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GitHub - mpaland/printf: Tiny, fast, non-dependent and fully loaded printf implementation for embedded systems. Extensive test suite passing.

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nav&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;click to go to homepage&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;ref_page:Marketing;ref_cta:Logomark;ref_loc:Header&quot;}"> <svg height="32" aria-hidden="true" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="32" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-mark-github"> <path d="M12 1C5.9225 1 1 5.9225 1 12C1 16.8675 4.14875 20.9787 8.52125 22.4362C9.07125 22.5325 9.2775 22.2025 9.2775 21.9137C9.2775 21.6525 9.26375 20.7862 9.26375 19.865C6.5 20.3737 5.785 19.1912 5.565 18.5725C5.44125 18.2562 4.905 17.28 4.4375 17.0187C4.0525 16.8125 3.5025 16.3037 4.42375 16.29C5.29 16.2762 5.90875 17.0875 6.115 17.4175C7.105 19.0812 8.68625 18.6137 9.31875 18.325C9.415 17.61 9.70375 17.1287 10.02 16.8537C7.5725 16.5787 5.015 15.63 5.015 11.4225C5.015 10.2262 5.44125 9.23625 6.1425 8.46625C6.0325 8.19125 5.6475 7.06375 6.2525 5.55125C6.2525 5.55125 7.17375 5.2625 9.2775 6.67875C10.1575 6.43125 11.0925 6.3075 12.0275 6.3075C12.9625 6.3075 13.8975 6.43125 14.7775 6.67875C16.8813 5.24875 17.8025 5.55125 17.8025 5.55125C18.4075 7.06375 18.0225 8.19125 17.9125 8.46625C18.6138 9.23625 19.04 10.2125 19.04 11.4225C19.04 15.6437 16.4688 16.5787 14.0213 16.8537C14.42 17.1975 14.7638 17.8575 14.7638 18.8887C14.7638 20.36 14.75 21.5425 14.75 21.9137C14.75 22.2025 14.9563 22.5462 15.5063 22.4362C19.8513 20.9787 23 16.8537 23 12C23 5.9225 18.0775 1 12 1Z"></path> </svg> </a> <div class="flex-1 flex-order-2 text-right"> <a href="/login?return_to=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fmpaland%2Fprintf" class="HeaderMenu-link HeaderMenu-button d-inline-flex d-lg-none flex-order-1 f5 no-underline border color-border-default rounded-2 px-2 py-1 color-fg-inherit js-prevent-focus-on-mobile-nav" data-hydro-click="{&quot;event_type&quot;:&quot;authentication.click&quot;,&quot;payload&quot;:{&quot;location_in_page&quot;:&quot;site header 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js-header-menu-item"> <button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false"> Product <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down HeaderMenu-icon ml-1"> <path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 8.939l3.72-3.719a.749.749 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path> </svg> </button> <div class="HeaderMenu-dropdown dropdown-menu rounded m-0 p-0 pt-2 pt-lg-4 position-relative position-lg-absolute left-0 left-lg-n3 pb-2 pb-lg-4 d-lg-flex flex-wrap dropdown-menu-wide"> <div class="HeaderMenu-column px-lg-4 border-lg-right mb-4 mb-lg-0 pr-lg-7"> <div class="border-bottom pb-3 pb-lg-0 border-lg-bottom-0"> <ul class="list-style-none f5" > <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description pb-lg-3" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;github_copilot&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;product&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;github_copilot_link_product_navbar&quot;}" href="https://github.com/features/copilot"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-copilot color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M23.922 16.992c-.861 1.495-5.859 5.023-11.922 5.023-6.063 0-11.061-3.528-11.922-5.023A.641.641 0 0 1 0 16.736v-2.869a.841.841 0 0 1 .053-.22c.372-.935 1.347-2.292 2.605-2.656.167-.429.414-1.055.644-1.517a10.195 10.195 0 0 1-.052-1.086c0-1.331.282-2.499 1.132-3.368.397-.406.89-.717 1.474-.952 1.399-1.136 3.392-2.093 6.122-2.093 2.731 0 4.767.957 6.166 2.093.584.235 1.077.546 1.474.952.85.869 1.132 2.037 1.132 3.368 0 .368-.014.733-.052 1.086.23.462.477 1.088.644 1.517 1.258.364 2.233 1.721 2.605 2.656a.832.832 0 0 1 .053.22v2.869a.641.641 0 0 1-.078.256ZM12.172 11h-.344a4.323 4.323 0 0 1-.355.508C10.703 12.455 9.555 13 7.965 13c-1.725 0-2.989-.359-3.782-1.259a2.005 2.005 0 0 1-.085-.104L4 11.741v6.585c1.435.779 4.514 2.179 8 2.179 3.486 0 6.565-1.4 8-2.179v-6.585l-.098-.104s-.033.045-.085.104c-.793.9-2.057 1.259-3.782 1.259-1.59 0-2.738-.545-3.508-1.492a4.323 4.323 0 0 1-.355-.508h-.016.016Zm.641-2.935c.136 1.057.403 1.913.878 2.497.442.544 1.134.938 2.344.938 1.573 0 2.292-.337 2.657-.751.384-.435.558-1.15.558-2.361 0-1.14-.243-1.847-.705-2.319-.477-.488-1.319-.862-2.824-1.025-1.487-.161-2.192.138-2.533.529-.269.307-.437.808-.438 1.578v.021c0 .265.021.562.063.893Zm-1.626 0c.042-.331.063-.628.063-.894v-.02c-.001-.77-.169-1.271-.438-1.578-.341-.391-1.046-.69-2.533-.529-1.505.163-2.347.537-2.824 1.025-.462.472-.705 1.179-.705 2.319 0 1.211.175 1.926.558 2.361.365.414 1.084.751 2.657.751 1.21 0 1.902-.394 2.344-.938.475-.584.742-1.44.878-2.497Z"></path><path d="M14.5 14.25a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v2a1 1 0 0 1-2 0v-2a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Zm-5 0a1 1 0 0 1 1 1v2a1 1 0 0 1-2 0v-2a1 1 0 0 1 1-1Z"></path> </svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">GitHub Copilot</div> Write better code with AI </div> </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description pb-lg-3" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;security&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;product&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;security_link_product_navbar&quot;}" href="https://github.com/features/security"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-shield-check