubles" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/The Troubles">The Troubles</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ark.ac.uk/elections">Northern Ireland Elections Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/">Northern Ireland Conflict Archive on the Internet (CAIN Project)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/recent/troubles/the_troubles_article_01.shtml">BBC Northern Ireland: The Troubles</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wesleyjohnston.com/users/ireland/past/troubles/index.htm">The Troubles – Statistical Analysis</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peacewall-archive.net">Peacewall Archive</a> – An archive of photos, maps, texts and links relating to Belfast's <a href="/wiki/Peace_lines" title="Peace lines">Peace lines</a> – a legacy of 'The Troubles'</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikileaks.org/wiki/UK_military_operations_in_Northern_Ireland_1969-2006_aka_Operation_Banner">British Army Historical Document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linen_Hall_Library" title="Linen Hall Library">Linen Hall Library</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130203185316/http://www.linenhall.com/northernIrelandPoliticalCollection.asp">Northern Ireland Political Collection</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?42686-1/irish-troubles">Booknotes interview with J. Bowyer Bell on The Irish Troubles: A Generation of Violence, 1967–1992, 6 June 1993.</a></li> <li>The short film <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.1633583">Ulster (1970)</a> is available for free viewing and download at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theirishstory.com/tag/the-troubles/">The Irish Story archive on the Troubles</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sinnfein.org/releases/freedom.html">The Conflict in Ireland – 1991 Sinn Féin document</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-24987465">Interview with undercover soldiers by BBC dated 21 November 2013</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://player.bfi.org.uk/film/watch-belfast-no-way-out-1970/">Belfast: No Way Out (1970) on BFI Player</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170712122750/http://player.bfi.org.uk/film/watch-belfast-no-way-out-1970/">Archived</a> 12 July 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/chron/ch72.htm">Timeline of events</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Troubles945" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Troubles" title="Template:The Troubles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Troubles" title="Template talk:The Troubles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Troubles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Troubles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Troubles945" class="hlist wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Troubles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="float:left;">Participants</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="float:left;">State security forces</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="float:left;">United Kingdom</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ulster_Defence_Regiment" title="Ulster Defence Regiment">Ulster Defence Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Force_Research_Unit" title="Force Research Unit">Force Research Unit</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary" title="Royal Ulster Constabulary">Royal Ulster Constabulary</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ulster_Special_Constabulary" title="Ulster Special Constabulary">Ulster Special Constabulary</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="float:left;">Ireland</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Forces_(Ireland)" title="Defence Forces (Ireland)">Defence Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garda_S%C3%ADoch%C3%A1na" title="Garda Síochána">Garda Síochána</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="float:left;"><a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism#Republicanism_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Irish republicanism">Irish republican paramilitaries</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army">Provisional IRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Official Irish Republican Army">Official IRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_National_Liberation_Army" title="Irish National Liberation Army">INLA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_People%27s_Liberation_Organisation" title="Irish People's Liberation Organisation">Irish People's Liberation Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuity_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Continuity Irish Republican Army">Continuity IRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Real Irish Republican Army">Real IRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Armagh_Republican_Action_Force" title="South Armagh Republican Action Force">Republican Action Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saor_%C3%89ire_(1967%E2%80%9375)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saor Éire (1967–75)">Saor Éire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dessie_O%27Hare#Kidnapping_and_second_imprisonment" title="Dessie O'Hare">Irish Revolutionary Brigade</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="float:left;">Vigilantes</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Against_Drugs" title="Direct Action Against Drugs">Direct Action Against Drugs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="float:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalism#Paramilitary_and_vigilante_groups" title="Ulster loyalism">Ulster loyalist paramilitaries</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Volunteer_Force" title="Ulster Volunteer Force">Ulster Volunteer Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Defence_Association" title="Ulster Defence Association">Ulster Defence Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Hand_Commando" title="Red Hand Commando">Red Hand Commando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Resistance" title="Ulster Resistance">Ulster Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_Volunteer_Force" title="Loyalist Volunteer Force">Loyalist Volunteer Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Protestant_Volunteers" title="Ulster Protestant Volunteers">Ulster Protestant Volunteers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Force_(Northern_Ireland)" title="Third Force (Northern Ireland)">Ulster Third Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Volunteer_Service_Corps" title="Ulster Volunteer Service Corps">Ulster Volunteer Service Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_Orange_Welfare" title="Down Orange Welfare">Down Orange Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Action_Force" title="Protestant Action Force">Protestant Action Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodvale_Defence_Association" title="Woodvale Defence Association">Woodvale Defence Association</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="float:left;">Vigilantes</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Protestant_Action" title="Ulster Protestant Action">Ulster Protestant Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Service_Corps" title="Ulster Service Corps">Ulster Service Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Volunteers_(1972)" title="Orange Volunteers (1972)">Orange Volunteers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="float:left;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Troubles" title="Timeline of the Troubles">Major events</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1967–1972</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_civil_rights_movement" title="Northern Ireland civil rights movement">Northern Ireland civil rights movement</a></li> <li>1969</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Northern_Ireland_riots" title="1969 Northern Ireland riots">NI riots</a></li> <li>1970</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falls_Curfew" title="Falls Curfew">Falls Curfew</a></li> <li>1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Demetrius" title="Operation Demetrius">Operation Demetrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballymurphy_massacre" title="Ballymurphy massacre">Ballymurphy massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McGurk%27s_Bar_bombing" title="McGurk's Bar bombing">McGurk's Bar bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Balmoral_Furniture_Company_bombing" title="1971 Balmoral Furniture Company bombing">Balmoral showroom bombing</a></li> <li>1972</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_Sunday_(1972)" title="Bloody Sunday (1972)">Bloody Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abercorn_Restaurant_bombing" title="Abercorn Restaurant bombing">Abercorn Restaurant bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donegall_Street_bombing" title="Donegall Street bombing">Donegall Street bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_rule_(Northern_Ireland)" title="Direct rule (Northern Ireland)">Beginning of direct rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_Friday_(1972)" title="Bloody Friday (1972)">Bloody Friday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Motorman" title="Operation Motorman">Operation Motorman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Old_Bailey_bombing" title="1973 Old Bailey bombing">Old Bailey bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunningdale_Agreement" title="Sunningdale Agreement">Sunningdale Agreement</a></li> <li>1974</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M62_coach_bombing" title="M62 coach bombing">M62 coach bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Workers%27_Council_strike" title="Ulster Workers' Council strike">Ulster Workers' Council strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_and_Monaghan_bombings" title="Dublin and Monaghan bombings">Dublin & Monaghan bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guildford_pub_bombings" title="Guildford pub bombings">Guildford pub bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_pub_bombings" title="Birmingham pub bombings">Birmingham pub bombings</a></li> <li>1975</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_Showband_killings" title="Miami Showband killings">Miami Showband killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayardo_Bar_attack" title="Bayardo Bar attack">Bayardo Bar attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullyvallen_massacre" title="Tullyvallen massacre">Tullyvallen massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balcombe_Street_siege" title="Balcombe Street siege">Balcombe Street siege</a></li> <li>1976</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reavey_and_O%27Dowd_killings" title="Reavey and O'Dowd killings">Reavey and O'Dowd killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingsmill_massacre" title="Kingsmill massacre">Kingsmill massacre</a></li> <li>1978</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Mon_restaurant_bombing" title="La Mon restaurant bombing">La Mon restaurant bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_British_Army_Gazelle_downing" title="1978 British Army Gazelle downing">Jonesborough Gazelle downing</a></li> <li>1979</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrenpoint_ambush" title="Warrenpoint ambush">Warrenpoint ambush</a></li> <li>1981</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Irish_hunger_strike" title="1981 Irish hunger strike">Republican hunger strike</a></li> <li>1982</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droppin_Well_bombing" title="Droppin Well bombing">Droppin Well bombing</a></li> <li>1983</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maze_Prison_escape" title="Maze Prison escape">Maze Prison escape</a></li> <li>1984</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_hotel_bombing" title="Brighton hotel bombing">Brighton hotel bombing</a></li> <li>1985</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Newry_mortar_attack" title="1985 Newry mortar attack">Newry mortar attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Agreement" title="Anglo-Irish Agreement">Anglo-Irish Agreement</a></li> <li>1987</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loughgall_ambush" title="Loughgall ambush">Loughgall ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remembrance_Day_bombing" title="Remembrance Day bombing">Remembrance Day bombing</a></li> <li>1988</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Start of peace process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Flavius" title="Operation Flavius">Operation Flavius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milltown_Cemetery_attack" title="Milltown Cemetery attack">Milltown Cemetery attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporals_killings" title="Corporals killings">Corporals killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_IRA_attacks_in_the_Netherlands" title="1988 IRA attacks in the Netherlands">IRA attacks in the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_British_Army_Lynx_shootdown" title="1988 British Army Lynx shootdown">Aughanduff Lynx shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballygawley_bus_bombing" title="Ballygawley bus bombing">Ballygawley bus bombing</a></li> <li>1989</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deal_barracks_bombing" title="Deal barracks bombing">Deal barracks bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Derryard_checkpoint" title="Attack on Derryard checkpoint">Attack on Derryard checkpoint</a></li> <li>1990–1997</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Armagh_Sniper_(1990%E2%80%931997)" title="South Armagh Sniper (1990–1997)">South Armagh sniper campaign</a></li> <li>1990</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_British_Army_Gazelle_shootdown" title="1990 British Army Gazelle shootdown">Augher Lynx shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_bomb#October_1990_proxy_bombings" title="Proxy bomb">Proxy bombings</a></li> <li>1991</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downing_Street_mortar_attack" title="Downing Street mortar attack">Downing Street mortar attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Cappagh_killings" title="1991 Cappagh killings">Cappagh killings</a></li> <li>1992</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teebane_bombing" title="Teebane bombing">Teebane bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Falls_Road_Office_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="1992 Falls Road Office shooting"> Sinn Féin Headquarters shooting</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Graham_bookmakers%27_shooting" title="Sean Graham bookmakers' shooting">Sean Graham bookmakers' shooting</a></li> <li>1993</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrington_bombings" title="Warrington bombings">Warrington bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Bishopsgate_bombing" title="1993 Bishopsgate bombing">Bishopsgate bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankill_Road_bombing" title="Shankill Road bombing">Shankill Road bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greysteel_massacre" title="Greysteel massacre">Greysteel massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downing_Street_Declaration" title="Downing Street Declaration">Downing Street Declaration</a></li> <li>1994</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_British_Army_Lynx_shootdown" title="1994 British Army Lynx shootdown">Crossmaglen Lynx downing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loughinisland_massacre" title="Loughinisland massacre">Loughinisland massacre</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#First_ceasefire">Ceasefires of the Provisional IRA, UVF, UDA and RHC</a></li> <li>1996</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Docklands_bombing" title="1996 Docklands bombing">Docklands bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Manchester_bombing" title="1996 Manchester bombing">Manchester bombing</a></li> <li>1997</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Northern_Ireland_riots" title="1997 Northern Ireland riots">NI riots</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Second_ceasefire">Second IRA ceasefire</a></li> <li>1998</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">Good Friday Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omagh_bombing" title="Omagh bombing">Omagh bombing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="float:left;">Political parties</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="float:left;"><a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism#Political_parties" title="Irish republicanism">Irish republican parties</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_(Ireland)" title="Workers' Party (Ireland)">Official Sinn Féin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Republican Sinn Féin">Republican Sinn Féin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Socialist_Party" title="Irish Republican Socialist Party">Irish Republican Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Ireland" title="Communist Party of Ireland">Communist Party of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Independence_Party" title="Irish Independence Party">Irish Independence Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Socialist_Collective" title="Republican Socialist Collective">Republican Socialist Collective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_(Northern_Ireland)" title="Unity (Northern Ireland)">Unity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="float:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalism#Political_parties" title="Ulster loyalism">Ulster loyalist parties</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party" title="Ulster Unionist Party">Ulster Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party" title="Democratic Unionist Party">Democratic Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Unionist_Party" title="Progressive Unionist Party">Progressive Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguard_Unionist_Progressive_Party" title="Vanguard Unionist Progressive Party">Vanguard Unionist Progressive Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_Unionist_Party" title="UK Unionist Party">UK Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Democratic_Party" title="Ulster Democratic Party">Ulster Democratic Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="float:left;">Other parties</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Party_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Alliance Party of Northern Ireland">Alliance Party of Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_and_Labour_Party" title="Social Democratic and Labour Party">Social Democratic and Labour Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Segregation in Northern Ireland">Segregation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Peace_lines" title="Peace lines">peace lines</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Irish republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland" title="Unionism in Ireland">Unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalism" title="Ulster loyalism">Ulster loyalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Ireland" title="United Ireland">United Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Derry" title="Free Derry">Free Derry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_The_Troubles_films" title="List of The Troubles films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_flags_issue" title="Northern Ireland flags issue">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murals_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Murals in Northern Ireland">Murals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parades_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Parades in Northern Ireland">Parades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramilitary_punishment_attacks_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Paramilitary punishment attacks in Northern Ireland">Punishment attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramilitary_finances_in_the_Troubles" title="Paramilitary