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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Biology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Biology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Biology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diet_and_biting_behavior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet_and_biting_behavior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Diet and biting behavior</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet_and_biting_behavior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Reproduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Predators_and_parasites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predators_and_parasites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Predators and parasites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Predators_and_parasites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_disease_vectors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_disease_vectors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>As disease vectors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_disease_vectors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tabanidae</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 91 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-91" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">91 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%8A%D9%84" title="ذباب الخيل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ذباب الخيل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabanidae" title="Tabanidae – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tabanidae" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbutu" title="Mbutu – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mbutu" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6y%C3%BCnl%C9%99r" title="Göyünlər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Göyünlər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A4%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D9%84%D8%B1" title="گؤیونلر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="گؤیونلر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%98%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BF" title="ঘোড়া মাছি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ঘোড়া মাছি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BF%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Сляпні – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сляпні" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Ободи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ободи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breema" title="Breema – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Breema" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tab%C3%A0nids" title="Tabànids – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tabànids" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%C4%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Пăван – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Пăван" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabanidae" title="Tabanidae – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Tabanidae" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ov%C3%A1dovit%C3%AD" title="Ovádovití – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ovádovití" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pryfyn_y_gweryd" title="Pryfyn y gweryd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pryfyn y gweryd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kl%C3%A6ger" title="Klæger – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Klæger" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremsen" title="Bremsen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bremsen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%82%CA%BC%C3%A9zhii" title="Tłʼézhii – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tłʼézhii" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parmlased" title="Parmlased – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Parmlased" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabanidae" title="Tabanidae – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tabanidae" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabanedoj" title="Tabanedoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tabanedoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezpara" title="Ezpara – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ezpara" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%85%DA%AF%D8%B3" title="خرمگس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خرمگس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabanidae" title="Tabanidae – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tabanidae" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creabhar_(cuileog)" title="Creabhar (cuileog) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Creabhar (cuileog)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creithleag-nan-each" title="Creithleag-nan-each – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Creithleag-nan-each" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tab%C3%A1nidos" title="Tabánidos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tabánidos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%93%B1%EC%97%90" title="등에 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="등에" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D5%A6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Մոզեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մոզեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obadi" title="Obadi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Obadi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabano" title="Tabano – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Tabano" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikat" title="Pikat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pikat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B7" title="Куырмбындз – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Куырмбындз" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleggjar" title="Kleggjar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kleggjar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabanidae" title="Tabanidae – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tabanidae" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="טבניים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טבניים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BF" title="ತೊಣಚಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ತೊಣಚಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="მაწუხელასებრნი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მაწუხელასებრნი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Сона – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сона" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodronen" title="Sodronen – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Sodronen" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pange" title="Pange – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Pange" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%B3%D3%A9%D3%A9%D0%BD%D0%B4%D3%A9%D1%80" title="Көгөөндөр – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Көгөөндөр" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8B" title="Пармы – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Пармы" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabanidae" title="Tabanidae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tabanidae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunduri" title="Dunduri – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dunduri" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beelen" title="Beelen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Beelen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparviniai" title="Sparviniai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sparviniai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjeldaeze" title="Sjeldaeze – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sjeldaeze" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6g%C3%B6lyf%C3%A9l%C3%A9k" title="Bögölyfélék – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bögölyfélék" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Штркли – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Штркли" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%8A%D9%84" title="ذباب الخيل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ذباب الخيل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DA%AF_%D9%85%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="سگ مهاز – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سگ مهاز" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikat" title="Pikat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pikat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dazen" title="Dazen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dazen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%96%E7%A7%91" title="アブ科 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アブ科" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dasfleegen" title="Dasfleegen – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Dasfleegen" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klegger" title="Klegger – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Klegger" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabanidae" title="Tabanidae – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tabanidae" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Пормо – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Пормо" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/So%CA%BBnalar" title="Soʻnalar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Soʻnalar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauen" title="Bauen – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Bauen" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%85kowate" title="Bąkowate – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bąkowate" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabanidae" title="Tabanidae – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tabanidae" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%83un" title="Tăun – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tăun" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tak%27a" title="Tak'a – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Tak'a" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Слепни – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Слепни" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D0%BB%D2%AF%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Күлүмэн – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Күлүмэн" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleg" title="Cleg – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Cleg" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horse_fly" title="Horse fly – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Horse fly" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovadovit%C3%A9" title="Ovadovité – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ovadovité" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obadi" title="Obadi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Obadi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabanidae" title="Tabanidae – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Tabanidae" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obadi" title="Obadi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Obadi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piteuk" title="Piteuk – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Piteuk" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paarmat" title="Paarmat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Paarmat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromsar" title="Bromsar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bromsar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabanidae" title="Tabanidae – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tabanidae" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%88" title="மாட்டு ஈ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மாட்டு ஈ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aggug" title="Aggug – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Aggug" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%97" title="జోరీగ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జోరీగ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A" title="เหลือบ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เหลือบ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%AF%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Кӯрмагас – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Кӯрмагас" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1r_sine%C4%9Fi" title="Sığır sineği – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sığır sineği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%90%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96" title="Ґедзеві – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ґедзеві" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Copj%C3%A4i%C5%BEed" title="Čopjäižed – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Čopjäižed" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%8D_Ru%E1%BB%93i_tr%C3%A2u" title="Họ Ruồi trâu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Họ Ruồi trâu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabanidae" title="Tabanidae – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tabanidae" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%99%BB" title="虻 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="虻" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E8%A0%85" title="牛蠅 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="牛蠅" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bimbals" title="Bimbals – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Bimbals" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%99%BB" title="虻 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="虻" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuru%C5%A1n%C9%99" title="Kurušnə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Kurušnə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Family