color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M16.53 9.78a.75.75 0 0 0-1.06-1.06L11 13.19l-1.97-1.97a.75.75 0 0 0-1.06 1.06l2.5 2.5a.75.75 0 0 0 1.06 0l5-5Z"></path><path d="m12.54.637 8.25 2.675A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 22 4.976V10c0 6.19-3.771 10.704-9.401 12.83a1.704 1.704 0 0 1-1.198 0C5.77 20.705 2 16.19 2 10V4.976c0-.758.489-1.43 1.21-1.664L11.46.637a1.748 1.748 0 0 1 1.08 0Zm-.617 1.426-8.25 2.676a.249.249 0 0 0-.173.237V10c0 5.46 3.28 9.483 8.43 11.426a.199.199 0 0 0 .14 0C17.22 19.483 20.5 15.461 20.5 10V4.976a.25.25 0 0 0-.173-.237l-8.25-2.676a.253.253 0 0 0-.154 0Z"></path> </svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Security</div> Find and fix vulnerabilities </div> </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description pb-lg-3" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;actions&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;product&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;actions_link_product_navbar&quot;}" href="https://github.com/features/actions"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-workflow color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M1 3a2 2 0 0 1 2-2h6.5a2 2 0 0 1 2 2v6.5a2 2 0 0 1-2 2H7v4.063C7 16.355 7.644 17 8.438 17H12.5v-2.5a2 2 0 0 1 2-2H21a2 2 0 0 1 2 2V21a2 2 0 0 1-2 2h-6.5a2 2 0 0 1-2-2v-2.5H8.437A2.939 2.939 0 0 1 5.5 15.562V11.5H3a2 2 0 0 1-2-2Zm2-.5a.5.5 0 0 0-.5.5v6.5a.5.5 0 0 0 .5.5h6.5a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5V3a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5ZM14.5 14a.5.5 0 0 0-.5.5V21a.5.5 0 0 0 .5.5H21a.5.5 0 0 0 .5-.5v-6.5a.5.5 0 0 0-.5-.5Z"></path> </svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Actions</div> Automate any workflow </div> </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description pb-lg-3" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;codespaces&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;product&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;codespaces_link_product_navbar&quot;}" href="https://github.com/features/codespaces"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-codespaces color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M3.5 3.75C3.5 2.784 4.284 2 5.25 2h13.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 18.75 13H5.25a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75-1.75Zm-2 12c0-.966.784-1.75 1.75-1.75h17.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v4a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75 1.75H3.25a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75-1.75ZM5.25 3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h13.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Zm-2 12a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v4c0 .138.112.25.25.25h17.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-4a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path><path d="M10 17.75a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h6.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-6.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75Zm-4 0a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-.5a.75.75 0 0 1-.75-.75Z"></path> </svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Codespaces</div> Instant dev environments </div> </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description pb-lg-3" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;issues&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;product&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;issues_link_product_navbar&quot;}" href="https://github.com/features/issues"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-issue-opened color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M12 1c6.075 0 11 4.925 11 11s-4.925 11-11 11S1 18.075 1 12 5.925 1 12 1ZM2.5 12a9.5 9.5 0 0 0 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 0 0 0 9.5-9.5A9.5 9.5 0 0 0 12 2.5 9.5 9.5 0 0 0 2.5 12Zm9.5 2a2 2 0 1 1-.001-3.999A2 2 0 0 1 12 14Z"></path> </svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Issues</div> Plan and track work </div> </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description pb-lg-3" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;code_review&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;product&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;code_review_link_product_navbar&quot;}" href="https://github.com/features/code-review"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-code-review color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M10.3 6.74a.75.75 0 0 1-.04 1.06l-2.908 2.7 2.908 2.7a.75.75 0 1 1-1.02 1.1l-3.5-3.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.1l3.5-3.25a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06.04Zm3.44 1.06a.75.75 0 1 1 1.02-1.1l3.5 3.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.1l-3.5 3.25a.75.75 0 1 1-1.02-1.1l2.908-2.7-2.908-2.7Z"></path><path d="M1.5 4.25c0-.966.784-1.75 1.75-1.75h17.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v12.5a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75 1.75h-9.69l-3.573 3.573A1.458 1.458 0 0 1 5 21.043V18.5H3.25a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-1.75-1.75ZM3.25 4a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v12.