finances in the Troubles">Finances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Category_Status" title="Special Category Status">Special Category Status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot-to-kill_policy_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Shoot-to-kill policy in Northern Ireland">Shoot-to-kill policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HM_Prison_Maze" title="HM Prison Maze">HM Prison Maze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_techniques" title="Five techniques">Five techniques</a></li></ul> <hr /> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:The_Troubles_(Northern_Ireland)" title="Category:The Troubles (Northern Ireland)">Category</a> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Post–Cold_War_conflicts_in_Europe122" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Post-Cold_War_European_conflicts" title="Template:Post-Cold War European conflicts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Post-Cold_War_European_conflicts" title="Template talk:Post-Cold War European conflicts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Post-Cold_War_European_conflicts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Post-Cold War European conflicts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Post–Cold_War_conflicts_in_Europe122" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Post–<a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Europe" title="List of conflicts in Europe">conflicts in Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (1988–2024)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="2016 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">2016 conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Second War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauzia_conflict" title="Gagauzia conflict">Gagauzia conflict (1989–1995)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_conflict" title="Transnistria conflict">Transnistria conflict (1990–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria War (1990–1992)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Civil_War" title="Georgian Civil War">Georgian Civil War (1991–1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia_war_(1991%E2%80%931992)" title="South Ossetia war (1991–1992)">South Ossetia War (1991–92)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Abkhazia_(1992%E2%80%931993)" title="War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)">War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Prigorodny_conflict" title="East Prigorodny conflict">East Prigorodny conflict (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis" title="1993 Russian constitutional crisis">Russian constitutional crisis (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">First Chechen War (1994–1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Abkhazia_(1998)" title="War in Abkhazia (1998)">War in Abkhazia (1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War (1999–2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Tuzla_Island_conflict" title="2003 Tuzla Island conflict">Tuzla Island conflict (2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Russo-Georgian War (2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euromaidan" title="Euromaidan">Maidan Uprising (2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_Dignity" title="Revolution of Dignity">Revolution of Dignity (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War (2014–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">Russian annexation of Crimea (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Donbas" title="War in Donbas">War in Donbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group_rebellion" title="Wagner Group rebellion">Wagner Group rebellion (2023)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Azerbaijan_border_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia–Azerbaijan border crisis">Armenia–Azerbaijan border crisis (2021–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten-Day_War" title="Ten-Day War">Slovenian War of Independence (1991)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_War_of_Independence" title="Croatian War of Independence">Croatian War of Independence (1991–1995)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War (1992–1995)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croat%E2%80%93Bosniak_War" title="Croat–Bosniak War">Croat–Bosniak War (1992–1994)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Albanian_civil_unrest" title="1997 Albanian civil unrest">Albanian Civil War (1997)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War (1998–1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_Pre%C5%A1evo_Valley" title="Insurgency in the Preševo Valley">Insurgency in the Preševo Valley (1999–2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_insurgency_in_Macedonia" title="2001 insurgency in Macedonia">Insurgency in Macedonia (2001)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_territory_of_the_former_Soviet_Union" title="List of conflicts in territory of the former Soviet Union">List of Post-Soviet conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ongoing_armed_conflicts" title="List of ongoing armed conflicts">List of ongoing armed conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_proxy_wars" title="List of proxy wars">List of proxy wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frozen_conflict" title="Frozen conflict">List of frozen conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ireland_topics491" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ireland_topics" title="Template:Ireland topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ireland_topics" title="Template talk:Ireland topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ireland_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ireland topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ireland_topics491" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ireland-related_topics" title="List of Ireland-related topics">topics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Outline of the Republic of Ireland">topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Northern_Ireland%E2%80%93related_topics" title="List of Northern Ireland–related topics">topics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History491" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland" title="History of Ireland">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Irish_history" title="Timeline of Irish history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Ireland" title="Prehistoric Ireland">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protohistory_of_Ireland" title="Protohistory of Ireland">Protohistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(400%E2%80%93800)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ireland (400–800)">Early history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Ireland" title="Lordship of Ireland">Lordship of Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(800%E2%80%931169)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Ireland (800–1169)">800–1169</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1169%E2%80%931536)" title="History of Ireland (1169–1536)">1169–1536</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1536%E2%80%931691)" title="History of Ireland (1536–1691)">1536–1691</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1691%E2%80%931800)" title="History of Ireland (1691–1800)">1691–1800</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ireland_(1801%E2%80%931923)" title="History of Ireland (1801–1923)">1801–1923</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republic" title="Irish Republic">Irish Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ireland_(1921%E2%80%931922)" title="Southern Ireland (1921–1922)">Southern Ireland (1921–1922)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> (1921–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Northern_Ireland" title="History of Northern Ireland">since 1922</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State (1922–1937)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="History of the Republic of Ireland">Ireland (since 1922)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tara_(Ireland)" title="Battle of Tara (Ireland)">Battles of Tara</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Glenmama" title="Battle of Glenmama">Glenmama</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Clontarf" title="Battle of Clontarf">Clontarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Norman_invasion_of_Ireland" title="Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland">Norman invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_campaign_in_Ireland" title="Bruce campaign in Ireland">Bruce campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Tudor conquest of Ireland">Tudor conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Rebellions" title="Desmond Rebellions">Desmond Rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada_in_Ireland" title="Spanish Armada in Ireland">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">Tyrone's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Earls" title="Flight of the Earls">Flight of the Earls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_of_Ulster" title="Plantation of Ulster">Plantation of Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1641" title="Irish Rebellion of 1641">1641 Rebellion</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irish_Confederate_Wars" title="Irish Confederate Wars">Confederate War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">Cromwellian conquest</a> / <a href="/wiki/Act_for_the_Settlement_of_Ireland_1652" title="Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652">Settlement of 1652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland" title="Williamite War in Ireland">Williamite War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_laws_(Ireland)" title="Penal laws (Ireland)">Penal Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Famine_(1740%E2%80%931741)" title="Irish Famine (1740–1741)">First Great Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">1798 Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">Act of Union (1800)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_rebellion_of_1803" title="Irish rebellion of 1803">1803 Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithe_War" title="Tithe War">Tithe War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Second Great Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_War" title="Land War">Land War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_Rising" title="Fenian Rising">Fenian Rising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_lock-out" title="Dublin lock-out">Dublin lock-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Act_1914" title="Government of Ireland Act 1914">Home Rule crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_Treaty" title="Anglo-Irish Treaty">Anglo-Irish Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Civil_War" title="Irish Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(Ireland)" title="The Emergency (Ireland)">The Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_campaign_(Irish_Republican_Army)" title="Northern campaign (Irish Republican Army)">IRA Northern Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_campaign_(Irish_Republican_Army)" title="Border campaign (Irish Republican Army)">IRA Border Campaign</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Troubles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Peace process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economy of the Republic of Ireland">Economy of the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Tiger" title="Celtic Tiger">Celtic Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-2008_Irish_economic_downturn" title="Post-2008 Irish economic downturn">Post-2008 Irish economic downturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-2008_Irish_banking_crisis" title="Post-2008 Irish banking crisis">Post-2008 Irish banking crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Ireland" title="List of conflicts in Ireland">List of conflicts in Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Celtic_peoples_and_tribes#Goidels_/_Gaels_/_Hibernians" title="List of ancient Celtic peoples and tribes">List of Irish tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_kingdoms" title="List of Irish kingdoms">List of Irish kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_High_Kings_of_Ireland" title="List of High Kings of Ireland">List of High Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland#Dress" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic clothing and fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland">List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography491" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ireland" title="Geography of Ireland">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Ireland" title="Climate of Ireland">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Climate change in the Republic of Ireland">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_landforms_of_Ireland" title="Coastal landforms of Ireland">Coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Ireland" title="Extreme points of Ireland">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Ireland" title="Fauna of Ireland">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Ireland" title="List of islands of Ireland">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_loughs_of_Ireland" title="List of loughs of Ireland">Loughs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_in_Ireland" title="Lists of mountains in Ireland">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivers_of_Ireland" title="Rivers of Ireland">Rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Ireland" title="List of rivers of Ireland">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland">List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_the_United_Kingdom#National_parks_in_Northern_Ireland" title="National parks of the United Kingdom">in Northern Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Human</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Ireland" title="Architecture of Ireland">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_buildings_in_Ireland" title="List of buildings in Ireland">Notable buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_structures_in_Ireland" title="List of tallest structures in Ireland">Tallest buildings and structures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_status_in_Ireland" title="City status in Ireland">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Ireland" title="Counties of Ireland">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Demographics of the Republic of Ireland">Demographics of the Republic of Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Demographics of Northern Ireland">of Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_in_Ireland" title="List of ports in Ireland">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Ireland" title="Provinces of Ireland">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_border" title="Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border">ROI–UK border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_towns_in_Ireland" title="Lists of towns in Ireland">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Tourism in the Republic of Ireland">Tourism in the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Ireland" title="List of tourist attractions in Ireland">Tourist attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Ireland" title="Transport in Ireland">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics491" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Politics of the Republic of Ireland">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalism" title="Ulster loyalism">Ulster loyalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland" title="Unionism in Ireland">Unionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Politics of the Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Ireland" title="Constitution of Ireland">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economy of the Republic of Ireland">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Education in the Republic of Ireland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Ireland" title="Foreign relations of Ireland">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland" title="Government of Ireland">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Local government in the Republic of Ireland">local</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Law of the Republic of Ireland">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Republic of Ireland">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oireachtas" title="Oireachtas">Oireachtas parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="Dáil Éireann">Dáil Éireann (lower house)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann" title="Seanad Éireann">Seanad Éireann (upper house)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Ireland" title="President of Ireland">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Taxation in the Republic of Ireland">Taxation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Politics of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_method" title="D'Hondt method">D'Hondt method</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Economy of Northern Ireland">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Education in Northern Ireland">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Executive" title="Northern Ireland Executive">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Local government in Northern Ireland">local</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Northern Ireland">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Peace process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture491" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Ireland" title="Culture of Ireland">Culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_cuisine" title="Irish cuisine">Cuisine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Food</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_dishes" title="List of Irish dishes">List of dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barmbrack" title="Barmbrack">Barmbrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacon_and_cabbage" title="Bacon and cabbage">Bacon and cabbage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxty" title="Boxty">Boxty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_(food)" title="Champ (food)">Champ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coddle" title="Coddle">Coddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colcannon" title="Colcannon">Colcannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drisheen" title="Drisheen">Drisheen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_breakfast#Ireland" title="Full breakfast">Irish fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skirts_and_kidneys" title="Skirts and kidneys">Skirts and kidneys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soda_bread" title="Soda bread">Soda bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_bag" title="Spice bag">Spice Bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_stew" title="Irish stew">Stew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-in-1_(fast_food_dish)" title="3-in-1 (fast food dish)">Three-in-One</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Drinks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_coffee" title="Irish coffee">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_cream" title="Irish cream">Cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinness" title="Guinness">Guinness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Mist" title="Irish Mist">Mist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poit%C3%ADn" title="Poitín">Poitín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_breakfast_tea" title="Irish breakfast tea">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_whiskey" title="Irish whiskey">Whiskey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_dance" title="Irish