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<!DOCTYPE html> <html > <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs"> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="yhgupGfeVUa/GRCeUwk6QOSxRnEXC7KxbyWFk/8L5NpU1CLYzYYYHdKKNPc/0XUAnZmef62XPKPHwc0CQTWtKg==" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="Feminism + Christianity" /> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2017/01/01" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Rebecca Hammonds" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/38220143/Feminism_Christianity" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Feminism + Christianity" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="In this paper, I will examine two Evangelical Feminist organizations – Evangelical and Ecumenical Women’s Caucus (EEWC) (1973-present), and Christians for Biblical Equality (1988-present). EEWC was founded in 1973 and continues today with an active" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://0.academia-photos.com/1357105/496163/20429719/s200_rebecca.hammonds.jpg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/38220143/Feminism_Christianity" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Feminism + Christianity" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="In this paper, I will examine two Evangelical Feminist organizations – Evangelical and Ecumenical Women’s Caucus (EEWC) (1973-present), and Christians for Biblical Equality (1988-present). EEWC was founded in 1973 and continues today with an active" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://enc.academia.edu/RebeccaHammonds" /> <meta name="description" content="In this paper, I will examine two Evangelical Feminist organizations – Evangelical and Ecumenical Women’s Caucus (EEWC) (1973-present), and Christians for Biblical Equality (1988-present). EEWC was founded in 1973 and continues today with an active" /> <title>(DOC) Feminism + Christianity | Rebecca Hammonds - Academia.edu</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/38220143/Feminism_Christianity" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '49879c2402910372f4abc62630a427bbe033d190'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1732418749000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1732418749000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"In this paper, I will examine two Evangelical Feminist organizations – Evangelical and Ecumenical Women’s Caucus (EEWC) (1973-present), and Christians for Biblical Equality (1988-present). EEWC was founded in 1973 and continues today with an active website and annual conferences. It was originally the Evangelical Women’s Caucus, but is currently referred to as Christian Feminism Today or EEWC. It was from EWC that the second organization, Christians for Biblical Equality, grew. In the late 1980s, disagreements about scriptural authority and organizational emphasis led to a split in the group. Christians for Biblical Equality maintained a primary focus on gender equality and traditional biblical hermeneutics, while the Evangelical Ecumenical Women’s Caucus/ Christian Feminism Today, chose to expand to their concerns to other issues of civil equality (e.g. race and sexuality) and to embrace many tenants of Liberal Theology and goddess worship. In this paper I situate these two groups in relation to 1) each other, 2) secular feminisms, and 3) religious scholarship and ideology. My primary objects of analysis will be Rosemarie Tong’s Feminist Thought: A More Comprehensive Introduction, Pamela Cochran’s Evangelical Feminism: A History, and the website for each organization. This will be an intersectional analysis that I hope will show the complexity that religion adds to the already complex ideological system within feminism. On a personal level I also hope to create a document that will serve as a resource for Christians who are ignorant and/or suspicious of feminism and its historical role within the church.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Rebecca Hammonds"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2019-01-25","dateModified":"2019-01-25","datePublished":"2017-01-01","headline":"Feminism + Christianity","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Early Christianity","Feminism"],"locationCreated":null,"publication":null,"publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":null},"image":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/38220143/Feminism_Christianity","sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":"enc"}]}</script><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_page/loswp-352e32ba4e89304dc0b4fa5b3952eef2198174c54cdb79066bc62e91c68a1a91.