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v3.19l3.72-3.72a.749.749 0 0 1 .53-.22h10a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V4.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path> </svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Code Review</div> Manage code changes </div> </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description pb-lg-3" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;discussions&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;product&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;discussions_link_product_navbar&quot;}" href="https://github.com/features/discussions"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-comment-discussion color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M1.75 1h12.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v9.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 14H8.061l-2.574 2.573A1.458 1.458 0 0 1 3 15.543V14H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 12.25v-9.5C0 1.784.784 1 1.75 1ZM1.5 2.75v9.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.19l2.72-2.72a.749.749 0 0 1 .53-.22h6.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-9.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25Z"></path><path d="M22.5 8.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25h-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h3.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v9.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 22.25 20H21v1.543a1.457 1.457 0 0 1-2.487 1.03L15.939 20H10.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9 18.25v-1.465a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.465c0 .138.112.25.25.25h5.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .53.22l2.72 2.72v-2.19a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h2a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-9.5Z"></path> </svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Discussions</div> Collaborate outside of code </div> </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;code_search&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;product&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;code_search_link_product_navbar&quot;}" href="https://github.com/features/code-search"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-code-square color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M10.3 8.24a.75.75 0 0 1-.04 1.06L7.352 12l2.908 2.7a.75.75 0 1 1-1.02 1.1l-3.5-3.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.1l3.5-3.25a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06.04Zm3.44 1.06a.75.75 0 1 1 1.02-1.1l3.5 3.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.1l-3.5 3.25a.75.75 0 1 1-1.02-1.1l2.908-2.7-2.908-2.7Z"></path><path d="M2 3.75C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2h16.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v16.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 20.25 22H3.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 20.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v16.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h16.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25V3.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path> </svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Code Search</div> Find more, search less </div> </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="HeaderMenu-column px-lg-4"> <div class="border-bottom pb-3 pb-lg-0 border-lg-bottom-0 border-bottom-0"> <span class="d-block h4 color-fg-default my-1" id="product-explore-heading">Explore</span> <ul class="list-style-none f5" aria-labelledby="product-explore-heading"> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;all_features&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;product&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;all_features_link_product_navbar&quot;}" href="https://github.com/features"> All features </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary Link--external" target="_blank" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;documentation&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;product&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;documentation_link_product_navbar&quot;}" href="https://docs.github.com"> Documentation <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path> </svg> </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block 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</svg> </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="HeaderMenu-item position-relative flex-wrap flex-justify-between flex-items-center d-block d-lg-flex flex-lg-nowrap flex-lg-items-center js-details-container js-header-menu-item"> <button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false"> Solutions <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down HeaderMenu-icon ml-1"> <path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 8.939l3.72-3.719a.749.749 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path> </svg> </button> <div class="HeaderMenu-dropdown dropdown-menu rounded m-0 p-0 pt-2 pt-lg-4 position-relative position-lg-absolute left-0 left-lg-n3 d-lg-flex flex-wrap dropdown-menu-wide"> <div class="HeaderMenu-column px-lg-4 border-lg-right mb-4 mb-lg-0 pr-lg-7"> <div class="border-bottom pb-3 pb-lg-0 border-lg-bottom-0 pb-lg-3 mb-3 mb-lg-0"> <span class="d-block h4 color-fg-default my-1" id="solutions-by-company-size-heading">By company size</span> <ul class="list-style-none