dance">Dance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jig" title="Jig">Jig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean-n%C3%B3s_dance" title="Sean-nós dance">Sean-nós</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_set_dancing" title="Irish set dancing">Set dancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_stepdance" title="Irish stepdance">Stepdance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imbolc" title="Imbolc">Imbolc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day" title="Saint Patrick's Day">Saint Patrick's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltane" title="Beltane">Bealtaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Twelfth" title="The Twelfth">The Twelfth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lughnasadh" title="Lughnasadh">Lúnasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_of_Tralee_(festival)" title="Rose of Tralee (festival)">Rose of Tralee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samhain" title="Samhain">Samhain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Halloween" title="Halloween">Halloween</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wren_Day" title="Wren Day">Wren Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Ireland" title="Languages of Ireland">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-English" title="Hiberno-English">Hiberno-English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelta" title="Shelta">Shelta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialect" title="Ulster Scots dialect">Ulster Scots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_literature" title="Irish literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_annals" title="Irish annals">Annals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_prose_fiction" title="Irish prose fiction">Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_literature_in_Irish" title="Modern literature in Irish">Gaeilge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_poetry" title="Irish poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_theatre" title="Irish theatre">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triads_of_Ireland" title="Triads of Ireland">Triads</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Ireland" title="Music of Ireland">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_ballads" title="List of Irish ballads">Ballads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A8ilidh" title="Cèilidh">Céilí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_traditional_music" title="Irish traditional music">Folk music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_traditional_music_session" title="Irish traditional music session">session</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Irish_musical_instruments" title="Category:Irish musical instruments">Instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music_in_Ireland" title="Rock music in Ireland">Rock music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Irish_singing" title="Traditional Irish singing">Traditional singing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Mythology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology#Mythological_cycle" title="Irish mythology">Cycles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mythological_Cycle" title="Mythological Cycle">Mythological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenian_Cycle" title="Fenian Cycle">Fenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Cycle" title="Ulster Cycle">Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycles_of_the_Kings" title="Cycles of the Kings">Kings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aos_S%C3%AD" title="Aos Sí">Aos Sí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echtra" title="Echtra">Echtrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immram" title="Immram">Immrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuatha_D%C3%A9_Danann" title="Tuatha Dé Danann">Tuatha Dé Danann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firbolg" class="mw-redirect" title="Firbolg">Firbolg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fomorians" title="Fomorians">Fomorians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Irish_legendary_creatures" title="Category:Irish legendary creatures">Legendary creatures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_people" title="List of Irish people">List of Irish people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_diaspora" title="Irish diaspora">Irish diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_people" title="Anglo-Irish people">Anglo-Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normans_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Normans in Ireland">Hiberno-Normans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Travellers" title="Irish Travellers">Travellers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people" title="Ulster Scots people">Ulster Scots</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Immigration_to_the_Republic_of_Ireland114" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Immigration_to_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Template:Immigration to the Republic of 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title="Americans in Ireland">Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilians_in_Ireland" title="Brazilians in Ireland">Brazilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Ireland" title="Chinese people in Ireland">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_Ireland" title="Filipinos in Ireland">Filipinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanians_in_Ireland" title="Lithuanians in Ireland">Lithuanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerians_in_Ireland" title="Nigerians in Ireland">Nigerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_people_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian people in Ireland">South Asians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_minority_in_Ireland" title="Polish minority in Ireland">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Ireland" title="Romani people in Ireland">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Ireland" title="Turks in Ireland">Turks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Demographics of the Republic of Ireland">Demographics of the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Naturalisation_and_Immigration_Service" title="Irish Naturalisation and Immigration Service">Irish Naturalisation and Immigration Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_4" title="Stamp 4">Stamp 4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Ireland" title="Sport in Ireland">Sport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_football_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Association football in the Republic of Ireland">Association football in the Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_football_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Association football in Northern Ireland">Association football in Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camogie" title="Camogie">Camogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_handball" title="Gaelic handball">Gaelic handball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurling" title="Hurling">Hurling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_martial_arts" title="Irish martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_road_bowling" title="Irish road bowling">Road bowling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rounders" title="Rounders">Rounders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugby_union_in_Ireland" title="Rugby union in Ireland">Rugby union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em"><a href="/wiki/Category:National_symbols_of_Ireland" title="Category:National symbols of Ireland">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brigid%27s_cross" title="Brigid's cross">Brighid's Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_harp" title="Celtic harp">Cláirseach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Ireland" title="Armorial of Ireland">County coats of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Ireland" title="List of flags of Ireland">Flags</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_flags_issue" title="Northern Ireland flags issue">Northern Ireland flags issue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Wolfhound" title="Irish Wolfhound">Irish Wolfhound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Ireland" title="Coat of arms of Ireland">National coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Hand_of_Ulster" title="Red Hand of Ulster">Red Hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamrock" title="Shamrock">Shamrock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.25em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_calendar" title="Irish calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Ireland" title="List of castles in Ireland">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Ireland" title="Cinema of Ireland">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland">Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_houses_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of historic houses in the Republic of Ireland">Historic houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Ireland" title="Homelessness in Ireland">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Mass media in the Republic of Ireland">Mass media (Republic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monastic_houses_in_Ireland" title="List of monastic houses in Ireland">Monastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_name" title="Irish name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_names_in_Ireland" title="Place names in Ireland">Place names</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_place_names_in_other_countries" title="List of Irish place names in other countries">outside Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Prostitution in the Republic of Ireland">Prostitution (Republic)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Prostitution in Northern Ireland">in Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland">Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_Kingdom#Dates_in_England,_Northern_Ireland,_and_Wales" title="Public holidays in the United Kingdom">in Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_pub" title="Irish pub">Public houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Ireland" title="Squatting in Ireland">Squatting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/32px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/48px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Four_Provinces_Flag.svg/64px-Four_Provinces_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="680" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ireland" title="Portal:Ireland">Ireland portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Protests_of_196842" style="wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1968_protests" title="Template:1968 protests"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1968_protests" title="Template talk:1968 protests"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1968_protests" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1968 protests"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Protests_of_196842" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Protests_of_1968" title="Protests of 1968">Protests of 1968</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968%E2%80%9369_Japanese_university_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="1968–69 Japanese university protests">1968–69 Japanese university protests</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zenky%C5%8Dt%C5%8D" title="Zenkyōtō">Zenkyōtō</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_movement_in_Italy" title="1968 movement in Italy">1968 movement in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_movement_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="1968 movement in Pakistan">1968 movement in Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights Movement">Civil Rights Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement" title="Anti-nuclear movement">Anti-nuclear movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Consciousness_Movement" title="Black Consciousness Movement">Black Consciousness Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power_movement" title="Black power movement">Black power movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Power_Revolution" title="Black Power Revolution">Black Power Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_Movement" title="Chicano Movement">Chicano Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">Gay liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippie_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippie movement">Hippie movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_movement_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Human rights movement in the Soviet Union">Human rights movement in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Movement_of_1968" title="Mexican Movement of 1968">Mexican Movement of 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_of_22_March" title="Movement of 22 March">Movement of 22 March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_civil_rights_movement" title="Northern Ireland civil rights movement">Northern Ireland civil rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War">Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Power_movement" title="Red Power movement">Red Power movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_revolution" title="Sexual revolution">Sexual revolution</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Troubles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_German_student_movement" title="West German student movement">West German student movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement" title="Women's liberation movement">Women's liberation movement</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Peace_symbol_(bold).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Peace_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/80px-Peace_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Peace_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/120px-Peace_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Peace_symbol_%28bold%29.svg/160px-Peace_symbol_%28bold%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_National_Convention_protests" title="1968 Democratic National Convention protests">1968 Democratic National Convention protests</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_whole_world_is_watching" title="The whole world is watching">The whole world is watching</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis" title="1968 Polish political crisis">1968 Polish political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_protests_in_Egypt" title="1968 protests in Egypt">1968 protests in Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_student_demonstrations_in_Yugoslavia" title="1968 student demonstrations in Yugoslavia">1968 student demonstrations in Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Miami_riot" title="1968 Miami riot">1968 Miami riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Red_Square_demonstration" title="1968 Red Square demonstration">1968 Red Square demonstration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_uprising_in_Senegal" title="1968 uprising in Senegal">1968 uprising in Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A5stad_riots" title="Båstad riots">Båstad riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valle_Giulia" title="Battle of Valle Giulia">Battle of Valle Giulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceau%C8%99escu%27s_speech_of_21_August_1968" title="Ceaușescu's speech of 21 August 1968">Ceaușescu's speech of 21 August 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Park_be-ins" title="Central Park be-ins">Central Park be-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_protests_of_1968" class="mw-redirect" title="Columbia University protests of 1968">Columbia University protests of 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delano_grape_strike" title="Delano grape strike">Delano grape strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_L.A._walkouts" title="East L.A. walkouts">East L.A. walkouts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_assassination_riots" title="King assassination riots">King assassination riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafeje_affair" title="Mafeje affair">Mafeje affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_the_One_Hundred_Thousand" title="March of the One Hundred Thousand">March of the One Hundred Thousand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_68" title="May 68">May 1968 in France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_sanitation_strike" title="Memphis sanitation strike">Memphis sanitation strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miss_America_protest" title="Miss America protest">Miss America protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Student_Union_Building" title="Occupation of the Student Union Building">Occupation of the Student Union Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_People%27s_Campaign" title="Poor People's Campaign">Poor People's Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidio_mutiny" title="Presidio mutiny">Presidio mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodney_riots" title="Rodney riots">Rodney riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinjuku_riot" title="Shinjuku riot">Shinjuku riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silence_March_(Mexico)" title="Silence March (Mexico)">Silence March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takeover_of_Vanha" title="Takeover of Vanha">Takeover of Vanha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_World_Liberation_Front_strikes_of_1968" title="Third World Liberation Front strikes of 1968">Third World Liberation Front strikes of 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlatelolco_massacre" title="Tlatelolco massacre">Tlatelolco massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Summer_Olympics" title="1968 Summer Olympics">1968 Summer Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_power" title="Black power">Black power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">Counterculture of the 1960s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower_power" title="Flower power">Flower power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">Free love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">Hippie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland" title="History of the Jews in Poland">Antisemitism in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_Autumn" title="Hot Autumn">Hot Autumn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">Racism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_discipline" title="School discipline">School discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Second-wave feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead (Italy)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Morocco)" title="Years of Lead (Morocco)">Morocco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Segregation in Northern Ireland">Segregation in Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_activism" title="Student activism">Student activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Paramilitaries_of_The_Troubles97" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Paramilitaries_of_The_Troubles97" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Paramilitaries of The Troubles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army360" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:PIRA" title="Template:PIRA"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:PIRA" title="Template talk:PIRA"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:PIRA" title="Special:EditPage/Template:PIRA"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army360" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army">Provisional Irish Republican Army</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army_(1922%E2%80%931969)" title="Irish