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</div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Design-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Design subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Propulsion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propulsion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Propulsion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Propulsion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Avionics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Avionics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Avionics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Avionics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cockpit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cockpit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Cockpit </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cockpit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wings_and_airframe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wings_and_airframe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Wings and airframe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wings_and_airframe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Armament </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-AJ_37" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#AJ_37"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.1 AJ 37 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-AJ_37-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-JA_37" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#JA_37"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.2 JA 37 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-JA_37-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operational_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operational_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Operational history </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Operational_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Operational history subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Operational_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Retirement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retirement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Retirement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retirement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overseas_sales_efforts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overseas_sales_efforts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Overseas sales efforts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overseas_sales_efforts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Variants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Operators </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Operators-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Operators subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Operators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Operational_units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operational_units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Operational units </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operational_units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accident_and_incidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accident_and_incidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Accident and incidents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accident_and_incidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surviving_aircraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surviving_aircraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Surviving aircraft </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surviving_aircraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specifications_(JA_37_Viggen)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specifications_(JA_37_Viggen)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Specifications (JA 37 Viggen) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specifications_(JA_37_Viggen)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Notes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Saab 37 Viggen</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" > 36 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saab_37_Viggen" title="Saab 37 Viggen – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Saab 37 Viggen" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saab_37_Viggen" title="Saab 37 Viggen – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Saab 37 Viggen" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saab_37_Viggen" title="Saab 37 Viggen – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Saab 37 Viggen" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAAB_37_Viggen" title="SAAB 37 Viggen – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="SAAB 37 Viggen" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saab_Viggen" title="Saab Viggen – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Saab Viggen" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saab_37_Viggen" title="Saab 37 Viggen – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Saab 37 Viggen" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saab_37_Viggen" title="Saab 37 Viggen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Saab 37 Viggen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saab_Viggen" title="Saab Viggen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Saab Viggen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saab_37_Viggen" title="Saab 37 Viggen – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Saab 37 Viggen" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saab_37_Viggen" title="Saab 37 Viggen – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Saab 37 Viggen" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8_%DB%B3%DB%B7_%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%AF%D9%86" title="ساب ۳۷ ویگن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ساب ۳۷ ویگن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saab_37_Viggen" title="Saab 37 Viggen – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Saab 37 Viggen" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saab_37_Viggen" title="Saab 37 Viggen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Saab 37 Viggen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saab_37_Viggen" title="Saab 37 Viggen – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Saab 37 Viggen" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saab_37_Viggen" title="Saab 37 Viggen – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Saab 37 Viggen" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saab_37_Viggen" title="Saab 37 Viggen – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Saab 37 Viggen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saab_37_Viggen" title="Saab 37 Viggen – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Saab 37 Viggen" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/JA_37_Viggen" title="JA 37 Viggen – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="JA 37 Viggen" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saab_37_Viggen" title="Saab 37 Viggen – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Saab 37 Viggen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saab_37_Viggen" title="Saab 37 Viggen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Saab 37 Viggen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BC%E3%83%96_37_%E3%83%93%E3%82%B2%E3%83%B3" title="サーブ 37 ビゲン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サーブ 37 ビゲン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saab_37_Viggen" title="Saab 37 Viggen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Saab 37 Viggen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saab_37_Viggen" title="Saab 37 Viggen – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Saab 37 Viggen" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saab_JA-37_Viggen" title="Saab JA-37 Viggen – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Saab JA-37 Viggen" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saab_37_Viggen" title="Saab 37 Viggen – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Saab 37 Viggen" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saab_37_Viggen" title="Saab 37 Viggen – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Saab 37 Viggen" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saab_37_Viggen" title="Saab 37 Viggen – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Saab 37 Viggen" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saab_37_Viggen" title="Saab 37 Viggen – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Saab 37 Viggen" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saab_37_Viggen" title="Saab 37 Viggen – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Saab 37 Viggen" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saab_37_Viggen" title="Saab 37 Viggen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Saab 37 Viggen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saab_37_Viggen" title="Saab 37 Viggen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Saab 37 Viggen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A_37_%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99" title="ซ้าบ 37 วิกเก้น – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ซ้าบ 37 วิกเก้น" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saab_37_Viggen" title="Saab 37 Viggen – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Saab 37 Viggen" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saab_37_Viggen" title="Saab 37 Viggen – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Saab 37 Viggen" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saab_37_Viggen" title="Saab 37 Viggen – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Saab 37 Viggen" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAAB_37%E6%88%98%E6%96%97%E6%9C%BA" title="SAAB 37战斗机 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="SAAB 37战斗机" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q263786#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Saab_37_Viggen" title="View the content page [c]" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Viggen" and "Saab Viggen" redirect here. For the car, see <a href="/wiki/Saab_9-3#Saab_9-3_Viggen" title="Saab 9-3">Saab 9-3 § Saab 9-3 Viggen</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248642317">.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .infobox-above{line-height:1.6em;background-color:#eee}.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .infobox-header{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;line-height:23px;background-color:#eee}.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft-caption-left .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft-caption-left .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft-caption-left .infobox-label{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .infobox-label{width:30%;padding-right:3px}.mw-parser-output .ib-aircraft .infobox-data{width:50%}}</style><table class="infobox ib-aircraft vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Saab 37 Viggen</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Viggen_(52526298757).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Viggen_%2852526298757%29.jpg/300px-Viggen_%2852526298757%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Viggen_%2852526298757%29.jpg/450px-Viggen_%2852526298757%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Viggen_%2852526298757%29.jpg/600px-Viggen_%2852526298757%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3502" data-file-height="2334" /></a> <div class="ib-aircraft-caption">A SK 37 Viggen in flight</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">General information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Multirole_combat_aircraft" title="Multirole combat aircraft">Multirole combat aircraft</a><a href="#cite_note-saab.com-1">[1]</a> <ul><li>AJ 37: <a href="/wiki/Fighter_bomber" class="mw-redirect" title="Fighter bomber">Fighter bomber</a></li> <li>SF 37: <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_aircraft" title="Reconnaissance aircraft">Photo reconnaissance</a></li> <li>SH 37: <a href="/wiki/Maritime_patrol_aircraft" title="Maritime patrol aircraft">Maritime patrol</a></li> <li>JA 37: <a href="/wiki/Strike_fighter" title="Strike fighter">Strike fighter</a></li> <li>SK 37: <a href="/wiki/Trainer_aircraft" title="Trainer aircraft">Trainer aircraft</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">National origin</th><td class="infobox-data">Sweden</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Aerospace_manufacturer" title="Aerospace manufacturer">Manufacturer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Saab_AB" title="Saab AB">Saab AB</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Primary user</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Air_Force" title="Swedish Air Force">Swedish Air Force</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Number built</th><td class="infobox-data">329<a href="#cite_note-bomber_247-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufactured</th><td class="infobox-data">1970–1990<a href="#cite_note-bomber_247-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Introduction date</th><td class="infobox-data">21 June 1971 (AJ 37)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First flight</th><td class="infobox-data">8 February 1967</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Retired</th><td class="infobox-data">26 June 2007 (SK 37E)</td></tr></tbody></table> The Saab 37 Viggen (The <a href="/wiki/Tufted_Duck" class="mw-redirect" title="Tufted Duck">Tufted Duck</a>, ambiguous with The <a href="/wiki/Thunderbolt" title="Thunderbolt">Thunderbolt</a>)<a href="#cite_note-fmv-3">[3]</a> is a single-seat, single-engine <a href="/wiki/Multirole_combat_aircraft" title="Multirole combat aircraft">multirole combat aircraft</a> designed and produced by the Swedish aircraft manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Saab_AB" title="Saab AB">Saab</a>.<a href="#cite_note-saab.com-1">[1]</a> It was the first <a href="/wiki/Canard_(aeronautics)" title="Canard (aeronautics)">canard</a>-equipped aircraft to be produced in quantity<a href="#cite_note-fred_279-4">[4]</a> and the first to carry an airborne <a href="/wiki/Computer#Digital_computers" title="Computer">digital central computer</a> with <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuits</a> for its avionics, arguably making it the most modern/advanced <a href="/wiki/Combat_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat aircraft">combat aircraft</a> in Europe at the time of introduction. The digital central computer was the first of its kind in the world, automating and taking over tasks previously requiring a navigator/copilot, facilitating handling in tactical situations where, among other things, high speeds and short decision times determined whether attacks would be successful or not, a system not surpassed until the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Panavia_Tornado" title="Panavia Tornado">Panavia Tornado</a> into operational service in 1981.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Development work begun during the early 1950s to develop a successor to the <a href="/wiki/Saab_32_Lansen" title="Saab 32 Lansen">Saab 32 Lansen</a> in the attack role, as well as to the <a href="/wiki/Saab_35_Draken" title="Saab 35 Draken">Saab 35 Draken</a> as a fighter. Saab's design team opted for a relatively radical <a href="/wiki/Delta_wing" title="Delta wing">delta wing</a> configuration, and operation as an integrated weapon system in conjunction with Sweden's <a href="/wiki/STRIL" title="STRIL">STRIL</a>-60 national electronic air defense system. It was also designed to be operated from runways as short as 500 meters. Development work was aided by the "<a href="/wiki/Sweden%E2%80%93United_States_relations#Military_relations" title="Sweden–United States relations">37-annex</a>" under which Sweden could access advanced U.S. <a href="/wiki/Aeronautics" title="Aeronautics">aeronautical</a> technology to accelerate both design and production.<a href="#cite_note-SDRA-6">[6]</a> The aircraft's aerodynamic design was finalised in 1963. The prototype performed its <a href="/wiki/Maiden_flight" title="Maiden flight">maiden flight</a> on 8 February 1967 and the following year the Swedish government ordered an initial batch of 175 Viggens. The first of these entered service with the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Air_Force" title="Swedish Air Force">Swedish Air Force</a> on 21 June 1971. Even as the initial AJ 37 model entered service, Saab was working on further variants of the Viggen. Several distinct variants of the Viggen would be produced to perform the roles of <a href="/wiki/Fighter_bomber" class="mw-redirect" title="Fighter bomber">fighter bomber</a>/<a href="/wiki/Strike_fighter" title="Strike fighter">strike fighter</a> (AJ 37), <a href="/wiki/Aerial_reconnaissance" title="Aerial reconnaissance">aerial reconnaissance</a> (SF 37), <a href="/wiki/Maritime_patrol_aircraft" title="Maritime patrol aircraft">maritime patrol</a>/<a href="/wiki/Anti-surface_warfare" title="Anti-surface warfare">anti-surface</a> (SH 37) and a <a href="/wiki/Trainer_aircraft" title="Trainer aircraft">two-seat trainer</a> (Sk 37). During the late 1970s, the all-weather <a href="/wiki/Interceptor_aircraft" title="Interceptor aircraft">interceptor</a>/<a href="/wiki/Strike_fighter" title="Strike fighter">strike fighter</a> JA 37 variant was introduced. Attempts to <a href="/wiki/Export" title="Export">export</a> the Viggen to other nations were made, but ultimately proved unsuccessful. In November 2005, the last Viggens were withdrawn from service by the Swedish Air Force, its only operator; by this point, it had been replaced by the newer and more advanced <a href="/wiki/Saab_JAS_39_Gripen" title="Saab JAS 39 Gripen">Saab JAS 39 Gripen</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saab_37_Viggen&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name">edit</a>]</div> Viggen is the <a href="/wiki/Definiteness" title="Definiteness">definite form</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> word vigg, which has two meanings. According to Saab, the aircraft's name alluded to both. The first meaning refers to the Swedish name for the <a href="/wiki/Tufted_duck" title="Tufted duck">tufted duck</a>, a small <a href="/wiki/Diving_duck" title="Diving duck">diving duck</a> common in Sweden. In this sense, it serves as a reference to the aircraft's <a href="/wiki/Canard_(aeronautics)" title="Canard (aeronautics)">canard</a> configuration, as "canard" is French for duck. Vigg is also åskvigg, or "thunderbolt" (thunder wedge), stemming from the <a href="/wiki/Thunderstone_(folklore)" title="Thunderstone (folklore)">thunderstones</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nordic_folklore" title="Nordic folklore">Nordic folklore</a>, called "åskviggar", said to come from the lightning strikes of <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse god</a> <a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Thor</a> when he hunted <a href="/wiki/Giants_(Norse_mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Giants (Norse mythology)">giants</a> with his <a href="/wiki/War_hammer" title="War hammer">war hammer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mj%C3%B6lnir" title="Mjölnir">Mjölnir</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saab_37_Viggen&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Development">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saab_37_Viggen&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a>]</div> The Viggen was initially developed as an intended replacement for the <a href="/wiki/Saab_32_Lansen" title="Saab 32 Lansen">Saab 32 Lansen</a> in the attack role and later the <a href="/wiki/Saab_35_Draken" title="Saab 35 Draken">Saab 35 Draken</a> as a fighter.