of insects</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Horsefly" and "Cleg" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Horsefly_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Horsefly (disambiguation)">Horsefly (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clegg_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Clegg (disambiguation)">Clegg (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Housefly" title="Housefly">housefly</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Tabanidae<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">Berriasian–Recent</span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:17.583076923077px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.22px; width:14.807692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:70.027692307692px; width:7.9470769230769px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:77.974769230769px; width:20.564923076923px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.539692307692px; width:20.294153846154px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.732307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:171.56615384615px; width:26.095384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.540307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20184615385px; width:6.9249230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:171.56615384615px; width:48.433846153846px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:171.56615384615px; width:48.433846153846px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:172.56615384615px; width:46.433846153846px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Horse_fly_Tabanus_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Horse_fly_Tabanus_2.jpg/250px-Horse_fly_Tabanus_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Horse_fly_Tabanus_2.jpg/330px-Horse_fly_Tabanus_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Horse_fly_Tabanus_2.jpg/500px-Horse_fly_Tabanus_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="784" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><i><a href="/wiki/Tabanus_sulcifrons" title="Tabanus sulcifrons">Tabanus sulcifrons</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Tabanidae" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropoda</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">Insecta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fly" title="Fly">Diptera</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Superfamily: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tabanoidea" title="Tabanoidea">Tabanoidea</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tabanidae</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Latreille" class="mw-redirect" title="Latreille">Latreille</a>, 1802<sup id="cite_ref-Nomenclature1961_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nomenclature1961-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Subfamilies </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adersiinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Adersiinae">Adersiinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysopsinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrysopsinae">Chrysopsinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangoniinae" title="Pangoniinae">Pangoniinae</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scepsidinae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scepsidinae (page does not exist)">Scepsidinae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabaninae" title="Tabaninae">Tabaninae</a></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Horse flies</b> and <b>deer flies</b><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are true <a href="/wiki/Flies" class="mw-redirect" title="Flies">flies</a> in the family <b>Tabanidae</b> in the <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insect</a> <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">order</a> <a href="/wiki/Diptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Diptera">Diptera</a>. The adults are often large and agile in flight. Only females bite land vertebrates, including humans, to <a href="/wiki/Hematophagy" title="Hematophagy">obtain blood</a>. They prefer to fly in sunlight, avoiding dark and shady areas, and are inactive at night. They are found all over the world except for some islands and the polar regions (Hawaii, Greenland, Iceland<sup id="cite_ref-Downes_1988_pp._55–92_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Downes_1988_pp._55–92-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Both horse flies and <a href="/wiki/Botflies" class="mw-redirect" title="Botflies">botflies</a> (Oestridae) are sometimes referred to as <b>gadflies</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Adult horse flies feed on nectar and plant <a href="/wiki/Exudate" title="Exudate">exudates</a>; males have weak <a href="/wiki/Insect_mouthparts" title="Insect mouthparts">mouthparts</a>, but females have mouthparts strong enough to bite large animals. This is for the purpose of obtaining enough <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> from blood to produce <a href="/wiki/Egg" title="Egg">eggs</a>. The mouthparts of females are formed into a stout stabbing organ with two pairs of sharp cutting blades, and a spongelike part used to lap up the blood that flows from the wound. The larvae are <a href="/wiki/Predaceous" class="mw-redirect" title="Predaceous">predaceous</a> and grow in semiaquatic habitats. </p><p>Female horse flies can <a href="/wiki/Vector_(epidemiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vector (epidemiology)">transfer</a> <a href="/wiki/Blood-borne_disease" title="Blood-borne disease">blood-borne diseases</a> from one animal to another through their feeding habit. In areas where those diseases occur, they have been known to carry <a href="/wiki/Equine_infectious_anaemia_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Equine infectious anaemia virus">equine infectious anaemia virus</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Trypanosoma" title="Trypanosoma">trypanosomes</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Filarial_worm" class="mw-redirect" title="Filarial worm">filarial worm</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Loa_loa" title="Loa loa">Loa loa</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Anthrax" title="Anthrax">anthrax</a> among cattle and sheep, and <a href="/wiki/Tularemia" title="Tularemia">tularemia</a>. They can reduce growth rates in cattle and lower the milk output of cows if suitable shelters are not provided. </p><p>Horse flies have appeared in literature ever since <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a> mentioned them driving people to "madness" through their persistent pursuit. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Common_names">Common names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabanidae&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Common names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Micrographia_Robert_Hooke_24.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Micrographia_Robert_Hooke_24.png/220px-Micrographia_Robert_Hooke_24.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Micrographia_Robert_Hooke_24.png/330px-Micrographia_Robert_Hooke_24.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Micrographia_Robert_Hooke_24.png/440px-Micrographia_Robert_Hooke_24.png 2x" data-file-width="4024" data-file-height="4480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a> marvelled at the eyes of a "drone fly" in his <i><a href="/wiki/Micrographia" title="Micrographia">Micrographia</a></i> (1665), perhaps the earliest accurate depiction of a horsefly</figcaption></figure> <p>Tabanidae are known by a large number of common names. The subfamily <a href="/wiki/Chrysopsinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrysopsinae">Chrysopsinae</a> is known as deer flies, perhaps because of their abundance on moorland where <a href="/wiki/Red_deer" title="Red deer">deer</a> roam,<sup id="cite_ref-Marren_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marren-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and buffalo-flies, moose-flies and elephant-flies emanate from other parts of the world where these animals are found.<sup id="cite_ref-chainey1993_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chainey1993-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "horse-fly" refers primarily to <a href="/wiki/Tabaninae" title="Tabaninae">Tabaninae</a> that are typically larger and stouter, and that lack the banded wings deer flies have.<sup id="cite_ref-MDC_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MDC-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other common names include <b>tabanids</b>, <b>gadflies</b>, <b>green-headed flies</b>, and <b>green flies</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-MDC_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MDC-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word "Tabanus" was first recorded by <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger" title="Pliny the Younger">Pliny the Younger</a> and has survived as the generic name. In general, country folk did not distinguish between the various biting insects that irritated their cattle and called them all "gad-flies", from the word "gad" meaning "spike". Other common names include "cleg[g]", "gleg" or "clag", which come from <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> and may have originated from the <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Marren_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marren-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other names such as "stouts" refer to the wide bodies of the insects and "dun-flies" to their sombre colouring. In Australia and the UK they are also known as March flies,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a name used in other Anglophonic countries to refer to the non-bloodsucking <a href="/wiki/Bibionidae" title="Bibionidae">Bibionidae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabanidae&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adult tabanids are large flies with prominent <a href="/wiki/Eye#Compound_eyes" title="Eye">compound eyes</a>, short <a href="/wiki/Antenna_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antenna (biology)">antennae</a> composed of three segments, and wide bodies. In females, the eyes are widely separated; in males, however, they are almost touching. The eyes are often patterned and brightly coloured in living tabanids but appear dull in preserved specimens. The terminal segment of the antennae is pointed and annulated, appearing to be composed of several tapering rings. There are no hairs or <a href="/wiki/Arista_(insect_anatomy)" title="Arista (insect anatomy)">arista</a> stemming from the antennae. Both the head and thorax are clad in short hairs, but no bristles are on the body. The membranous forewings are clear, either shaded uniformly grey or brown, or patterned in some species; they have a basal lobe (or calypter) that covers the modified knob-like hindwings or <a href="/wiki/Halteres" title="Halteres">halteres</a>. The tips of the legs have two lobes on the sides (pulvilli) and a central lobe (empodium) in addition to two claws that enable them to grip to surfaces.<sup id="cite_ref-chainey1993_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chainey1993-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Species recognition is based on details of head structures (antennae, <a href="/wiki/Insect_morphology#Head" title="Insect morphology">frons</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maxilla_(arthropod_mouthpart)" title="Maxilla (arthropod mouthpart)">maxillae</a>), wing venation, and body patterning; minute variations of surface structure cause subtle alterations of the overlying hairs, which alters the appearance of the body.<sup id="cite_ref-chainey1993_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chainey1993-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tabanus_atratus,_U,_Face,_MD_2013-08-21-16.06.31_ZS_PMax_(9599360121).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Tabanus_atratus%2C_U%2C_Face%2C_MD_2013-08-21-16.06.31_ZS_PMax_%289599360121%29.jpg/250px-Tabanus_atratus%2C_U%2C_Face%2C_MD_2013-08-21-16.06.31_ZS_PMax_%289599360121%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Tabanus_atratus%2C_U%2C_Face%2C_MD_2013-08-21-16.06.31_ZS_PMax_%289599360121%29.jpg/330px-Tabanus_atratus%2C_U%2C_Face%2C_MD_2013-08-21-16.06.31_ZS_PMax_%289599360121%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Tabanus_atratus%2C_U%2C_Face%2C_MD_2013-08-21-16.06.31_ZS_PMax_%289599360121%29.jpg/500px-Tabanus_atratus%2C_U%2C_Face%2C_MD_2013-08-21-16.06.31_ZS_PMax_%289599360121%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4676" data-file-height="3612" /></a><figcaption>Head of <i><a href="/wiki/Tabanus_atratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabanus atratus">Tabanus atratus</a></i> showing large compound eyes, short antennae (between and below the eyes) and stout piercing mouthparts</figcaption></figure> <p>Tabanid species range from medium-sized to very large, robust insects. Most have a body length between 5 and 25 mm (0.2 and 1.0 in), with the largest having a wingspan of 60 mm (2.4 in).<sup id="cite_ref-Cook_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cook-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deer flies in the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Chrysops" title="Chrysops">Chrysops</a></i> are up to 10 mm (0.4 in) long, have yellow to black bodies and striped abdomens, and membranous wings with dark patches. Horse-flies (genus <i><a href="/wiki/Tabanus" title="Tabanus">Tabanus</a></i>) are larger, up to 25 mm (1 in) in length and are mostly dark brown or black, with dark eyes, often with a metallic sheen. Yellow flies (genus <i><a href="/wiki/Diachlorus" title="Diachlorus">Diachlorus</a></i>) are similar in shape to deer flies, but have yellowish bodies and the eyes are purplish-black with a green sheen.