Republican Army (1922–1969)">Anti-Treaty IRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_News" title="Republican News">Republican News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Phoblacht" title="An Phoblacht">An Phoblacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Green_Book_(IRA)" title="The Green Book (IRA)">The Green Book</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Troubles</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Troubles" title="Timeline of the Troubles">Timeline</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arms_Crisis" title="Arms Crisis">Haughey arms crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_campaign" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army campaign">IRA campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Provisional_IRA_actions" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronology of Provisional IRA actions">Chronology of Provisional IRA actions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_arms_importation" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army arms importation">Arms importation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_weapons_used_by_the_Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="List of weapons used by the Provisional Irish Republican Army">Weaponry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrack_buster" title="Barrack buster">Barrack buster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Improvised_tactical_vehicles_of_the_Provisional_IRA" title="Improvised tactical vehicles of the Provisional IRA">Improvised tactical vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountjoy_Prison_helicopter_escape" title="Mountjoy Prison helicopter escape">Mountjoy Prison helicopter escape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanket_protest" title="Blanket protest">Blanket protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_protest" title="Dirty protest">Dirty protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HM_Prison_Maze" title="HM Prison Maze">HM Prison Maze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti_H-Block" title="Anti H-Block">Anti H-Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Irish_hunger_strike" title="1981 Irish hunger strike">1981 Irish hunger strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maze_Prison_escape" title="Maze Prison escape">Maze Prison escape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armalite_and_ballot_box_strategy" title="Armalite and ballot box strategy">Armalite and ballot box strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramilitary_punishment_attacks_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Paramilitary punishment attacks in Northern Ireland">Punishment attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappeared_(Northern_Ireland)" title="Disappeared (Northern Ireland)">Disappeared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smithwick_Tribunal" title="Smithwick Tribunal">Smithwick Tribunal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Northern Ireland peace process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">Good Friday Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Chief of Staff of the Irish Republican Army">Chief of Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRA_Army_Council" title="IRA Army Council">IRA Army Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRA_Northern_Command" title="IRA Northern Command">IRA Northern Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRA_Southern_Command" title="IRA Southern Command">IRA Southern Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_Security_Unit" title="Internal Security Unit">Internal Security Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_service_unit" title="Active service unit">Active service unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_IRA_Belfast_Brigade" title="Provisional IRA Belfast Brigade">Belfast Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_IRA_Derry_Brigade" title="Provisional IRA Derry Brigade">Derry Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_IRA_South_Armagh_Brigade" title="Provisional IRA South Armagh Brigade">South Armagh Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_IRA_East_Tyrone_Brigade" title="Provisional IRA East Tyrone Brigade">East Tyrone Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balcombe_Street_Gang" class="mw-redirect" title="Balcombe Street Gang">Balcombe Street Gang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_chronologies_of_Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_actions" title="List of chronologies of Provisional Irish Republican Army actions">Actions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_actions_(1970%E2%80%931979)" title="Chronology of Provisional Irish Republican Army actions (1970–1979)">1970–1979</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St_Matthew%27s" title="Battle of St Matthew's">Battle of St Matthew's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falls_Curfew" title="Falls Curfew">Falls Curfew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Crossmaglen_bombing" title="1970 Crossmaglen bombing">1970 Crossmaglen bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Scottish_soldiers%27_killings" title="1971 Scottish soldiers' killings">Scottish soldiers' killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Lion_Pub_bombing" title="Red Lion Pub bombing">Red Lion bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_Balmoral_Furniture_Company_bombing" title="1971 Balmoral Furniture Company bombing">Balmoral showroom bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abercorn_Restaurant_bombing" title="Abercorn Restaurant bombing">Abercorn bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donegall_Street_bombing" title="Donegall Street bombing">Donegall Street bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_at_Springmartin" title="Battle at Springmartin">Battle at Springmartin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lenadoon" title="Battle of Lenadoon">Battle of Lenadoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_Friday_(1972)" title="Bloody Friday (1972)">Bloody Friday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudy_bombing" title="Claudy bombing">Claudy bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newry_customs_bombing" title="Newry customs bombing">Newry customs bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Old_Bailey_bombing" title="1973 Old Bailey bombing">Old Bailey bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_IRA_Honey_Trap_killings" title="Provisional IRA Honey Trap killings">Honey Trap killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombings_of_King%27s_Cross_and_Euston_stations" title="Bombings of King's Cross and Euston stations">King's Cross & Euston bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Coleraine_bombings" title="1973 Coleraine bombings">Coleraine bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Westminster_bombing" title="1973 Westminster bombing">1973 Westminster bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M62_coach_bombing" title="M62 coach bombing">M62 bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_UDR_Clogher_barracks" title="Attack on UDR Clogher barracks">Clogher attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Houses_of_Parliament_bombing" title="1974 Houses of Parliament bombing">Houses of Parliament bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Tower_of_London_bombing" title="1974 Tower of London bombing">Tower of London bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guildford_pub_bombings" title="Guildford pub bombings">Guildford pub bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrow_School_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Harrow School bombing">Harrow School bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooks%27s_Club_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooks's Club bombing">Brooks's Club bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woolwich_pub_bombing" title="Woolwich pub bombing">Woolwich pub bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_British_Airways_bombing_attempt" title="1974 British Airways bombing attempt">British Airways bombing attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_pub_bombings" title="Birmingham pub bombings">Birmingham pub bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_London_pillar_box_bombings" title="1974 London pillar box bombings">London pillar box bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talbot_Arms_pub_bombing" title="Talbot Arms pub bombing">Talbot Arms bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Bristol_bombing" title="1974 Bristol bombing">Bristol bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange_bombings" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone exchange bombings">Telephone exchange bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_Oxford_Street_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="1974 Oxford Street bombing">1974 Oxford Street bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlton_Tower_and_Portman_Hotel_shootings" title="Carlton Tower and Portman Hotel shootings">Carlton Tower & Portman Hotel shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountainview_Tavern_attack" title="Mountainview Tavern attack">Mountainview attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayardo_Bar_attack" title="Bayardo Bar attack">Bayardo Bar attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forkhill_land_mine_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Forkhill land mine attack">Forkhill attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caterham_Arms_pub_bombing" title="Caterham Arms pub bombing">Caterham Arms bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullyvallen_massacre" title="Tullyvallen massacre">Tullyvallen massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Hilton_bombing" title="London Hilton bombing">London Hilton bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Piccadilly_bombing" title="1975 Piccadilly bombing">Piccadilly bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trattoria_Fiore_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Trattoria Fiore bombing">Trattoria Fiore bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott%27s_Oyster_Bar_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Scott's Oyster Bar bombing">Scott's Oyster Bar bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walton%27s_Restaurant_bombing" title="Walton's Restaurant bombing">Walton's Restaurant bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drummuckavall_ambush" title="Drummuckavall ambush">Drummuckavall ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balcombe_Street_siege" title="Balcombe Street siege">Balcombe Street siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingsmill_massacre" title="Kingsmill massacre">Kingsmill massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Ham_station_attack" title="West Ham station attack">West Ham station attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Olympia_bombing" title="1976 Olympia bombing">Olympia bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Store_Bar_shooting" title="The Store Bar shooting">Store bar shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stag_Inn_attack" title="Stag Inn attack">Stag Inn attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garryhinch_ambush" title="Garryhinch ambush">Garryhinch ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_British_Army_Gazelle_downing" title="1978 British Army Gazelle downing">Jonesborough Gazelle downing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Mon_restaurant_bombing" title="La Mon restaurant bombing">La Mon restaurant bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_Crossmaglen_ambush" class="mw-redirect" title="1978 Crossmaglen ambush">Crossmaglen ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrenpoint_ambush" title="Warrenpoint ambush">Warrenpoint ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Brussels_bombing" title="1979 Brussels bombing">Brussels bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungannon_land_mine_attack" title="Dungannon land mine attack">Dungannon attack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_actions_(1980%E2%80%931989)" title="Chronology of Provisional Irish Republican Army actions (1980–1989)">1980–1989</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dunmurry_train_bombing" title="Dunmurry train bombing">Dunmurry train bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_shipping_in_Lough_Foyle_(1981%E2%80%9382)" title="Attacks on shipping in Lough Foyle (1981–82)">Lough Foyle attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasdrumman_ambush" title="Glasdrumman ambush">Glasdrumman ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessbrook_landmine_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Bessbrook landmine attack">1981 Bessbrook attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelsea_Barracks_bombing" title="Chelsea Barracks bombing">Chelsea Barracks bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park_and_Regent%27s_Park_bombings" title="Hyde Park and Regent's Park bombings">Hyde Park & Regent's Park bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrods_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Harrods bombing">Harrods bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Royal_Artillery_Barracks_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="1983 Royal Artillery Barracks bombing">Royal Artillery Barracks bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_hotel_bombing" title="Brighton hotel bombing">Brighton hotel bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballygawley_land_mine_attack" title="Ballygawley land mine attack">Ballygawley land mine attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Newry_mortar_attack" title="1985 Newry mortar attack">Newry mortar attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Ballygawley_barracks" title="Attack on Ballygawley barracks">Ballygawley attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortar_attack_on_Enniskillen_barracks" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortar attack on Enniskillen barracks">Enniskillen mortar attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_RUC_Birches_barracks" title="Attack on RUC Birches barracks">RUC Birches barracks attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Rheindahlen_bombing" title="1987 Rheindahlen bombing">Rheindahlen bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loughgall_ambush" title="Loughgall ambush">Loughgall ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Flavius" title="Operation Flavius">Operation Flavius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporals_killings" title="Corporals killings">Corporals killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisburn_van_bombing" title="Lisburn van bombing">Lisburn bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_British_Army_Lynx_shootdown" title="1988 British Army Lynx shootdown">Aughanduff Lynx shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_IRA_attacks_in_the_Netherlands" title="1988 IRA attacks in the Netherlands">1988 Netherlands attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glamorgan_barracks_bombing" title="Glamorgan barracks bombing">Glamorgan barracks bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inglis_Barracks_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Inglis Barracks bombing">Inglis Barracks bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballygawley_bus_bombing" title="Ballygawley bus bombing">Ballygawley bus bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Jonesborough_ambush" title="1989 Jonesborough ambush">Jonesborough ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Barracks_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Clive Barracks bombing">Clive Barracks bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deal_barracks_bombing" title="Deal barracks bombing">Deal barracks bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayobridge_landmine_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayobridge landmine attack">Mayobridge attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Derryard_checkpoint" title="Attack on Derryard checkpoint">Derryard attack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"> <a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_actions_(1990%E2%80%931991)" title="Chronology of Provisional Irish Republican Army actions (1990–1991)">1990–1991</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1990_British_Army_Gazelle_shootdown" title="1990 British Army Gazelle shootdown">Derrygorry Gazelle downing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Armagh_Sniper_(1990%E2%80%931997)" title="South Armagh Sniper (1990–1997)">South Armagh sniper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Downpatrick_roadside_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="1990 Downpatrick roadside bomb">Downpatrick roadside bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Conservation" title="Operation Conservation">Operation Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Wembley_bombing" title="1990 Wembley bombing">1990 Wembley bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlton_Club_bombing" title="Carlton Club bombing">Carlton Club bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange_bombing" title="London Stock Exchange bombing">London Stock Exchange bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honourable_Artillery_Company_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Honourable Artillery Company bombing">Honourable Artillery Company bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichfield_gun_attack" title="Lichfield gun attack">Lichfield gun attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RFA_Fort_Victoria_bombing" title="RFA Fort Victoria bombing">RFA Fort Victoria bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxy_bomb" title="Proxy bomb">Proxy bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downing_Street_mortar_attack" title="Downing Street mortar attack">Downing Street mortar attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombings_of_Paddington_and_Victoria_stations" title="Bombings of Paddington and Victoria stations">Paddington & Victoria station bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullacreevie_ambush" title="Mullacreevie ambush">Mullacreevie ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenanne_barracks_bombing" title="Glenanne barracks bombing">Glenanne barracks bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coagh_ambush" title="Coagh ambush">Coagh ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musgrave_Park_Hospital_bombing" title="Musgrave Park Hospital bombing">Musgrave Park Hospital bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crumlin_Road_Prison_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Crumlin Road Prison bombing">Crumlin Road Prison bombing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_actions_(1992%E2%80%931999)" title="Chronology of Provisional Irish Republican Army actions (1992–1999)">1992–1997</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teebane_bombing" title="Teebane bombing">Teebane bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonoe_ambush" title="Clonoe ambush">Clonoe ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_London_Bridge_bombing" title="1992 London Bridge bombing">London Bridge bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Staples_Corner_bombing" title="1992 Staples Corner bombing">Staples Cnr bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Exchange_bombing" title="Baltic Exchange bombing">Baltic Exchange bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sussex_Arms_pub_bombing" title="Sussex Arms pub bombing">Sussex Arms bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Cloghoge_checkpoint" title="Attack on Cloghoge checkpoint">Cloghoge attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Coalisland_riots" title="1992 Coalisland riots">Coalisland riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_Science_Laboratory_bombing" title="Forensic Science Laboratory bombing">Forensic Science Laboratory bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoke_Newington_Road_lorry_bomb" title="Stoke Newington