<a href="#cite_note-Karling-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-saab_60-9">[9]</a> In 1955, as Saab's prototype Draken, the most aerodynamically advanced fighter in the world at that point, performed its first flight, the Swedish Air Force was already forming a series of requirements for the next generation of combat aircraft; due to the challenging nature of these requirements, a lengthy development time was anticipated, with the first flight intended to be no earlier than the middle of the next decade.<a href="#cite_note-bomber_243-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-field_707-11">[11]</a> Between 1952 and 1957, the first studies towards what would become the Viggen were carried out, involving the Finnish aircraft designer <a href="/wiki/Aarne_Lakomaa" title="Aarne Lakomaa">Aarne Lakomaa</a>. Over 100 different concepts were examined in these studies, involving both single- and twin engine configurations, both traditional and <a href="/wiki/Delta_wing#double_delta" title="Delta wing">double delta</a> wings, and <a href="/wiki/Canard_(aeronautics)" title="Canard (aeronautics)">canard wings</a>. Even <a href="/wiki/VTOL" title="VTOL">VTOL</a> designs were considered, with separate lift engines, but were soon identified as being unacceptable.<a href="#cite_note-Karling-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-field_707-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-warwick_1260-12">[12]</a> From the onset, the Viggen was planned as an integrated weapon system, to be operated in conjunction with the newest revision of Sweden's national electronic air defense system, <a href="/wiki/STRIL" title="STRIL">STRIL</a>-60. It was used as the nation's standard platform, capable of being efficiently adapted to perform all tactical mission roles.<a href="#cite_note-bomber_243-10">[10]</a> Other requirements included <a href="/wiki/Supersonic_speed" title="Supersonic speed">supersonic</a> ability at low level, <a href="/wiki/Mach_number" title="Mach number">Mach</a> 2 performance at altitude, and the ability to make short landings at low angles of attack (to avoid damaging improvised runways). The aircraft was also designed from the beginning to be easy to repair and service, even for personnel without much training.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> One radical requirement of the proposed aircraft was the ability for it to be operated from relatively short runways only 500 meters long; this was part of the <a href="/wiki/Bas_60" title="Bas 60">Bas 60</a> air base system that had been introduced by the Swedish Air Force in the late 1950s. Bas 60 revolved around <a href="/wiki/Force_dispersal" class="mw-redirect" title="Force dispersal">force dispersal</a> of aircraft across many wartime air bases, including <a href="/wiki/Highway_strip" class="mw-redirect" title="Highway strip">road runways</a> acting as backup runways.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Utilizing partially destroyed runways was another factor that motivated STOL capability. Bas 60 was developed into <a href="/wiki/Bas_90" title="Bas 90">Bas 90</a> in the 1970s and 1980s, and included short runways only 800 meters in length.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Enabling such operations imposed several critical demands upon the design, including a modest landing speed, no-flare touchdown, powerful post-landing deceleration, accurate steering even in crosswinds on icy surfaces, and high acceleration on take-off.<a href="#cite_note-bomber_243-10">[10]</a> In 1960, the U.S. <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council" title="United States National Security Council">National Security Council</a>, led by President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a>, formulated a security guarantee for Sweden, promising U.S. military help in the event of a Soviet attack against Sweden; both countries signed a military-technology agreement. In what was known as the "<a href="/wiki/Sweden%E2%80%93United_States_relations#Military_relations" title="Sweden–United States relations">37-annex</a>", Sweden was allowed access to advanced U.S. <a href="/wiki/Aeronautics" title="Aeronautics">aeronautical</a> technology that made it possible to design and produce the Viggen much faster and more cheaply than would otherwise have been possible.<a href="#cite_note-SDRA-6">[6]</a> According to research by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nils_Bruzelius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nils Bruzelius (page does not exist)">Nils Bruzelius</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Defence_University" title="Swedish Defence University">Swedish National Defence College</a>, the reason for this officially unexplained U.S. support was to protect U.S. <a href="/wiki/UGM-27_Polaris" title="UGM-27 Polaris">Polaris</a> submarines deployed just outside the Swedish east coast against the threat of Soviet anti-submarine aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-SDRA-6">[6]</a> However, Bruzelius' theory has been discredited by Simon Moores and Jerker Widén.<a href="#cite_note-KKrVAHT_nr_4_2007-19">[19]</a> The connection also appears doubtful due to the time scale – the Viggen's strike version only became operational in 1971, and the fighter version in 1978, by which time Polaris had already been retired.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Project_launch">Project launch</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saab_37_Viggen&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Project launch">edit</a>]</div> In December 1961, the Swedish government gave its approval for the development of Aircraft System 37, which would ultimately become the Viggen.<a href="#cite_note-saab_60-9">[9]</a> By 1962, all elements for the project either existed or were close to fully developed; these included the aircraft itself, the powerplant, ejector seat, armaments, reconnaissance systems, ground servicing equipment, and training equipment such as simulators.<a href="#cite_note-bomber_243-10">[10]</a> In February 1962, approval of the overall configuration was given and was followed by a development contract in October 1962.<a href="#cite_note-field_707-11">[11]</a> According to aviation authors <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gunston" title="Bill Gunston">Bill Gunston</a> and Peter Gilchrist, the project was "by far the largest industrial development task ever attempted in Sweden".<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> During the 1960s, the Viggen accounted for 10 percent of all Swedish R&D funding.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> In 1963, Saab finalized the aerodynamic design of the aircraft; the aerodynamic configuration was radical: it combined an aft-mounted double delta wing with a small, high-set canard foreplane, equipped with powered trailing <a href="/wiki/Flap_(aeronautics)" title="Flap (aeronautics)">flaps</a> mounted ahead of and slightly above the main wing; this would be judged to be the best means to satisfy the conflicting demands for STOL performance, supersonic speed, low turbulence sensitivity at low level flight, and efficient lift for subsonic flight.<a href="#cite_note-saab_60-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-bomber_244-22">[22]</a> Canard aircraft have since become common in fighter aircraft, notably with the <a href="/wiki/Eurofighter_Typhoon" title="Eurofighter Typhoon">Eurofighter Typhoon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dassault_Rafale" title="Dassault Rafale">Dassault Rafale</a>, Saab JAS 39 Gripen and the <a href="/wiki/IAI_Kfir" title="IAI Kfir">IAI Kfir</a>, but principally for the purposes of providing agility during flight rather than for its <a href="/wiki/STOL" title="STOL">STOL</a> capabilities.<a href="#cite_note-warwick_1260-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Further aerodynamic refinements during the later stage of development included the addition of <a href="/wiki/Leading-edge_extension#Dogtooth_extension" title="Leading-edge extension">dog-tooth</a> patterns upon the main wing to generate <a href="/wiki/Vortex" title="Vortex">vortices</a>, allowing for the elimination of <a href="/wiki/Blown_flap" title="Blown flap">blown flaps</a> from the canard. The use of a <a href="/wiki/Thrust_reversal" title="Thrust reversal">thrust reverser</a> enabled the sought short landing performance.<a href="#cite_note-bomber_244-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AJ37_Viggen_Aircraft.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/AJ37_Viggen_Aircraft.jpg/220px-AJ37_Viggen_Aircraft.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/AJ37_Viggen_Aircraft.jpg/330px-AJ37_Viggen_Aircraft.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/AJ37_Viggen_Aircraft.jpg/440px-AJ37_Viggen_Aircraft.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="810" /></a><figcaption>AJS 37 Viggen on display at the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Air_Force_Museum" title="Swedish Air Force Museum">Swedish Air Force Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Link%C3%B6ping" title="Linköping">Linköping</a></figcaption></figure> During development, Saab had opted to power the type using a single large <a href="/wiki/Turbofan" title="Turbofan">turbofan</a> engine. Originally, the British <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Medway" title="Rolls-Royce Medway">Rolls-Royce Medway</a> engine had been selected to power the Viggen, which was then considered to be ideal for the basis for a supersonic engine equipped with a fully modulated <a href="/wiki/Afterburner" title="Afterburner">afterburner</a>; however, development of the Medway engine was cancelled due to the intended launch aircraft, the <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley_Trident" title="Hawker Siddeley Trident">de Havilland Trident</a>, being downsized during development.<a href="#cite_note-bomber_244-22">[22]</a> In place of the Medway, Saab chose to adopt a licence-production version of the American <a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_JT8D" title="Pratt & Whitney JT8D">Pratt & Whitney JT8D</a> engine, the <a href="/wiki/Volvo_RM8" title="Volvo RM8">Volvo RM8</a>, instead. The RM8 was heavily redesigned, using new materials to accommodate flight at Mach-2 speeds, a Swedish-built afterburner, and a fully variable nozzle.<a href="#cite_note-bomber_244-22">[22]</a> During 1964, construction of the first <a href="/wiki/Prototype" title="Prototype">prototype</a> aircraft commenced; on 8 February 1967, the first of an eventual seven prototypes conducted its <a href="/wiki/Maiden_flight" title="Maiden flight">maiden flight</a>, which had occurred as per the established development schedule.<a href="#cite_note-Donald_Military-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-proto_first-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> This first flight, which lasted for 43 minutes, was flown by Erik Dahlström, Saab's chief test pilot, who reported the prototype to have been easy to handle throughout. Writing at the time, <a href="/wiki/Aerospace" title="Aerospace">aerospace</a> publication <a href="/wiki/Flight_International" title="Flight International">Flight International</a> described the flight as having been "Sweden's astonishing unilateral stand in the front rank of advanced aircraft-building nations…"<a href="#cite_note-proto_first-26">[26]</a> Each of the seven prototypes were assigned different roles, although the initial aircraft were focused on supporting the development of the initial production variant, the AJ37.<a href="#cite_note-bomber_245-28">[28]</a> In 1967, the Swedish Government concluded that the in-development AJ 37 Viggen would be both cheaper than and superior to the <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-4_Phantom_II" title="McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II">McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-warwick_1261-29">[29]</a> In April 1968, the Swedish government formally issued the authorization for manufacturing of the Viggen to proceed, issuing an order for 175 Viggens that year.<a href="#cite_note-saab_70s-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-ford_617-31">[31]</a> Also in 1968, Saab began work on the Viggen's maritime reconnaissance and photo reconnaissance variants.<a href="#cite_note-ford_617-31">[31]</a> In May 1969, the Viggen made its first public appearance outside of Sweden at the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Air_Show" title="Paris Air Show">Paris Air Show</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> On 23 February 1971, the first production aircraft, an AJ37 model, conducted its first flight.<a href="#cite_note-bomber_247-2">[2]</a> In July 1971, the first production aircraft was delivered to the Swedish Air Force.<a href="#cite_note-saab_70s-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eliasson_87-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_development">Further development</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saab_37_Viggen&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Further development">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saab_SF_37_Viggen_37951_F_13_Br%C3%A5valla_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Saab_SF_37_Viggen_37951_F_13_Br%C3%A5valla_001.jpg/220px-Saab_SF_37_Viggen_37951_F_13_Br%C3%A5valla_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Saab_SF_37_Viggen_37951_F_13_Br%C3%A5valla_001.jpg/330px-Saab_SF_37_Viggen_37951_F_13_Br%C3%A5valla_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Saab_SF_37_Viggen_37951_F_13_Br%C3%A5valla_001.jpg/440px-Saab_SF_37_Viggen_37951_F_13_Br%C3%A5valla_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="888" /></a><figcaption>An SF 37 Viggen in flight, 1977</figcaption></figure> As the initial AJ 37 Viggen was being introduced to service, further variants of the Viggen proceeded to complete development and enter production.<a href="#cite_note-wagner_125-34">[34]</a> In 1972, the first SK 37, an operational trainer variant with a staggered second canopy for an instructor, was delivered to the Swedish Air Force.<a href="#cite_note-fred_279-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-ford_616-35">[35]</a> On 21 May 1973, the first prototype of SF 37 Viggen, a tactical reconnaissance variant featuring a modified nose to accommodate seven sensors, conducted its first flight.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> While other variants entered production during the 1960s, Saab continued the development of the more capable all-weather interceptor version of the aircraft, the JA 37. In 1970, Sweden's air defenses had been closely inspected and it was determined that the prospective JA 37 Viggen was highly suited to the role.<a href="#cite_note-warwick_1261-29">[29]</a> In 1972, the Swedish government authorized the development of the fighter-interceptor variant to proceed, which was followed by several major contracts for the JA 37's further development.<a href="#cite_note-ford_617-31">[31]</a> A total of five prototypes would be produced, four of which being modified AJ 37s and one being a sole pre-production JA 37 model, to test the control systems, engine, avionics, and armaments respectively.<a href="#cite_note-warwick_1261-29">[29]</a> In June 1974, the first of these prototypes conducted its maiden flight; later that year, an initial order for 30 JA 37s was issued by the Swedish government.<a href="#cite_note-warwick_1261-29">[29]</a> The JA 37 Viggen featured various changes from its predecessor, including revisions to the design of the airframe, the use of the more powerful RM8B powerplant, a new generation of electronics being adopted, and a revised armament configuration employed; the principal externally visible changes from most earlier variants were a taller tailfin and the underfuselage gunpack arrangement.<a href="#cite_note-fred_279-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-warwick_1260-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The JA 37, in addition to its principal aerial combat mission, also retained a secondary ground-attack capability, and was better suited to low-level operations.<a href="#cite_note-warwick_1261-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-chant_458-38">[38]</a> In November 1977, the first production JA 37 Viggen conducted its maiden flight.<a href="#cite_note-chant_459-39">[39]</a> Operational trials for the new variant were conducted between January and December 1979, which resulted in the type being introduced to operational service that year.<a href="#cite_note-chant_459-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-warwick_1265-40">[40]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Flight_International" title="Flight International">Flight International</a>, at the time of the JA 37's introduction, it was the most advanced European fighter then in service.<a href="#cite_note-warwick_1260-12">[12]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saab_JA37C_Viggen,_Sweden_-_Air_Force_AN1117367.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Saab_JA37C_Viggen%2C_Sweden_-_Air_Force_AN1117367.jpg/220px-Saab_JA37C_Viggen%2C_Sweden_-_Air_Force_AN1117367.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Saab_JA37C_Viggen%2C_Sweden_-_Air_Force_AN1117367.jpg/330px-Saab_JA37C_Viggen%2C_Sweden_-_Air_Force_AN1117367.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Saab_JA37C_Viggen%2C_Sweden_-_Air_Force_AN1117367.jpg/440px-Saab_JA37C_Viggen%2C_Sweden_-_Air_Force_AN1117367.