f5" aria-labelledby="solutions-by-company-size-heading"> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;enterprises&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;enterprises_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}" href="https://github.com/enterprise"> Enterprises </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;small_and_medium_teams&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;small_and_medium_teams_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}" href="https://github.com/team"> Small and medium teams </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;startups&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;startups_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}" href="https://github.com/enterprise/startups"> Startups </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;nonprofits&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;nonprofits_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}" href="/solutions/industry/nonprofits"> Nonprofits </a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="border-bottom pb-3 pb-lg-0 border-lg-bottom-0"> <span class="d-block h4 color-fg-default my-1" id="solutions-by-use-case-heading">By use case</span> <ul class="list-style-none f5" aria-labelledby="solutions-by-use-case-heading"> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;devsecops&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;devsecops_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}" href="/solutions/use-case/devsecops"> DevSecOps </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;devops&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;devops_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}" href="/solutions/use-case/devops"> DevOps </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;ci_cd&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;ci_cd_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}" href="/solutions/use-case/ci-cd"> CI/CD </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;view_all_use_cases&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;view_all_use_cases_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}" href="/solutions/use-case"> View all use cases </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="HeaderMenu-column px-lg-4"> <div class="border-bottom pb-3 pb-lg-0 border-lg-bottom-0"> <span class="d-block h4 color-fg-default my-1" id="solutions-by-industry-heading">By industry</span> <ul class="list-style-none f5" aria-labelledby="solutions-by-industry-heading"> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;healthcare&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;healthcare_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}" href="/solutions/industry/healthcare"> Healthcare </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;financial_services&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;financial_services_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}" href="/solutions/industry/financial-services"> Financial services </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;manufacturing&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;manufacturing_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}" href="/solutions/industry/manufacturing"> Manufacturing </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;government&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;government_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}" href="/solutions/industry/government"> Government </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;view_all_industries&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;solutions&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;view_all_industries_link_solutions_navbar&quot;}" href="/solutions/industry"> View all industries </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="HeaderMenu-trailing-link rounded-bottom-2 flex-shrink-0 mt-lg-4 px-lg-4 py-4 py-lg-3 f5 text-semibold"> <a href="/solutions"> View all solutions <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-right HeaderMenu-trailing-link-icon"> <path d="M6.22 3.22a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0l4.25 4.25a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042L9.94 8 6.22 4.28a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.06Z"></path> </svg> </a> </div> </div> </li> <li class="HeaderMenu-item position-relative flex-wrap flex-justify-between flex-items-center d-block d-lg-flex flex-lg-nowrap flex-lg-items-center js-details-container js-header-menu-item"> <button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false"> Resources <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down HeaderMenu-icon ml-1"> <path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 8.939l3.72-3.719a.749.749 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path> </svg> </button> <div class="HeaderMenu-dropdown dropdown-menu rounded m-0 p-0 pt-2 pt-lg-4 position-relative position-lg-absolute left-0 left-lg-n3 pb-2 pb-lg-4 d-lg-flex flex-wrap dropdown-menu-wide"> <div class="HeaderMenu-column px-lg-4 border-lg-right mb-4 mb-lg-0 pr-lg-7"> <div class="border-bottom pb-3 pb-lg-0 border-lg-bottom-0"> <span class="d-block h4 color-fg-default my-1" id="resources-topics-heading">Topics</span> <ul class="list-style-none