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.sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style> <p><b>Education in Denmark</b> is compulsory (<a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>: <i lang="da">undervisningspligt</i>) for children below the age of 15 or 16, even though it is not compulsory to attend <i><a href="/wiki/Danish_Folkeskole_Education" title="Danish Folkeskole Education">Folkeskole</a></i> ("public school"). The school years up to the age of fifteen/sixteen are known as <i>Folkeskole</i>, since any education has to match the level offered there. About 82% of young people take further education in addition to this.<sup id="cite_ref-dr_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dr-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Government-funded education is usually free of charge and open to all. Denmark has a tradition of <a href="/wiki/Private_school" title="Private school">private schools</a> and about 15.6% of all children at basic school level attend private schools, which are supported by a <a href="/wiki/School_voucher" title="School voucher">voucher system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UVM-Private_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UVM-Private-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Education_Index" title="Education Index">Education Index</a>, published with the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">UN</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> in 2008, based on data from 2013, lists Denmark as 0.873, amongst the highest in the world, beneath Australia, Finland and New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">Literacy</a> in Denmark is approximately 99% for both men and women.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Compulsory_education"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Compulsory education</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Secondary_education"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Secondary education</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Post-secondary_education"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Post-secondary education</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Business_academies"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Business academies</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Maritime_educational_institutions"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Maritime educational institutions</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#University_colleges"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">University colleges</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Institutions_in_architecture_and_art"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Institutions in architecture and art</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Universities"><span class="tocnumber">4.5</span> <span class="toctext">Universities</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Tuition_and_financial_aid_system"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Tuition and financial aid system</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Academic_freedom"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Academic freedom</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Denmark&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>The Danish education system has its origin in the cathedral and monastery schools established by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> in the early <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, and seven of the schools established in the 12th and 13th centuries still exist today. After the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Reformation</a>, which was officially implemented in 1536, the schools were taken over by the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Denmark">Crown</a>. Their main purpose was to prepare the students for <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theological</a> studies by teaching them to read, write and speak <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Popular elementary education was at that time still very primitive, but in 1721, 240 <i><a href="/wiki/Rytterskoler" class="mw-redirect" title="Rytterskoler">rytterskoler</a></i> ("cavalry schools") were established throughout the kingdom. Moreover, the religious movement of <a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a>, spreading in the 18th century, required some level of <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a>, thereby promoting the need for public education. The <a href="/wiki/Philanthropic" class="mw-redirect" title="Philanthropic">philanthropic</a> thoughts of such people as <a href="/wiki/Rousseau" class="mw-redirect" title="Rousseau">Rousseau</a> also helped spur developments in education open to all children. </p><p>In 1809, the old Clergyman's School was transformed in accordance with the spirit of the time into a <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanistic</a> Civil Servant's School which was to "foster true humanity" through immersion in the ancient <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Latin</a> cultures combined with some teaching of natural science and modern languages. </p><p>Throughout the 19th century (and even up until today), the Danish education system was especially influenced by the ideas of clergyman, politician and poet <a href="/wiki/N._F._S._Grundtvig" title="N. F. S. Grundtvig">N. F. S. Grundtvig</a>, who advocated inspiring methods of teaching and the foundation of <a href="/wiki/Folk_high_school" title="Folk high school">folk high schools</a>. </p><p>In 1871, the scientific and technical development of the 19th century led to a division of the <a href="/wiki/Secondary_education_in_Denmark" title="Secondary education in Denmark">secondary education</a> into two lines: the <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">languages</a> and the mathematics-science line. This division was the backbone of the structure of the <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(Denmark)" title="Gymnasium (Denmark)">Gymnasium</a> (i.e. academic general upper secondary education programme) until the year 2005. </p><p>In 1894, the <i><a href="/wiki/Danish_Folkeskole_Education" title="Danish Folkeskole Education">Folkeskole</a></i> ("public school", the government-funded <a href="/wiki/Primary_education" title="Primary education">primary education</a> system) was formally established (until then, it had been known as <i>Almueskolen</i> ("common school")), and measures were taken to improve the education system to meet the requirements of <a href="/wiki/Industrial_society" title="Industrial society">industrial society</a>. </p><p>In 1903, the 3-year course of the Gymnasium was directly connected the municipal school through the establishment of the <i><span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da">mellemskole</i></span></i> ('<a href="/wiki/Middle_school" title="Middle school">middle school</a>', grades 6–9), which was later on replaced by the <i><a href="/wiki/Realschule" class="mw-redirect" title="Realschule">realskole</a></i>. Previously, students wanting to go to the Gymnasium (and thereby obtain qualification for admission to university) had to take private tuition or similar means as the municipal schools were insufficient. </p><p>In 1975, the <i><span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da">realskole</i></span></i> was abandoned and the <i>Folkeskole</i> (<a href="/wiki/Primary_education" title="Primary education">primary education</a>) transformed into an egalitarian system where pupils go to the same schools regardless of their academic merits. </p><p>Recently, some political parties (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Social_Democrats_(Denmark)" title="Social Democrats (Denmark)">Social Democrats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Alliance_(Denmark)" title="Liberal Alliance (Denmark)">Liberal Alliance</a>) have advocated extending the time of compulsory education from nine to twelve years.