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="678" /></a><figcaption>JA 37 Viggen at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_International_Air_Tattoo" title="Royal International Air Tattoo">Royal International Air Tattoo</a> 1993</figcaption></figure> In April 1964, the Swedish government revealed its budget proposal for the Swedish Air Force, in which it had been envisioned that 800 or more Viggens would be produced, which was in turn intended to allow all other combat aircraft then in service with the Swedish Air Force to be replaced with this single type.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> However, a combination of <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a> and other factors eventually reduced the total number of aircraft manufactured to 329.<a href="#cite_note-bomber_247-2">[2]</a> By 1980, up to 149 JA 37 Viggens were projected to be built, and the line to be closed within the decade as the Swedish aerospace industry changed focus to the impending Saab JAS 39 Gripen, the Viggen's eventual replacement.<a href="#cite_note-warwick_1260-12">[12]</a> Over time, advances in computing, such as the <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessor</a>, had enabled greater flexibility than the physical configuration of the Viggen, so further development of the Viggen platform was not viewed as cost-effective.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> In 1990, production of the Viggen ceased and the final aircraft was delivered.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eliasson_82-44">[44]</a> In May 1991, a <a href="/wiki/Swedish_krona" title="Swedish krona">SEK</a> 300-million program to upgrade 11 AJ37, SF37 and SH37 Viggens to a common multirole variant, designated AJS37, was announced. Amongst the changes involved, interchangeable armaments and sensor payloads were implemented in addition to the adoption of new mission planning and threat analysis computer systems. The onboard ECM systems were also improved.<a href="#cite_note-bomber_247-2">[2]</a> Specifically, the implementation of a new stores management system and <a href="/wiki/MIL-STD-1553" title="MIL-STD-1553">MIL-STD-1553</a> <a href="/wiki/Serial_communication" title="Serial communication">serial</a> <a href="/wiki/Bus_(computing)" title="Bus (computing)">data bus</a>, similar to that used on the newer JAS 39 Gripen, allowed for the integration of the <a href="/wiki/AIM-120_AMRAAM" title="AIM-120 AMRAAM">AIM-120 AMRAAM</a> air-to-air missile; an upgraded Ericsson PS-46A radar was installed, and a new tactical radio. On 4 June 1996, the first upgraded prototype JA37 Viggen performed its first flight.<a href="#cite_note-upgrade_flies-45">[45]</a> In 1996, according to Swedish air force material-department chief General Steffan Nasstrom, the various upgrades performed to the Viggen since its introduction had "doubled the effectiveness of the overall system".<a href="#cite_note-upgrade_flies-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saab_37_Viggen&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Design">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Propulsion">Propulsion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saab_37_Viggen&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Propulsion">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viggen_cockpit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Viggen_cockpit.jpg/220px-Viggen_cockpit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Viggen_cockpit.jpg/330px-Viggen_cockpit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Viggen_cockpit.jpg/440px-Viggen_cockpit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Closeup view of the cockpit and air intake of a JA 37 Viggen</figcaption></figure> The Viggen was powered by a single <a href="/wiki/Volvo_RM8" title="Volvo RM8">Volvo RM8</a> turbofan. This was essentially a heavily modified <a href="/wiki/Licensed_production" title="Licensed production">licence-built</a> variant of the <a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_JT8D" title="Pratt & Whitney JT8D">Pratt & Whitney JT8D</a> engine that powered commercial airliners of the 1960s, with an afterburner added for the Viggen. The airframe also incorporated a thrust reverser to use during landings and land manoeuvres, which, combined with the aircraft having flight capabilities approaching a limited STOL-like performance, enabled operations from 500 m airstrips with minimal support.<a href="#cite_note-bomber_244-22">[22]</a> The thrust reverser could be pre-selected in the air to engage when the nose-wheel strut was compressed after touchdown via a <a href="/wiki/Pneumatics" title="Pneumatics">pneumatic</a> trigger.<a href="#cite_note-warwick_1261-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The requirements from the Swedish Air Force dictated Mach 2 capability at high altitude and Mach 1 at low altitude. At the same time, short-field take-off and landing performance was also required. Since the Viggen was developed initially as an attack aircraft instead of an interceptor (the <a href="/wiki/Saab_35_Draken" title="Saab 35 Draken">Saab 35 Draken</a> fulfilled this role), some emphasis was given to low fuel consumption at high subsonic speeds at low level for good range. With turbofan engines just emerging and indicating better fuel economy for cruise than <a href="/wiki/Turbojet" title="Turbojet">turbojet</a> engines, the former was favoured, since the latter were mainly limited by metallurgy development resulting from limitations in <a href="/wiki/Turbojet#Cycle_improvements" title="Turbojet">turbine temperature</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Mechanical simplicity was also favoured, so the air intakes were simple D-section types with boundary layer <a href="/wiki/Splitter_plate_(aeronautics)" title="Splitter plate (aeronautics)">splitter plates</a>, while the fixed inlet had no <a href="/wiki/Inlet_cone#Alternative_shapes" title="Inlet cone">adjustable geometry</a> for improved pressure recovery. The disadvantage was that the required engine would be very large.<a href="#cite_note-bomber_244-22">[22]</a> In fact, at the time of introduction, it was the second-largest fighter engine, with a length of 6.1 m and 1.35 m diameter; only the <a href="/wiki/Tumansky_R-15" title="Tumansky R-15">Tumansky R-15</a> was bigger.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goteborg_Volvo_Museum_09_RM8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Goteborg_Volvo_Museum_09_RM8.jpg/220px-Goteborg_Volvo_Museum_09_RM8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Goteborg_Volvo_Museum_09_RM8.jpg/330px-Goteborg_Volvo_Museum_09_RM8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Goteborg_Volvo_Museum_09_RM8.jpg/440px-Goteborg_Volvo_Museum_09_RM8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Volvo RM8 on display, 2014</figcaption></figure> Saab had originally wanted the <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Medway" title="Rolls-Royce Medway">Rolls-Royce Medway</a> as the Viggen's powerplant.<a href="#cite_note-bomber_244-22">[22]</a> Owing to the cancellation of the Medway, the JT8D was instead chosen as the basis for modification. The RM8 became the second operational afterburning turbofan in the world, and also the first equipped with a thrust reverser. According to aviation author Christopher Chant, the RM8 has the distinction of being the first engine to be fitted with both an afterburner and a thrust reverser.<a href="#cite_note-chant_458-38">[38]</a> It had a bypass ratio of around 1.07:1 in the RM8A, which reduced to 0.97:1 in the RM8B.<a href="#cite_note-Nativi-47">[47]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The RM8A was the most powerful fighter engine in the late 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-warwick_1260-12">[12]</a> The AJ, SF, SH and SK 37 models of the Viggen had the first version of the RM8A engine with uprated internal components from the JT8D that it was based on. Thrust was 65.6 kN dry and 115.6 kN with afterburner.<a href="#cite_note-Janes88-89_p_702-48">[48]</a> For the JA 37, the RM8A was developed into the RM8B, achieved by adding a third low-pressure compressor stage over the preceding model, increasing the turbine inlet temperature and fuel diffusion within the combustion chamber.<a href="#cite_note-auto-49">[49]</a> Thrust is 72.1 kN dry and 125.0 kN with afterburner.<a href="#cite_note-Janes88-89_p_702-48">[48]</a> Owing to the increased length and weight of the RM8B engine over its predecessor, the airframe of the JA 37 was stretched in order to accommodate it.<a href="#cite_note-auto-49">[49]</a> Onboard electrical power was provided by a 60 <a href="/wiki/Volt-ampere" title="Volt-ampere">kVA</a> generator. In the event of an in-flight engine failure, emergency power was provided by an automatically deploying <a href="/wiki/Ram_air_turbine" title="Ram air turbine">ram air turbine</a> (RAT), capable of generating 6 kVA.<a href="#cite_note-bomber_245-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Avionics">Avionics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saab_37_Viggen&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Avionics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LA2-Datasaab-CK37-full.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/LA2-Datasaab-CK37-full.jpg/170px-LA2-Datasaab-CK37-full.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/LA2-Datasaab-CK37-full.jpg/255px-LA2-Datasaab-CK37-full.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/LA2-Datasaab-CK37-full.jpg/340px-LA2-Datasaab-CK37-full.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption>The CK 37 computer</figcaption></figure> In the early 1960s, it was decided that the Viggen should be a single seat aircraft, Saab having recognized that advanced avionics such as a <a href="/wiki/Computer#Digital_computers" title="Computer">digital central computer</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Head-up_display" title="Head-up display">head-up display</a> could perform the workload of a human navigator and entirely replace the need for a second crew member.<a href="#cite_note-bomber_244-22">[22]</a> The use of a digital computer would reduce or entirely replace <a href="/wiki/Analogue_electronics" title="Analogue electronics">analogue</a> systems, which had proven to be expensive to maintain and alter, as had been the case of the earlier Draken, in addition to accuracy issues.<a href="#cite_note-data_saab-50">[50]</a> The computer, called <a href="/w/index.php?title=CK_37&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CK 37 (page does not exist)">CK 37</a> [<a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centralkalkylator_37" class="extiw" title="sv:Centralkalkylator 37">sv</a>] (short for Centralkalkylator 37, "central calculator 37"), was the world's first airborne computer to use <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuits</a>. Developed by <a href="/wiki/Datasaab" title="Datasaab">Datasaab</a>, the CK 37 was the integrating unit for all electronic equipment to support the pilot, performing functions such as navigation, flight control, and weapon-aiming calculations.<a href="#cite_note-bomber_245-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-data_saab-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> In practice, the CK 37 proved to be more reliable than predicted.<a href="#cite_note-data_saab-50">[50]</a> On later variants of the Viggen, from the JA37 onwards, it was decided to adopt a newer and more powerful <a href="/wiki/Kearfott_Guidance_%26_Navigation" title="Kearfott Guidance & Navigation">Singer-Kearfott</a> SKC-2037 digital central processor, license-manufactured and further developed by Saab as the CD 107.<a href="#cite_note-data_saab-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Goebel-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-globalaircraft-53">[53]</a> The computing techniques and concepts, such as <a href="/wiki/Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">distributed computing</a>, went beyond use of the Viggen, in addition to civil-orientated derivatives, it directly contributed to the computers used on board the Viggen's replacement, the Saab JAS 39 Gripen.<a href="#cite_note-data_saab-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eliasson_38-54">[54]</a> Various <a href="/wiki/Electronic_countermeasure" title="Electronic countermeasure">electronic countermeasures</a> (ECM) were installed upon the Viggen, these were typically provided by Satt Elektronik.<a href="#cite_note-bomber_245-28">[28]</a> The ECM systems consisted of a Satt Elektronik <a href="/wiki/Radar_warning_receiver" title="Radar warning receiver">radar warning receiver</a> system in the wings and the tail,<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> an optional Ericsson Erijammer pod and <a href="/wiki/BOZ_counter-measures_pod" title="BOZ counter-measures pod">BOZ-100</a> <a href="/wiki/Chaff_(countermeasure)" title="Chaff (countermeasure)">chaff</a>/<a href="/wiki/Flare_(countermeasure)" title="Flare (countermeasure)">flare</a> pod. <a href="/wiki/Missile_approach_warning_system#Infrared-based_MAW" title="Missile approach warning system">Infrared warning receivers</a> were also later installed. In total, the electronics weighed 600 kg, a substantial amount for a single-engine fighter of the era.<a href="#cite_note-bomber_245-28">[28]</a> The aircraft's principal sensor was an <a href="/wiki/Ericsson" title="Ericsson">Ericsson</a> PS 37 X-band <a href="/wiki/Monopulse_radar" title="Monopulse radar">monopulse radar</a>, which used a mechanically steered <a href="/wiki/Parabolic_reflector" title="Parabolic reflector">parabolic reflector</a> housed in a <a href="/wiki/Radome" title="Radome">radome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bomber_245-28">[28]</a> This radar performed several functions, including air-to-ground and air-to-air <a href="/wiki/Telemetry" title="Telemetry">telemetry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radar_configurations_and_types#Search" class="mw-redirect" title="Radar configurations and types">search</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radar_configurations_and_types#Targeting_radars" class="mw-redirect" title="Radar configurations and types">track</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terrain-following_radar" title="Terrain-following radar">terrain-avoidance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">cartography</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ford_617-31">[31]</a> On the JA 37 fighter-interceptor model, the PS 37 radar was replaced by the more capable Ericsson PS 46 X-band <a href="/wiki/Pulse-doppler_radar" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulse-doppler radar">pulse-doppler radar</a>, which had an all-weather <a href="/wiki/Look-down/shoot-down" title="Look-down/shoot-down">look-down/shoot-down</a> capability reportedly in excess of 50 kilometers and <a href="/wiki/Semi-active_radar_homing#Continuous-wave" title="Semi-active radar homing">continuous-wave</a> illumination for the <a href="/wiki/Skyflash" title="Skyflash">Skyflash</a> missiles as well as the <a href="/wiki/Track_while_scan" title="Track while scan">ability to track two targets while scanning</a>.<a href="#cite_note-warwick_1261-29">[29]</a> According to Ericsson, it had a 50 per cent chance of spotting a low-flying <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-4_Phantom_II" title="McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II">McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II</a> within a single scan and possessed a high level of resistance to interference from ECM.<a href="#cite_note-warwick_1261-29">[29]</a> Saab and <a href="/wiki/Honeywell" title="Honeywell">Honeywell</a> co-developed an automatic digital <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_flight_control_system" title="Aircraft flight control system">flight control system</a> for the JA 37 Viggen, which has been claimed to be the first such system in a production aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-warwick_1261-29">[29]</a> To assist low altitude flight, a Honeywell <a href="/wiki/Radar_altimeter" title="Radar altimeter">radar altimeter</a> with transmitter and receiver in the canard wings was used.<a href="#cite_note-bomber_245-28">[28]</a> The aircraft was also fitted with a Decca Type 72 <a href="/wiki/Doppler_radar#navigation" title="Doppler radar">Doppler navigation radar</a>. TILS (Tactical <a href="/wiki/Instrument_landing_system" title="Instrument landing system">Instrument Landing System</a>), a landing-aid system made by Cutler-Hammer AIL, improved landing accuracy to 30 m from the threshold on the short highway airbase system.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> In order to effectively enforce Sweden's air space, the Viggen was integrated with <a href="/wiki/STRIL" title="STRIL">STRIL 60</a> national defence system.<a href="#cite_note-bomber_243-10">[10]</a> The JA 37 Viggen was also equipped with a <a href="/wiki/Garrett_AiResearch" title="Garrett AiResearch">Garrett AiResearch</a> digital <a href="/wiki/Central_Air_Data_Computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Air Data Computer">Central Air Data Computer</a>, modified from the unit used upon the <a href="/wiki/Grumman_F-14_Tomcat" title="Grumman F-14 Tomcat">Grumman F-14 Tomcat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-warwick_1261-29">[29]</a> Initially, only a single reconnaissance (S) variant was considered, but fitting cameras as well as a radar proved to be impossible. The SH 37 maritime strike and reconnaissance variant was very similar to the AJ 37 and differed mainly in a maritime-optimized PS 371/A radar with longer range, a cockpit air-data camera and tape recorder for mission analysis. "Red Baron" and a SKa 24D 600 mm LOROP camera pods were usually carried on the fuselage pylons.<a href="#cite_note-chant_458-38">[38]</a> The centreline fuel tank was converted for a short period of time to a camera pod with two Recon/Optical CA-200 1676 mm cameras. In addition to the reconnaissance equipment, the SH 37 could also use all weapons for the AJ 37.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] For the photographic SF version, the radar in the nose was omitted in favour of four SKa 24C 120 mm and two SKa 31 570 mm photographic cameras as well as one 57 mm VKa 702 <a href="/wiki/Thermographic_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermographic camera">Infrared linescan camera</a> and air-data camera; all of which were integrated with and controlled by the aircraft's central computer.<a href="#cite_note-chant_458-38">[38]</a> Additional equipment, such as more camera pods, fuel tanks, ECM pods, and self-defense air-to-air missiles could also be carried upon the fuselage pylons.<a href="#cite_note-chant_458-38">[38]</a> The fighter-interceptor version of the Viggen, the JA 37, featured various avionics changes, including the extensive use of digital electronics alongside mechanical technology.