Road lorry bomb">Stoke Newington Road bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Manchester_bombing" title="1992 Manchester bombing">1992 Manchester bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Long_Knives_(1992)" class="mw-redirect" title="Night of the Long Knives (1992)">Night of the Long Knives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Harrods_bombing" title="1993 Harrods bombing">1993 Harrods bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrington_bombings" title="Warrington bombings">Warrington bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Cullaville" title="Occupation of Cullaville">Cullaville occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Camden_Town_bombing" title="1993 Camden Town bombing">Camden bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Bishopsgate_bombing" title="1993 Bishopsgate bombing">Bishopsgate bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Finchley_Road_bombings" title="1993 Finchley Road bombings">Finchley Road bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Newry_Road" title="Battle of Newry Road">Battle of Newry Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankill_Road_bombing" title="Shankill Road bombing">Shankill Road bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Fivemiletown_ambush" title="1993 Fivemiletown ambush">1993 Fivemiletown ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathrow_mortar_attacks" title="Heathrow mortar attacks">Heathrow attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_British_Army_Lynx_shootdown" title="1994 British Army Lynx shootdown">Crossmaglen Lynx downing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drumcree_conflict" title="Drumcree conflict">Drumcree conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Docklands_bombing" title="1996 Docklands bombing">Docklands bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldwych_bus_bombing" title="Aldwych bus bombing">Aldwych bus bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Manchester_bombing" title="1996 Manchester bombing">1996 Manchester bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Hammersmith_Bridge_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="1996 Hammersmith Bridge bombing">Hammersmith Bridge bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck_mortar_attack" title="Osnabrück mortar attack">Osnabrück mortar attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiepval_barracks_bombing" title="Thiepval barracks bombing">Thiepval barracks bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Coalisland_attack" title="1997 Coalisland attack">Coalisland attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Northern_Ireland_riots" title="1997 Northern Ireland riots">1997 Northern Ireland riots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Irish_Republican_Army" title="List of members of the Irish Republican Army">Personalities</a> <a href="/wiki/Volunteer_(Irish_republican)" title="Volunteer (Irish republican)">(Volunteers)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paddy_Agnew_(Irish_republican)" title="Paddy Agnew (Irish republican)">Paddy Agnew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martina_Anderson" title="Martina Anderson">Martina Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declan_Arthurs" title="Declan Arthurs">Declan Arthurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Begley" title="Thomas Begley">Thomas Begley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivor_Bell" title="Ivor Bell">Ivor Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Black_(Irish_republican)" title="Patricia Black (Irish republican)">Patricia Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Breslin" title="Charles Breslin">Charles Breslin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Butler_(Irish_republican)" title="Edward Butler (Irish republican)">Edward Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Butler_(politician)" title="Paul Butler (politician)">Paul Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Cahill" title="Joe Cahill">Joe Cahill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liam_Campbell" title="Liam Campbell">Liam Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fergal_Caraher" title="Fergal Caraher">Fergal Caraher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malachy_Carey" title="Malachy Carey">Malachy Carey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Carron" title="Owen Carron">Owen Carron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Casey_(Irish_republican)" title="Gerard Casey (Irish republican)">Gerard Casey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car%C3%A1l_N%C3%AD_Chuil%C3%ADn" title="Carál Ní Chuilín">Carál Ní Chuilín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Cleary" title="Gabriel Cleary">Gabriel Cleary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Cleary" title="Peter Cleary">Peter Cleary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Coen" title="Kevin Coen">Kevin Coen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eamon_Collins" title="Eamon Collins">Eamon Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Copeland" title="Eddie Copeland">Eddie Copeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Coyle" title="Marion Coyle">Marion Coyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Davison" title="Gerard Davison">Gerard Davison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Devlin_(Irish_republican)" title="Matt Devlin (Irish republican)">Matt Devlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Doherty_(Irish_republican)" title="Hugh Doherty (Irish republican)">Hugh Doherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Doherty" title="Joe Doherty">Joe Doherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kieran_Doherty_(hunger_striker)" title="Kieran Doherty (hunger striker)">Kieran Doherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Doherty_(Irish_republican)" title="Martin Doherty (Irish republican)">Martin Doherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Doherty_(Northern_Ireland_politician)" title="Pat Doherty (Northern Ireland politician)">Pat Doherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Duffy" title="Colin Duffy">Colin Duffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Dugdale" title="Rose Dugdale">Rose Dugdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dessie_Ellis" title="Dessie Ellis">Dessie Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mair%C3%A9ad_Farrell" title="Mairéad Farrell">Mairéad Farrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Fleming_(Irish_republican)" title="William Fleming (Irish republican)">William Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kieran_Fleming" title="Kieran Fleming">Kieran Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Fox_(Irish_republican)" title="Bernard Fox (Irish republican)">Bernard Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Fusco" title="Angelo Fusco">Angelo Fusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Gaughan_(Irish_republican)" title="Michael Gaughan (Irish republican)">Michael Gaughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Francis_Green" title="John Francis Green">John Francis Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dessie_Grew" title="Dessie Grew">Dessie Grew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Harrison_(Irish_republican)" title="George Harrison (Irish republican)">George Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_Hughes" title="Brendan Hughes">Brendan Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hughes" title="Francis Hughes">Francis Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Hurson" title="Martin Hurson">Martin Hurson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearse_Jordan" title="Pearse Jordan">Pearse Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Keenan_(Irish_republican)" title="Brian Keenan (Irish republican)">Brian Keenan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerry_Kelly" title="Gerry Kelly">Gerry Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kelly_(Sinn_F%C3%A9in_politician)" title="John Kelly (Sinn Féin politician)">John Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Joseph_Kelly" title="Patrick Joseph Kelly">Patrick Joseph Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Kelly_(Irish_republican)" title="Sean Kelly (Irish republican)">Sean Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Lynagh" title="Jim Lynagh">Jim Lynagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proinsias_Mac_Airt" title="Proinsias Mac Airt">Proinsias Mac Airt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breand%C3%A1n_Mac_Cionnaith" title="Breandán Mac Cionnaith">Breandán Mac Cionnaith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Mac_Giolla_Bhrighde" title="Antoine Mac Giolla Bhrighde">Antoine Mac Giolla Bhrighde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_MacManus" title="Joseph MacManus">Joseph MacManus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Mac_St%C3%ADof%C3%A1in" title="Seán Mac Stíofáin">Seán Mac Stíofáin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Magee_(Irish_republican)" title="Patrick Magee (Irish republican)">Patrick Magee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Magee" title="Paul Magee">Paul Magee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Maguire" title="Donna Maguire">Donna Maguire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Marley" title="Larry Marley">Larry Marley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Marlowe_(Irish_republican)" title="Paul Marlowe (Irish republican)">Paul Marlowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Martin_(Irish_republican)" title="Leo Martin (Irish republican)">Leo Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Maskey" title="Alex Maskey">Alex Maskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearse_McAuley" title="Pearse McAuley">Pearse McAuley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_McCann" title="Daniel McCann">Daniel McCann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fra_McCann" title="Fra McCann">Fra McCann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_McCann" title="Jennifer McCann">Jennifer McCann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_McCartney" title="Raymond McCartney">Raymond McCartney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_McCaughey" title="Martin McCaughey">Martin McCaughey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_McCreesh" title="Raymond McCreesh">Raymond McCreesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_McDonnell_(hunger_striker)" title="Joe McDonnell (hunger striker)">Joe McDonnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9amus_McElwaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Séamus McElwaine">Séamus McElwaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_McElwee" title="Thomas McElwee">Thomas McElwee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brendan_McFarlane" title="Brendan McFarlane">Brendan McFarlane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_McFeely" title="Tom McFeely">Tom McFeely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerry_McGeough" title="Gerry McGeough">Gerry McGeough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_McGeown" title="Pat McGeown">Pat McGeown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Joe_McGirl" title="John Joe McGirl">John Joe McGirl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_McGuinness" title="Martin McGuinness">Martin McGuinness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1draig_McKearney" title="Pádraig McKearney">Pádraig McKearney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_McKearney" title="Tommy McKearney">Tommy McKearney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_McKee" title="Billy McKee">Billy McKee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_McKenna_(Irish_republican)" title="Kevin McKenna (Irish republican)">Kevin McKenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_McKeown" title="Laurence McKeown">Laurence McKeown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_McKevitt" title="Michael McKevitt">Michael McKevitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_McMahon_(Irish_republican)" title="Thomas McMahon (Irish republican)">Thomas McMahon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_McMullan" title="Jackie McMullan">Jackie McMullan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Meehan_(Irish_republican)" title="Martin Meehan (Irish republican)">Martin Meehan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Milne" title="Ian Milne">Ian Milne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Morgan_(Irish_politician)" title="Arthur Morgan (Irish politician)">Arthur Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danny_Morrison_(Irish_republican)" title="Danny Morrison (Irish republican)">Danny Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conor_Murphy" title="Conor Murphy">Conor Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Murphy_(Irish_republican)" title="Thomas Murphy (Irish republican)">Thomas "Slab" Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kieran_Nugent" title="Kieran Nugent">Kieran Nugent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruair%C3%AD_%C3%93_Br%C3%A1daigh" title="Ruairí Ó Brádaigh">Ruairí Ó Brádaigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_O%27Brien_(Irish_republican)" title="Edward O'Brien (Irish republican)">Ed O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1ith%C3%AD_%C3%93_Conaill" title="Dáithí Ó Conaill">Dáithí Ó Conaill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89amonn_O%27Doherty_(Irish_republican)" title="Éamonn O'Doherty (Irish republican)">Éamonn O'Doherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_B._O%27Hagan" title="Joe B. O'Hagan">Joe B. O'Hagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siobh%C3%A1n_O%27Hanlon" title="Siobhán O'Hanlon">Siobhán O'Hanlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rita_O%27Hare" title="Rita O'Hare">Rita O'Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarmuid_O%27Neill" title="Diarmuid O'Neill">Diarmuid O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolours_Price" title="Dolours Price">Dolours Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Price" title="Marian Price">Marian Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liam_Quinn" title="Liam Quinn">Liam Quinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddy_Quinn_(Irish_republican)" title="Paddy Quinn (Irish republican)">Paddy Quinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Reid_(Irish_republican)" title="Billy Reid (Irish republican)">Billy Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Sands" title="Bobby Sands">Bobby Sands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Savage" title="Seán Savage">Seán Savage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Sheehan_(Irish_republican)" title="Pat Sheehan (Irish republican)">Pat Sheehan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Stagg_(Irish_republican)" title="Frank Stagg (Irish republican)">Frank Stagg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Steele_(Irish_republican)" title="Jimmy Steele (Irish republican)">Jimmy Steele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Storey" title="Bobby Storey">Bobby Storey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Tuite" title="Gerard Tuite">Gerard Tuite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seamus_Twomey" title="Seamus Twomey">Seamus Twomey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Walsh" title="Roy Walsh">Roy Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9anna_Walsh" title="Séanna Walsh">Séanna Walsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Espionage and <a href="/wiki/Supergrass_(informant)" title="Supergrass (informant)">Supergrasses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eamon_Collins" title="Eamon Collins">Eamon Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Donaldson" title="Denis Donaldson">Denis Donaldson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fenton" title="Joseph Fenton">Joseph Fenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Fulton" title="Kevin Fulton">Kevin Fulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Gilmour" title="Raymond Gilmour">Raymond Gilmour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_McGartland" title="Martin McGartland">Martin McGartland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_O%27Callaghan" title="Sean O'Callaghan">Sean O'Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freddie_Scappaticci" title="Freddie Scappaticci">Freddie Scappaticci</a> (allegedly "<a href="/wiki/Stakeknife" class="mw-redirect" title="Stakeknife">Stakeknife</a>")</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cumann_na_mBan" title="Cumann na mBan">Cumann na mBan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fianna_%C3%89ireann" title="Fianna Éireann">Fianna Éireann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Armagh_Republican_Action_Force" title="South Armagh Republican Action Force">South Armagh Republican Action Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Against_Drugs" title="Direct Action Against Drugs">Direct Action Against Drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NORAID" title="NORAID">NORAID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clan_na_Gael" title="Clan na Gael">Clan na Gael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troops_Out_Movement" title="Troops Out Movement">Troops Out Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Derivatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continuity_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Continuity Irish Republican Army">Continuity Irish Republican Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Real Irish Republican Army">Real Irish Republican Army</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prominent killings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeffery_Agate" title="Jeffery Agate">Jeffery Stanford Agate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tim_Parry_Johnathan_Ball_Foundation_for_Peace" title="The Tim Parry Johnathan Ball Foundation for Peace">Johnathan Ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Berry" title="Anthony Berry">Anthony Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bradford_(Northern_Irish_politician)" title="Robert Bradford (Northern Irish politician)">Robert Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Bratty" title="Joe Bratty">Joe Bratty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Matthew_Burns" title="Murder of Matthew Burns">Matthew Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Cahill" title="Martin Cahill">Martin Cahill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eamon_Collins" title="Eamon Collins">Eamon Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Elder" title="Raymond Elder">Raymond Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Evans" title="Gerard Evans">Gerard Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Ewart-Biggs" title="Christopher Ewart-Biggs">Christopher Ewart-Biggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fenton" title="Joseph Fenton">Joseph Fenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Fox_(politician)" title="Billy Fox (politician)">Billy Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Gibson" title="Maurice Gibson">Maurice Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Gow" title="Ian Gow">Ian Gow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Heidi_Hazell" title="Killing of Heidi Hazell">Heidi Hazell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Kaberry,_Baron_Kaberry_of_Adel" title="Donald Kaberry, Baron Kaberry of Adel">Donald Kaberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Andrew_Kearney" title="Murder of Andrew Kearney">Andrew Kearney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doreen_Knatchbull,_Baroness_Brabourne" title="Doreen Knatchbull, Baroness Brabourne">Baroness Brabourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Marchant_(loyalist)" title="William Marchant (loyalist)">William "Frenchie" Marchant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_McBirney" title="Martin McBirney">Martin McBirney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Jerry_McCabe" title="Killing of Jerry McCabe">Jerry McCabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McConnell_(loyalist)" title="Robert McConnell (loyalist)">Robert McConnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Jean_McConville" title="Murder of Jean McConville">Jean McConville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columba_McVeigh" title="Columba McVeigh">Columba McVeigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_McWhirter" title="Ross McWhirter">Ross McWhirter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killings_of_Nick_Spanos_and_Stephen_Melrose" title="Killings of Nick Spanos and Stephen Melrose">Stephen Melrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Mountbatten" title="Lord Mountbatten">Lord Mountbatten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenny_Murphy" title="Lenny Murphy">Lenny Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nairac" title="Robert Nairac">Robert Nairac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Thomas_Oliver" title="Murder of Thomas Oliver">Thomas Oliver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tim_Parry_Johnathan_Ball_Foundation_for_Peace" title="The Tim Parry Johnathan Ball Foundation for Peace">Tim Parry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Paul_Quinn" title="Murder of Paul Quinn">Paul Quinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Seymour_(loyalist)" title="Robert Seymour (loyalist)">Robert Seymour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Robert_McCartney" title="Murder of Robert McCartney">Robert McCartney</a> (allegedly)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Joseph_Rafferty" title="Murder of Joseph Rafferty">Joseph Rafferty</a> (allegedly)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Smallwoods" title="Ray Smallwoods">Ray Smallwoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammy_Smyth_(loyalist)" title="Sammy Smyth (loyalist)">Sammy Smyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killings_of_Nick_Spanos_and_Stephen_Melrose" title="Killings of Nick Spanos and Stephen Melrose">Nick Spanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Stronge_(Mid-Armagh_MP)" title="James Stronge (Mid-Armagh MP)">James Stronge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Stronge" title="Norman Stronge">Norman Stronge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Sykes_(diplomat)" title="Richard Sykes (diplomat)">Richard Sykes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Stephen_Tibble" title="Murder of Stephen Tibble">Stephen Tibble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammy_Ward" title="Sammy Ward">Sammy Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Willetts" title="Michael Willetts">Michael Willetts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Official_IRA_and_the_Workers&#039;_Party214" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:OIRA/WP" title="Template:OIRA/WP"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:OIRA/WP" title="Template talk:OIRA/WP"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:OIRA/WP" title="Special:EditPage/Template:OIRA/WP"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Official_IRA_and_the_Workers&#039;_Party214" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Official_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Official Irish Republican Army">Official IRA</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_(Ireland)" title="Workers' Party (Ireland)">Workers' Party</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army_(1922%E2%80%931969)" title="Irish Republican Army (1922–1969)">Anti-Treaty IRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Troubles</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Northern_Ireland_Troubles_and_peace_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Northern Ireland Troubles and peace process">Timeline</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_front" title="Popular front">Popular front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-stage_theory" title="Two-stage theory">Two-stage theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">Anti-sectarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army">Officials-Provisionals split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Derry" title="Free Derry">Free Derry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Irishman_(1948_newspaper)" title="United Irishman (1948 newspaper)">United Irishman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Irish_People" title="The Irish People">The Irish People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_IRA_Belfast_Brigade" title="Official IRA Belfast Brigade">Official IRA Belfast Brigade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Actions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Official_Irish_Republican_Army_actions" title="Timeline of Official Irish Republican Army actions">Timeline of Official Irish Republican Army actions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Northern_Ireland_riots" title="1969 Northern Ireland riots">1969 Northern Ireland riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falls_Curfew" title="Falls Curfew">Falls curfew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Aldershot_bombing" title="1972 Aldershot bombing">Aldershot bombing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Irish_Republican_Army" title="List of members of the Irish Republican Army">Personalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cathal_Goulding" title="Cathal Goulding">Cathal Goulding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Garland" title="Seán Garland">Seán Garland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Johnston" title="Roy Johnston">Roy Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Desmond_Greaves" title="C. Desmond Greaves">C. Desmond Greaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_McCann" title="Joe McCann">Joe McCann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronnie_Bunting" title="Ronnie Bunting">Ronnie Bunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_%22Ta%22_Power" title="Thomas "Ta" Power">Thomas "Ta" Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Des_O%27Hagan" title="Des O'Hagan">Des O'Hagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Martin_(Irish_republican)" title="Leo Martin (Irish republican)">Leo Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malachy_McGurran" title="Malachy McGurran">Malachy McGurran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_McMillen" title="Billy McMillen">Billy McMillen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Sullivan_(Irish_republican)" title="Jim Sullivan (Irish republican)">Jim Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Littlejohn" title="Kenneth Littlejohn">Kenneth Littlejohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seamus_Costello" title="Seamus Costello">Seamus Costello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eoin_%C3%93_Murch%C3%BA" title="Eoin Ó Murchú">Eoin Ó Murchú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Mac_Giolla" title="Tomás Mac Giolla">Tomás Mac Giolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hughes" title="Francis Hughes">Francis Hughes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddy_O%27Callaghan" title="Paddy O'Callaghan">Paddy O'Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Devine_(hunger_striker)" title="Michael Devine (hunger striker)">Mickey Devine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Gaughan_(Irish_republican)" title="Michael Gaughan (Irish republican)">Michael Gaughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_McDonald_(writer)" title="Henry McDonald (writer)">Henry McDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnnie_White" title="Johnnie White">Johnnie White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_%C3%93_Cionnaith" title="Seán Ó Cionnaith">Seán Ó Cionnaith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ir%C3%ADn_de_Burca" title="Máirín de Burca">Máirín de Burca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Torney_(Irish_republican)" title="Hugh Torney (Irish republican)">Hugh Torney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Behan" title="Dominic Behan">Dominic Behan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_O%27Hagan" title="Martin O'Hagan">Martin O'Hagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eoghan_Harris" title="Eoghan Harris">Eoghan Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eamonn_Melaugh" title="Eamonn Melaugh">Eamonn Melaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proinsias_De_Rossa" title="Proinsias De Rossa">Proinsias De Rossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Byrne" title="Eric Byrne">Eric Byrne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_McCartan" title="Pat McCartan">Pat McCartan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Sherlock" title="Joe Sherlock">Joe Sherlock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liz_McManus" title="Liz McManus">Liz McManus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Rabbitte" title="Pat Rabbitte">Pat Rabbitte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seamus_Lynch" title="Seamus Lynch">Seamus Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Enright_(politician)" title="Michael Enright (politician)">Michael Enright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eamon_Gilmore" title="Eamon Gilmore">Eamon Gilmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Murphy_(politician)" title="Catherine Murphy (politician)">Catherine Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Donnelly" title="Marian Donnelly">Marian Donnelly</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francie_Donnelly&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francie Donnelly (page does not exist)">Francie Donnelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_French_(politician)" title="Tom French (politician)">Tom French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Gallagher_(politician)" title="Patrick Gallagher (politician)">Patrick Gallagher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Halligan_(politician)" title="John Halligan (politician)">John Halligan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Kavanagh" title="Linda Kavanagh">Linda Kavanagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Lynch_(politician)" title="Kathleen Lynch (politician)">Kathleen Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Des_Geraghty" title="Des Geraghty">Des Geraghty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mick_Finnegan" title="Mick Finnegan">Mick Finnegan</a></li> <li>Ted Tynan</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Donnelly_(educator)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Donnelly (educator) (page does not exist)">Michael Donnelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lowry_(Irish_politician)" title="John Lowry (Irish politician)">John Lowry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerry_Grainger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerry Grainger (page does not exist)">Gerry Grainger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Civil_Rights_Association" title="Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association">Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connolly_Association" title="Connolly Association">Connolly Association</a> (<a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Great_Britain" title="Communist Party of Great Britain">Communist Party of Great Britain</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Train_Organisation" title="Peace Train Organisation">Peace Train Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Meeting_of_Communist_and_Workers%27_Parties" title="International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties">IMCWP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiative_of_Communist_and_Workers%27_Parties" title="Initiative of Communist and Workers' Parties">INITIATIVE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clann_na_h%C3%89ireann" title="Clann na hÉireann">Clann na hÉireann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Derivatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_National_Liberation_Army" title="Irish National Liberation Army">Irish National Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Socialist_Party" title="Irish Republican Socialist Party">Irish Republican Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Left_(Ireland)" title="Democratic Left (Ireland)">Democratic Left</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Official_Republican_Movement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Official Republican Movement (page does not exist)">Official Republican Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prominent killings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seamus_Costello" title="Seamus Costello">Seamus Costello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Barnhill_(politician)" title="John Barnhill (politician)">John Barnhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Weston" title="Gerard Weston">Gerard Weston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="INLA_and_the_IRSP210" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:INLA/IRSP" title="Template:INLA/IRSP"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:INLA/IRSP" title="Template talk:INLA/IRSP"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:INLA/IRSP" title="Special:EditPage/Template:INLA/IRSP"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="INLA_and_the_IRSP210" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Irish_National_Liberation_Army" title="Irish National Liberation Army">INLA</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Socialist_Party" title="Irish Republican Socialist Party">IRSP</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Troubles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_(Ireland)" title="Workers' Party (Ireland)">Official Sinn Féin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Official Irish Republican Army">Official IRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Socialist_Movement" title="Irish Republican Socialist Movement">Irish Republican Socialist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Starry_Plough_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Starry Plough (magazine)">The Starry Plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanket_protest" title="Blanket protest">Blanket protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_protest" title="Dirty protest">Dirty protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HM_Prison_Maze" title="HM Prison Maze">HM Prison Maze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti_H-Block" title="Anti H-Block">Anti H-Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Irish_hunger_strike" title="1981 Irish hunger strike">1981 Irish hunger strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Northern_Ireland_riots" title="1997 Northern Ireland riots">July 1997 riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Northern Ireland peace process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">Good Friday Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organized_crime" title="Organized crime">Organized crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_National_Liberation_Army_Belfast_Brigade" title="Irish National Liberation Army Belfast Brigade">INLA Belfast Brigade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Irish_National_Liberation_Army_actions" title="Timeline of Irish National Liberation Army actions">Attacks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bar_bombing" title="Central Bar bombing">Central Bar bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Airey_Neave" title="Assassination of Airey Neave">Assassination of Airey Neave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_Divis_Flats_bombing" title="1982 Divis Flats bombing">1982 Divis Flats bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droppin_Well_bombing" title="Droppin Well bombing">Droppin Well bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkley_killings" title="Darkley killings">Darkley killings</a> (denied)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Shankill_Road_killings" title="1994 Shankill Road killings">1994 Shankill Road killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newtownhamilton_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Newtownhamilton bombing">Newtownhamilton bombing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Brown_(Irish_republican)" title="Jimmy Brown (Irish republican)">Jimmy Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronnie_Bunting" title="Ronnie Bunting">Ronnie Bunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Campbell_(INLA_member)" title="Patrick Campbell (INLA member)">Patrick Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seamus_Costello" title="Seamus Costello">Seamus Costello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriam_Daly" title="Miriam Daly">Miriam Daly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Devine_(hunger_striker)" title="Michael Devine (hunger striker)">Mickey Devine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernadette_Devlin_McAliskey" title="Bernadette Devlin McAliskey">Bernadette Devlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gino_Gallagher" title="Gino Gallagher">Gino Gallagher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Gilmour" title="Raymond Gilmour">Raymond Gilmour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Gregory" title="Tony Gregory">Tony Gregory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dessie_Grew" title="Dessie Grew">Dessie Grew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seamus_Grew" title="Seamus Grew">Seamus Grew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_of_Vincennes" title="Irish of Vincennes">Stephen King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Kirkpatrick" title="Harry Kirkpatrick">Harry Kirkpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Lynch_(hunger_striker)" title="Kevin Lynch (hunger striker)">Kevin Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_McGlinchey" title="Dominic McGlinchey">Dominic McGlinchey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_%22Crip%22_McWilliams" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher "Crip" McWilliams">Christopher "Crip" McWilliams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colm_Murphy" title="Colm Murphy">Colm Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patsy_O%27Hara" title="Patsy O'Hara">Patsy O'Hara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dessie_O%27Hare" title="Dessie O'Hare">Dessie O'Hare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_%22Rook%22_O%27Prey" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin "Rook" O'Prey">Martin "Rook" O'Prey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_of_Vincennes" title="Irish of Vincennes">Michael Plunkett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_%22Ta%22_Power" title="Thomas "Ta" Power">Thomas "Ta" Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_of_Vincennes" title="Irish of Vincennes">Mary Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Steenson" title="Gerard Steenson">Gerard Steenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Torney_(Irish_republican)" title="Hugh Torney (Irish republican)">Hugh Torney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammy_Ward" title="Sammy Ward">Sammy Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnnie_White" title="Johnnie White">Johnnie White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Socialist_Committees_of_North_America" title="Irish Republican Socialist Committees of North America">Irish Republican Socialist Committees of North America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Derivatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Socialist_Party_(Ireland)" title="Independent Socialist Party (Ireland)">Independent Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_People%27s_Liberation_Organisation" title="Irish People's Liberation Organisation">Irish People's Liberation Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Socialist_Collective" title="Republican Socialist Collective">Republican Socialist Collective</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prominent killings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billy_McMillen" title="Billy McMillen">Billy McMillen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Henry_Byrne_and_John_Morley" title="Murder of Henry Byrne and John Morley">Henry