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Compulsory_education">Compulsory education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Denmark&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Compulsory education" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Danish_Folkeskole_Education" title="Danish Folkeskole Education">Danish Folkeskole Education</a></div> <p>The <i><span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da">folkeskole</i></span></i> (English: <span lang="en">people's school</span>) covers the entire period of compulsory education, from the age of 5 - 6 to 15 - 16, encompassing <a href="/wiki/Pre-school" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-school">pre-school</a>, <a href="/wiki/Primary_education" title="Primary education">primary</a> and lower <a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">secondary education</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-folkeskoleloven_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-folkeskoleloven-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Secondary_education">Secondary education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Denmark&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Secondary education" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Secondary_education_in_Denmark" title="Secondary education in Denmark">Secondary education in Denmark</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Vocational_secondary_education_in_Denmark" title="Vocational secondary education in Denmark">Vocational secondary education in Denmark</a></div> <p>Secondary education usually takes two to four years and is attended by students between the ages of 15 - 16 and 18 - 19. Secondary education is not compulsory, but usually free of charge, and students have a wide range of programmes to choose from. Some education programmes are academically oriented, the most common being the <i><a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(Denmark)" title="Gymnasium (Denmark)">Gymnasium</a></i>. Others are more practically oriented, training students for jobs as e.g. <a href="/wiki/Artisan" title="Artisan">artisans</a> or <a href="/wiki/Clerk_(position)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clerk (position)">clerks</a> through a combination of instruction in <a href="/wiki/Vocational_school" title="Vocational school">vocational schools</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apprenticeship" title="Apprenticeship">apprenticeship</a>. In Denmark students have three attempts to finish their secondary education; from there on they are left on their own. If they wish to continue from here on, they are allowed to get an education but no longer with any economic support from the government. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Post-secondary_education">Post-secondary education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Denmark&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Post-secondary education" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Denmark" title="Higher education in Denmark">Higher education in Denmark</a></div> <p>Higher education in Denmark can take place at a number of different institutions that offer educations of different types. Only universities offer education at the <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">master level</a>, while university colleges offer certain bachelor degrees, but may collaborate with a university to offer a master level degree (such as the MA in <a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">Journalism</a> at <a href="/wiki/Aarhus_University" title="Aarhus University">Aarhus University</a> being a collaboration with the <a href="/wiki/Danish_School_of_Media_and_Journalism" title="Danish School of Media and Journalism">Danish School of Media and Journalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bachelor degree are either academic bachelor degrees at universities or professional bachelor degrees at university colleges (Danish: <i>professionsbacheloruddannelse</i>), but universities may also offer professional bachelor degrees, and for instance, you can take the education to become a social worker at <a href="/wiki/Aalborg_University" title="Aalborg University">Aalborg University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Business_academies">Business academies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Denmark&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Business academies" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Business academies (Danish: <i>Erhvervsakademi</i>) offer two-year academy profession programmes; some business academies also offer professional bachelor programmes, further adult education and diploma programmes.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maritime_educational_institutions">Maritime educational institutions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Denmark&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Maritime educational institutions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The maritime education institutions offer study programmes for the Danish merchant fleet and the fishing industry.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="University_colleges">University colleges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Denmark&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: University colleges" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/University_colleges_in_Denmark" title="University colleges in Denmark">University colleges in Denmark</a></div> <p>Danish <a href="/wiki/University_college" title="University college">university colleges</a> (<a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>: <i lang="da">professionshøjskoler</i>) offer profession specific tertiary education, also known as medium higher education (MVU) and diploma courses, but do not offer university education at postgraduate level. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Institutions_in_architecture_and_art">Institutions in architecture and art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Denmark&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Institutions in architecture and art" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The institutions in architecture and art offer various degree programmes within the fine arts and applied arts.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Universities">Universities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Denmark&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Universities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_in_Denmark" title="Academic ranks in Denmark">Academic ranks in Denmark</a></div> <p>The first university in Denmark, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Copenhagen" title="University of Copenhagen">University of Copenhagen</a>, was established in 1479.