<a href="#cite_note-Eliasson_115-57">[57]</a> In 1985, the "fighter link" entered service, permitting encrypted data communication between up to four fighters; this enabled one fighter to "paint" an airborne enemy with guidance radar for the <a href="/wiki/Skyflash" title="Skyflash">Skyflash</a> missiles of the three other fighters in a group while they had their own search and guidance radars switched off. This system was operational ten years before any other country's.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> The autopilot was also slaved to the radar control to obtain better precision firing the cannon.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Once in service, the Viggen's <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> was regularly updated every 18 months.<a href="#cite_note-Eliasson_125-60">[60]</a> In 1983, the <a href="/wiki/Mean_time_between_failures" title="Mean time between failures">mean time between failures</a> (MTBF) was reported as 100 hours, a very high reliability level for the generation of avionics systems involved.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cockpit">Cockpit</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saab_37_Viggen&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cockpit">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viggen_2008-03-01-35.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Viggen_2008-03-01-35.jpg/220px-Viggen_2008-03-01-35.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Viggen_2008-03-01-35.jpg/330px-Viggen_2008-03-01-35.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Viggen_2008-03-01-35.jpg/440px-Viggen_2008-03-01-35.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Cockpit of an AJSF 37 Viggen</figcaption></figure> The displays in the original cockpit were all of the traditional analogue/mechanical type with the exception of an electronic <a href="/wiki/Head-up_display" title="Head-up display">head-up display</a> (HUD), which Saab has claimed makes the Viggen easier to fly, especially at low altitudes during air-to-ground strike missions.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Unusually for a 1970s fighter, the JA 37 variant of the Viggen featured three multi-purpose <a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">cathode-ray tube</a> (CRT) display screens fitted within the cockpit, in a system called AP-12, developed by Saab and Ericsson.<a href="#cite_note-Nativi-47">[47]</a> These displays would be used to display processed radar information, computer-generated maps, flight and weapons data, along with steering cues during precision landings.<a href="#cite_note-warwick_1265-40">[40]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viggen_skolversion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Viggen_skolversion.jpg/220px-Viggen_skolversion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Viggen_skolversion.jpg/330px-Viggen_skolversion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Viggen_skolversion.jpg/440px-Viggen_skolversion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>A two-seat SK 37 Viggen on display</figcaption></figure> Between 1989 and 1992, the AP-12 display system was subject to a substantial upgrade. In 1999, a new tactical <a href="/wiki/Liquid-crystal_display" title="Liquid-crystal display">liquid-crystal display</a> (LCD) system derived from the Saab JAS 39 Gripen, which replaced the CRT-based AP-12 system, began flight tests with the Swedish Air Force.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> On the twin-seat SK 37 trainer, the rear cockpit used by the instructor is only fitted with conventional instrumentation and lacks a HUD, computer controls and other features.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> The ejection seat was the Raketstol 37 (literally; Rocket chair 37) and was the last Saab designed seat in service. A derivative of the <a href="/wiki/Saab_105" title="Saab 105">Saab 105</a> trainer seat, the seat was optimized for low altitude, high speed ejections.<a href="#cite_note-bomber_245-28">[28]</a> Once activated by the pilot via triggers built into the armrests (on twin-seat models, the occupant of the forward cockpit position is able to initiate the ejection of both seats), the ejection sequence is automated, including the removal of the canopy; in the event of a malfunction, a reserve trigger can be activated.<a href="#cite_note-field_708-65">[65]</a> A combined parachute and seat harness is used, which features a barometric interlock to appropriately release the occupant and harness from the seat during the ejection sequence, a manual override handle is also provided for this function.<a href="#cite_note-field_708-65">[65]</a> There were dedicated warning caption panels on each side of the pilot's legs. On the right console panel were numerous dedicated controls and indicators, including weapons and missile controls, nav panel, oxygen on/off, windshield de-fogging, <a href="/wiki/Identification_friend_or_foe" title="Identification friend or foe">IFF</a> control, lighting controls. Situated on the left console panel were radar controls, canopy handle, landing gear handle, radio controls and the cabin pressure indicator.<a href="#cite_note-field_709-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> As per then-standard practice within the Swedish Air Force, all cockpit instrumentation and labeling were in Swedish.<a href="#cite_note-field_708-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wings_and_airframe">Wings and airframe</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saab_37_Viggen&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Wings and airframe">edit</a>]</div> With the performance requirements to a large extent dictating the choice of the engine, the airframe turned out to be quite bulky compared to contemporary slimmer designs with turbojet engines. The first prototypes had a straight midsection <a href="/wiki/Fuselage" title="Fuselage">fuselage</a> that was later improved with a "hump" on the dorsal spine for reduced drag according to the <a href="/wiki/Area_rule" title="Area rule">area rule</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Vectorsite-70">[70]</a> The wing had the shape of a double delta with a dogtooth added to improve longitudinal stability at high incidence angles.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JA_37D_tail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/JA_37D_tail.jpg/220px-JA_37D_tail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/JA_37D_tail.jpg/330px-JA_37D_tail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/JA_37D_tail.jpg/440px-JA_37D_tail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="664" /></a><figcaption>Vertical stabilizer</figcaption></figure> A consequence of a tailless delta design, such as in the Viggen, is that the elevons, which replace more conventional control surfaces, operate with a small effective <a href="/wiki/Torque" title="Torque">moment arm</a>; their use adds substantial weight to the aircraft at takeoff and landing. Hinged leading edge surfaces can help counteract this, but an even more effective tool is the canard. The canard surfaces were positioned behind the inlets and placed slightly higher than the main wing, with a higher stall angle than the wing, and were equipped with flaps. The lifting canard surfaces act as a vortex generator for the main wing and therefore provide more lift. An added benefit was that they also improved roll stability in the transonic region.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> The canard flaps were deployed in conjunction with the landing gear to provide even more lift for takeoff and landing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunstonSpick198322–23,_244-73">[73]</a> To withstand the stresses of no-flare landings, Saab made extensive use of <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> in the airframe of the Viggen, which was constructed using a bonded metal <a href="/wiki/Honeycomb_structure" title="Honeycomb structure">honeycomb structure</a>; the entire rear section of the fuselage, downstream of the engine nozzle, formed a heat-resistant ring composed of <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunstonSpick1983245-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> The main landing gear, manufactured by Motala Verkstad, was highly strengthened as well; each leg held two small wheels fitted with <a href="/wiki/Anti-lock_braking_system" title="Anti-lock braking system">anti-skid brakes</a> placed in a tandem arrangement. The design requirements imposed by the large anti-ship missiles employed upon the Viggen necessitated that both the undercarriage and <a href="/wiki/Vertical_stabilizer" title="Vertical stabilizer">vertical stabilizer</a> be quite tall.<a href="#cite_note-warwick_1261-29">[29]</a> To accommodate this, and to allow the main landing gear to be stowed outside of the wing root, the undercarriage legs shortened during retraction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunstonSpick1983245-74">[74]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Vertical_stabilizer" title="Vertical stabilizer">vertical stabilizer</a> could also be folded via an <a href="/wiki/Actuator" title="Actuator">actuator</a> in order that the aircraft could be stored in smaller hangars, <a href="/wiki/Hardened_aircraft_shelter" title="Hardened aircraft shelter">hardened aircraft shelters</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Underground_hangar" title="Underground hangar">underground hangars</a>, the latter of which were employed by the Swedish military to limit the damage of preemptive attacks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunstonSpick1983245-74">[74]</a> The six tanks in the fuselage and wings held approximately 5,000 litres of fuel with an additional 1,500 litres in an external drop tank. The specific fuel consumption was only 0.63 for cruise speeds<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunstonSpick1983245-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nativi-47">[47]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] (fuel consumption was rated 18 mg/Ns dry and 71 with afterburner).<a href="#cite_note-Nativi-47">[47]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] The Viggen's consumption was around 15 kg/s at maximum afterburner.<a href="#cite_note-Nativi-47">[47]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] A pair of inlets placed alongside the cockpit feed air to the engine; simple fixed-geometry inlets were adopted, similar to the Draken, except for being larger and standing clear of the fuselage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunstonSpick1983244–45-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armament">Armament</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saab_37_Viggen&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Armament">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saab_viggen_underside.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Saab_viggen_underside.jpg/220px-Saab_viggen_underside.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Saab_viggen_underside.jpg/330px-Saab_viggen_underside.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Saab_viggen_underside.jpg/440px-Saab_viggen_underside.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1060" data-file-height="796" /></a><figcaption>Underside of a Viggen, 1985. The empty weapons pylons are visible.</figcaption></figure> A weapons load of up to 7,000 kg could be accommodated on nine hardpoints: one centreline pylon, two fuselage pylons, two inner and two outer wing pylons and two pylons behind the wing landing gear. The centreline pylon was the only pylon plumbed for carrying an external fuel tank, and was usually so occupied. A pair of air-to-air missiles were intended to be placed on the outboard wing pylons, which were more lightweight than the other attachment points.<a href="#cite_note-ford_618-77">[77]</a> The pylons behind the landing gear were not used until the JA 37D modification when BOL countermeasure dispensers were fitted to them.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Ground crew would enter the munitions fitted into the aircraft's central computer using a load-selector panel, which would automatically choose the correct values for fire control, fuel consumption, and other calculations.<a href="#cite_note-ford_618-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="AJ_37">AJ 37</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saab_37_Viggen&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: AJ 37">edit</a>]</div> The AJ 37 was typically equipped with a total of seven <a href="/wiki/Hardpoint" title="Hardpoint">hardpoints</a>, three underneath the fuselage and two under each wing, a further two wing-mounted hardpoints could be optionally fitted but this facility was rarely used. Various munitions could be carried, such as several types of rockets: the 135 mm M56GP 4 kg armour-piercing, the M56B with 6.9 kg of <a href="/wiki/Explosive#High_explosives" title="Explosive">high explosives</a>, and the M70 with a 4.7 kg <a href="/wiki/High-explosive_anti-tank" title="High-explosive anti-tank">HEAT</a> warhead.<a href="#cite_note-Nativi-47">[47]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunstonGilchrist1993245–47-79">[79]</a> The AJ 37 was designed to carry two <a href="/wiki/RB_04" title="RB 04">RB 04</a>E <a href="/wiki/Anti-ship_missile" title="Anti-ship missile">anti-ship missiles</a> on the inboard wing pylons with an optional third missile on the centreline pylon.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> The RB-04 was a relatively simple <a href="/wiki/Cruise_missile" title="Cruise missile">cruise missile</a> that was further developed to become the more capable <a href="/wiki/RBS-15" class="mw-redirect" title="RBS-15">RBS-15</a>, also integrated on the Viggen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunstonGilchrist1993247-81">[81]</a> An optional load consisted of two <a href="/wiki/Rb_05" class="mw-redirect" title="Rb 05">Rb 05</a> <a href="/wiki/Air-to-surface_missile" title="Air-to-surface missile">air-to-surface missiles</a> on the fuselage pylons. The RB 05 was later replaced by <a href="/wiki/AGM-65_Maverick" title="AGM-65 Maverick">AGM-65 Maverick</a> (Swedish designation "RB 75") <a href="/wiki/Missile_guidance#Passive_homing" title="Missile guidance">television-guided</a> missiles. In a ground-attack role, a combination of unguided 135 mm rockets in sextuple pods and 120 kg fragmentation bombs on quadruple-mounts could be used. Other armaments include <a href="/wiki/Explosive_mine" title="Explosive mine">explosive mines</a>, and 30 mm <a href="/wiki/ADEN_cannon" title="ADEN cannon">ADEN cannon</a> pods<a href="#cite_note-Andersson150-82">[82]</a> with 150 rounds of ammunition on the inboard wing pylons.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunstonGilchrist1993247-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jacksonp59-83">[83]</a> Self-defence measures included various ECM systems, as well as either the <a href="/wiki/AIM-4_Falcon" title="AIM-4 Falcon">AIM-4 Falcon</a> (Swedish designation "RB 28") or <a href="/wiki/AIM-9_Sidewinder" title="AIM-9 Sidewinder">AIM-9 Sidewinder</a> (Swedish designation "RB 24") air-to-air missiles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunstonGilchrist1993247-81">[81]</a> At one point, the AJ 37 Viggen was under consideration as a carrier of both <a href="/wiki/Swedish_nuclear_weapons_program" title="Swedish nuclear weapons program">a Swedish nuclear weapon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chemical_weapon" title="Chemical weapon">chemical weapons</a>, although no nuclear or chemical weapons were ultimately adopted by Sweden.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="JA_37">JA 37</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saab_37_Viggen&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: JA 37">edit</a>]</div> The JA 37 fighter interceptor, introduced in 1979, featured the Ericsson PS 46/A radar which was capable of guiding the medium-range <a href="/wiki/Semi-active_radar_homing" title="Semi-active radar homing">semi-active radar homing</a> RB 71 <a href="/wiki/Skyflash" title="Skyflash">Skyflash</a> air-to-air missiles. Both the RB 71 and the PS 46/A radar were designed to provide the Viggen with a <a href="/wiki/Look-down/shoot-down" title="Look-down/shoot-down">look-down/shoot-down</a> capability and to engage targets at <a href="/wiki/Beyond-visual-range_missile" title="Beyond-visual-range missile">beyond visual range</a> distances.<a href="#cite_note-auto-49">[49]</a> The JA 37 could carry up to two RB 71s on the inner wing pylons; in a typical air defense loadout, these would typically have been combined with four <a href="/wiki/AIM-9_Sidewinder" title="AIM-9 Sidewinder">RB 24J</a> air-to-air missiles, a more capable and newer version of the Sidewinder missile than employed on earlier Viggen variants.<a href="#cite_note-auto-49">[49]</a> Following the evaluation of several alternative cannons, including the British <a href="/wiki/ADEN_cannon" title="ADEN cannon">ADEN cannon</a>, the American <a href="/wiki/M61_Vulcan" title="M61 Vulcan">M61 Vulcan</a>, and French <a href="/wiki/DEFA_cannon" title="DEFA cannon">DEFA cannon</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Rheinmetall_Air_Defence" title="Rheinmetall Air Defence">Oerlikon</a> <a href="/wiki/Oerlikon_KCA" title="Oerlikon KCA">KCA</a> 30mm cannon was selected for the JA 37. The KCA was carried, along with 126 rounds of ammunition, in a conformal pod under the fuselage.<a href="#cite_note-auto-49">[49]</a> The firing rate of the cannon was selectable at 22 or 11 rounds per second. It fired the same cartridge as the <a href="/wiki/GAU-8" class="mw-redirect" title="GAU-8">GAU-8</a>, reportedly 50% heavier shells at a higher velocity than the ADEN cannon, resulting in six and a half times the kinetic energy on impact, and was effective up to 2,000 meters.<a href="#cite_note-Jackson_p76-77-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> This, in conjunction with the fire control system, allowed air-to-air engagements at longer range than other fighters.<a href="#cite_note-warwick_1265-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-williams_p57-87">[87]</a> Perhaps the most important improvement was the expanded <a href="/wiki/STRIL" title="STRIL">STRIL</a> datalink which entered service in 1982–85. It allowed not only ground control-aircraft communication, but also between up to four aircraft simultaneously regardless if airborne or on the ground. Datalink information was displayed on the Horizontal Situation Display and a tactical display, the latter using link symbology that could be overlaid with an electronic map on a multifunction display.