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" 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EEWC was founded in 1973 and continues today with an active website and annual conferences. It was originally the Evangelical Women’s Caucus, but is currently referred to as Christian Feminism Today or EEWC. It was from EWC that the second organization, Christians for Biblical Equality, grew. In the late 1980s, disagreements about scriptural authority and organizational emphasis led to a split in the group. Christians for Biblical Equality maintained a primary focus on gender equality and traditional biblical hermeneutics, while the Evangelical Ecumenical Women’s Caucus/ Christian Feminism Today, chose to expand to their concerns to other issues of civil equality (e.g. race and sexuality) and to embrace many tenants of Liberal Theology and goddess worship. \nIn this paper I situate these two groups in relation to 1) each other, 2) secular feminisms, and 3) religious scholarship and ideology. My primary objects of analysis will be Rosemarie Tong’s Feminist Thought: A More Comprehensive Introduction, Pamela Cochran’s Evangelical Feminism: A History, and the website for each organization. This will be an intersectional analysis that I hope will show the complexity that religion adds to the already complex ideological system within feminism. On a personal level I also hope to create a document that will serve as a resource for Christians who are ignorant and/or suspicious of feminism and its historical role within the church. ","publication_date":"2017,,"},"document_type":"draft","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Feminism + Christianity","broadcastable":true,"draft":true,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [1357105]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":58259656,"attachmentType":"docx"}"><img alt="First page of “Feminism + Christianity”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/58259656/mini_magick20190125-6376-1649ua7.png?1548435247" /><img alt="Academia Logo" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/academia-logo-redesign-2015-A-971495bd31377b9367f5ce5ca92bbc27dd8a843db989cbce3408389c670b62c0.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free DOCX</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Feminism + Christianity</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1357105" href="https://enc.academia.edu/RebeccaHammonds"><img alt="Profile image of Rebecca Hammonds" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/1357105/496163/20429719/s65_rebecca.hammonds.jpg" />Rebecca Hammonds</a></div><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2017</p><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">In this paper, I will examine two Evangelical Feminist organizations – Evangelical and Ecumenical Women’s Caucus (EEWC) (1973-present), and Christians for Biblical Equality (1988-present). EEWC was founded in 1973 and continues today with an active website and annual conferences. It was originally the Evangelical Women’s Caucus, but is currently referred to as Christian Feminism Today or EEWC. It was from EWC that the second organization, Christians for Biblical Equality, grew. In the late 1980s, disagreements about scriptural authority and organizational emphasis led to a split in the group. Christians for Biblical Equality maintained a primary focus on gender equality and traditional biblical hermeneutics, while the Evangelical Ecumenical Women’s Caucus/ Christian Feminism Today, chose to expand to their concerns to other issues of civil equality (e.g. race and sexuality) and to embrace many tenants of Liberal Theology and goddess worship. In this paper I situate these two groups in relation to 1) each other, 2) secular feminisms, and 3) religious scholarship and ideology. My primary objects of analysis will be Rosemarie Tong’s Feminist Thought: A More Comprehensive Introduction, Pamela Cochran’s Evangelical Feminism: A History, and the website for each organization. This will be an intersectional analysis that I hope will show the complexity that religion adds to the already complex ideological system within feminism. On a personal level I also hope to create a document that will serve as a resource for Christians who are ignorant and/or suspicious of feminism and its historical role within the church. </p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":58259656,"attachmentType":"docx","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/38220143/Feminism_Christianity"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":58259656,"attachmentType":"docx","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/38220143/Feminism_Christianity"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="58259656" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/38220143/Feminism_Christianity" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="97476688" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/97476688/Two_Hermeneutical_Tensions_in_Evangelical_Feminism">Two Hermeneutical Tensions in Evangelical Feminism</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="14718481" href="https://wts.academia.edu/VernPoythress">Vern Poythress</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">VERBUM CHRISTI: JURNAL TEOLOGI REFORMED INJILI, 2019</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This article shows that there are at least two key hermeneutical tensions in evangelical feminist interpretation of the Bible. 