Byrne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Henry_Byrne_and_John_Morley" title="Murder of Henry Byrne and John Morley">John Morley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McCullough_(loyalist)" title="William McCullough (loyalist)">William McCullough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McKeague" title="John McKeague">John McKeague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Joseph_Morrissey" title="Patrick Joseph Morrissey">Patrick Joseph Morrissey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevor_King" title="Trevor King">Trevor King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Wright_(loyalist)" title="Billy Wright (loyalist)">Billy Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Continuity_IRA_and_Republican_Sinn_Féin111" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CIRA/RSF" title="Template:CIRA/RSF"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CIRA/RSF" title="Template talk:CIRA/RSF"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CIRA/RSF" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CIRA/RSF"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Continuity_IRA_and_Republican_Sinn_Féin111" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Continuity_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Continuity Irish Republican Army">Continuity IRA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republican_Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Republican Sinn Féin">Republican Sinn Féin</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Troubles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">1986 Sinn Féin Ardfheis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abstentionism" title="Abstentionism">Abstentionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_republican_legitimatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish republican legitimatism">Irish republican legitimatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ire_Nua" title="Éire Nua">Éire Nua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saoirse_Irish_Freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Saoirse Irish Freedom">Saoirse Irish Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissident_republican" title="Dissident republican">Dissident republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissident_Irish_republican_campaign" title="Dissident Irish republican campaign">Dissident Irish republican campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Continuity_Irish_Republican_Army_actions" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronology of Continuity Irish Republican Army actions">CIRA actions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruair%C3%AD_%C3%93_Br%C3%A1daigh" title="Ruairí Ó Brádaigh">Ruairí Ó Brádaigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1ith%C3%AD_%C3%93_Conaill" title="Dáithí Ó Conaill">Dáithí Ó Conaill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89amonn_O%27Doherty_(republican)" class="mw-redirect" title="Éamonn O'Doherty (republican)">Éamonn O'Doherty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_McKee" title="Billy McKee">Billy McKee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_%C3%93_Br%C3%A1daigh" title="Seán Ó Brádaigh">Seán Ó Brádaigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Harrison_(Irish_republican)" title="George Harrison (Irish republican)">George Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Keating" title="Dan Keating">Dan Keating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Stynes" title="Joe Stynes">Joe Stynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Cunningham" title="Seán Cunningham">Seán Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%A1n_Keenan" title="Seán Keenan">Seán Keenan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seosamh_%C3%93_Mhaoileoin" class="mw-redirect" title="Seosamh Ó Mhaoileoin">Seosamh Ó Mhaoileoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Des_Dalton" title="Des Dalton">Des Dalton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_Hayden" title="Josephine Hayden">Josephine Hayden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Corey" title="Martin Corey">Martin Corey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cumann_na_mBan" title="Cumann na mBan">Cumann na mBan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fianna_%C3%89ireann" title="Fianna Éireann">Fianna Éireann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clan_na_Gael" title="Clan na Gael">Republican Clan na Gael</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Irish_Freedom_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Irish Freedom Committee (page does not exist)">National Irish Freedom Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabhair" title="Cabhair">Cabhair</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Commemoration_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National Commemoration Committee (page does not exist)">National Commemoration Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Real_Irish_Republican_Army_and_the_32_County_Sovereignty_Movement172" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expand navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:RIRA/32CSM" title="Template:RIRA/32CSM"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:RIRA/32CSM" title="Template talk:RIRA/32CSM"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:RIRA/32CSM" title="Special:EditPage/Template:RIRA/32CSM"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Real_Irish_Republican_Army_and_the_32_County_Sovereignty_Movement172" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Real_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Real Irish Republican Army">Real Irish Republican Army</a> and the <a href="/wiki/32_County_Sovereignty_Movement" title="32 County Sovereignty Movement">32 County Sovereignty Movement</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Troubles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Northern Ireland peace process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Principles" title="Mitchell Principles">Mitchell Principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">Good Friday Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissident_republican" title="Dissident republican">Dissident republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissident_Irish_republican_campaign" title="Dissident Irish republican campaign">Dissident Irish republican campaign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Real_Irish_Republican_Army_actions" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Real Irish Republican Army actions">Attacks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1998_Banbridge_bombing" title="1998 Banbridge bombing">1998 Banbridge bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omagh_bombing" title="Omagh bombing">Omagh bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_MI6_attack" title="2000 MI6 attack">2000 MI6 attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_BBC_bombing" title="2001 BBC bombing">2001 BBC bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Ealing_bombing" title="2001 Ealing bombing">2001 Ealing bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Birmingham_bombing" title="2001 Birmingham bombing">2001 Birmingham bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massereene_Barracks_shooting" title="Massereene Barracks shooting">Massereene Barracks shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Newry_car_bombing" title="2010 Newry car bombing">2010 Newry car bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyra_McKee#Killing" title="Lyra McKee">Killing of Lyra McKee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernadette_Sands_McKevitt" title="Bernadette Sands McKevitt">Bernadette Sands McKevitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_McKevitt" title="Michael McKevitt">Michael McKevitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liam_Campbell" title="Liam Campbell">Liam Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seamus_Daly" title="Seamus Daly">Seamus Daly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colm_Murphy" title="Colm Murphy">Colm Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Gareth_O%27Connor" title="Murder of Gareth O'Connor">Gareth O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Andrew_Burns" title="Murder of Andrew Burns">Andrew Burns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Donnelly_(Irish_republican)" title="Gary Donnelly (Irish republican)">Gary Donnelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Price" title="Marian Price">Marian Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Duffy" title="Colin Duffy">Colin Duffy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Action_Against_Drugs" title="Republican Action Against Drugs">Republican Action Against Drugs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Derivatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93glaigh_na_h%C3%89ireann_(Real_IRA_splinter_group)" title="Óglaigh na hÉireann (Real IRA splinter group)">Óglaigh na hÉireann (Real IRA splinter group)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ulster_Defence_Association444" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ulster_Defence_Association" title="Template:Ulster Defence Association"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ulster_Defence_Association" title="Template talk:Ulster Defence Association"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ulster_Defence_Association" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ulster Defence Association"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ulster_Defence_Association444" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Defence_Association" title="Ulster Defence Association">Ulster Defence Association</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>during <a class="mw-selflink selflink">the Troubles</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chairmen of the UDA</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Harding_Smith" title="Charles Harding Smith">Charles Harding Smith</a> (1971-1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Tyrie" title="Andy Tyrie">Andy Tyrie</a> (1973-1988)</li> <li>position abolished (1988)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Belfast Brigade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_%22Ginger%22_Baker" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert "Ginger" Baker">Albert "Ginger" Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Birch" title="Jimmy Birch">Jimmy Birch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Elliot_(UDA)" title="Billy Elliot (UDA)">Billy Elliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Gray_(UDA_member)" title="Jim Gray (UDA member)">Jim "Doris Day" Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Herron" title="Tommy Herron">Tommy Herron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammy_McCormick" title="Sammy McCormick">Sammy McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ned_McCreery" title="Ned McCreery">Ned McCreery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stone_(loyalist)" title="Michael Stone (loyalist)">Michael Stone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North Belfast Brigade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Boreland" title="John Boreland">John Boreland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bunting_(loyalist)" title="John Bunting (loyalist)">John Bunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammy_Duddy" title="Sammy Duddy">Sammy Duddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_English_(loyalist)" title="Tommy English (loyalist)">Tommy English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davy_Payne" title="Davy Payne">Davy Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoukri_brothers" title="Shoukri brothers">Andre & Ihab Shoukri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimbo_Simpson" title="Jimbo Simpson">Jimbo Simpson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/UDA_South_Belfast_Brigade" title="UDA South Belfast Brigade">South Belfast Brigade</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Adams_(loyalist)" title="David Adams (loyalist)">David Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Bratty" title="Joe Bratty">Joe Bratty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Craig_(loyalist)" title="James Craig (loyalist)">James Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Elder" title="Raymond Elder">Raymond Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Kerr_(loyalist)" title="Alex Kerr (loyalist)">Alex Kerr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_McDonald" title="Jackie McDonald">Jackie McDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McMichael" title="John McMichael">John McMichael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Smallwoods" title="Ray Smallwoods">Ray Smallwoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stone_(loyalist)" title="Michael Stone (loyalist)">Michael Stone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/UDA_West_Belfast_Brigade" title="UDA West Belfast Brigade">West Belfast Brigade</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Adair" title="Johnny Adair">Johnny Adair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Barrett_(loyalist)" title="Ken Barrett (loyalist)">Ken Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Coulter_(loyalist)" title="Jackie Coulter (loyalist)">Jackie Coulter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_Courtney" title="Mo Courtney">Mo Courtney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Craig_(loyalist)" title="James Craig (loyalist)">James Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankie_Curry" title="Frankie Curry">Frankie Curry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winkie_Dodds" title="Winkie Dodds">William "Winkie" Dodds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hester_Dunn" title="Hester Dunn">Hester Dunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernie_Elliott" title="Ernie Elliott">Ernie Elliott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davy_Fogel" title="Davy Fogel">Davy Fogel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Hodgen" title="Donald Hodgen">Donald Hodgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Hull" title="Billy Hull">Billy Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Kincaid" title="Matt Kincaid">Matt Kincaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Lyttle" title="Tommy Lyttle">Tommy Lyttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenny_McClinton" title="Kenny McClinton">Kenny McClinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_McCrory_(loyalist)" title="Sam McCrory (loyalist)">Sam McCrory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_McCullough_(loyalist)" title="Alan McCullough (loyalist)">Alan McCullough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McCullough_(loyalist)" title="William McCullough (loyalist)">William "Bucky" McCullough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_McKeag" title="Stephen McKeag">Stephen "Top Gun" McKeag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_McQuiston" title="Billy McQuiston">Billy "Twister" McQuiston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Millar_(loyalist)" title="James Millar (loyalist)">James "Sham" Millar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Millar" title="Wendy Millar">Wendy Millar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Nelson_(Northern_Irish_loyalist)" title="Brian Nelson (Northern Irish loyalist)">Brian Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Harding_Smith" title="Charles Harding Smith">Charles Harding Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Smyth_(loyalist)" title="Gary Smyth (loyalist)">Gary "Smickers" Smyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammy_Smyth_(loyalist)" title="Sammy Smyth (loyalist)">Sammy Smyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Spence_(loyalist)" title="Jim Spence (loyalist)">Jim Spence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stobie" title="William Stobie">William Stobie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Thompson" title="Jackie Thompson">"Fat" Jackie Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Tyrie" title="Andy Tyrie">Andy Tyrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_White_(loyalist)" title="John White (loyalist)">John White</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/UDA_South_East_Antrim_Brigade" title="UDA South East Antrim Brigade">South East Antrim Brigade</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joe_English_(loyalist)" title="Joe English (loyalist)">Joe English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gregg_(UDA)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Gregg (UDA)">John Gregg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North Antrim & Londonderry Brigade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Barr" title="Glenn Barr">Glenn Barr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Kerr" title="Ken Kerr">Ken Kerr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torrens_Knight" title="Torrens Knight">Torrens Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_McFarland_(loyalist)" title="Billy McFarland (loyalist)">Billy McFarland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Robinson_(loyalist)" title="Andy Robinson (loyalist)">Andy Robinson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mid-Ulster Brigade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_John_Kerr" title="Robert John Kerr">Robert John Kerr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Sayers" title="Eddie Sayers">Eddie Sayers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stone_(loyalist)" title="Michael Stone (loyalist)">Michael Stone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Ulster_Defence_Association_actions" title="Timeline of Ulster Defence Association actions">Actions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benny%27s_Bar_bombing" title="Benny's Bar bombing">Benny's Bar bombing</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_of_the_Hill_bar_shooting" title="Top of the Hill bar shooting">Top of the Hill bar shooting</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Lodge_Six_shooting" title="New Lodge Six shooting">New Lodge Six shooting</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddy_Wilson_and_Irene_Andrews_killings" title="Paddy Wilson and Irene Andrews killings">Paddy Wilson and Irene Andrews killings</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Ann_Ogilby" title="Murder of Ann Ogilby">Murder of Ann Ogilby</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_Airport_bombing" title="Dublin Airport bombing">Dublin Airport bombing</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biddy_Mulligan%27s_pub_bombing" title="Biddy Mulligan's pub bombing">Biddy Mulligan's pub bombing</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milltown_Cemetery_attack" title="Milltown Cemetery attack">Milltown Cemetery attack</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Graham_bookmakers%27_shooting" title="Sean Graham bookmakers' shooting">Sean Graham bookmakers' shooting</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_James_Murray%27s_bookmakers" title="Attack on James Murray's bookmakers">Attack on James Murray's bookmakers</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Castlerock_killings" title="1993 Castlerock killings">Castlerock killings</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greysteel_massacre" title="Greysteel massacre">Greysteel massacre</a> (1993)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prominent victims</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paddy_Wilson" title="Paddy Wilson">Paddy Wilson</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Turnley" title="John Turnley">John Turnley</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriam_Daly" title="Miriam Daly">Miriam Daly</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronnie_Bunting" title="Ronnie Bunting">Ronnie Bunting</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Craig_(loyalist)" title="James Craig (loyalist)">James Craig</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Finucane" title="Pat Finucane">Pat Finucane</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Casey_(Irish_republican)" title="Gerard Casey (Irish republican)">Gerard Casey</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Fullerton" title="Eddie Fullerton">Eddie Fullerton</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ned_McCreery" title="Ned McCreery">Ned McCreery</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankie_Curry" title="Frankie Curry">Frankie Curry</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Loyalist_Military_Command" title="Combined Loyalist Military Command">Combined Loyalist Military Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_Association_of_Workers" title="Loyalist Association of Workers">Loyalist Association of Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_feud" title="Loyalist feud">Loyalist feud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quis_separabit%3F" title="Quis separabit?">Quis separabit?