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operational_history">Operational history</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saab_37_Viggen&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Operational history">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saab_37_Viggen_flygvapenmus%C3%A8um.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Saab_37_Viggen_flygvapenmus%C3%A8um.JPG/220px-Saab_37_Viggen_flygvapenmus%C3%A8um.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Saab_37_Viggen_flygvapenmus%C3%A8um.JPG/330px-Saab_37_Viggen_flygvapenmus%C3%A8um.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Saab_37_Viggen_flygvapenmus%C3%A8um.JPG/440px-Saab_37_Viggen_flygvapenmus%C3%A8um.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>The first production JA 37 Viggen at the Swedish Air Force Museum</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SAAB_J-37_Viggen_special_red_version.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/SAAB_J-37_Viggen_special_red_version.jpg/220px-SAAB_J-37_Viggen_special_red_version.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/SAAB_J-37_Viggen_special_red_version.jpg/330px-SAAB_J-37_Viggen_special_red_version.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/SAAB_J-37_Viggen_special_red_version.jpg/440px-SAAB_J-37_Viggen_special_red_version.jpg 2x" data-file-width="766" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption>This AJS 37 was painted red in 1999 for the last years of Viggen sorties at F 10 Ängelholm.</figcaption></figure> In July 1971, the first production AJ 37 Viggen was delivered to the Swedish Air Force.<a href="#cite_note-saab_70s-30">[30]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Skaraborg_Wing" title="Skaraborg Wing">Skaraborg Wing</a> (F 7) became the first <a href="/wiki/Wing_(military_aviation_unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wing (military aviation unit)">wing</a> to receive deliveries of both the single-seat AJ 37 attack model and the twin-seat SK 37 training model of the Viggen, where upon the type began to replace their existing Lansen aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunstonGilchrist1993246-90">[90]</a> Conversion training to pilot the Viggen involved a minimum of 450 flight hours performed on an initial mixture of the <a href="/wiki/Saab_105" title="Saab 105">Saab 105</a>, the Lansen, and finally the Viggen itself; dedicated Viggen simulators were also used, the latter of which was seen as a decisive factor in the ease of conversion to the type.<a href="#cite_note-field_707-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> In October 1973, Skaraborg Wing was reportedly close to achieving full operational effectiveness;<a href="#cite_note-ford_616-35">[35]</a> by May 1974, the Swedish Air Force had two operational squadrons using the Viggen along with a third squadron in the final process of achieving that status.<a href="#cite_note-field_707-11">[11]</a> By 1974, the safety and reliability levels of the Viggen were reportedly above expectations, despite the overall complexity and relative newness of the aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-field_712-92">[92]</a> In practice, one of the most significant issues encountered with the Viggen during low-level flight, as extensively performed during a typical attack mission profile, was the threat posed by birds; thus, the Swedish Air Force paid close attention to their migratory patterns.<a href="#cite_note-field_710-93">[93]</a> During the later half of the 1970s and into the 1980s, the introduction of various variants of the Viggen proceeded; these included the SK 37, a two-seat operational-conversion trainer, introduced in 1972, the SF 37, an overland reconnaissance model, introduced in 1977, and the SH 37, a maritime reconnaissance version, introduced in 1975.<a href="#cite_note-fred_279-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-chant_458-38">[38]</a> By September 1980, the JA 37 fighter-interceptor model of the Viggen was introduced, <a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A5valla_Wing" title="Bråvalla Wing">Bråvalla Wing</a> (F 13) being the first wing of the Swedish Air Force to convert to the new type.<a href="#cite_note-warwick_1260-12">[12]</a> The Viggen went on to become Sweden's primary air defense platform for many years.<a href="#cite_note-boyne_548-94">[94]</a> The Viggen was designed to be simple to maintain, even by conscripted flight line mechanics with limited technical training.<a href="#cite_note-:0-95">[95]</a> A single Viggen could be maintained by a team of five conscripts under the supervision of a single chief mechanic.<a href="#cite_note-warwick_1265-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-boyne_610-96">[96]</a> Standard turnaround, including refueling and rearming, took less than ten minutes to perform; while an engine replacement took four hours. Over the long term, the Viggen required 22-man hours per flight hour of maintenance work at the depot level, and nine-man hours per flight hour at the front line.<a href="#cite_note-warwick_1265-40">[40]</a> By the mid-1980s, Swedish Viggen fighter pilots, using the predictable patterns of <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_SR-71_Blackbird" title="Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird">Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird</a> routine flights over the Baltic Sea, had managed to achieve <a href="/wiki/Radar_lock-on" title="Radar lock-on">radar lock-on</a> with radar on the SR-71 on numerous occasions. Despite heavy jamming from the SR-71, target illumination was maintained by feeding target location from ground-based radars to the fire-control computer in the Viggen. The most common site for the lock-on to occur was the thin stretch of international airspace between Öland and Gotland that the SR-71 used on the return flight.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> The Viggen is the only aircraft to get an acknowledged radar lock on the SR-71.<a href="#cite_note-I&F6/05-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retirement">Retirement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saab_37_Viggen&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Retirement">edit</a>]</div> By 1994, the replacement of the Viggen by the later and more advanced Saab JAS 39 Gripen was in progress, the type being progressively phased out as greater numbers of Gripen aircraft were delivered.<a href="#cite_note-fred_279-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> On 25 November 2005, the last front line Viggen was formally retired by the Swedish Air Force.<a href="#cite_note-:0-95">[95]</a> A few aircraft were kept in an operational condition for electronic warfare training against the Gripen at <a href="/wiki/%C3%96stg%C3%B6ta_Wing" title="Östgöta Wing">F 17M</a> in <a href="/wiki/Link%C3%B6ping" title="Linköping">Linköping</a>; the last of these Viggen flights took place in June 2007.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overseas_sales_efforts">Overseas sales efforts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saab_37_Viggen&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Overseas sales efforts">edit</a>]</div> Although Saab offered the Viggen for sale worldwide, and was the subject of a heavy marketing campaign in both European and <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing countries</a> during the 1970s, ultimately no export sales were made.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> During the 1970s, Saab proposed a new variant of the Viggen, designated the Saab 37E Eurofighter (unrelated to the later <a href="/wiki/Eurofighter_Typhoon" title="Eurofighter Typhoon">Eurofighter Typhoon</a>), for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/Lightweight_Fighter_program" title="Lightweight Fighter program">Air Combat Fighter competition</a> to find a replacement for the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_F-104_Starfighter" title="Lockheed F-104 Starfighter">Lockheed F-104 Starfighter</a>. The 37E Eurofighter competed against <a href="/wiki/Dassault_Aviation" title="Dassault Aviation">Dassault-Breguet's</a> proposed <a href="/wiki/Dassault_Mirage_F1" title="Dassault Mirage F1">Mirage F1M-53</a>, the <a href="/wiki/SEPECAT_Jaguar" title="SEPECAT Jaguar">SEPECAT Jaguar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northrop_Corporation" title="Northrop Corporation">Northrop</a>'s P-530 Cobra (on which the <a href="/wiki/Northrop_YF-17" title="Northrop YF-17">YF-17</a> was based), and <a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics" title="General Dynamics">General Dynamics</a>'s <a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-16_Fighting_Falcon" title="General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon">YF-16</a>;<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> on 13 January 1975, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Air_Force" title="United States Secretary of the Air Force">United States Secretary of the Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/John_L._McLucas" title="John L. McLucas">John L. McLucas</a> announced the YF-16 had been selected as the winner of the ACF competition.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> In 1978, the United States blocked a major prospective sale to India, which would have involved selling a number of Swedish-built Viggens in addition to a <a href="/wiki/Licensed_production" title="Licensed production">licensed production</a> agreement under which the Viggen would also have been built in India, by not issuing an export license for the RM8/JT8D engine and other American technologies used.<a href="#cite_note-calbe_rajiv-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> India later opted to procure the <a href="/wiki/SEPECAT_Jaguar" title="SEPECAT Jaguar">SEPECAT Jaguar</a> in its place.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak" title="United States diplomatic cables leak">leaked United States diplomatic cables</a>, India's interest in the Viggen was reported to be entirely due to <a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Gandhi" title="Rajiv Gandhi">Rajiv Gandhi</a>'s influence, and had alleged have been without any input from the Indian Air Force.<a href="#cite_note-calbe_rajiv-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> According to author Chris Smith, the Viggen had been the favoured candidate for the Indian Air Force prior to the deal being blocked by the US.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variants">Variants</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saab_37_Viggen&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Variants">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Saab_37_Viggen" title="Special:EditPage/Saab 37 Viggen">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Saab+37+Viggen%22">"Saab 37 Viggen"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Saab+37+Viggen%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Saab+37+Viggen%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Saab+37+Viggen%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Saab+37+Viggen%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Saab+37+Viggen%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (May 2016) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>AJ 37</dt> <dd>Primarily a single-seat ground-attack fighter aircraft (AJ: Attack-Jakt), with a secondary fighter role.<a href="#cite_note-Jackson_p57-112">[112]</a> RM8A powerplant. PS 37A radar.<a href="#cite_note-Jackson_p63-6-113">[113]</a> First delivery in mid-1971,<a href="#cite_note-Andersson148-114">[114]</a> 108 built, with serial numbers 37001-37108.<a href="#cite_note-Jackson_p82-115">[115]</a> 48 airframes upgraded to AJS 37.<a href="#cite_note-wapj22_p31-116">[116]</a> Partially decommissioned in 1998.</dd> <dt>SK 37</dt> <dd>Two-seat trainer aircraft (Sk: Skol) with no radar and reduced fuel.<a href="#cite_note-Jackson_p70-1-117">[117]</a> First flight on 2 July 1970.<a href="#cite_note-Andersson155-118">[118]</a> 17 built, with delivery from June 1972, serial numbers 37801-37817.<a href="#cite_note-Jackson_p82-115">[115]</a> Decommissioned in 2003, 10 airframes converted to SK 37E.</dd> <dt>SF 37</dt> <dd>Single-seat photographic reconnaissance aircraft (SF: Spaning Foto), with radar replaced by battery of cameras in nose, with provision for additional reconnaissance pods.<a href="#cite_note-Jackson_p59,70-119">[119]</a> It made its first flight on 21 May 1973.<a href="#cite_note-Andersson152-120">[120]</a> 28 built, with deliveries from April 1977, serial numbers 37950-37977.<a href="#cite_note-Jackson_p82-115">[115]</a> 25 airframes upgraded to AJSF 37.<a href="#cite_note-wapj22_p31-116">[116]</a> Partially decommissioned in 1998.</dd> <dt>SH 37</dt> <dd>(SH- Spaning Hav, reconnaissance sea) Single-seat maritime reconnaissance and strike aircraft,<a href="#cite_note-Andersson152-120">[120]</a> equipped with PS-371A radar.<a href="#cite_note-Jackson_p70-121">[121]</a> 27 built, with delivery from June 1975, serial numbers 37901-37927.<a href="#cite_note-Jackson_p82-115">[115]</a> 25 airframes upgraded to AJSH 37.<a href="#cite_note-wapj22_p31-116">[116]</a> Partially decommissioned in 1998.</dd> <dt>Saab 37E Eurofighter</dt> <dd>Proposed NATO replacement of F-104 Starfighter in 1975, none built.<a href="#cite_note-Jackson_p78-122">[122]</a></dd> <dt>Saab 37X</dt> <dd>Proposed export version offered to Norway in 1967–68, none built.<a href="#cite_note-Jackson_p78,0-123">[123]</a></dd> <dt>JA 37</dt> <dd>Primarily a single-seat all-weather interceptor fighter, with a secondary attack role. Its first flight was on 27 September 1974<a href="#cite_note-Andersson162-124">[124]</a> with the first deliveries starting in 1979,<a href="#cite_note-Andersson162-124">[124]</a> serial numbers 37301-37449. A 10 cm (4 in) stretch in the shape of a wedge wider at the bottom than on the top of AJ 37 fuselage between canard and main wing. PS 46A LD/SD radar. Partially decommissioned in 1998, some upgraded to JA 37D.</dd> <dt>AJS/AJSF/AJSH 37</dt> <dd>Upgrade of some AJ/SF/SH 37 between 1993 and 1998. Avionics and software upgrade. 48 AJ 37 airframes modified. 25 SH 37 airframes modified. 25 SF 37 airframes modified. Decommissioned in 2005.</dd> <dt>JA 37C</dt> <dd>Upgrade of older JA 37, avionics and software upgrade as well as the integration of countermeasures.</dd> <dt>JA 37D</dt> <dd>Upgrade of older JA 37 between 1993 and 1998, avionics and software upgrade. Rb99 air-to-air missile (AIM-120 in Swedish service) integrated. 35 airframes modified.</dd> <dt>JA 37DI</dt> <dd>JA 37D with avionics and software modified for international duties. Instruments labeled in English and feet/knots instead of meter/kmh. 20 airframes modified.</dd> <dt>SK 37E</dt> <dd>Electronic warfare trainer, conversion of 10 obsolete SK 37 trainers from 1998 to 2000, serial numbers 37807-37811 & 37813-37817, decommissioned in 2007.</dd> <dt>37AU</dt> <dd>Proposed Australian export variant with AIM-54 Phoenix missiles.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Cancelled in favour of F/A-18 Hornet.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operators">Operators</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saab_37_Viggen&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Operators">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saab_37_Viggen_klarg%C3%B6ring_1982_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Saab_37_Viggen_klarg%C3%B6ring_1982_001.jpg/220px-Saab_37_Viggen_klarg%C3%B6ring_1982_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Saab_37_Viggen_klarg%C3%B6ring_1982_001.jpg/330px-Saab_37_Viggen_klarg%C3%B6ring_1982_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Saab_37_Viggen_klarg%C3%B6ring_1982_001.jpg/440px-Saab_37_Viggen_klarg%C3%B6ring_1982_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="796" /></a><figcaption>Saab 37 Viggen being serviced on the ground, April 1982</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SE-DXN_SAAB_Viggen_%22Gustav_52%22_(21366952562).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/SE-DXN_SAAB_Viggen_%22Gustav_52%22_%2821366952562%29.jpg/220px-SE-DXN_SAAB_Viggen_%22Gustav_52%22_%2821366952562%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/SE-DXN_SAAB_Viggen_%22Gustav_52%22_%2821366952562%29.jpg/330px-SE-DXN_SAAB_Viggen_%22Gustav_52%22_%2821366952562%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/SE-DXN_SAAB_Viggen_%22Gustav_52%22_%2821366952562%29.jpg/440px-SE-DXN_SAAB_Viggen_%22Gustav_52%22_%2821366952562%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption>Viggen landing at <a href="/wiki/Prestwick" title="Prestwick">Prestwick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, 2015</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width: 20%; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pAPteuBsRGg">Swedish documentary on the Viggen</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c6Utwdv_pAo">Viggen display flight at an air show</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pRSVHxT-ziM">Multiple Viggens performing a mock dogfight</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Air_Force" title="Swedish Air Force">Swedish Air Force</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operational_units">Operational units</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saab_37_Viggen&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Operational units">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4mtland_Wing" title="Jämtland Wing">F 4 Frösön</a> <ul><li>2 squadrons JA 37 1983–2003</li> <li>1 squadron SK 37 1999–2003</li> <li>1 squadron SK 37E 1999–2003</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4stg%C3%B6ta_Wing" title="Västgöta Wing">F 6 Karlsborg</a> <ul><li>2 squadrons AJ 37 1978–1993</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skaraborg_Wing" title="Skaraborg Wing">F 7 Såtenäs</a> <ul><li>3 squadrons AJ 37 1972–1998</li> <li>1 squadron SK 37 1972–1974</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scania_Wing" title="Scania Wing">F 10 Ängelholm</a> <ul><li>1 squadron AJ/SF/SH 37 (combined) 1993–2001</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A5valla_Wing" title="Bråvalla Wing">F 13 Norrköping</a> <ul><li>1 squadron SF/SH 37 (combined) 1977–1993</li> <li>1 squadron JA 37 1980–1993</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4lsinge_Wing" title="Hälsinge Wing">F 15 Söderhamn</a> <ul><li>2 squadrons AJ 37 1974–1998</li> <li>1 squadron SK 37 1974–1998</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppland_Wing" title="Uppland Wing">F 16 Uppsala</a> <ul><li>2 squadrons JA 37 1986–2003</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blekinge_Wing" title="Blekinge Wing">F 17 Kallinge</a> <ul><li>1 squadron JA 37 1981–2002</li> <li>1 squadron SF/SH 37 (combined) 1979–1993</li> <li>1 squadron JA 37 1993–2002</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norrbotten_Wing" title="Norrbotten Wing">F 21 Luleå</a> <ul><li>2 squadrons JA 37 1983–2004</li> <li>1 squadron SF/SH 37 1979–2002</li> <li>1 squadron SK 37E (combined) 2003–2007</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accident_and_incidents">Accident and incidents</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saab_37_Viggen&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Accident and incidents">edit</a>]</div> Very little is publicized about Sweden's military air accidents and incidents, however, an incident resulting in a fatality of a Saab 37 pilot during a reconnaissance fly-by of Russian nuclear-powered <a href="/wiki/Russian_battlecruiser_Pyotr_Velikiy" title="Russian battlecruiser Pyotr Velikiy">battlecruiser Pyotr Velikiy</a> occurred on 16 October 1996,<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> and is the last known operational fatality of 19 total known fatalities (in over 50 accidents) involving the Saab 37 Viggen in its almost 40 years of operational history.