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Important Contributions to the Portrayal of Women in the Life of the Church","attachmentId":84681258,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/77276106/Feminist_Biblical_Scholarship_and_Its_Important_Contributions_to_the_Portrayal_of_Women_in_the_Life_of_the_Church","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/77276106/Feminist_Biblical_Scholarship_and_Its_Important_Contributions_to_the_Portrayal_of_Women_in_the_Life_of_the_Church"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="4796069" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/4796069/An_Evangelical_Analysis_and_Critique_of_Feminist_Christology">An Evangelical Analysis and Critique of Feminist Christology</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4280251" href="https://sbts.academia.edu/MicahCarter">Micah Carter</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"An Evangelical Analysis and Critique of Feminist Christology","attachmentId":32096264,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4796069/An_Evangelical_Analysis_and_Critique_of_Feminist_Christology","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/4796069/An_Evangelical_Analysis_and_Critique_of_Feminist_Christology"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="12011211" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12011211/Scripture_as_the_Occasion_for_Feminism">Scripture as the Occasion for Feminism</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="7391221" href="https://ctu.academia.edu/EdwardTverdek">Edward Tverdek</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">No one confuses sacred Scripture with a manual for feminist liberation. This essay accepts this truism, but argues that to ask why this is so is a meaningful question, especially given that many people do in fact see the Bible as chronicle of God’s revelation regarding the liberation of the oppressed – be they the Israelites, the poor, or society’s marginalized in general. Why is it, then, this discussion probes, that the subjugation of women seems more bolstered than threatened by the Bible? How, then, do we account for the emergence and resilience of feminist biblical interpretation?</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Scripture as the Occasion for Feminism","attachmentId":37349592,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12011211/Scripture_as_the_Occasion_for_Feminism","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/12011211/Scripture_as_the_Occasion_for_Feminism"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="16804644" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/16804644/Feminists_and_Fundamentalists_Contrasting_Approaches_to_Scripture_History_and_Theology">Feminists and Fundamentalists: Contrasting Approaches to Scripture, History and Theology</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="29437455" href="https://azusa.academia.edu/KarenStrandWinslow">Karen Strand Winslow</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This is a draft of the notes I prepared for a lecture in the series "Religious Talks" presented by Alpha Kappa Delta and Cal State University, Fullerton, Calif. 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You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="40005286" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/40005286/Redemptive_Feminist_Exegesis">Redemptive Feminist Exegesis</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="29437455" href="https://azusa.academia.edu/KarenStrandWinslow">Karen Strand Winslow</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">in Feminist Interpretation of the Hebrew Bible in Retrospect. 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Caputo (eds.), Feminism, Sexuality and the Return of Religion. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press 2011</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1030325" href="https://ucd.academia.edu/SJonathonODonnell">S. Jonathon O'Donnell</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Religion and Gender 3(2): 268–70, 2013</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Review of Linda Martín Alcoff and John D. Caputo (eds.), Feminism, Sexuality and the Return of Religion. 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WOMEN IN CHRIST: TOWARD A NEW FEMINISM edited by Michele M. Schumacher, William B. Eerdmans, Grand Rapids, 2004, Pp. 358, $38 pbk</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="50781612" href="https://nd.academia.edu/FrancescaMurphy">Francesca Murphy</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">New Blackfriars, 2005</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"FEMINISM AND THEOLOGY edited by Janet Martin Soskice and Diana Lipton, Oxford Readings in Theology, OUP, Oxford, 2003, Pp. 396, f20 pbk. WOMEN IN CHRIST: TOWARD A NEW FEMINISM edited by Michele M. Schumacher, William B. 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class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs"> European Journal of American Culture, 2008</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"“Tolerance for Ambiguity: Dialectics of Evangelical Feminism.”","attachmentId":56079217,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/33078024/_Tolerance_for_Ambiguity_Dialectics_of_Evangelical_Feminism_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/33078024/_Tolerance_for_Ambiguity_Dialectics_of_Evangelical_Feminism_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" 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data-collection-position="17" data-entity-id="105457449" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/105457449/Jesus_Miriams_Child_Sophias_Prophet_Critical_Issues_in_Feminist_Christology_By_Elizabeth_Schussler_Fiorenza_Continuum_New_York_1994_Pp_x_262_22_95">Jesus, Miriam's Child, Sophia's Prophet: Critical Issues in Feminist Christology. 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