<sup id="cite_ref-IFAS_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IFAS-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some species in the subfamily Pangoniinae have an exceptionally long <a href="/wiki/Proboscis" title="Proboscis">proboscis</a> (tubular mouthpart).<sup id="cite_ref-chainey1993_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chainey1993-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The larvae are long and cylindrical or spindle-shaped with small heads and 12 body segments. They have rings of <a href="/wiki/Tubercle" title="Tubercle">tubercles</a> (warty outgrowths) known as pseudopods around the segments, and also bands of short <a href="/wiki/Seta" title="Seta">setae</a> (bristles). The posterior tip of each <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larva</a> has a breathing siphon and a bulbous area known as <a href="/wiki/Vitus_Graber" title="Vitus Graber">Graber's</a> organ. The outlines of the adult insect's head and wings are visible through the <a href="/wiki/Pupa" title="Pupa">pupa</a>, which has seven moveable abdominal segments, all except the front one of which bears a band of setae. The posterior end of the pupa bears a group of spine-like tubercles.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some species, such as deer flies and the Australian March flies, are known for being extremely noisy during flight, though clegs, for example, fly quietly and bite with little warning. Tabanids are agile fliers; <i><a href="/wiki/Hybomitra" title="Hybomitra">Hybomitra</a></i> species have been observed to perform aerial manoeuvres similar to those performed by fighter jets, such as the <a href="/wiki/Immelmann_turn" title="Immelmann turn">Immelmann turn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Horseflies can lay claim to being the fastest flying insects; the male <i>Hybomitra hinei wrighti</i> has been recorded reaching speeds of up to 145 kilometres per hour (90 mph) when pursuing a female.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabanidae&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Distribution and habitat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tabanids are found worldwide, except for the polar regions, but they are absent from some islands such as <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Downes_1988_pp._55–92_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Downes_1988_pp._55–92-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_(island)" title="Hawaii (island)">Hawaii</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IFAS_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IFAS-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The genera <i>Tabanus</i>, <i>Chrysops</i>, and <i>Haematopota</i> all occur in temperate, subtropical, and tropical locations, but <i>Haematopota</i> is absent from Australia and South America.<sup id="cite_ref-Cook_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cook-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They mostly occur in warm areas with suitable moist locations for breeding, but also occupy a wide range of habitats from deserts to alpine meadows. They are found from sea level to at least 3,300 m (10,800 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-Middlekauff_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Middlekauff-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution_and_taxonomy">Evolution and taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabanidae&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Evolution and taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:352px;max-width:352px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:175px;max-width:175px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:231px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tabanus_eggeri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Tabanus_eggeri.jpg/173px-Tabanus_eggeri.jpg" decoding="async" width="173" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Tabanus_eggeri.jpg/260px-Tabanus_eggeri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Tabanus_eggeri.jpg/346px-Tabanus_eggeri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="816" data-file-height="1088" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">A horse-fly, <i><a href="/wiki/Tabanus_eggeri" title="Tabanus eggeri">Tabanus eggeri</a></i>, France</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:173px;max-width:173px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:231px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hevoset_kes%C3%A4laitumella_10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Hevoset_kes%C3%A4laitumella_10.jpg/250px-Hevoset_kes%C3%A4laitumella_10.jpg" decoding="async" width="171" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Hevoset_kes%C3%A4laitumella_10.jpg/330px-Hevoset_kes%C3%A4laitumella_10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Hevoset_kes%C3%A4laitumella_10.jpg/500px-Hevoset_kes%C3%A4laitumella_10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1990" data-file-height="2700" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Horse-flies <i><a href="/wiki/Haematopota_pluvialis" title="Haematopota pluvialis">Haematopota pluvialis</a></i> feeding on a horse's head</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:350px;max-width:350px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:260px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tabanidae_-_Chrysops_caecutiens.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Tabanidae_-_Chrysops_caecutiens.JPG/348px-Tabanidae_-_Chrysops_caecutiens.JPG" decoding="async" width="348" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Tabanidae_-_Chrysops_caecutiens.JPG/522px-Tabanidae_-_Chrysops_caecutiens.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Tabanidae_-_Chrysops_caecutiens.JPG/696px-Tabanidae_-_Chrysops_caecutiens.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="1017" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">A deer fly, <i><a href="/wiki/Chrysops_caecutiens" title="Chrysops caecutiens">Chrysops caecutiens</a></i></div></div></div></div></div> <p>The oldest records of the family come from the <a href="/wiki/Early_Cretaceous" title="Early Cretaceous">Early Cretaceous</a>, with the oldest record being <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eotabanoid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eotabanoid (page does not exist)">Eotabanoid</a>,</i> known from wings found in the <a href="/wiki/Berriasian" title="Berriasian">Berriasian</a> (145–140 million years ago) <a href="/wiki/Purbeck_Group" title="Purbeck Group">Purbeck Group</a> of England.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the bloodsucking habit is associated with a long proboscis, a fossil insect that has elongated mouthparts is not necessarily a bloodsucker, as it may instead have fed on nectar.<sup id="cite_ref-Grimaldi2005_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grimaldi2005-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ancestral tabanids may have co-evolved with the <a href="/wiki/Angiosperm" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiosperm">angiosperm</a> plants on which they fed.<sup id="cite_ref-Morita_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morita-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With a necessity for high-protein food for egg production, the diet of early tabanomorphs was probably predatory, and from this, the bloodsucking habit may have evolved. In the <a href="/wiki/Santana_Formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Santana Formation">Santana Formation</a> in Brazil, no mammals have been found, so the fossil tabanids found there likely fed on reptiles. Cold bloodsucking probably preceded warm bloodsucking, but some <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaurs</a> are postulated to have been warm-blooded and may have been early hosts for the horse-flies.<sup id="cite_ref-Martins_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martins-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Tabanidae are <a href="/wiki/True_flies" class="mw-redirect" title="True flies">true flies</a> and members of the <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insect</a> <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">order</a> Diptera.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the families <a href="/wiki/Athericidae" title="Athericidae">Athericidae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pelecorhynchidae" title="Pelecorhynchidae">Pelecorhynchidae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oreoleptidae" title="Oreoleptidae">Oreoleptidae</a>, Tabanidae are classified in the <a href="/wiki/Taxonomic_rank#Ranks_in_zoology" title="Taxonomic rank">superfamily</a> <a href="/wiki/Tabanoidea" title="Tabanoidea">Tabanoidea</a>. Along with the Rhagionoidea, this superfamily makes up the infraorder <a href="/wiki/Tabanomorpha" title="Tabanomorpha">Tabanomorpha</a>. Tabanoid families seem to be united by the presence of a venom canal in the mandible of the larvae. Worldwide, about 4,455 species of Tabanidae have been <a href="/wiki/Species_description" title="Species description">described</a>, over 1,300 of them in the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Tabanus" title="Tabanus">Tabanus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Morita_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morita-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Tabanid identification is based mostly on adult <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphological</a> characters of the head, wing venation, and sometimes the last abdominal segment. The genitalia are very simple and do not provide clear species differentiation as in many other insect groups. In the past, most taxonomic treatments considered the family to be composed of three subfamilies: <a href="/wiki/Pangoniinae" title="Pangoniinae">Pangoniinae</a> (tribes Pangoniini, Philolichini, Scionini), <a href="/wiki/Chrysopsinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrysopsinae">Chrysopsinae</a> (tribes Bouvieromyiini, Chrysopsini, Rhinomyzini), and <a href="/wiki/Tabaninae" title="Tabaninae">Tabaninae</a> (tribes Diachlorini, Haematopotini, Tabanini).<sup id="cite_ref-chainey1993_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chainey1993-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some treatments increased this to five subfamilies, adding the subfamily <a href="/wiki/Adersiinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Adersiinae">Adersiinae</a>, with the single genus <i><a href="/wiki/Adersia" title="Adersia">Adersia</a></i>, and the subfamily <a href="/w/index.php?title=Scepcidinae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scepcidinae (page does not exist)">Scepcidinae</a>, with the two genera <i><a href="/wiki/Braunsiomyia" title="Braunsiomyia">Braunsiomyia</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Scepsis_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scepsis (genus)">Scepsis</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-mackerras1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mackerras1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haematopota.pluvialis.adult.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Haematopota.pluvialis.adult.jpg/220px-Haematopota.pluvialis.adult.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Haematopota.pluvialis.adult.jpg/330px-Haematopota.pluvialis.adult.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Haematopota.pluvialis.adult.jpg/440px-Haematopota.pluvialis.adult.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption>Horseflies in the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Haematopota" title="Haematopota">Haematopota</a></i> typically have speckled wings</figcaption></figure><p>A 2015 study by Morita et al. using <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid_sequence" title="Nucleic acid sequence">nucleotide data</a>, aimed to clarify the <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">phylogeny</a> of the Tabanidae and supports three subfamilies. The subfamilies Pangoniinae and Tabaninae were shown to be <a href="/wiki/Monophyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophyletic">monophyletic</a>. The tribes Philolichini, Chrysopsini, Rhinomyzini, and Haematopotini were found to be monophyletic, with the Scionini also being monophyletic apart from the difficult-to-place genus <i>Goniops</i>. <i>Adersia</i> was recovered within the Pangoniini as were the genera previously placed in the Scepcidinae, and <i>Mycteromyia</i> and <i>Goniops</i> were recovered within the Chrysopsini.<sup id="cite_ref-Morita_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morita-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philoliche.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Philoliche.jpg/250px-Philoliche.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Philoliche.jpg/330px-Philoliche.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Philoliche.jpg/500px-Philoliche.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1486" data-file-height="1288" /></a><figcaption>Long-tongued horseflies (subfamily Pangoniinae) like this <i>Philoliche</i> sp. have specialized nectar-sucking mouthparts.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Tabaninae lack <a href="/wiki/Ocelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocelli">ocelli</a> (simple eyes) and have no spurs on the tips of their hind <a href="/wiki/Tibia" title="Tibia">tibiae</a>. In the Pangoniinae, ocelli are present and the antennal <a href="/wiki/Flagellum" title="Flagellum">flagellum</a> (whip-like structure) usually has eight annuli (or rings). In the Chrysopsinae, the antennal flagellum has a basal plate and the flagellum has four annuli. Females have a shining callus on the frons (front of the head between the eyes).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Adersiinae have a divided tergite on the ninth abdominal segment,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Scepsidinae have highly reduced mouthparts.