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Surviving_aircraft">Surviving aircraft</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saab_37_Viggen&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Surviving aircraft">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Septemberleucharsviggen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Septemberleucharsviggen.jpg/220px-Septemberleucharsviggen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Septemberleucharsviggen.jpg/330px-Septemberleucharsviggen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Septemberleucharsviggen.jpg/440px-Septemberleucharsviggen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="771" /></a><figcaption>Viggen 37098 landing after displaying at Leuchars, 2013</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>An AJS 37 Viggen (s/n 37098) with the code F 7–52 has been retained and went through a long period of restoration and maintenance to be airworthy again. This Viggen was built in 1977 and served all its active duty in F 15 Wing at Söderhamn. It was transferred into civil registry with the registration number SE-DXN. It undertook its maiden flight after having been approved by the authorities on 27 March 2012 from the F 7 Wing at Såtenäs.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> The Viggen is unpainted to represent the first delivered Viggens as they looked in the early 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a></li> <li>An SK 37 Viggen (two seat trainer) (s/n 37809) with the code F 15-61 has been retained and went through a period of restoration and maintenance to be airworthy again. This Viggen was built in 1973 and served its first activities in F 7 Wing at Såtenäs, later in F 15 Wing at Söderhamn and finally in FMV Prov at Linköping until 2007. It was transferred into civil registry with the registration number SE-DXO. It undertook its maiden flight 15 May 2018 from the F 7 Wing at Såtenäs after having been approved by the authorities on 21 March 2018<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> The Viggen is painted in the unique four colour camouflage as all Viggens were painted from the late 1970s.</li> <li>An SK 37E Viggen (s/n 37898) is preserved at the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%E2%80%99air_et_de_l%E2%80%99espace" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée de l’air et de l’espace">Musée de l’air et de l’espace</a> located at the former <a href="/wiki/Paris%E2%80%93Le_Bourget_Airport" title="Paris–Le Bourget Airport">Paris–Le Bourget Airport</a> in France.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a></li> <li>An JA 37 Viggen (sn: 37429) is preserved at the <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Aviation_Museum" title="Estonian Aviation Museum">Estonian Aviation Museum</a> near Tartu, Estonia. The aircraft was obtained from Swedish Air Force Museum, and flew from Sweden to Tartu in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a></li> <li>A AJSF 37 Viggen (s/n 37954) is on display at the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Aviation_Museum" title="Polish Aviation Museum">Polish Aviation Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a></li> <li>Two Viggens as well as the nose parts of some JA-37s can be found at the <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ta_Wing" title="Göta Wing">Aeroseum</a> near <a href="/wiki/Gothenburg" title="Gothenburg">Gothenburg</a>. An AJ-37 (s/n 37094/57) and an AJSH-37 (s/n 37911/55).<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a></li> <li>Two Viggens can be found at Söderhamn Aviation Museum at the former F 15 wing in Söderhamn, Sweden. One is an AJS 37 and the other is an SK 37 trainer aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a></li> <li>An AJ 37 Viggen is on display at the Västerås Aviation Museum in Västerås, Sweden.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a></li> <li>An AJS 37 Viggen is on display at the Swedish Airforce Museum in Linköping, Sweden.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a></li> <li>An AJSH 37 Viggen (s/n 373918) is on display at <a href="/wiki/Newark_Air_Museum" title="Newark Air Museum">Newark Air Museum</a>, Newark, Nottinghamshire, UK.</li> <li>The front section of an SF 37 Viggen is on display at the Swedish Aerial Reconnaissance Museum located at the old F 11 wing in Nyköping, Sweden.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a></li> <li>An AJSF 37 Viggen is on display at Prague Aviation Museum, Kbely, Czech Republic. s/n 37957 c/n 56-21.</li> <li>An AJSH 37 Viggen (s/n 37901) is on display at the <a href="/wiki/Aviodrome" title="Aviodrome">Aviodrome</a> museum at <a href="/wiki/Lelystad" title="Lelystad">Lelystad</a> Airport in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>.</li> <li>An AJSF 37 Viggen (s/n 374974) is on display at the <a href="/wiki/Flugausstellung_Hermeskeil" class="mw-redirect" title="Flugausstellung Hermeskeil">Flugausstellung Hermeskeil</a> museum in <a href="/wiki/Hermeskeil" title="Hermeskeil">Hermeskeil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>.</li> <li>Five Ja 37 Viggens, of which one is JA37Di standard preserved at Jämtlands Flyg och Lottamuseum, Jämtland, Sweden.<a href="#cite_note-flygolotta.se-143">[143]</a></li> <li>One AJ 37 Viggen preserved at Jämtlands Flyg och Lottamuseum, Jämtland, Sweden.<a href="#cite_note-flygolotta.se-143">[143]</a></li> <li>Front half of one AJS 37 Viggen preserved at Jämtlands Flyg och Lottamuseum, Jämtland, Sweden.<a href="#cite_note-flygolotta.se-143">[143]</a></li> <li>One SK 37 Viggen preserved at Jämtlands Flyg och Lottamuseum, Jämtland, Sweden.<a href="#cite_note-flygolotta.se-143">[143]</a></li> <li>One AJ 37 Viggen is on display in Luleå, Norrbotten, Sweden.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specifications_(JA_37_Viggen)">Specifications (JA 37 Viggen)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saab_37_Viggen&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Specifications (JA 37 Viggen)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saab_J_37_Viggen_3-view.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Saab_J_37_Viggen_3-view.svg/220px-Saab_J_37_Viggen_3-view.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Saab_J_37_Viggen_3-view.svg/330px-Saab_J_37_Viggen_3-view.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Saab_J_37_Viggen_3-view.svg/440px-Saab_J_37_Viggen_3-view.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="984" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Saab JA 37 Viggen 3-view drawings</figcaption></figure> Data from Combat Aircraft since 1945<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a>General characteristics <ul><li>Crew: 1</li> <li>Length: 16.4 m (53 ft 10 in)</li> <li>Wingspan: 10.6 m (34 ft 9 in)</li> <li>Height: 5.9 m (19 ft 4 in)</li> <li>Wing area: 46 m2 (500 sq ft)</li> <li>Empty weight: 9,500 kg (20,944 lb)</li> <li>Gross weight: 16,439 kg (36,242 lb) (AJ37 17,000 kg (37,479 lb))<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunstonSpick1998_148-146">[146]</a></li> <li>Max takeoff weight: 19,274 kg (42,492 lb)</li> <li>Powerplant: 1 × <a href="/wiki/Volvo_RM8B" class="mw-redirect" title="Volvo RM8B">Volvo RM8B</a> afterburning <a href="/wiki/Turbofan" title="Turbofan">turbofan</a>, 72.1 kN (16,200 lbf) thrust dry, 125 kN (28,000 lbf) with afterburner</li></ul> Performance <ul><li>Maximum speed: 2,231 km/h (1,386 mph, 1,205 kn) at 36,100 ft (11,003 m)</li> <li>Maximum speed: Mach 2.1</li> <li>Ferry range: 1,820 km (1,130 mi, 980 nmi) internal fuel only</li> <li>Service ceiling: 18,000 m (59,000 ft)</li> <li>Rate of climb: 203 m/s (40,000 ft/min) <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunstonSpick1998_148-146">[146]</a></li></ul> Armament <ul><li>Guns: 1 × 30 mm <a href="/wiki/Oerlikon_KCA" title="Oerlikon KCA">Oerlikon KCA</a> cannon with 125 rounds <a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a></li> <li>Hardpoints: 9 (three hardpoints under fuselage and three under each wing) with a capacity of 7,000 kg (15,000 lb), with provisions to carry combinations of: <ul><li>Missiles: <ul><li>4 x RB99 <a href="/wiki/AIM-120_AMRAAM" title="AIM-120 AMRAAM">AMRAAM</a> (JA 37D),</li> <li>2 x RB71 <a href="/wiki/Skyflash" title="Skyflash">Skyflash</a> (only JA37),</li> <li>6 x <a href="/wiki/AIM-9_Sidewinder" title="AIM-9 Sidewinder">AIM-9 Sidewinder</a></li> <li>4 rocket pods (135 mm, 5.4 in).</li> <li>U95 ECM pod (JA 37D)</li> <li>2 x <a href="/wiki/RB_04" title="RB 04">RB 04</a></li> <li>2 x <a href="/wiki/RBS_15" title="RBS 15">RBS 15</a></li> <li>2 x <a href="/wiki/Rb_05" class="mw-redirect" title="Rb 05">Rb 05</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saab_37_Viggen&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/28px-Aviacionavion.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/42px-Aviacionavion.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/56px-Aviacionavion.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Aviation" title="Portal:Aviation">Aviation portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/32px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/48px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/64px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Sweden" title="Portal:Sweden">Sweden portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saab_9-3#Viggen" title="Saab 9-3">Saab 9-3 Viggen automobile</a></li></ul> Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dassault_Mirage_F1" title="Dassault Mirage F1">Dassault Mirage F1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-4_Phantom_II" title="McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II">McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-23" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23">Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikoyan_MiG-27" title="Mikoyan MiG-27">Mikoyan MiG-27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEPECAT_Jaguar" title="SEPECAT Jaguar">SEPECAT Jaguar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenyang_J-8" title="Shenyang J-8">Shenyang J-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vought_XF8U-3_Crusader_III" title="Vought XF8U-3 Crusader III">Vought XF8U-3 Crusader III</a></li></ul> Related lists <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fighter_aircraft" title="List of fighter aircraft">List of fighter aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_aircraft_of_Sweden" title="List of military aircraft of Sweden">List of military aircraft of Sweden</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saab_37_Viggen&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saab_37_Viggen&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" 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id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> FPL JA37 1983, ch.1, sec. 18, p. 17 </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saab_37_Viggen&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media 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Saab Aircraft Since 1937 Smithsonian Institution Press, 1989. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8747-4314-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8747-4314-1">0-8747-4314-1</a>,</li> <li>Bitzinger, Richard. Facing the future: the Swedish Air Force, 1990–2005. Rand Corporation, 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8330-1103-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8330-1103-0">0-8330-1103-0</a>.</li> <li>Boyne, Walter J. Air Warfare: An International Encyclopedia, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-5760-7345-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-5760-7345-9">1-5760-7345-9</a>.</li> <li>Chant, Christopher. A Compendium of Armaments and Military Hardware. London: Routledge, 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-1346-4668-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-1346-4668-2">1-1346-4668-2</a>.</li> <li>Coombes, L.F.E. Control in the Sky – The Evolution and History of the Aircraft Cockpit. Barnsley, South Yorkshire, UK: Pen and Sword Books/Leo Cooper, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84415-148-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-84415-148-4">1-84415-148-4</a>.</li> <li>Coram, Robert. Boyd: The Fighter Pilot Who Changed the Art of War. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: Little, Brown, and Co., 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-316-88146-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-316-88146-5">0-316-88146-5</a>.</li> <li>Crickmore, Paul F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xwPFC3GtcL8C">Lockheed Blackbird: Beyond the Secret Missions.</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-694-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-84176-694-1">1-84176-694-1</a>.</li> <li>Donald, David and Jon Lake, eds. Encyclopedia of World Military Aircraft (single volume ed.). London: Aerospace Publishing, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-874023-95-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-874023-95-6">1-874023-95-6</a>.</li> <li>Eliasson, Gunnar. Advanced Public Procurement as Industrial Policy: The Aircraft Industry as a Technical University. Springer Science & Business Media, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4419-5849-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-4419-5849-5">1-4419-5849-5</a>.</li> <li>Field, Hughes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1974/1974%20-%200833.html">"Saab Viggen: In The Air."</a> Flight International, 30 May 1974. pp. 707–12.</li> <li>Fredriksen, John C. International Warbirds: An Illustrated Guide to World Military Aircraft, 1914–2000. ABC-CLIO, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-5760-7364-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-5760-7364-5">1-5760-7364-5</a>.</li> <li>Ford, T.E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1973/1973%20-%202567.html">"The Viggen in Service."</a> Flight International, 11 October 1973. pp. 616–19.</li> <li>FPL JA37 Speciell Förarinstruktion FPL JA37 (A/C JA37 Flight Manual), Försvarets Materielverk, M5800-370051, 1983</li> <li>Erichs, Rolph et al. The Saab-Scania Story. Stockholm: Streiffert & Co., 1988. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-7886-014-8" title="Special:BookSources/91-7886-014-8">91-7886-014-8</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForsberg1994" class="citation cs2">Forsberg, Randall (1994), The Arms Production Dilemma: Contraction and Restraint in the World Combat Aircraft Industry, MIT Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-2625-6085-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-2625-6085-2"><bdi>0-2625-6085-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arms+Production+Dilemma%3A+Contraction+and+Restraint+in+the+World+Combat+Aircraft+Industry&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-2625-6085-2&rft.aulast=Forsberg&rft.aufirst=Randall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaab+37+Viggen" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunstonSpick1983" class="citation cs2">Gunston, William ‘Bill’; Spick, Michael ‘Mike’ (1983), Modern Air Combat: The Aircraft, Tactics and Weapons Employed in Aerial Warfare Today, New York: Crescent Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-41265-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-517-41265-9"><bdi>0-517-41265-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Air+Combat%3A+The+Aircraft%2C+Tactics+and+Weapons+Employed+in+Aerial+Warfare+Today&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Crescent+Books&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-517-41265-9&rft.aulast=Gunston&rft.aufirst=William+%E2%80%98Bill%E2%80%99&rft.au=Spick%2C+Michael+%E2%80%98Mike%E2%80%99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaab+37+Viggen" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunstonSpick1998" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">———; ——— (1998), Moderne Kampfflugzeuge. Technik, Taktik und Bewaffnung [Modern combat aircraft. Technique, tactics and armament] (in German), Tyskland, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">DE</a>: Stocker-Schmid, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7276-7062-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7276-7062-6"><bdi>978-3-7276-7062-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moderne+Kampfflugzeuge.+Technik%2C+Taktik+und+Bewaffnung&rft.place=Tyskland%2C+DE&rft.pub=Stocker-Schmid&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-3-7276-7062-6&rft.aulast=Gunston&rft.aufirst=William+%E2%80%98Bill%E2%80%99&rft.au=Spick%2C+Michael+%E2%80%98Mike%E2%80%99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaab+37+Viggen" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunstonSpick2001" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">———; ——— (2001), Moderne Kampfflugzeuge [Modern combat aircraft] (in German), Tyskland, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">DE</a>: Stocker-Schmid, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-613-01926-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-613-01926-3"><bdi>978-3-613-01926-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moderne+Kampfflugzeuge&rft.place=Tyskland%2C+DE&rft.pub=Stocker-Schmid&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-3-613-01926-3&rft.aulast=Gunston&rft.aufirst=William+%E2%80%98Bill%E2%80%99&rft.au=Spick%2C+Michael+%E2%80%98Mike%E2%80%99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaab+37+Viggen" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunstonGilchrist1993" class="citation cs2">———; Gilchrist, Peter (1993), Jet Bombers: From the Messerschmitt Me 262 to the Stealth B-2, Osprey, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85532-258-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-85532-258-7"><bdi>1-85532-258-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jet+Bombers%3A+From+the+Messerschmitt+Me+262+to+the+Stealth+B-2&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=1-85532-258-7&rft.aulast=Gunston&rft.aufirst=William+%E2%80%98Bill%E2%80%99&rft.au=Gilchrist%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaab+37+Viggen" class="Z3988">.