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<span>Population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Main_sights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Main_sights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Main sights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Main_sights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lower Bavaria</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 59 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">59 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%84%D9%89" title="بافاريا السفلى – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بافاريا السفلى" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baixa_Bavera" title="Baixa Bavera – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Baixa Bavera" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baxa_Baviera" title="Baxa Baviera – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Baxa Baviera" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%9Fa%C4%9F%C4%B1_Bavariya" title="Aşağı Bavariya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Aşağı Bavariya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Ніжняя Баварыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ніжняя Баварыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Долна Бавария – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Долна Бавария" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niedabayern" title="Niedabayern – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Niedabayern" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niederbayern" title="Niederbayern – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Niederbayern" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Анат Бавари – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Анат Бавари" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Bavaria" title="Lower Bavaria – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Lower Bavaria" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doln%C3%AD_Bavorsko" title="Dolní Bavorsko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dolní Bavorsko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niederbayern" title="Niederbayern – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Niederbayern" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niederbayern" title="Niederbayern – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Niederbayern" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alam-Baieri_ringkond" title="Alam-Baieri ringkond – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Alam-Baieri ringkond" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AC%CF%84%CF%89_%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%85%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Κάτω Βαυαρία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κάτω Βαυαρία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baja_Baviera" title="Baja Baviera – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Baja Baviera" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malsupra_Bavario" title="Malsupra Bavario – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Malsupra Bavario" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria_Beherea" title="Bavaria Beherea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bavaria Beherea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%84%DB%8C" title="بایرن سفلی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بایرن سفلی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_de_Basse-Bavi%C3%A8re" title="District de Basse-Bavière – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="District de Basse-Bavière" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baixa_Baviera" title="Baixa Baviera – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Baixa Baviera" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%88%EB%8D%94%EB%B0%94%EC%9D%B4%EC%97%90%EB%A5%B8%ED%98%84" title="니더바이에른현 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="니더바이에른현" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Ստորին Բավարիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ստորին Բավարիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infra_Bavaria" title="Infra Bavaria – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Infra Bavaria" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%C3%A6%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Дæллаг Бавари – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Дæллаг Бавари" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distretto_della_Bassa_Baviera" title="Distretto della Bassa Baviera – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Distretto della Bassa Baviera" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%AA%D7%97%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%AA" title="בוואריה תחתית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בוואריה תחתית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavyeraya_J%C3%AAr%C3%AEn" title="Bavyeraya Jêrîn – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Bavyeraya Jêrîn" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria_Inferior" title="Bavaria Inferior – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bavaria Inferior" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regierungsbezierk_Nidderbayern" title="Regierungsbezierk Nidderbayern – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Regierungsbezierk Nidderbayern" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDemutin%C4%97_Bavarija" title="Žemutinė Bavarija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žemutinė Bavarija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Baviera" title="Basa Baviera – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Basa Baviera" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Als%C3%B3-Bajororsz%C3%A1g" title="Alsó-Bajorország – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Alsó-Bajorország" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Долна Баварија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Долна Баварија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niederbayern" title="Niederbayern – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Niederbayern" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%83%BC%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC%E3%83%90%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB%E3%83%B3%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E7%AE%A1%E5%8C%BA" title="ニーダーバイエルン行政管区 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニーダーバイエルン行政管区" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niederbayern" title="Niederbayern – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Niederbayern" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niederbayern" title="Niederbayern – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Niederbayern" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nedderbayern" title="Nedderbayern – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Nedderbayern" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolna_Bawaria" title="Dolna Bawaria – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dolna Bawaria" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baixa_Baviera" title="Baixa Baviera – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Baixa Baviera" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niederbayern" title="Niederbayern – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Niederbayern" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Нижняя Бавария – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нижняя Бавария" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Аллараа Бавария – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Аллараа Бавария" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niederbayern" title="Niederbayern – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Niederbayern" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Bavaria_Government_Region" title="Lower Bavaria Government Region – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Lower Bavaria Government Region" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doln%C3%A9_Bavorsko" title="Dolné Bavorsko – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Dolné Bavorsko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%9A%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Доња Баварска – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Доња Баварска" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donja_Bavarska" title="Donja Bavarska – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Donja Bavarska" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ala-Baijeri" title="Ala-Baijeri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ala-Baijeri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niederbayern" title="Niederbayern – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Niederbayern" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baviera_Kraik" title="Baviera Kraik – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Baviera Kraik" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99" title="นีเดอร์ไบเอิร์น – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นีเดอร์ไบเอิร์น" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Нижня Баварія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нижня Баварія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D9%86" title="نیدربائرن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نیدربائرن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BA%A1_Bayern" title="Hạ Bayern – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hạ Bayern" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E5%B7%B4%E4%BC%90%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8C%BA" title="下巴伐利亚行政区 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="下巴伐利亚行政区" 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title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lower_Bavaria&params=48_32_15_N_12_9_24_E_type:adm2nd_region:DE-BY"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">48°32′15″N</span> <span class="longitude">12°9′24″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">48.53750°N 12.15667°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">48.53750; 12.15667</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Niederbayern&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Niederbayern">Niederbayern</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Regierungsbezirk in Bavaria, Germany</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Lower Bavaria</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Niederbayern</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>)</span><br /><span title="Bavarian-language text"><i lang="bar">Niedabayern</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Bavarian_language" title="Bavarian language">Bavarian</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Regierungsbezirk" title="Regierungsbezirk">Regierungsbezirk</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Lower_Bavaria.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Lower Bavaria"><img alt="Flag of Lower Bavaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Lower_Bavaria.svg/150px-Flag_of_Lower_Bavaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Lower_Bavaria.svg/225px-Flag_of_Lower_Bavaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Flag_of_Lower_Bavaria.svg/300px-Flag_of_Lower_Bavaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DEU_Niederbayern_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Lower Bavaria"><img alt="Coat of arms of Lower Bavaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/DEU_Niederbayern_COA.svg/88px-DEU_Niederbayern_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="88" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/DEU_Niederbayern_COA.svg/132px-DEU_Niederbayern_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/DEU_Niederbayern_COA.svg/175px-DEU_Niederbayern_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="352" data-file-height="401" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Locator_map_RB_Niederbayern_in_Bavaria.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Bavaria highlighting Lower Bavaria"><img alt="Map of Bavaria highlighting Lower Bavaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Locator_map_RB_Niederbayern_in_Bavaria.svg/250px-Locator_map_RB_Niederbayern_in_Bavaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Locator_map_RB_Niederbayern_in_Bavaria.svg/375px-Locator_map_RB_Niederbayern_in_Bavaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Locator_map_RB_Niederbayern_in_Bavaria.svg/500px-Locator_map_RB_Niederbayern_in_Bavaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="867" data-file-height="855" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Map of <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> highlighting Lower Bavaria</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lower_Bavaria&params=48_32_15_N_12_9_24_E_type:adm2nd_region:DE-BY"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">48°32′15″N</span> <span class="longitude">12°9′24″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">48.53750°N 12.15667°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">48.53750; 12.15667</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">Germany</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">State</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region seat</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Landshut" title="Landshut">Landshut</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Regierungspr%C3%A4sident_(Germany)" title="Regierungspräsident (Germany)">District President</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Rainer Haselbeck</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">10,329.87 km<sup>2</sup> (3,988.39 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(31 December 2023)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,280,685</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">120/km<sup>2</sup> (320/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">GDP<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Total</th><td class="infobox-data">€52.914 billion (2021)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regierung.niederbayern.bayern.de">regierung.niederbayern.bayern.de</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Lower Bavaria</b> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Niederbayern</i>, <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_language" title="Bavarian language">Bavarian</a>: <i>Niedabayern</i>) is one of the seven <a href="/wiki/Regierungsbezirk" title="Regierungsbezirk">administrative regions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, located in the east of the state. It consists of nine districts and 258 municipalities (including three cities). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Bavaria&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lower Bavaria is subdivided into two regions (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Planungsverband</i></span>) – Landshut and Donau-Wald. Recent <a href="/wiki/Election" title="Election">election</a> results mark it as the most <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservative</a> part of Germany,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> generally giving huge margins to the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_of_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Social Union of Bavaria">CSU</a>. This part of Bavaria includes the <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Forest" title="Bavarian Forest">Bavarian Forest</a>, a well-known tourist destination in Germany, and the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Bavarian_Upland" title="Lower Bavarian Upland">Lower Bavarian Upland</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> <p><b><i>Landkreise</i><br />(districts)</b> </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Deggendorf_(district)" title="Deggendorf (district)">Deggendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dingolfing-Landau" title="Dingolfing-Landau">Dingolfing-Landau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freyung-Grafenau" title="Freyung-Grafenau">Freyung-Grafenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelheim_(district)" title="Kelheim (district)">Kelheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landshut_(district)" title="Landshut (district)">Landshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passau_(district)" title="Passau (district)">Passau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regen_(district)" title="Regen (district)">Regen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rottal-Inn" title="Rottal-Inn">Rottal-Inn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straubing-Bogen" title="Straubing-Bogen">Straubing-Bogen</a></li></ol> </td> <td class="col-break" style="padding-left: 2em;"> <p><b><i>Kreisfreie Städte</i><br />(district-free towns)</b> </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Landshut" title="Landshut">Landshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passau" title="Passau">Passau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straubing" title="Straubing">Straubing</a></li></ol> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population">Population</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Bavaria&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:30em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:none;clear:none;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr valign="top"><td style="padding:0 0.5em"><table style="border-spacing:0;width:15em"><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Per annum growth rate" class="abbr-header">±% p.a.</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1900 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">678,192</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1910 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">724,331</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.66%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1939 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">755,980</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.15%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1950 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,041,333</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.95%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"> 1960 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">927,399</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−1.15%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1970 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">977,166</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.52%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1980 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">998,192</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.21%</td></tr></tbody></table></td><td style="padding:0 0.5em;border-left:solid 1px #aaa"><table style="border-spacing:0;width:15em"><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Per annum growth rate" class="abbr-header">±% p.a.</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 1990 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,078,110</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.77%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2000 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,176,206</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.87%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb"> 2005 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1,196,923</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+0.35%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2010 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,189,701</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.12%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2015 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,212,119</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.37%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px"> 2019 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,244,169</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.65%</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Bavaria&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Gross domestic product (GDP) of the region was 48.5 billion € in 2018, accounting for 1.4% of German economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 36,100 € or 120% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 100% of the EU average.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Main_sights">Main sights</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Bavaria&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Main sights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2013_Weltenburg_18.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/2013_Weltenburg_18.jpg/220px-2013_Weltenburg_18.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/2013_Weltenburg_18.jpg/330px-2013_Weltenburg_18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/2013_Weltenburg_18.jpg/440px-2013_Weltenburg_18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Befreiungshalle" title="Befreiungshalle">Befreiungshalle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kelheim" title="Kelheim">Kelheim</a> with River <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Next to the former ducal residences <a href="/wiki/Landshut" title="Landshut">Landshut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Straubing" title="Straubing">Straubing</a> and the baroque episcopal city of <a href="/wiki/Passau" title="Passau">Passau</a>, the city of Kelheim with the <a href="/wiki/Befreiungshalle" title="Befreiungshalle">Befreiungshalle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Weltenburg_Abbey" title="Weltenburg Abbey">Weltenburg Abbey</a> belong to the major tourist attractions. To the scenic attractions belong the River <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> including the Donaudurchbruch at Weltenburg and the <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Forest" title="Bavarian Forest">Bavarian Forest</a> with Mount <a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fer_Arber" title="Großer Arber">Großer Arber</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Bavaria&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Duchy of Lower Bavaria was created for the first time with the <i>First Bavarian <a href="/wiki/Partition_(politics)" title="Partition (politics)">partition</a></i> in 1255 under duke <a