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of the family <a href="/wiki/Pelecorhynchidae" title="Pelecorhynchidae">Pelecorhynchidae</a> were initially included in the Tabanidae and moved into the <a href="/wiki/Rhagionidae" title="Rhagionidae">Rhagionidae</a> before being elevated into a separate family. The <a href="/wiki/Infraorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Infraorder">infraorder</a> <a href="/wiki/Tabanomorpha" title="Tabanomorpha">Tabanomorpha</a> shares the blood-feeding habit as a common primitive characteristic, although this is restricted to the female.<sup id="cite_ref-morita_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-morita-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two well-known genera are the common horse-flies, <i>Tabanus</i>, named by Swedish <a href="/wiki/Taxonomist" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxonomist">taxonomist</a> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a> in 1758, and the deer flies, <i>Chrysops</i>, named by the German <a href="/wiki/Entomologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Entomologist">entomologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wilhelm_Meigen" title="Johann Wilhelm Meigen">Johann Wilhelm Meigen</a> in 1802.<sup id="cite_ref-kaufman_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kaufman-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meigen did pioneering research on flies and was the author of <i>Die Fliegen</i> (<i>The Flies</i>); he gave the name <i><a href="/wiki/Haematopota" title="Haematopota">Haematopota</a></i>, meaning "blood-drinker",<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to another common genus of horse-flies.<sup id="cite_ref-MiddlekauffLane1980_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MiddlekauffLane1980-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biology">Biology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabanidae&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Biology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diet_and_biting_behavior">Diet and biting behavior</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabanidae&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Diet and biting behavior"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adult tabanids feed on nectar and plant <a href="/wiki/Exudate" title="Exudate">exudates</a>, and some are important <a href="/wiki/Pollinator" title="Pollinator">pollinators</a> of certain specialised flowers;<sup id="cite_ref-Morita_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morita-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> several South African and Asian species in the Pangoniinae have spectacularly long probosces adapted for the extraction of nectar from flowers with long, narrow <a href="/wiki/Petal" title="Petal">corolla</a> tubes, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Lapeirousia" title="Lapeirousia">Lapeirousia</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and certain <i><a href="/wiki/Pelargonium" title="Pelargonium">Pelargonium</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both males and females engage in nectar-feeding, but females of most species are <a href="/wiki/Anautogenous" class="mw-redirect" title="Anautogenous">anautogenous</a>, meaning they require a blood meal before they are able to reproduce effectively. To obtain the blood, the females, but not the males, bite animals, including humans. The female needs about six days to fully digest her blood meal and after that, she needs to find another host.<sup id="cite_ref-Marren_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marren-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The flies seem to be attracted to a potential victim by its movement, warmth, and surface texture, and by the <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> it breathes out.<sup id="cite_ref-Kentucky_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kentucky-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The flies mainly choose large mammals such as cattle, horses, camels, and deer, but few are species-specific. They have also been observed feeding on smaller mammals, birds, lizards, and turtles, and even on animals that have recently died.<sup id="cite_ref-Middlekauff_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Middlekauff-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike many biting insects such as <a href="/wiki/Mosquito" title="Mosquito">mosquitoes</a>, whose biting mechanism and saliva allow a bite to not be noticed by the host at the time, bites from tabanids are immediately irritating to the victim, so that they are often brushed off, and may have to visit multiple hosts to obtain sufficient blood. This behaviour means that they may carry disease-causing organisms from one host to another.<sup id="cite_ref-Middlekauff_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Middlekauff-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large animals and livestock are generally powerless to dislodge the fly, so there is no selective advantage for the flies to evolve a less immediately painful bite.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tabanus-horsefly-mouthparts-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Tabanus-horsefly-mouthparts-2.jpg/220px-Tabanus-horsefly-mouthparts-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Tabanus-horsefly-mouthparts-2.jpg/330px-Tabanus-horsefly-mouthparts-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Tabanus-horsefly-mouthparts-2.jpg/440px-Tabanus-horsefly-mouthparts-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="789" data-file-height="658" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Tabanus" title="Tabanus">Tabanus</a></i> mouthparts: The sharp cutting stylets are on the right, the spongelike lapping part in the centre.</figcaption></figure> <p>The mouthparts of females are of the usual <a href="/wiki/Diptera" class="mw-redirect" title="Diptera">dipteran</a> form and consist of a bundle of six <a href="/wiki/Chitin" title="Chitin">chitinous</a> stylets that, together with a fold of the fleshy <a href="/wiki/Labium_(arthropod_mouthpart)" class="mw-redirect" title="Labium (arthropod mouthpart)">labium</a>, form the <a href="/wiki/Proboscis" title="Proboscis">proboscis</a>. On either side of these are two maxillary palps. When the insect lands on an animal, it grips the surface with its clawed feet, the labium is retracted, the head is thrust downwards and the stylets slice into the flesh. Some of these have sawing edges and muscles can move them from side-to-side to enlarge the wound. <a href="/wiki/Saliva" title="Saliva">Saliva</a> containing <a href="/wiki/Anticoagulant" title="Anticoagulant">anticoagulant</a> is injected into the wound to prevent clotting.<sup id="cite_ref-Kentucky_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kentucky-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The blood that flows from the wound is lapped up by another mouthpart which functions as a sponge.<sup id="cite_ref-Purdue_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Purdue-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bites can be painful for a day or more; fly saliva may provoke allergic reactions such as hives and difficulty with breathing.<sup id="cite_ref-Kentucky_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kentucky-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tabanid bites can make life outdoors unpleasant for humans, and can reduce milk output in cattle.<sup id="cite_ref-Kentucky_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kentucky-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are attracted by polarized reflections from water,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making them a particular nuisance near swimming pools. Since tabanids prefer to be in sunshine, they normally avoid shaded places such as barns, and are inactive at night.<sup id="cite_ref-Kentucky_34-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kentucky-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Attack patterns vary with species; clegs fly silently and prefer to bite humans on the wrist or bare leg; large species of <i>Tabanus</i> buzz loudly, fly low, and bite ankles, legs, or backs of knees; <i>Chrysops</i> flies somewhat higher, bites the back of the neck, and has a high buzzing note.<sup id="cite_ref-MarrenMabey2010_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MarrenMabey2010-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The striped hides of <a href="/wiki/Zebra" title="Zebra">zebras</a> may have evolved to reduce their attractiveness to horse-flies and <a href="/wiki/Tsetse_flies" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsetse flies">tsetse flies</a>. The closer together the stripes, the fewer flies are visually attracted; the zebra's legs have particularly fine striping, and this is the shaded part of the body that is most likely to be bitten in other, unstriped equids.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recent research by the same lead author shows that the stripes were no less attractive to tabanids, but they merely touched—and could not make a controlled landing to bite. This suggests that a function of the stripes was interfering with <a href="/wiki/Optic_flow" class="mw-redirect" title="Optic flow">optic flow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This does not preclude the possible use of stripes for other purposes such as <a href="/wiki/Signaling_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Signaling theory">signaling</a> or <a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">camouflage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another disruptive mechanism may also be in play, however: a study comparing horse-fly behaviour when approaching horses wearing either striped or check-patterned rugs, when compared with plain rugs, found that both patterns were equally effective in deterring the insects.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reproduction">Reproduction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabanidae&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Reproduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mating often occurs in swarms, generally at landmarks such as <a href="/wiki/Hill-topping_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hill-topping (biology)">hilltops</a>. The season, time of day, and type of landmark used for mating swarms are specific to particular species.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horse_Fly_(Tabanidae)_female_laying_eggs_(12615749733).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Horse_Fly_%28Tabanidae%29_female_laying_eggs_%2812615749733%29.jpg/250px-Horse_Fly_%28Tabanidae%29_female_laying_eggs_%2812615749733%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Horse_Fly_%28Tabanidae%29_female_laying_eggs_%2812615749733%29.jpg/330px-Horse_Fly_%28Tabanidae%29_female_laying_eggs_%2812615749733%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Horse_Fly_%28Tabanidae%29_female_laying_eggs_%2812615749733%29.jpg/500px-Horse_Fly_%28Tabanidae%29_female_laying_eggs_%2812615749733%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3182" data-file-height="2210" /></a><figcaption>Female horse-fly laying eggs</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mud_adaptation_by_Tabanidse_pupa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Mud_adaptation_by_Tabanidse_pupa.png/220px-Mud_adaptation_by_Tabanidse_pupa.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Mud_adaptation_by_Tabanidse_pupa.png/330px-Mud_adaptation_by_Tabanidse_pupa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Mud_adaptation_by_Tabanidse_pupa.png/440px-Mud_adaptation_by_Tabanidse_pupa.png 2x" data-file-width="908" data-file-height="1362" /></a><figcaption>A mud cylinder created by a tabanid before pupation</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Egg" title="Egg">Eggs</a> are laid on stones or vegetation near water, in clusters of up to 1000, especially on emergent water plants. The eggs are white at first but darken with age. They hatch after about six days, with the emerging larvae using a special hatching spike to open the egg case. The <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larvae</a> fall into the water or onto the moist ground below. <i>Chrysops</i> species develop in particularly wet locations, while <i>Tabanus</i> species prefer drier places. The larvae are legless grubs, tapering at both ends. They have small heads and 11 or 13 segments and moult six to 13 times over the course of a year or more. In temperate species, the larvae have a quiescent period during winter (diapause), while tropical species breed several times a year. In the majority of species, they are white, but in some, they are greenish or brownish, and they often have dark bands on each segment. A respiratory siphon at the hind end allows the larvae to obtain air when submerged in water. Larvae of nearly all species are <a href="/wiki/Carnivorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnivorous">carnivorous</a>, often cannibalistic in captivity, and consume <a href="/wiki/Worm" title="Worm">worms</a>, insect larvae, and <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropods</a>. The larvae may be parasitized by nematodes, flies of the families Bombyliidae and Tachinidae, and Hymenoptera in the family <a href="/wiki/Pteromalidae" title="Pteromalidae">Pteromalidae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-chainey1993_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chainey1993-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When fully developed, the larvae move into drier soil near the surface of the ground to <a href="/wiki/Pupa" title="Pupa">pupate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IFAS_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IFAS-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In dry places a "remarkable" <a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">adaptation</a> was discovered in the 1920s by <a href="/wiki/W.A._Lamborn" title="W.A. Lamborn">W.A. Lamborn</a> in <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a> (then <a href="/wiki/Nyasaland" title="Nyasaland">Nyasaland</a>). The larvae were discovered to tunnel in a spiral motion while the mud was still wet and plastic, forming a partitioned cylinder in the center of which the larva settled to pupate after closing the entrance; this adaption protects the pupae against <a href="/wiki/Mudcrack" title="Mudcrack">mudcracks</a> when the mud dries up, as a spreading crack would change direction when it hit the wall of the cylinder.