f5" aria-labelledby="resources-topics-heading"> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;ai&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;resources&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;ai_link_resources_navbar&quot;}" href="/resources/articles/ai"> AI </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;devops&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;resources&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;devops_link_resources_navbar&quot;}" href="/resources/articles/devops"> DevOps </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;security&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;resources&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;security_link_resources_navbar&quot;}" href="/resources/articles/security"> Security </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;software_development&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;resources&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;software_development_link_resources_navbar&quot;}" href="/resources/articles/software-development"> Software Development </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;view_all&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;resources&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;view_all_link_resources_navbar&quot;}" href="/resources/articles"> View all </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="HeaderMenu-column px-lg-4"> <div class="border-bottom pb-3 pb-lg-0 border-lg-bottom-0 border-bottom-0"> <span class="d-block h4 color-fg-default my-1" id="resources-explore-heading">Explore</span> <ul class="list-style-none f5" aria-labelledby="resources-explore-heading"> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary Link--external" target="_blank" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;learning_pathways&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;resources&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;learning_pathways_link_resources_navbar&quot;}" href="https://resources.github.com/learn/pathways"> Learning Pathways <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path> </svg> </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary Link--external" target="_blank" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;events_amp_webinars&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;resources&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;events_amp_webinars_link_resources_navbar&quot;}" href="https://resources.github.com"> Events &amp; Webinars <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path> </svg> </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;ebooks_amp_whitepapers&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;resources&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;ebooks_amp_whitepapers_link_resources_navbar&quot;}" href="https://github.com/resources/whitepapers"> Ebooks &amp; Whitepapers </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;customer_stories&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;resources&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;customer_stories_link_resources_navbar&quot;}" href="https://github.com/customer-stories"> Customer Stories </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary Link--external" target="_blank" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;partners&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;resources&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;partners_link_resources_navbar&quot;}" href="https://partner.github.com"> Partners <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link-external HeaderMenu-external-icon color-fg-subtle"> <path d="M3.75 2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path> </svg> </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;executive_insights&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;resources&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;executive_insights_link_resources_navbar&quot;}" href="https://github.com/solutions/executive-insights"> Executive Insights </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="HeaderMenu-item position-relative flex-wrap flex-justify-between flex-items-center d-block d-lg-flex flex-lg-nowrap flex-lg-items-center js-details-container js-header-menu-item"> <button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false"> Open Source <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-chevron-down HeaderMenu-icon ml-1"> <path d="M12.78 5.22a.749.749 0 0 1 0 1.06l-4.25 4.25a.749.749 0 0 1-1.06 0L3.22 6.28a.749.749 0 1 1 1.06-1.06L8 8.939l3.72-3.719a.749.749 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path> </svg> </button> <div class="HeaderMenu-dropdown dropdown-menu rounded m-0 p-0 pt-2 pt-lg-4 position-relative position-lg-absolute left-0 left-lg-n3 pb-2 pb-lg-4 px-lg-4"> <div class="HeaderMenu-column"> <div class="border-bottom pb-3 pb-lg-0 pb-lg-3 mb-3 mb-lg-0 mb-lg-3"> <ul class="list-style-none f5" > <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative 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href="https://github.com/readme"> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">The ReadME Project</div> GitHub community articles </div> </a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="border-bottom pb-3 pb-lg-0 border-bottom-0"> <span class="d-block h4 color-fg-default my-1" id="open-source-repositories-heading">Repositories</span> <ul class="list-style-none