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The second, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Kiel" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Kiel">University of Kiel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a>, was established in 1665. When Schleswig-Holstein was conquered by <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> forces in 1864, the University of Copenhagen was once again the only university in the Kingdom of Denmark and remained so until 1928 when the <a href="/wiki/Aarhus_University" title="Aarhus University">Aarhus University</a> was founded. Since then, more universities have been established, and Denmark now has eight universities. </p><p>Higher education in Denmark is free for students from the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many programmes are taught in English, including Bachelor's, Master's, PhD, exchange, and summer school programmes.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Tuition_and_financial_aid_system">Tuition and financial aid system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Denmark&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Tuition and financial aid system" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <p>Almost all educational institutes in Denmark are free. This <a href="/wiki/Tuition_payments" title="Tuition payments">tuition-fee</a>-less system applies to all students who: </p> <ul><li>have been born in Denmark (including the <a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>); or</li> <li>hold a <a href="/wiki/Permanent_resident" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent resident">permanent resident</a> <a href="/wiki/Visa_(document)" class="mw-redirect" title="Visa (document)">visa</a>; or</li> <li>Permanent residence permit (<i><span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da">permanent opholdstilladelse</i></span></i>)</li> <li>Temporary residence permit that can be upgraded to a permanent one (<i><span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da">midlertidig opholdstilladelse mmf varigt ophold</i></span></i>)</li> <li>Residence permit as the accompanying child of a non-EU/EEA parent holding a residence permit based on employment (§9a and §9m of the Danish Aliens Act - text in Danish)</li> <li>hold a <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_visa" title="Humanitarian visa">humanitarian visa</a>; or</li> <li>are from a country in the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a>; or</li> <li>are from a country in the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">European Economic Area</a> or <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>.</li></ul> <p>Not only are students charged no tuition fees, but all Danish citizens over 18 (and many others meeting certain criteria) are offered monthly <a href="/wiki/Bursary" title="Bursary">financial aid</a>, known as "<i>SU</i>" (<i>Statens Uddannelsesstøtte</i>, meaning <i>State Educational Support</i>), amounting for each student to about <a href="/wiki/Danish_krone" title="Danish krone">DKK</a> 950 monthly if the student lives with their parents or guardians, and they have high incomes, and about <a href="/wiki/Danish_krone" title="Danish krone">DKK</a> 5,486 monthly if the student lives away from their parents or guardians.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Students can supplement the SU with low-interest government loans amounting to <a href="/wiki/Danish_krone" title="Danish krone">DKK</a> 2,807 per month, which must be paid back upon the completion of their education.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Academic_freedom">Academic freedom</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Denmark&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Academic freedom" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <p>Wright and Ørberg (2008) came to a critical conclusion on the Danish system of higher education: "The Danish model combines the worst of both the free trade and the modernising state models of autonomy: universities, their leaders and academics are given freedom in the sense of individual responsibility for their own economic survival, whilst the sector comes under heavy political control. This is called "setting universities free"."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2017 comparative study on academic freedom in the universities of 28 European Union members, Denmark ranks only 24th.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In all categories (academic freedom in legislation; institutional autonomy in legislation; self-governance in legislation; job security; constitution and international agreements), Denmark ranked below the EU average. The authors of the study argue that the restrictions on academic freedom in Denmark would, in most other EU states, be considered draconian. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Denmark&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Folkeskole_Education" title="Danish Folkeskole Education">Danish Folkeskole Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efterskole" title="Efterskole">Efterskole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Denmark" title="List of schools in Denmark">List of schools in Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="List of universities in Denmark">List of universities in Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access_in_Denmark" title="Open access in Denmark">Open access in Denmark</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Denmark&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-dr-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dr_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Su.dk&rft.atitle=SU+loan+rates+2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.su.dk%2Fsu-laan%2Fsatser-for-su-laan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEducation+in+Denmark" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wright, S., and J. Ørberg.2008."Autonomy and Control: Danish University Reform in the Context of Modern Governance."Learning and Teaching: The International Journal of Higher Education in the Social Sciences,1 (1): 27–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Terence Karran, Klaus Beiter & Kwadwo Appiagyei-Atua (2017) Measuringacademic freedom in Europe: a criterion referenced approach, Policy Reviews in Higher Education,1:2, 209–239, DOI: 10.1080/23322969.2017.1307093</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Denmark&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <ul><li>Bjerg, Jens. "Reflections on Danish Comprehensive Education, 1903-1990." <i>European Journal of Education</i>, 26#2 1991, pp. 133–141. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1502799">online</a>.</li> <li>Buchardt, Mette. "Pedagogical transformations of "religion" into "culture" in Danish state mass schooling from the 1900s to the 1930s." Paedagogica Historica 49.1 (2013): 126-138 online.</li> <li>Foght, H.W. ed. <i>Comparative education</i> (1918), compares United States, England, Germany, France, Canada, and Denmark <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.81866">online</a></li> <li>Skovgaard-Petersen, Vagn. "Towards an education policy in Denmark: Danish education planning in the nineteen forties." <i>Scandinavian Journal of History</i> 6.1-4 (1981): 55–76.</li> <li>Skovgaard-Petersen, Vagn. "Forty years of research into the history of education in Denmark." Scandinavian journal of educational research 41.3-4 (1997): 319-331.</li> <li>Stubager, Rune. "The development of the education cleavage: Denmark as a critical case." <i>West European Politics</i> 33.3 (2010): 505–533. Online.</li> <li>Ydesen, Christian. "Educational testing as an accountability measure: Drawing on twentieth-century Danish history of education experiences." <i>Paedagogica Historica</i> 49.5 (2013): 716–733. Online.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Education_in_Denmark&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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