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pupae are brown and glossy, rounded at the head end, and tapering at the other end. Wing and limb buds can be seen and each abdominal segment is fringed with short spines. After about two weeks, <a href="/wiki/Metamorphosis" title="Metamorphosis">metamorphosis</a> is complete, the pupal case splits along the thorax, and the adult fly emerges. Males usually appear first, but when both sexes have emerged, mating takes place, courtship starting in the air and finishing on the ground. The female needs to feed on blood before depositing her egg mass.<sup id="cite_ref-Marren_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marren-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IFAS_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IFAS-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Predators_and_parasites">Predators and parasites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabanidae&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Predators and parasites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horse_guard_wasp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Horse_guard_wasp.jpg/220px-Horse_guard_wasp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Horse_guard_wasp.jpg/330px-Horse_guard_wasp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Horse_guard_wasp.jpg/440px-Horse_guard_wasp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Horse_guard_wasp" title="Horse guard wasp">horse guard wasp</a>, <i>Stictia carolina</i>, catches horse-flies to provision its brood in a nest.</figcaption></figure> <p>Eggs are often attacked by tiny <a href="/wiki/Parasitic_wasp" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasitic wasp">parasitic wasps</a>, and the larvae are consumed by birds, as well as being paratised by <a href="/wiki/Tachinid_flies" class="mw-redirect" title="Tachinid flies">tachinid flies</a>, fungi, and <a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">nematodes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adults are eaten by generalized predators such as birds,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some specialist predators, such as the <a href="/wiki/Horse_guard_wasp" title="Horse guard wasp">horse guard wasp</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Bembicini" title="Bembicini">bembicinid wasp</a>), also preferentially attack horse-flies, catching them to <a href="/wiki/Mass_provisioning" title="Mass provisioning">provision their nests</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin2013_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin2013-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_disease_vectors">As disease vectors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabanidae&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: As disease vectors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tabanids are known <a href="/wiki/Vector_(epidemiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vector (epidemiology)">vectors</a> for some <a href="/wiki/Blood-borne" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood-borne">blood-borne</a> bacterial, viral, <a href="/wiki/Protozoan_infection" title="Protozoan infection">protozoan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Helminths" class="mw-redirect" title="Helminths">worm</a> diseases of mammals, such as the <a href="/wiki/Equine_infectious_anaemia_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Equine infectious anaemia virus">equine infectious anaemia virus</a> and various species of <i><a href="/wiki/Trypanosoma" title="Trypanosoma">Trypanosoma</a></i> which cause diseases in animals and humans.<sup id="cite_ref-Cheng_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cheng-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Species of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Chrysops" title="Chrysops">Chrysops</a></i> transmit the <a href="/wiki/Parasitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasitic">parasitic</a> <a href="/wiki/Filarial_worm" class="mw-redirect" title="Filarial worm">filarial worm</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Loa_loa" title="Loa loa">Loa loa</a></i> between humans,<sup id="cite_ref-Padgett_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Padgett-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and tabanids are known to transmit <a href="/wiki/Anthrax" title="Anthrax">anthrax</a> among cattle and sheep, and <a href="/wiki/Tularemia" title="Tularemia">tularemia</a> between <a href="/wiki/Rabbit" title="Rabbit">rabbits</a> and humans.<sup id="cite_ref-Cheng_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cheng-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Blood loss is a common problem in some animals when large flies are abundant. Some animals have been known to lose up to 300 ml (11 imp fl oz; 10 US fl oz) of blood in a single day to tabanid flies, a loss which can weaken or even kill them. Anecdotal reports of bites leading to fatal <a href="/wiki/Anaphylaxis" title="Anaphylaxis">anaphylaxis</a> in humans have been made, an extremely rare occurrence.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Management">Management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabanidae&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Control of tabanid flies is difficult. <a href="/wiki/Malaise_trap" title="Malaise trap">Malaise traps</a> are most often used to capture them, and these can be modified with the use of baits and attractants that include carbon dioxide or <a href="/wiki/Octenol" class="mw-redirect" title="Octenol">octenol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A dark shiny ball suspended below them that moves in the breeze can also attract them and forms a key part of a modified "Manitoba trap" that is used most often for trapping and sampling the Tabanidae.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cattle can be treated with pour-on <a href="/wiki/Pyrethroid" title="Pyrethroid">pyrethroids</a> which may repel the flies, and fitting them with insecticide-impregnated eartags or collars has had some success in killing the insects.<sup id="cite_ref-IFAS_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IFAS-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bites">Bites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabanidae&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tabanid bites can be painful to humans. Usually, a weal (raised area of skin) occurs around the site; other symptoms may include <a href="/wiki/Urticaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Urticaria">urticaria</a> (a rash), dizziness, weakness, wheezing, and <a href="/wiki/Angioedema" title="Angioedema">angioedema</a> (a temporary itchy, pink or red swelling occurring around the eyes or lips). A few people experience an allergic reaction.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a> of the United Kingdom recommends that the site of the bite should be washed and a cold compress applied. Scratching the wound should be avoided at all times and an <a href="/wiki/Antihistamine" title="Antihistamine">antihistamine</a> preparation can be applied. In most cases, the symptoms subside within a few hours, but if the wound becomes infected, medical advice should be sought.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_literature">In literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabanidae&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: In literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:158px;max-width:158px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:219px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Europ%C3%A4ischenZweifl%C3%BCgeligen1790TafCXCIV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Europ%C3%A4ischenZweifl%C3%BCgeligen1790TafCXCIV.jpg/156px-Europ%C3%A4ischenZweifl%C3%BCgeligen1790TafCXCIV.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Europ%C3%A4ischenZweifl%C3%BCgeligen1790TafCXCIV.jpg/234px-Europ%C3%A4ischenZweifl%C3%BCgeligen1790TafCXCIV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Europ%C3%A4ischenZweifl%C3%BCgeligen1790TafCXCIV.jpg/312px-Europ%C3%A4ischenZweifl%C3%BCgeligen1790TafCXCIV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1511" data-file-height="2124" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:130px;max-width:130px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:219px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Theater_of_Insects.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Theater_of_Insects.jpg/250px-Theater_of_Insects.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Theater_of_Insects.jpg/330px-Theater_of_Insects.jpg 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="776" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><span style="font-family:Sans-serif;font-size:100%;">Left: <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wilhelm_Meigen" title="Johann Wilhelm Meigen">Johann Wilhelm Meigen</a>'s <i>Europäischen Zweiflügeligen</i> 1790, Plate CXCIV. Nos 7, 8 and 9 are <i>Haematopota</i> horse-flies, <i>H. crassicornis</i>, <i>H. grandis</i>, and <i>H. pluvialis</i>, respectively. <br />Right: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Muffett" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Muffett">Thomas Muffett</a> described the horse-fly in his 1634 book <i>Theatre of Insects</i>.</span></div></div></div></div> <p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Bound" title="Prometheus Bound">Prometheus Bound</a></i>, which is attributed to the Athenian tragic playwright <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Gadfly_(mythology)" title="Gadfly (mythology)">gadfly</a> sent by <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>'s wife <a href="/wiki/Hera" title="Hera">Hera</a> pursues and torments his mistress <a href="/wiki/Io_(mythology)" title="Io (mythology)">Io</a>, who has been transformed into a cow and is watched constantly by the hundred eyes of the herdsman <a href="/wiki/Argus_Panoptes" title="Argus Panoptes">Argus</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stagman2010_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stagman2010-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Io: Ah! Hah! Again the prick, the stab of gadfly-sting! O earth, earth, hide, the hollow shape—Argus—that evil thing—the hundred-eyed."<sup id="cite_ref-Stagman2010_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stagman2010-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>, inspired by Aeschylus, has <a href="/wiki/Tom_o%27_Bedlam" title="Tom o' Bedlam">Tom o' Bedlam</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/King_Lear" title="King Lear">King Lear</a></i>, "Whom the foul fiend hath led through fire and through flame, through ford and whirlpool, o'er bog and quagmire", driven mad by the constant pursuit.<sup id="cite_ref-Stagman2010_61-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stagman2010-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/Antony_and_Cleopatra" title="Antony and Cleopatra">Antony and Cleopatra</a></i>, Shakespeare likens Cleopatra's hasty departure from the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Actium" title="Battle of Actium">Actium battlefield</a> to that of a cow chased by a gadfly: "The breeze [gadfly] upon her, like a cow in June / hoists sail and flies", where "June" may allude not only to the month but also to the goddess <a href="/wiki/Juno_(mythology)" title="Juno (mythology)">Juno</a>, who torments Io, and the cow in turn may allude to Io, who is changed into a cow in <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker2002_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker2002-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The physician and naturalist <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Muffet" title="Thomas Muffet">Thomas Muffet</a> wrote that the horse-fly "carries before him a very hard, stiff, and well-compacted sting, with which he strikes through the Oxe his hide; he is in fashion like a great Fly, and forces the beasts for fear of him only to stand up to the belly in water, or else to betake themselves to wood sides, cool shades, and places where the wind blows through."<sup id="cite_ref-MarrenMabey2010_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MarrenMabey2010-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "<a href="/wiki/Blue_Tail_Fly" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Tail Fly">Blue Tail Fly</a>" in the eponymous song was probably the mourning horsefly (<i><a href="/wiki/Tabanus_atratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabanus atratus">Tabanus atratus</a></i>), a tabanid with a blue-black abdomen common to the southeastern United States.<sup id="cite_ref-kaufman_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kaufman-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Paul_Muldoon" title="Paul Muldoon">Paul Muldoon</a>’s chapbook Binge contains a poem "Clegs and Midges" which uses gadflies, real and metaphoric, "cleg" being a British term for the horse-fly. </p><p>In Norse mythology <a href="/wiki/Loki" title="Loki">Loki</a> took the form of a gadfly to hinder <a href="/wiki/Brokkr" title="Brokkr">Brokkr</a> during the manufacture of the hammer <a href="/wiki/Mj%C3%B6lnir" title="Mjölnir">Mjölnir</a>, weapon of <a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Thor</a> (Hammer of Thor). </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabanidae&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_soldierflies_and_allies_of_Great_Britain" title="List of soldierflies and allies of Great Britain">List of soldierflies and allies of Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_of_DNA_in_forensic_entomology" title="Use of DNA in forensic entomology">Use of DNA in forensic entomology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabanidae&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For other names, see <a href="#Common_names">§ Common names</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Nomenclature1961-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nomenclature1961_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Commission_on_Zoological_Nomenclature1961" class="citation book cs1">International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XxoTAAAAIAAJ"><i>The Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature</i></a>. International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature. p. 55.