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Ulster_Freedom_Fighters" title="Real Ulster Freedom Fighters">Real Ulster Freedom Fighters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Hand_Defenders" title="Red Hand Defenders">Red Hand Defenders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankill_Defence_Association" title="Shankill Defence Association">Shankill Defence Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Army_Council" title="Ulster Army Council">Ulster Army Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Democratic_Party" title="Ulster Democratic Party">Ulster Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalism" title="Ulster loyalism">Ulster loyalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Loyalist_Central_Co-ordinating_Committee" title="Ulster Loyalist Central Co-ordinating Committee">Ulster Loyalist Central Co-ordinating Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_nationalism" title="Ulster nationalism">Ulster nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Political_Research_Group" title="Ulster Political Research Group">Ulster Political Research Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Workers%27_Council_strike" title="Ulster Workers' Council strike">Ulster Workers' Council strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Young_Militants" title="Ulster Young Militants">Ulster Young Militants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volunteer_(Ulster_loyalist)" title="Volunteer (Ulster loyalist)">Volunteer (Ulster loyalist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodvale_Defence_Association" title="Woodvale Defence Association">Woodvale Defence Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>bold indicates brigadiers</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ulster_Volunteer_Force318" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ulster_Volunteer_Force" title="Template:Ulster Volunteer Force"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ulster_Volunteer_Force" title="Template talk:Ulster Volunteer Force"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ulster_Volunteer_Force" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ulster Volunteer Force"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ulster_Volunteer_Force318" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Volunteer_Force" title="Ulster Volunteer Force">Ulster Volunteer Force</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>During <a class="mw-selflink selflink">the Troubles</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chiefs of Staff</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gusty_Spence" title="Gusty Spence">Gusty Spence</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_McClelland" title="Samuel McClelland">Samuel McClelland</a> (1966–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Hanna_(loyalist)" title="Jim Hanna (loyalist)">Jim Hanna</a> (1973–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Gibson_(loyalist)" title="Ken Gibson (loyalist)">Ken Gibson</a> (1974)</li> <li>Unnamed Chief of Staff (1974–1975)</li> <li>Tommy West (1975–1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Graham_(loyalist)" title="John Graham (loyalist)">John "Bunter" Graham</a> (1976-date)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Belfast Brigade members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bates_(loyalist)" title="Robert Bates (loyalist)">Robert Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bingham_(loyalist)" title="John Bingham (loyalist)">John Bingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankie_Curry" title="Frankie Curry">Frankie Curry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ervine" title="David Ervine">David Ervine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Giles" title="Billy Giles">Billy Giles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Haddock" title="Mark Haddock">Mark Haddock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Hutchinson" title="Billy Hutchinson">Billy Hutchinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trevor_King" title="Trevor King">Trevor King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_McKee" title="Bobby McKee">Bobby McKee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Mahood" title="Jackie Mahood">Jackie Mahood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Marchant_(loyalist)" title="William Marchant (loyalist)">William "Frenchie" Marchant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Mitchell_(loyalist)" title="Billy Mitchell (loyalist)">Billy Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Moore_(loyalist)" title="William Moore (loyalist)">William Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Murphy_(loyalist)" title="John Murphy (loyalist)">John Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenny_Murphy" title="Lenny Murphy">Lenny Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_Peeples" title="Clifford Peeples">Clifford Peeples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Robinson_(loyalist)" title="Brian Robinson (loyalist)">Brian Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Seawright" title="George Seawright">George Seawright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Seymour_(loyalist)" title="Robert Seymour (loyalist)">Robert "Squeak" Seymour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(loyalist)" title="William Smith (loyalist)">William Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Spence" title="Billy Spence">Billy Spence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Stockman_(loyalist)" title="Harry Stockman (loyalist)">Harry "Harmless" Stockman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Watt_(loyalist)" title="James Watt (loyalist)">James "Tonto" Watt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/UVF_Mid-Ulster_Brigade" title="UVF Mid-Ulster Brigade">Mid-Ulster Brigade</a> members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harris_Boyle" title="Harris Boyle">Harris Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Fulton_(loyalist)" title="Mark Fulton (loyalist)">Mark "Swinger" Fulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James_Fulton" title="William James Fulton">William James Fulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Hanna" title="Billy Hanna">Billy Hanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Jackson" title="Robin Jackson">Robin Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Jameson_(loyalist)" title="Richard Jameson (loyalist)">Richard Jameson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_King" title="Robin King">Robin King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_McCaughey" title="Billy McCaughey">Billy McCaughey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McConnell_(loyalist)" title="Robert McConnell (loyalist)">Robert McConnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Alexander_Mulholland" title="David Alexander Mulholland">David Alexander Mulholland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindsay_Robb" title="Lindsay Robb">Lindsay Robb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_Somerville" title="Wesley Somerville">Wesley Somerville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Weir_(loyalist)" title="John Weir (loyalist)">John Weir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Wright_(loyalist)" title="Billy Wright (loyalist)">Billy Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Red_Hand_Commando" title="Red Hand Commando">Red Hand Commando</a> members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankie_Curry" title="Frankie Curry">Frankie Curry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Elliot_(RHC)" title="Billy Elliot (RHC)">Billy Elliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McKeague" title="John McKeague">John McKeague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill_Rea" title="Winston Churchill Rea">Winston Churchill Rea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(loyalist)" title="William Smith (loyalist)">Wiliam Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stone_(loyalist)" title="Michael Stone (loyalist)">Michael Stone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Units and groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glenanne_gang" title="Glenanne gang">Glenanne gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankill_Butchers" title="Shankill Butchers">Shankill Butchers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Action_Force" title="Protestant Action Force">Protestant Action Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Citizen_Volunteers_(1972)" title="Young Citizen Volunteers (1972)">Young Citizen Volunteers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Ulster_Volunteer_Force_actions" title="Timeline of Ulster Volunteer Force actions">Actions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RT%C3%89_Studio_bombing" title="RTÉ Studio bombing">RTÉ Studio bombing</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St_Matthew%27s" title="Battle of St Matthew's">Battle of St Matthew's</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/McGurk%27s_Bar_bombing" title="McGurk's Bar bombing">McGurk's Bar bombing</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_at_Springmartin" title="Battle at Springmartin">Battle at Springmartin</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Hotel_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Hotel bombing">Imperial Hotel bombing</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belturbet_bombing" title="Belturbet bombing">Belturbet bombing</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_and_1973_Dublin_bombings" title="1972 and 1973 Dublin bombings">1972 and 1973 Dublin bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_%26_Crown_Bar_bombing" title="Rose & Crown Bar bombing">Rose & Crown Bar bombing</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin_and_Monaghan_bombings" title="Dublin and Monaghan bombings">Dublin and Monaghan bombings</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Conway%27s_Bar_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="1975 Conway's Bar attack">1975 Conway's Bar attack</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleary_Darts_Club_shooting" title="Bleary Darts Club shooting">Bleary Darts Club shooting</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strand_Bar_bombing" title="Strand Bar bombing">Strand Bar bombing</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_Showband_killings" title="Miami Showband killings">Miami Showband killings</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donnelly%27s_Bar_and_Kay%27s_Tavern_attacks" title="Donnelly's Bar and Kay's Tavern attacks">Donnelly's Bar and Kay's Tavern attacks</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_1975_Northern_Ireland_attacks" title="October 1975 Northern Ireland attacks">October 1975 Northern Ireland attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reavey_and_O%27Dowd_killings" title="Reavey and O'Dowd killings">Reavey and O'Dowd killings</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillcrest_Bar_bombing" title="Hillcrest Bar bombing">Hillcrest Bar bombing</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlemont_pub_attacks" title="Charlemont pub attacks">Charlemont pub attacks</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorane_Bar_attack" title="Chlorane Bar attack">Chlorane Bar attack</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramble_Inn_attack" title="Ramble Inn attack">Ramble Inn attack</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_pub_bombings" title="Glasgow pub bombings">Glasgow pub bombings</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avenue_Bar_shooting" title="Avenue Bar shooting">Avenue Bar shooting</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Cappagh_killings" title="1991 Cappagh killings">1991 Cappagh killings</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Drumbeg_killings" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 Drumbeg killings">1991 Drumbeg killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Craigavon_killings" title="1991 Craigavon killings">1991 Craigavon killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loughinisland_massacre" title="Loughinisland massacre">Loughinisland massacre</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Dublin-Belfast_train_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="1994 Dublin-Belfast train bombing">1994 Dublin-Belfast train bombing</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinn_brothers%27_killings" class="mw-redirect" title="Quinn brothers' killings">Quinn brothers' killings</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murders_of_Andrew_Robb_and_David_McIlwaine" title="Murders of Andrew Robb and David McIlwaine">Murders of Andrew Robb and David McIlwaine</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prominent victims</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Hanna_(loyalist)" title="Jim Hanna (loyalist)">Jim Hanna</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Francis_Green" title="John Francis Green">John Francis Green</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Hanna" title="Billy Hanna">Billy Hanna</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Miami_Showband" title="The Miami Showband">The Miami Showband</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maire_Drumm" class="mw-redirect" title="Maire Drumm">Maire Drumm</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Marley" title="Larry Marley">Larry Marley</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Doherty_(Irish_republican)" title="Martin Doherty (Irish republican)">Martin Doherty</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Coulter_(loyalist)" title="Jackie Coulter (loyalist)">Jackie Coulter</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_English_(loyalist)" title="Tommy English (loyalist)">Tommy English</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Loyalist_Military_Command" title="Combined Loyalist Military Command">Combined Loyalist Military Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_feud" title="Loyalist feud">Loyalist feud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_Volunteer_Force" title="Loyalist Volunteer Force">Loyalist Volunteer Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Unionist_Party" title="Progressive Unionist Party">Progressive Unionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Northern_Ireland)" title="Tara (Northern Ireland)">Tara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Army_Council" title="Ulster Army Council">Ulster Army Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Constitution_Defence_Committee" title="Ulster Constitution Defence Committee">Ulster Constitution Defence Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalism" title="Ulster loyalism">Ulster loyalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Loyalist_Central_Co-ordinating_Committee" title="Ulster Loyalist Central Co-ordinating Committee">Ulster Loyalist Central Co-ordinating Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Volunteers" title="Ulster Volunteers">Ulster Volunteers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Workers%27_Council_strike" title="Ulster Workers' Council strike">Ulster Workers' Council strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volunteer_(Ulster_loyalist)" title="Volunteer (Ulster loyalist)">Volunteer (Ulster loyalist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volunteer_Political_Party" title="Volunteer Political Party">Volunteer Political Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>bold indicates brigadiers and commanders</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1266661725"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Loyalist_Volunteer_Force99" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Loyalist_Volunteer_Force" title="Template:Loyalist Volunteer Force"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Loyalist_Volunteer_Force" title="Template talk:Loyalist Volunteer Force"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Loyalist_Volunteer_Force" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Loyalist Volunteer Force"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Loyalist_Volunteer_Force99" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_Volunteer_Force" title="Loyalist Volunteer Force">Loyalist Volunteer Force</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>during <a class="mw-selflink selflink">the Troubles</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Wright_(loyalist)" title="Billy Wright (loyalist)">Billy Wright</a> (1996-1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Fulton_(loyalist)" title="Mark Fulton (loyalist)">Mark "Swinger" Fulton</a> (1997-2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_King" title="Robin King">Robin "Billy" King</a> (2002-2005?)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/NIShape.gif/32px-NIShape.gif" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/NIShape.gif/48px-NIShape.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/NIShape.gif/64px-NIShape.gif 2x" data-file-width="532" data-file-height="405" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Northern_Ireland" title="Portal:Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members and spokesmen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_James_Fulton" title="William James Fulton">William James Fulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muriel_Gibson" title="Muriel Gibson">Muriel Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Kerr_(loyalist)" title="Alex Kerr (loyalist)">Alex Kerr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenny_McClinton" title="Kenny McClinton">Kenny McClinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Mahood" title="Jackie Mahood">Jackie Mahood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_Peeples" title="Clifford Peeples">Clifford Peeples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindsay_Robb" title="Lindsay Robb">Lindsay Robb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drumcree_conflict" title="Drumcree conflict">Drumcree conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Jameson_(loyalist)" title="Richard Jameson (loyalist)">Richard Jameson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_feud" title="Loyalist feud">Loyalist feud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Hand_Defenders" title="Red Hand Defenders">Red Hand Defenders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UDA_West_Belfast_Brigade" title="UDA West Belfast Brigade">UDA West Belfast Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalism" title="Ulster loyalism">Ulster loyalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UVF_Mid-Ulster_Brigade" title="UVF Mid-Ulster Brigade">UVF Mid-Ulster Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volunteer_(Ulster_loyalist)" title="Volunteer (Ulster loyalist)">Volunteer (Ulster loyalist)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox580" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815436#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4224971-5">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85092558">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007533830205171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Troubles&oldid=1273411505">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Troubles&oldid=1273411505</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:The_Troubles_(Northern_Ireland)" title="Category:The Troubles (Northern Ireland)">The Troubles 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