</li> <li>Hewson, Robert. "Briefing: Saab AJS 37 Viggen: The Flygvapen's new 'Thunderbolt'". World Air Power Journal, Volume 22, Autumn/Fall 1995, pp. 30–31. London: Aerospace Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-874023-62-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-874023-62-X">1-874023-62-X</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0959-7050">0959-7050</a>.</li> <li>Larsson, Bengt. Martin Letell and Håkan Thörn. Transformations of the Swedish Welfare State: From Social Engineering to Governance? Springer, 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-2303-6395-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-2303-6395-4">0-2303-6395-4</a>.</li> <li>Jackson, Paul. "Saab 37 Viggen". World Air Power Journal, Volume 13, Summer 1993, pp. 46–89. London: Aerospace Publishing, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-874023-17-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-874023-17-4">1-874023-17-4</a>.</li> <li>Nativi, Andrea. "Viggen, Il Caccia Venuto dal Freddo" [Viggen, The Hunting Came from the Cold] (in Italian). RID magazine, June 1993, pp. 20–36.</li> <li>Peacock, Lindsay. On Falcon Wings: The F-16 Story. <a href="/wiki/RAF_Fairford" title="RAF Fairford">RAF Fairford</a>, United Kingdom: The Royal Air Force Benevolent Fund Enterprises, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-899808-01-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-899808-01-9">1-899808-01-9</a>.</li> <li>Roskam, Jan. Airplane Design: Layout Design of Cockpit, Fuselage, Wing and Empennage : Cutaways and Inboard Profiles. DARcorporation, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-8848-8556-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-8848-8556-X">1-8848-8556-X</a>.</li> <li>Smith, Chris. "India's Ad Hoc Arsenal: Direction Or Drift in Defence Policy?" Oxford University Press, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-1982-9168-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-1982-9168-X">0-1982-9168-X</a>.</li> <li>Snyder, William P. and James Brown. Defense Policy in the Reagan Administration. DIANE Publishing, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7881-4146-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7881-4146-5">0-7881-4146-5</a>.</li> <li>Taylor, John W.R. "SAAB 37 Viggen (Thunderbolt)". Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1980–81. London: Jane's, 1981. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-531-03953-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-531-03953-6">0-531-03953-6</a>.</li> <li>–––, ed. Jane's All the World's Aircraft, 1988–1989. London: Jane's, 1988. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7106-0867-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7106-0867-5">0-7106-0867-5</a>.</li> <li>This Happens in the Swedish Air Force (brochure). Stockholm: Information Department of the Air Staff, Flygstabens informationsavdelning, Swedish Air Force, 1983.</li> <li>Wagner, Paul J. Air Force Tac Recce Aircraft: NATO and Non-aligned Western European Air Force Tactical Reconnaissance Aircraft of the Cold War. Dorrance Publishing, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4349-9458-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-4349-9458-9">1-4349-9458-9</a>.</li> <li>Warwick, Graham. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160313203725/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1980/1980%20-%202917.html">"Interceptor Viggen."</a> Flight International, 27 September 1980. pp. 1260–65.</li> <li>Williams, Antony G. and Dr. Emmanuel Gustin. Flying Guns, The Modern Era. Marlborough, Wiltshire, UK: The Crowood Press, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86126-655-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-86126-655-3">1-86126-655-3</a>.</li> <li>Wilson, Stewart. Combat Aircraft since 1945. Fyshwick, AU: Aerospace Publications, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-875671-50-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-875671-50-1">1-875671-50-1</a>.</li> <li>Winchester, Jim, ed. "Saab AJ/SF/SH Viggen". Military Aircraft of the Cold War (The Aviation Factfile). London: Grange Books, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84013-929-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-84013-929-3">1-84013-929-3</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saab_37_Viggen&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Saab_37_Viggen" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Saab 37 Viggen">Saab 37 Viggen</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.milavia.net/specials/iv_viggen/">Interview with Viggen pilot</a>, Milavia</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interview+with+Viggen+pilot&rft.pub=Milavia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.milavia.net%2Fspecials%2Fiv_viggen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaab+37+Viggen" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020802062717/http://hem.passagen.se/weasle/">Saab 37 Viggen</a>, SE: Passagen.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canit.se/~griffon/aviation/text/37viggen.htm">Saab 37 Viggen</a>, SE: Canit.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231227/http://www.aircraftresourcecenter.com/AWA1/501-600/walk519_Viggen_Toll/walk519.htm">Viggen</a>, Aircraft resource center, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aircraftresourcecenter.com/AWA1/501-600/walk519_Viggen_Toll/walk519.htm">the original</a> on 3 March 2016, retrieved 8 August 2005</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Viggen&rft.pub=Aircraft+resource+center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aircraftresourcecenter.com%2FAWA1%2F501-600%2Fwalk519_Viggen_Toll%2Fwalk519.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaab+37+Viggen" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013164709/http://www.vectorsite.net/avvig.html">Viggen</a>, Vector site, archived from the original on 13 October 2007, retrieved 15 September 2007</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Viggen&rft.pub=Vector+site&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vectorsite.net%2Favvig.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaab+37+Viggen" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://members.chello.nl/~f.vanvoorst/">Saab 37 Viggen webpage</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030416222119/http://members.chello.nl/~f.vanvoorst/">Archived</a> 16 April 2003 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in Dutch)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071004171102/http://www.flug-revue.rotor.com/FRHeft7X/FRHeft75/FRH7502/FR7502a.htm">Flug Revue test flight report</a> (in German)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="SAAB/Saab_aircraft75" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Saab_aircraft" title="Template:Saab aircraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Saab_aircraft" title="Template talk:Saab aircraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Saab_aircraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Saab aircraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="SAAB/Saab_aircraft75" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Saab_AB" title="Saab AB">SAAB/Saab</a> aircraft</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military aircraft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saab_17" title="Saab 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_18" title="Saab 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAAB_21" title="SAAB 21">21</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saab_21R" title="Saab 21R">21R</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_29_Tunnan" title="Saab 29 Tunnan">29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_32_Lansen" title="Saab 32 Lansen">32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_35_Draken" title="Saab 35 Draken">35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_36" title="Saab 36">36</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_38" title="Saab 38">38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_JAS_39_Gripen" title="Saab JAS 39 Gripen">39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_105" title="Saab 105">105</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_210" title="Saab 210">210</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_340" title="Saab 340">Tp 100A/C</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saab_340_AEW%26C" title="Saab 340 AEW&C">S 100B/D</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing%E2%80%93Saab_T-7_Red_Hawk" title="Boeing–Saab T-7 Red Hawk">T-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UMS_Skeldar_V-200" title="UMS Skeldar V-200">V-200</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civil aircraft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saab_90_Scandia" title="Saab 90 Scandia">90</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_91_Safir" title="Saab 91 Safir">91</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_107" title="Saab 107">107</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_340" title="Saab 340">340</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saab_340_AEW%26C" title="Saab 340 AEW&C">340 AEW&C</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_2000" title="Saab 2000">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_Safari" title="Saab Safari">MFI-15</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aircraft names</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saab_340_AEW%26C" title="Saab 340 AEW&C">Argus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_35_Draken" title="Saab 35 Draken">Draken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_JAS_39_Gripen" title="Saab JAS 39 Gripen">Gripen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_32_Lansen" title="Saab 32 Lansen">Lansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing%E2%80%93Saab_T-7_Red_Hawk" title="Boeing–Saab T-7 Red Hawk">Red Hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_91_Safir" title="Saab 91 Safir">Safir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_Safari" title="Saab Safari">Safari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_90_Scandia" title="Saab 90 Scandia">Scandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_29_Tunnan" title="Saab 29 Tunnan">Tunnan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Viggen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Swedish_military_aircraft_designations_1926–current291" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Swedish_military_aircraft_designations" title="Template:Swedish military aircraft designations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Swedish_military_aircraft_designations" title="Template talk:Swedish military aircraft designations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Swedish_military_aircraft_designations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Swedish military aircraft designations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Swedish_military_aircraft_designations_1926–current291" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_aircraft_of_Sweden" title="List of military aircraft of Sweden">Swedish military aircraft designations</a> 1926–current</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By role</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attack aircraft (<abbr title="''Attackflygplan''">A</abbr>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%B6nix_C.I" title="Phönix C.I">A 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Vampire" title="De Havilland Vampire">A 28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_29_Tunnan" title="Saab 29 Tunnan">A 29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_32_Lansen" title="Saab 32 Lansen">A 32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_36" title="Saab 36">A 36</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">AJ 37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_38" title="Saab 38">A 38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_JAS_39_Gripen" title="Saab JAS 39 Gripen">JAS 39</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bombers (<abbr title="''Bombflygplan''">B</abbr>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiat_B.R." title="Fiat B.R.">B 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiat_B.R." title="Fiat B.R.">B 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_86" title="Junkers Ju 86">B 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawker_Hart" title="Hawker Hart">B 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northrop_A-17" title="Northrop A-17">B 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seversky_A8V" title="Seversky A8V">B 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fokker_G.I" title="Fokker G.I">B 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_17" title="Saab 17">B 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caproni_Ca.313" title="Caproni Ca.313">B 16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_17" title="Saab 17">B 17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_18" title="Saab 18">B 18</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saab_24&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saab 24 (page does not exist)">B 24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fokker_G.I" title="Fokker G.I">B 26</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Army aeroplanes (<abbr title="''Flygplan''">Fpl</abbr>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piper_PA-18_Super_Cub" title="Piper PA-18 Super Cub">Fpl 51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dornier_Do_27" title="Dornier Do 27">Fpl 53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malm%C3%B6_MFI-10_Vipan" title="Malmö MFI-10 Vipan">Fpl 54</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Aviation_Bulldog" title="Scottish Aviation Bulldog">Fpl 61</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gliders2 (<abbr title="''Glidflygplan''">G</abbr>/<abbr title="''Lastglidflygplan''">Lg</abbr>/<abbr title="''Segelflygplan''">Se</abbr>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DFS_SG_38_Schulgleiter" title="DFS SG 38 Schulgleiter">G 101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grunau_Baby" class="mw-redirect" title="Grunau Baby">Se 102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DFS_Kranich" title="DFS Kranich">Se 103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DFS_Weihe" title="DFS Weihe">Se 104</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AB_Flygindustri_Fi-3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AB Flygindustri Fi-3 (page does not exist)">Lg 105</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Helicopter2 (<abbr title="''Helikopter''">Hkp</abbr>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piasecki_H-21" title="Piasecki H-21">Hkp 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%A9rospatiale_Alouette_II" title="Aérospatiale Alouette II">Hkp 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_204/205" title="Bell 204/205">Hkp 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeing_Vertol_CH-46_Sea_Knight" title="Boeing Vertol CH-46 Sea Knight">Hkp 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hughes_269" class="mw-redirect" title="Hughes 269">Hkp 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_206" title="Bell 206">HKP 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MBB_Bo_105" title="MBB Bo 105">HKP 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocopter_AS332_Super_Puma" title="Eurocopter AS332 Super Puma">HKP 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_412" title="Bell 412">HKP 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NHIndustries_NH90" title="NHIndustries NH90">HKP 14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AgustaWestland_AW109" title="AgustaWestland AW109">HKP 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_UH-60_Black_Hawk" title="Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk">HKP 16</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fighters (<abbr title="''Jaktflygplan''">J</abbr>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%B6nix_D.I" title="Phönix D.I">J 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nieuport-Delage_NiD_29" title="Nieuport-Delage NiD 29">J 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fokker_C.V" title="Fokker C.V">J 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinkel_HD_19" title="Heinkel HD 19">J 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svenska_Aero_Jaktfalken" title="Svenska Aero Jaktfalken">J 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svenska_Aero_Jaktfalken" title="Svenska Aero Jaktfalken">J 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Bulldog" title="Bristol Bulldog">J 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloster_Gladiator" title="Gloster Gladiator">J 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seversky_P-35" title="Seversky P-35">J 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P-66_Vanguard" class="mw-redirect" title="P-66 Vanguard">J 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiat_CR.42_Falco" title="Fiat CR.42 Falco">J 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggiane_Re.2000_Falco_I" title="Reggiane Re.2000 Falco I">J 12</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saab_19&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saab 19 (page does not exist)">J 19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggiane_Re.2000_Falco_I" title="Reggiane Re.2000 Falco I">J 20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_21" class="mw-redirect" title="Saab 21">J 21</a>/<a href="/wiki/Saab_21R" title="Saab 21R">21R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FFVS_J_22" title="FFVS J 22">J 22</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saab_23&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saab 23 (page does not exist)">J 23</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saab_24&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saab 24 (page does not exist)">J 24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang" title="North American P-51 Mustang">J 26</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saab_27&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saab 27 (page does not exist)">J 27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Vampire" title="De Havilland Vampire">J 28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_29_Tunnan" title="Saab 29 Tunnan">J 29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Mosquito" title="De