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bulletin+of+Zoological+Nomenclature&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=International+Trust+for+Zoological+Nomenclature&rft.date=1961&rft.au=International+Commission+on+Zoological+Nomenclature&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXxoTAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATabanidae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cirrus Digital <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cirrusimage.com/fly_horse_Tabanus.htm">Horse Fly <i>Tabanus sulcifrons</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Downes_1988_pp._55–92-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Downes_1988_pp._55–92_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Downes_1988_pp._55–92_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDownes1988" class="citation journal cs1">Downes, J.A. (1988). "The Post-Glacial Colonization of the North Atlantic Islands". <i>Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada</i>. <b>120</b> (S144). 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Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513149-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513149-9"><bdi>978-0-19-513149-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Murder+among+Friends%3A+Violation+of+Philia+in+Greek+Tragedy&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-513149-9&rft.aulast=Belfiore&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzhqCDBBEXSkC%26q%3DPrometheus%2BBound%2BIo%2Bgadfly%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATabanidae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stagman2010-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stagman2010_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stagman2010_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stagman2010_61-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStagman2010" class="citation book cs1">Stagman, Myron (11 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=encnBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA207"><i>Shakespeare's Greek Drama Secret</i></a>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">205–</span>208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-2466-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-2466-8"><bdi>978-1-4438-2466-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shakespeare%27s+Greek+Drama+Secret&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E205-%3C%2Fspan%3E208&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2010-08-11&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-2466-8&rft.aulast=Stagman&rft.aufirst=Myron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DencnBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATabanidae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walker2002-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Walker2002_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWalker2002" class="citation book cs1">Walker, John Lewis (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q3Voi0Dk_HwC&pg=PA363"><i>Shakespeare and the Classical Tradition: An Annotated Bibliography, 1961–1991</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 363. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-6697-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-6697-0"><bdi>978-0-8240-6697-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shakespeare+and+the+Classical+Tradition%3A+An+Annotated+Bibliography%2C+1961%E2%80%931991&rft.pages=363&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8240-6697-0&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=John+Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq3Voi0Dk_HwC%26pg%3DPA363&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATabanidae" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabanidae&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tabanidae" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tabanidae">Tabanidae</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikispecies-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/20px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/40px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></a></span> Data related to <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Tabanidae" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Tabanidae">Tabanidae</a> at Wikispecies</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Diptera_families" title="Template:Diptera families"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Diptera_families" title="Template talk:Diptera families"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Diptera_families" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Diptera families"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extant_Diptera_families280" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extant <a href="/wiki/Fly" title="Fly">Diptera</a> families</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropoda</a></li> <li>Class: <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">Insecta</a></li> <li>Subclass: <a href="/wiki/Pterygota" title="Pterygota">Pterygota</a></li> <li>Infraclass: <a href="/wiki/Neoptera" title="Neoptera">Neoptera</a></li> <li>Superorder: <a href="/wiki/Holometabola" title="Holometabola">Holometabola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Nematocera280" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Nematocera" title="Nematocera">Nematocera</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Axymyiomorpha28" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;padding-right:10.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Axymyiidae" title="Axymyiidae">Axymyiomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axymyiidae" title="Axymyiidae">Axymyiidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Culicomorpha16" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Culicomorpha" title="Culicomorpha">Culicomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Culicoidea" title="Culicoidea">Culicoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dixidae" title="Dixidae">Dixidae <small>(meniscus midges)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corethrellidae" title="Corethrellidae">Corethrellidae <small>(frog-biting midges)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaoboridae" title="Chaoboridae">Chaoboridae <small>(phantom midges)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito" title="Mosquito">Culicidae <small>(mosquitoes)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chironomoidea" title="Chironomoidea">Chironomoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thaumaleidae" title="Thaumaleidae">Thaumaleidae <small>(solitary midges)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_fly" title="Black fly">Simuliidae <small>(black flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceratopogonidae" title="Ceratopogonidae">Ceratopogonidae <small>(biting midges)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chironomidae" title="Chironomidae">Chironomidae <small>(non-biting midges)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Blephariceromorpha22" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;padding-right:10.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Blephariceromorpha" title="Blephariceromorpha">Blephariceromorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blephariceridae" title="Blephariceridae">Blephariceridae <small>(net-winged midges)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuterophlebia" title="Deuterophlebia">Deuterophlebiidae <small>(mountain midges)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphomyiidae" title="Nymphomyiidae">Nymphomyiidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Bibionomorpha17" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Bibionomorpha" title="Bibionomorpha">Bibionomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Bibionidae" title="Bibionidae">Bibionoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibionidae" title="Bibionidae">Bibionidae <small>(march flies, lovebugs)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Anisopodidae" title="Anisopodidae">Anisopodoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anisopodidae" title="Anisopodidae">Anisopodidae <small>(wood gnats)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Sciaroidea" title="Sciaroidea">Sciaroidea</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span class="nobold">(fungus gnats)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolitophila" title="Bolitophila">Bolitophilidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecidomyiidae" title="Cecidomyiidae">Cecidomyiidae <small>(gall midges)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diadocidiidae" title="Diadocidiidae">Diadocidiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditomyiidae" title="Ditomyiidae">Ditomyiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keroplatidae" title="Keroplatidae">Keroplatidae <small>(predatory fungus gnats)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lygistorrhinidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Lygistorrhinidae">Lygistorrhinidae <small>(long-beaked fungus gnats)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycetophilidae" title="Mycetophilidae">Mycetophilidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangomaramidae" title="Rangomaramidae">Rangomaramidae <small>(long-winged fungus gnats)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciaridae" title="Sciaridae">Sciaridae <small>(dark-winged fungus gnats)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Perissommatomorpha38" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;padding-right:10.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Perissommatidae" title="Perissommatidae">Perissommatomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perissommatidae" title="Perissommatidae">Perissommatidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Psychodomorpha18" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Psychodomorpha" title="Psychodomorpha">Psychodomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Scatopsoidea" title="Scatopsoidea">Scatopsoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canthyloscelidae" title="Canthyloscelidae">Canthyloscelidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scatopsidae" title="Scatopsidae">Scatopsidae <small>(minute black scavenger flies, or dung midges)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valeseguyidae" title="Valeseguyidae">Valeseguyidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Psychodidae" title="Psychodidae">Psychodoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychodidae" title="Psychodidae">Psychodidae <small>(moth flies)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ptychopteromorpha21" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em;padding-right:10.15em;"><a href="/wiki/Ptychopteromorpha" title="Ptychopteromorpha">Ptychopteromorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ptychopteridae" title="Ptychopteridae">Ptychopteridae <small>(phantom crane flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanyderidae" title="Tanyderidae">Tanyderidae <small>(primitive crane flies)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tipulomorpha16" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Tipulomorpha" title="Tipulomorpha">Tipulomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Trichoceridae" title="Trichoceridae">Trichoceroidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trichoceridae" title="Trichoceridae">Trichoceridae <small>(winter crane flies)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Crane_fly" title="Crane fly">Tipuloidea</a><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span class="nobold">(crane flies)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cylindrotomidae" title="Cylindrotomidae">Cylindrotomidae <small>(long-bodied crane flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limoniidae" title="Limoniidae">Limoniidae <small>(limoniid crane flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediciidae" title="Pediciidae">Pediciidae <small>(hairy-eyed craneflies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipulidae" title="Tipulidae">Tipulidae <small>(large crane flies)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Brachycera280" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Brachycera" title="Brachycera">Brachycera</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Asilomorpha15" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Asilomorpha" title="Asilomorpha">Asilomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Asiloidea" title="Asiloidea">Asiloidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apiocera" title="Apiocera">Apioceridae <small>(flower-loving flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apsilocephalidae" title="Apsilocephalidae">Apsilocephalidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apystomyia" title="Apystomyia">Apystomyiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asilidae" title="Asilidae">Asilidae <small>(robber flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombyliidae" title="Bombyliidae">Bombyliidae <small>(bee flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evocoa" title="Evocoa">Evocoidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilarimorphidae" title="Hilarimorphidae">Hilarimorphidae <small>(hilarimorphid flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mydas_fly" title="Mydas fly">Mydidae <small>(mydas flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythicomyiidae" title="Mythicomyiidae">Mythicomyiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scenopinidae" title="Scenopinidae">Scenopinidae <small>(window flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therevidae" title="Therevidae">Therevidae <small>(stiletto