href="/wiki/Henry_XIII,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Henry XIII, Duke of Bavaria">Henry</a> but there was no exact identity with the current territory. After the reunification in 1340, Bavaria was divided again in 1349, then in 1353 <a href="/wiki/Bavaria-Straubing" title="Bavaria-Straubing">Bavaria-Straubing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bavaria-Landshut" title="Bavaria-Landshut">Bavaria-Landshut</a> were created in Lower Bavaria. In 1505 Bavaria was permanently reunited. For administrative purposes, Bavaria was split into <i>Rentämter</i> (plural of <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rentamt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rentamt (page does not exist)">Rentamt</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rentamt" class="extiw" title="bar:Rentamt">bar</a>; <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rentamt" class="extiw" title="de:Rentamt">de</a>; <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayordom%C3%ADa" class="extiw" title="es:Mayordomía">es</a>]</span></i>). Lower Bavaria consisted of the Rentamt Landshut and Rentamt Straubing. </p><p>Control of Lower Bavaria was one of the issues involved in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Bavarian_Succession" title="War of the Bavarian Succession">War of the Bavarian Succession</a> in 1778-9.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 244">: 244 </span></sup> </p><p>After the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Kingdom of Bavaria</a> following the dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> in 1805, the state was totally reorganized and, in 1808, divided into 15 administrative districts(German: Regierungsbezirke (singular Regierungsbezirk)), in Bavaria called Kreise (singular: Kreis). They were created in the fashion of the French departements, quite even in size and population, and named after their main rivers. In the following years, due to territorial changes (e. g. loss of <a href="/wiki/German_Tyrol" title="German Tyrol">Tyrol</a> [to <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>], addition of the <a href="/wiki/Palatinate_(region)" title="Palatinate (region)">Palatinate</a>), the number of districts was reduced to 8. One of these was the <a href="/wiki/Unterdonaukreis" class="mw-redirect" title="Unterdonaukreis">Unterdonaukreis</a> (Lower Danube District). In 1837, King <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_I_of_Bavaria" title="Ludwig I of Bavaria">Ludwig I of Bavaria</a> renamed the Kreise after historical territorial names and tribes. This also involved border changes or territorial swaps. Thus the Unterdonaukreis changed to Lower Bavaria. The district capital was moved from <a href="/wiki/Passau" title="Passau">Passau</a> to <a href="/wiki/Landshut" title="Landshut">Landshut</a> which was added from <a href="/wiki/Isarkreis" title="Isarkreis">Isarkreis</a>. </p><p>Lower Bavaria and <a href="/wiki/Upper_Palatinate" title="Upper Palatinate">Upper Palatinate</a> were consolidated in 1932 in one administrative district. In 1954 the two districts were restored again. In 1972 Lower Bavaria was reshaped when the rural districts covered were reshaped too. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Bavaria&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statistikdaten.bayern.de/genesis/online?operation=result&code=12411-003r&leerzeilen=false&language=de">Genesis Online-Datenbank des Bayerischen Landesamtes für Statistik Tabelle 12411-003r Fortschreibung des Bevölkerungsstandes: Gemeinden, Stichtag</a> (Einwohnerzahlen auf Grundlage des Zensus 2011). </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tgs00003/default/table?lang=en">"EU regions by GDP, Eurostat"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230227213552/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tgs00003/default/table?lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EU+regions+by+GDP%2C+Eurostat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feurostat%2Fdatabrowser%2Fview%2Ftgs00003%2Fdefault%2Ftable%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Bavaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/bavaria-hesse-2023-elections-live-blog/live-67030785">"Germany: CSU and CDU victorious in Bavaria and Hesse – DW – 10/09/2023"</a>. <i>dw.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-11-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dw.com&rft.atitle=Germany%3A+CSU+and+CDU+victorious+in+Bavaria+and+Hesse+%E2%80%93+DW+%E2%80%93+10%2F09%2F2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fbavaria-hesse-2023-elections-live-blog%2Flive-67030785&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Bavaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/10474907/1-05032020-AP-EN.pdf/81807e19-e4c8-2e53-c98a-933f5bf30f58">"Regional GDP per capita ranged from 30% to 263% of the EU average in 2018"</a>. <i>Eurostat</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/10474907/1-05032020-AP-EN.pdf/81807e19-e4c8-2e53-c98a-933f5bf30f58">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-10-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eurostat&rft.atitle=Regional+GDP+per+capita+ranged+from+30%25+to+263%25+of+the+EU+average+in+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feurostat%2Fdocuments%2F2995521%2F10474907%2F1-05032020-AP-EN.pdf%2F81807e19-e4c8-2e53-c98a-933f5bf30f58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Bavaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Swafford, Jan, "Mozart: The Reign of Love", Harpercollins, 2020.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Bavaria&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regierung.niederbayern.bayern.de">Official website of government</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bezirk-niederbayern.de">Official website of region</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German and French)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bavaria_%28lozengy%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></div></td><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Bavaria" title="Upper Bavaria">Upper Bavaria</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lower Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Palatinate" title="Upper Palatinate">Upper Palatinate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Franconia" title="Upper Franconia">Upper Franconia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Franconia" title="Middle Franconia">Middle Franconia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Franconia" title="Lower Franconia">Lower Franconia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swabia_(Bavaria)" title="Swabia (Bavaria)">Swabia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palatinate_(region)" title="Palatinate (region)">Palatinate</a> (Pfalz) (till 1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10559#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10559#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10559#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4042177-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82024316">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb126523553">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb126523553">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Dolní Bavorsko (Německo)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge327450&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007557471105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" 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