Havilland Mosquito">J 30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire" title="Supermarine Spitfire">J 31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_32_Lansen" title="Saab 32 Lansen">J 32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Venom" title="De Havilland Venom">J 33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawker_Hunter" title="Hawker Hunter">J 34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_35_Draken" title="Saab 35 Draken">J 35</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">JA 37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_JAS_39_Gripen" title="Saab JAS 39 Gripen">JAS 39</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Advanced trainers (<abbr title="''Övningsflygplan''">Ö</abbr>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FVM_%C3%961_Tummelisa" title="FVM Ö1 Tummelisa">Ö 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albatros_C.I" title="Albatros C.I">Ö 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloster_Grouse" title="Gloster Grouse">Ö 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%B6nix_C.I" title="Phönix C.I">Ö 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%B6nix_C.I" title="Phönix C.I">Ö 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_F.2_Fighter" title="Bristol F.2 Fighter">Ö 6</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svenska_Aero_Piraten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Svenska Aero Piraten (page does not exist)">Ö 7</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svenska_Aero_%C3%96vningsfalken&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Svenska Aero Övningsfalken (page does not exist)">Ö 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASJA_L2" title="ASJA L2">Ö 9</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trials aircraft (<abbr title="''Provflygplan''">P</abbr>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sparmann_S_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sparmann S 1 (page does not exist)">P 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focke-Wulf_Fw_44_Stieglitz" title="Focke-Wulf Fw 44 Stieglitz">P 2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sparmann_E4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sparmann E4 (page does not exist)">P 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fieseler_Fi_156_Storch" title="Fieseler Fi 156 Storch">P 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handley_Page_Hampden" title="Handley Page Hampden">P 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focke-Wulf_Fw_58_Weihe" title="Focke-Wulf Fw 58 Weihe">P 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_17" title="Saab 17">P 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_18" title="Saab 18">P 8</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=ASJA_G.1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ASJA G.1 (page does not exist)">P 8A</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6taverken_GP_8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Götaverken GP 8 (page does not exist)">P 8B</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saab_19&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saab 19 (page does not exist)">P 9A</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%B6taverken_GP_9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Götaverken GP 9 (page does not exist)">P 9B</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reconnaissance (<abbr title="''Spaningsflygplan''">S</abbr>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CVM_S_21&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CVM S 21 (page does not exist)">S 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinkel_HE_1" title="Heinkel HE 1">S 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinkel_HE_2" title="Heinkel HE 2">S 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinkel_HE_1" title="Heinkel HE 1">S 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinkel_HE_5" title="Heinkel HE 5">S 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fokker_C.V" title="Fokker C.V">S 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawker_Hart" title="Hawker Hart">S 7</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ASJA_SA_15&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ASJA SA 15 (page does not exist)">S 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawker_Hart" title="Hawker Hart">S 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A9guet_693" title="Bréguet 693">S 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dornier_Do_215" title="Dornier Do 215">S 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_114" title="Heinkel He 114">S 12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fokker_G.I" title="Fokker G.I">S 13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fieseler_Fi_156_Storch" title="Fieseler Fi 156 Storch">S 14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_17" title="Saab 17">S 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caproni_Ca.313" title="Caproni Ca.313">S 16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_17" title="Saab 17">S 17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_18" title="Saab 18">S 18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FFVS_J_22" title="FFVS J 22">S 22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang" title="North American P-51 Mustang">S 26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_29_Tunnan" title="Saab 29 Tunnan">S 29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire" title="Supermarine Spitfire">S 31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_32_Lansen" title="Saab 32 Lansen">S 32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_35_Draken" title="Saab 35 Draken">S 35</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">SF 37/SH 37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_JAS_39_Gripen" title="Saab JAS 39 Gripen">JAS 39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_340_AEW%26C" title="Saab 340 AEW&C">S 100</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trainers (<abbr title="''Skolflygplan''">Sk</abbr>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albatros_B.II" title="Albatros B.II">Sk 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrichshafen_FF.33" title="Friedrichshafen FF.33">Sk 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avro_504" title="Avro 504">Sk 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinkel_HD_24" title="Heinkel HD 24">Sk 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinkel_HD_35" title="Heinkel HD 35">Sk 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinkel_HD_36" title="Heinkel HD 36">Sk 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_DH.60_Moth" title="De Havilland DH.60 Moth">Sk 7</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Svenska_Aero_Skolfalken&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Svenska Aero Skolfalken (page does not exist)">Sk 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_DH.60_Moth" title="De Havilland DH.60 Moth">Sk 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raab-Katzenstein_RK-26" title="Raab-Katzenstein RK-26">Sk 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Tiger_Moth" title="De Havilland Tiger Moth">Sk 11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focke-Wulf_Fw_44" class="mw-redirect" title="Focke-Wulf Fw 44">Sk 12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_NA-16" title="North American NA-16">Sk 14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klemm_Kl_35" title="Klemm Kl 35">Sk 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_T-6_Texan" title="North American T-6 Texan">Sk 16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCcker_B%C3%BC_181_Bestmann" title="Bücker Bü 181 Bestmann">Sk 25</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saab_26&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saab 26 (page does not exist)">Sk 26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Vampire" title="De Havilland Vampire">Sk 28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_35_Draken" title="Saab 35 Draken">Sk 35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_38" title="Saab 38">Sk 38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grob_G_120TP" title="Grob G 120TP">Sk 40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_91_Safir" title="Saab 91 Safir">Sk 50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_105" title="Saab 105">Sk 60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Aviation_Bulldog" title="Scottish Aviation Bulldog">Sk 61</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Torpedo bombers (<abbr title="''Torpedflygplan''">T</abbr>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heinkel_HD_16" title="Heinkel HD 16">T 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_115" title="Heinkel He 115">T 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caproni_Ca.313" title="Caproni Ca.313">T 16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_18" title="Saab 18">T 18</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transports (<abbr title="''Transportflygplan''">Trp/Tp</abbr>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Junkers_F_13" title="Junkers F 13">Trp 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junkers_W_33" title="Junkers W 33">Trp 2</a>/<a href="/wiki/Junkers_W_34" title="Junkers W 34">2A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Dragonfly" title="De Havilland Dragonfly">Trp 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_Model_18" title="Beechcraft Model 18">Trp 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_52" title="Junkers Ju 52">Tp 5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairchild_24" title="Fairchild 24">Tp 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Falcon" title="Miles Falcon">Tp 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waco_Standard_Cabin_series" title="Waco Standard Cabin series">Tp 8</a>/<a href="/wiki/Waco_Custom_Cabin_series" title="Waco Custom Cabin series">8A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_86" title="Junkers Ju 86">Tp 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fokker_F.VIII" title="Fokker F.VIII">Tp 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caproni_Ca.313" title="Caproni Ca.313">Tp 16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dornier_Do_24" title="Dornier Do 24">Tp 24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_Model_18" title="Beechcraft Model 18">Tp 45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Dove" title="De Havilland Dove">Tp 46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_PBY_Catalina" title="Consolidated PBY Catalina">Tp 47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Electric_Canberra" title="English Electric Canberra">Tp 52</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dornier_Do_27" title="Dornier Do 27">Tp 53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piper_PA-31_Navajo" title="Piper PA-31 Navajo">Tp 54</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Canada_DHC-4_Caribou" title="De Havilland Canada DHC-4 Caribou">Tp 55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noorduyn_Norseman" title="Noorduyn Norseman">Tp 78</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_C-47_Skytrain" title="Douglas C-47 Skytrain">Tp 79</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avro_Lancaster" title="Avro Lancaster">Tp 80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grumman_G-21_Goose" title="Grumman G-21 Goose">Tp 81</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Varsity" title="Vickers Varsity">Tp 82</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percival_Pembroke" title="Percival Pembroke">Tp 83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_C-130_Hercules" title="Lockheed C-130 Hercules">Tp 84</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sud_Aviation_Caravelle" title="Sud Aviation Caravelle">Tp 85</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Sabreliner" title="North American Sabreliner">Tp 86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cessna_404_Titan" title="Cessna 404 Titan">Tp 87</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairchild_Swearingen_Metroliner" title="Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner">Tp 88</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CASA_C-212_Aviocar" title="CASA C-212 Aviocar">Tp 89</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_91_Safir" title="Saab 91 Safir">Tp 91</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_340" title="Saab 340">Tp 100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_Super_King_Air" title="Beechcraft Super King Air">Tp 101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulfstream_IV" title="Gulfstream IV">Tp 102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cessna_Citation_II" title="Cessna Citation II">Tp 103</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post–1940 unified sequence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caproni_Ca.313" title="Caproni Ca.313">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_17" title="Saab 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_18" title="Saab 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saab_19&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saab 19 (page does not exist)">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggiane_Re.2000_Falco_I" title="Reggiane Re.2000 Falco I">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_21" class="mw-redirect" title="Saab 21">21</a>/<a href="/wiki/Saab_21R" title="Saab 21R">21R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FFVS_J_22" title="FFVS J 22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saab_23&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saab 23 (page does not exist)">23</a></li> <li>241 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saab_24&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saab 24 (page does not exist)">B/J 24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dornier_Do_24" title="Dornier Do 24">Tp 24</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCcker_B%C3%BC_181_Bestmann" title="Bücker Bü 181 Bestmann">25</a></li> <li>261 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fokker_G.I" title="Fokker G.I">B/S 26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang" title="North American P-51 Mustang">J/S 26</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saab_26&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saab 26 (page does not exist)">Sk 26</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saab_27&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saab 27 (page does not exist)">27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Vampire" title="De Havilland Vampire">28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_29_Tunnan" title="Saab 29 Tunnan">29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Mosquito" title="De Havilland Mosquito">30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire" title="Supermarine Spitfire">31</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_32_Lansen" title="Saab 32 Lansen">32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Venom" title="De Havilland Venom">33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawker_Hunter" title="Hawker Hunter">34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_35_Draken" title="Saab 35 Draken">35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_36" title="Saab 36">36</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_38" title="Saab 38">38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_JAS_39_Gripen" title="Saab JAS 39 Gripen">39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grob_G_120TP" title="Grob G 120TP">40</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_Model_18" title="Beechcraft Model 18">45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Dove" title="De Havilland Dove">46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_PBY_Catalina" title="Consolidated PBY Catalina">47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_91_Safir" title="Saab 91 Safir">50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piper_PA-18_Super_Cub" title="Piper PA-18 Super Cub">51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Electric_Canberra" title="English Electric Canberra">52</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dornier_Do_27" title="Dornier Do 27">53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malm%C3%B6_MFI-10_Vipan" title="Malmö MFI-10 Vipan">54</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Canada_DHC-4_Caribou" title="De Havilland Canada DHC-4 Caribou">55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_105" title="Saab 105">60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Aviation_Bulldog" title="Scottish Aviation Bulldog">61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noorduyn_Norseman" title="Noorduyn Norseman">78</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_C-47_Skytrain" title="Douglas C-47 Skytrain">79</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avro_Lancaster" title="Avro Lancaster">80</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grumman_G-21_Goose" title="Grumman G-21 Goose">81</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Varsity" title="Vickers Varsity">82</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percival_Pembroke" title="Percival Pembroke">83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_C-130_Hercules" title="Lockheed C-130 Hercules">84</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sud_Aviation_Caravelle" title="Sud Aviation Caravelle">85</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Sabreliner" title="North American Sabreliner">86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cessna_404_Titan" title="Cessna 404 Titan">Tp 87</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairchild_Swearingen_Metroliner" title="Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner">88</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CASA_C-212_Aviocar" title="CASA C-212 Aviocar">89</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_91_Safir" title="Saab 91 Safir">91</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saab_340" title="Saab 340">100</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saab_340_AEW%26C" title="Saab 340 AEW&C">S 100</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beechcraft_Super_King_Air" title="Beechcraft Super King Air">101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulfstream_IV" title="Gulfstream IV">102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cessna_Citation_II" title="Cessna Citation II">103</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Italics Pre-unification designations  • 1 Assigned to multiple types  • 2 Not unified with main sequence</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" 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