flies)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Empidoidea" title="Empidoidea">Empidoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atelestidae" title="Atelestidae">Atelestidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolichopodidae" title="Dolichopodidae">Dolichopodidae <small>(long-legged flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empididae" title="Empididae">Empididae <small>(dagger flies, balloon flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homalocnemis" title="Homalocnemis">Homalocnemiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybotidae" title="Hybotidae">Hybotidae <small>(dance flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oreogetonidae" title="Oreogetonidae">Oreogetonidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragadidae" title="Ragadidae">Ragadidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Nemestrinoidea" title="Nemestrinoidea">Nemestrinoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acroceridae" title="Acroceridae">Acroceridae <small>(small-headed flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemestrinidae" title="Nemestrinidae">Nemestrinidae <small>(tangle-veined flies)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;line-height:1em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Muscomorpha" title="Muscomorpha">Muscomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Aschiza11" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.9em"><a href="/wiki/Aschiza" title="Aschiza">Aschiza</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Platypezoidea" title="Platypezoidea">Platypezoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ironomyiidae" title="Ironomyiidae">Ironomyiidae <small>(ironic flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonchopteridae" title="Lonchopteridae">Lonchopteridae <small>(spear-winged flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opetiidae" title="Opetiidae">Opetiidae <small>(flat-footed flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoridae" title="Phoridae">Phoridae <small>(scuttle flies, coffin flies, humpbacked flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platypezidae" title="Platypezidae">Platypezidae <small>(flat-footed flies)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Syrphoidea" title="Syrphoidea">Syrphoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pipunculidae" title="Pipunculidae">Pipunculidae <small>(big-headed flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoverfly" title="Hoverfly">Syrphidae <small>(hoverflies)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.8em;line-height:1em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Schizophora" title="Schizophora">Schizophora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.7em;line-height:1em;text-align:center;font-size:80%;"><a href="/wiki/Acalyptratae" title="Acalyptratae">Acalyptratae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Conopidae" title="Conopidae">Conopoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conopidae" title="Conopidae">Conopidae <small>(thick-headed flies)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Tephritoidea" title="Tephritoidea">Tephritoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallopteridae" title="Pallopteridae">Pallopteridae <small>(flutter flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piophilidae" title="Piophilidae">Piophilidae <small>(cheese flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platystomatidae" title="Platystomatidae">Platystomatidae <small>(signal flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrgotidae" title="Pyrgotidae">Pyrgotidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richardiidae" title="Richardiidae">Richardiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tephritidae" title="Tephritidae">Tephritidae <small>(peacock flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulidiidae" title="Ulidiidae">Ulidiidae <small>(picture-winged flies)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Nerioidea" title="Nerioidea">Nerioidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cypselosomatidae" title="Cypselosomatidae">Cypselosomatidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micropezidae" title="Micropezidae">Micropezidae <small>(stilt-legged flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neriidae" title="Neriidae">Neriidae <small>(cactus flies, banana stalk flies)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Diopsoidea" title="Diopsoidea">Diopsoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stalk-eyed_fly" title="Stalk-eyed fly">Diopsidae <small>(stalk-eyed flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobryidae" title="Gobryidae">Gobryidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megamerinidae" title="Megamerinidae">Megamerinidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nothybidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Nothybidae">Nothybidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psilidae" title="Psilidae">Psilidae <small>(rust flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somatiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatiidae">Somatiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strongylophthalmyiidae" title="Strongylophthalmyiidae">Strongylophthalmyiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syringogaster" title="Syringogaster">Syringogastridae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanypezidae" title="Tanypezidae">Tanypezidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Sciomyzoidea" title="Sciomyzoidea">Sciomyzoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coelopidae" title="Coelopidae">Coelopidae <small>(kelp flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dryomyzidae" title="Dryomyzidae">Dryomyzidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helcomyzidae" title="Helcomyzidae">Helcomyzidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helosciomyzidae" title="Helosciomyzidae">Helosciomyzidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterocheila" title="Heterocheila">Heterocheilidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huttoninidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Huttoninidae">Huttoninidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalimyzidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Natalimyzidae">Natalimyzidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaeomyiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Phaeomyiidae">Phaeomyiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ropalomeridae" title="Ropalomeridae">Ropalomeridae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciomyzidae" title="Sciomyzidae">Sciomyzidae <small>(marsh flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepsidae" title="Sepsidae">Sepsidae <small>(black scavenger flies)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Sphaeroceroidea" title="Sphaeroceroidea">Sphaeroceroidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chyromyidae" title="Chyromyidae">Chyromyidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heleomyzidae" title="Heleomyzidae">Heleomyzidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nannodastiidae" title="Nannodastiidae">Nannodastiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphaeroceridae" title="Sphaeroceridae">Sphaeroceridae <small>(small dung flies)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Lauxanioidea" title="Lauxanioidea">Lauxanioidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celyphidae" title="Celyphidae">Celyphidae <small>(beetle-backed flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamaemyiidae" title="Chamaemyiidae">Chamaemyiidae <small>(aphid flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremifaniidae" title="Cremifaniidae">Cremifaniidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauxaniidae" title="Lauxaniidae">Lauxaniidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Opomyzoidea" title="Opomyzoidea">Opomyzoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agromyzidae" title="Agromyzidae">Agromyzidae <small>(leaf miner flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthomyzidae" title="Anthomyzidae">Anthomyzidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteiidae" title="Asteiidae">Asteiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aulacigastridae" title="Aulacigastridae">Aulacigastridae <small>(sap flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clusiidae" title="Clusiidae">Clusiidae <small>(lekking, or druid flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fergusoninidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Fergusoninidae">Fergusoninidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marginidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginidae">Marginidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neminidae" title="Neminidae">Neminidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurochaetidae" title="Neurochaetidae">Neurochaetidae <small>(upside-down flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odiniidae" title="Odiniidae">Odiniidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opomyzidae" title="Opomyzidae">Opomyzidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periscelididae" title="Periscelididae">Periscelididae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teratomyzidae" title="Teratomyzidae">Teratomyzidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenasteiidae" title="Xenasteiidae">Xenasteiidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Ephydroidea" title="Ephydroidea">Ephydroidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camillidae" title="Camillidae">Camillidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtonotidae" title="Curtonotidae">Curtonotidae <small>(quasimodo flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diastatidae" title="Diastatidae">Diastatidae <small>(bog flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drosophilidae" title="Drosophilidae">Drosophilidae <small>(vinegar and fruit flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephydridae" title="Ephydridae">Ephydridae <small>(shore flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormotomyiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormotomyiidae">Mormotomyiidae <small>(frightful hairy fly)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Carnoidea" title="Carnoidea">Carnoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acartophthalmus" title="Acartophthalmus">Acartophthalmidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australimyzidae" title="Australimyzidae">Australimyzidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braulidae" title="Braulidae">Braulidae <small>(bee lice)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canacidae" title="Canacidae">Canacidae <small>(beach flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnidae" title="Carnidae">Carnidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloropidae" title="Chloropidae">Chloropidae <small>(frit flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inbiomyiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Inbiomyiidae">Inbiomyiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milichiidae" title="Milichiidae">Milichiidae <small>(freeloader flies)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Lonchaeoidea</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryptochetidae" title="Cryptochetidae">Cryptochetidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonchaeidae" title="Lonchaeidae">Lonchaeidae <small>(lance flies)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:3.7em;line-height:1em;text-align:center;font-size:80%;"><a href="/wiki/Calyptratae" title="Calyptratae">Calyptratae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;line-height:3em;"><a href="/wiki/Muscoidea" title="Muscoidea">Muscoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthomyiidae" title="Anthomyiidae">Anthomyiidae <small>(cabbage flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanniidae" title="Fanniidae">Fanniidae <small>(little house flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscidae" title="Muscidae">Muscidae <small>(house flies, stable flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scathophagidae" title="Scathophagidae">Scathophagidae <small>(dung flies)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;line-height:3em;"><a href="/wiki/Oestroidea" title="Oestroidea">Oestroidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calliphoridae" title="Calliphoridae">Calliphoridae <small>(blow-flies: bluebottles, greenbottles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesembrinellidae" title="Mesembrinellidae">Mesembrinellidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_batfly" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand batfly">Mystacinobiidae <small>(New Zealand batfly)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botfly" title="Botfly">Oestridae <small>(botflies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhiniidae" title="Rhiniidae">Rhiniidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhinophoridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhinophoridae">Rhinophoridae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flesh_fly" title="Flesh fly">Sarcophagidae <small>(flesh flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachinidae" title="Tachinidae">Tachinidae <small>(tachina flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulurumyiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulurumyiidae">Ulurumyiidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;line-height:3em;"><a href="/wiki/Hippoboscoidea" title="Hippoboscoidea">Hippoboscoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsetse_fly" title="Tsetse fly">Glossinidae <small>(tsetse flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippoboscidae" title="Hippoboscidae">Hippoboscidae <small>(louse flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nycteribiidae" title="Nycteribiidae">Nycteribiidae <small>(bat flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streblidae" title="Streblidae">Streblidae <small>(bat flies)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Stratiomyomorpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Stratiomyomorpha">Stratiomyomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Stratiomyoidea18" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Stratiomyoidea" title="Stratiomyoidea">Stratiomyoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantophthalmidae" title="Pantophthalmidae">Pantophthalmidae <small>(timber flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratiomyidae" title="Stratiomyidae">Stratiomyidae <small>(soldier flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylomyidae" title="Xylomyidae">Xylomyidae <small>(wood soldier flies)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Tabanomorpha" title="Tabanomorpha">Tabanomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhagionoidea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhagionoidea (page does not exist)">Rhagionoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austroleptis" title="Austroleptis">Austroleptidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolbomyia" title="Bolbomyia">Bolbomyiidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhagionidae" title="Rhagionidae">Rhagionidae <small>(snipe flies)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Tabanoidea" title="Tabanoidea">Tabanoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athericidae" title="Athericidae">Athericidae <small>(water snipe flies)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oreoleptidae" title="Oreoleptidae">Oreoleptidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelecorhynchidae" title="Pelecorhynchidae">Pelecorhynchidae</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tabanidae <small>(horse and deer flies)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Vermileonidae" title="Vermileonidae">Vermileonomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Vermileonoidea32" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Vermileonidae" title="Vermileonidae">Vermileonoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vermileonidae" title="Vermileonidae">Vermileonidae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Xylophagidae" title="Xylophagidae">Xylophagomorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Xylophagoidea30" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Xylophagidae" title="Xylophagidae">Xylophagoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xylophagidae" title="Xylophagidae">Xylophagidae <small>(awl flies)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Diptera_families" title="List of Diptera families">List of families of Diptera</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Human_interactions_with_insects236" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Insects_in_culture" title="Template:Insects in culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Insects_in_culture" title="Template talk:Insects in culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Insects_in_culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Insects in culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Human_interactions_with_insects236" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Human_interactions_with_insects" title="Human interactions with insects">Human interactions with insects</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects<br />of <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a><br />in culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In the arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_art" title="Insects in art">Insects in art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beetlewing" title="Beetlewing">Beetlewing</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Musca_depicta" title="Musca depicta">Musca depicta</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthropods_in_film" title="Arthropods in film">Arthropods in film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_literature" title="Insects in literature">Insects in literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_music" title="Insects in music">Insects in music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_insect-inspired_songs" title="List of insect-inspired songs">List of insect-inspired songs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_on_stamps" title="Insects on stamps">Insects on stamps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In fishing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_bait" title="Fishing bait">Fishing bait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_fishing" title="Fly fishing">Fly fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_fly" title="Artificial fly">Artificial fly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_tying" title="Fly tying">Fly tying</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_medicine" title="Insects in medicine">In medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apitherapy" title="Apitherapy">Apitherapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apitoxin" title="Apitoxin">Apitoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melittin" title="Melittin">Melittin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lytta_vesicatoria" title="Lytta vesicatoria">Spanish fly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantharidin" title="Cantharidin">Cantharidin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_mythology" title="Insects in mythology">In mythology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bees_in_mythology" title="Bees in mythology">Bees in mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicadas_in_mythology" title="Cicadas in mythology">Cicadas in mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarab_(artifact)" title="Scarab (artifact)">Scarab (artifact)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomimetics" title="Biomimetics">Biomimicry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockroach_racing" title="Cockroach racing">Cockroach racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockroaches_in_popular_culture" title="Cockroaches in popular culture">Cockroaches in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cricket_fighting" title="Cricket fighting">Cricket fighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entomological_warfare" title="Entomological warfare">Entomological warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entomophagy_in_humans" title="Entomophagy in humans">Entomophagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_farming" title="Insect farming">Insect farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flea_circus" title="Flea circus">Flea circus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_ethics" title="Insects in ethics">Insects in ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_Japanese_culture" title="Insects in Japanese culture">Insects in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_religion" title="Insects in religion">Insects in religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingzhe" title="Jingzhe">Jingzhe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic_entomology" title="Economic entomology">Economic<br />entomology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beneficial_insect" title="Beneficial insect">Beneficial insect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_pest_control" title="Biological pest control">Biological pest control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beekeeping" title="Beekeeping">Beekeeping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bee_pollen" title="Bee pollen">Bee pollen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_crop_plants_pollinated_by_bees" title="List of crop plants pollinated by bees">List of crop plants pollinated by bees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beeswax" title="Beeswax">Beeswax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">Honey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propolis" title="Propolis">Propolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_jelly" title="Royal jelly">Royal jelly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmine" title="Carmine">Carmine/Cochineal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_cochineal" title="Polish cochineal">Polish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitin" title="Chitin">Chitin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kermes_(dye)" title="Kermes (dye)">Kermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sericulture" title="Sericulture">Sericulture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">Silk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shellac" title="Shellac">Shellac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">Model organism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster" title="Drosophila melanogaster">Drosophila melanogaster</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pest_(organism)#Insects" title="Pest (organism)">Harmful<br />insects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insect_bites_and_stings" class="mw-redirect" title="Insect bites and stings">Insect bites and stings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_sting_allergy" title="Insect sting allergy">Insect sting allergy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed_bug" title="Bed bug">Bed bug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodworm" title="Woodworm">Woodworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home-stored_product_entomology" title="Home-stored product entomology">Home-stored product entomology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothes_moth" title="Clothes moth">Clothes moth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Swammerdam" title="Jan Swammerdam">Jan Swammerdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Henri_Fabre" title="Jean-Henri Fabre">Jean-Henri Fabre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Zinsser" title="Hans Zinsser">Hans Zinsser</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Rats,_Lice_and_History" title="Rats, Lice and History">Rats, Lice and History</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafcadio_Hearn" title="Lafcadio Hearn">Lafcadio Hearn</a> (<i>Insect Literature</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concerns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bees_and_toxic_chemicals" title="Bees and toxic chemicals">Bees and toxic chemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_collapse_disorder" title="Colony collapse disorder">Colony collapse disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_in_insect_populations" title="Decline in insect populations">Decline in insect populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">Habitat destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_insects" title="List of endangered insects">List of endangered insects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">Pesticide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insecticide" title="Insecticide">Insecticide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonicotinoid" title="Neonicotinoid">Neonicotinoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide_toxicity_to_bees" title="Pesticide toxicity to bees">Pesticide toxicity to bees</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories,<br />templates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Insects_and_humans" title="Category:Insects and humans">Insects and humans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Insecticides" title="Template:Insecticides">Insecticides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Pesticides" title="Template:Pesticides">Pesticides</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beetle_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Beetle_icon.svg/17px-Beetle_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Beetle_icon.svg/26px-Beetle_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Beetle_icon.svg/34px-Beetle_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="143" data-file-height="159" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Insects" title="Portal:Insects">Insects portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers3849" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers3849" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Tabanidae</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228241" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q228241">Q228241</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Tabanidae" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Tabanidae">Tabanidae</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Tabanidae/">Tabanidae</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/TABANIDAE">TABANIDAE</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id17474">17474</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bench.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=465">465</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/BugGuide" title="BugGuide">BugGuide</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bugguide.net/node/view/117">117</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/GVW">GVW</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/9018">9018</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1TABAF">1TABAF</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:10963">10963</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea (new)</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/84b6dde3-6e59-4dc4-a264-66c8bb30d2b2">84b6dde3-6e59-4dc4-a264-66c8bb30d2b2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/6919">6919</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/47821">47821</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=105702">105702</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Invasive_Species_Compendium" title="Invasive Species Compendium">ISC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/105617">105617</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=130934">130934</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NBNSYS0000050594">NBNSYS0000050594</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=7205">7205</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/1e9e99d2-b796-44e6-805e-ada83cd1aee9">1e9e99d2-b796-44e6-805e-ada83cd1aee9</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=555817">555817</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=138863">138863</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=493907">493907</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output 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