f5" aria-labelledby="open-source-repositories-heading"> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;topics&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;open_source&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;topics_link_open_source_navbar&quot;}" href="https://github.com/topics"> Topics </a></li> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary" 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data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;enterprise_platform&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;enterprise&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;enterprise_platform_link_enterprise_navbar&quot;}" href="/enterprise"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" width="24" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-stack color-fg-subtle mr-3"> <path d="M11.063 1.456a1.749 1.749 0 0 1 1.874 0l8.383 5.316a1.751 1.751 0 0 1 0 2.956l-8.383 5.316a1.749 1.749 0 0 1-1.874 0L2.68 9.728a1.751 1.751 0 0 1 0-2.956Zm1.071 1.267a.25.25 0 0 0-.268 0L3.483 8.039a.25.25 0 0 0 0 .422l8.383 5.316a.25.25 0 0 0 .268 0l8.383-5.316a.25.25 0 0 0 0-.422Z"></path><path d="M1.867 12.324a.75.75 0 0 1 1.035-.232l8.964 5.685a.25.25 0 0 0 .268 0l8.964-5.685a.75.75 0 0 1 .804 1.267l-8.965 5.685a1.749 1.749 0 0 1-1.874 0l-8.965-5.685a.75.75 0 0 1-.231-1.035Z"></path><path d="M1.867 16.324a.75.75 0 0 1 1.035-.232l8.964 5.685a.25.25 0 0 0 .268 0l8.964-5.685a.75.75 0 0 1 .804 1.267l-8.965 5.685a1.749 1.749 0 0 1-1.874 0l-8.965-5.685a.75.75 0 0 1-.231-1.035Z"></path> </svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Enterprise platform</div> AI-powered developer platform </div> </a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="border-bottom pb-3 pb-lg-0 border-bottom-0"> <span class="d-block h4 color-fg-default my-1" id="enterprise-available-add-ons-heading">Available add-ons</span> <ul class="list-style-none f5" aria-labelledby="enterprise-available-add-ons-heading"> <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description pb-lg-3" data-analytics-event="{&quot;location&quot;:&quot;navbar&quot;,&quot;action&quot;:&quot;advanced_security&quot;,&quot;context&quot;:&quot;enterprise&quot;,&quot;tag&quot;:&quot;link&quot;,&quot;label&quot;:&quot;advanced_security_link_enterprise_navbar&quot;}" 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1.517 1.258.364 2.233 1.721 2.605 2.656a.832.832 0 0 1 .053.22v2.869a.641.641 0 0 1-.078.256ZM12.172 11h-.344a4.323 4.323 0 0 1-.355.508C10.703 12.455 9.555 13 7.965 13c-1.725 0-2.989-.359-3.782-1.259a2.005 2.005 0 0 1-.085-.104L4 11.741v6.585c1.435.779 4.514 2.179 8 2.179 3.486 0 6.565-1.4 8-2.179v-6.585l-.098-.104s-.033.045-.085.104c-.793.9-2.057 1.259-3.782 1.259-1.59 0-2.738-.545-3.508-1.492a4.323 4.323 0 0 1-.355-.508h-.016.016Zm.641-2.935c.136 1.057.403 1.913.878 2.497.442.544 1.134.938 2.344.938 1.573 0 2.292-.337 2.657-.751.384-.435.558-1.15.558-2.361 0-1.14-.243-1.847-.705-2.319-.477-.488-1.319-.862-2.824-1.025-1.487-.161-2.192.138-2.533.529-.269.307-.437.808-.438 1.578v.021c0 .265.021.562.063.893Zm-1.626 0c.042-.331.063-.628.063-.894v-.02c-.001-.77-.169-1.271-.438-1.578-.341-.391-1.046-.69-2.533-.529-1.505.163-2.347.537-2.824 1.025-.462.472-.705 1.179-.705 2.319 0 1.211.175 1.926.558 2.361.365.414 1.084.751 2.657.751 1.21 0 1.902-.394 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2.573A1.458 1.458 0 0 1 3 15.543V14H1.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 12.25v-9.5C0 1.784.784 1 1.75 1ZM1.5 2.75v9.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h2a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75v2.19l2.72-2.72a.749.749 0 0 1 .53-.22h6.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-9.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25H1.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25Z"></path><path d="M22.5 8.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25h-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h3.5c.966 0 1.75.784 1.75 1.75v9.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 22.25 20H21v1.543a1.457 1.457 0 0 1-2.487 1.03L15.939 20H10.75A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9 18.25v-1.465a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.465c0 .138.112.25.25.25h5.5a.75.75 0 0 1 .53.22l2.72 2.72v-2.19a.75.75 0 0 1 .75-.75h2a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-9.5Z"></path> </svg> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">Premium Support</div> Enterprise-grade 24/7 support </div> </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="HeaderMenu-item position-relative flex-wrap flex-justify-between flex-items-center d-block d-lg-flex flex-lg-nowrap flex-lg-items-center js-details-container js-header-menu-item"> <a class="HeaderMenu-link no-underline 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Implementation for Embedded Systems\u003c/h1\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-a-printf--sprintf-implementation-for-embedded-systems\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: A printf / sprintf Implementation for Embedded Systems\" href=\"#a-printf--sprintf-implementation-for-embedded-systems\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://travis-ci.org/mpaland/printf\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://camo.githubusercontent.com/0e992da93d7bebca52d988790683a07a2b08772a01bedeb2aab53d3900000166/68747470733a2f2f7472617669732d63692e6f72672f6d70616c616e642f7072696e74662e7376673f6272616e63683d6d6173746572\" alt=\"Build Status\" data-canonical-src=\"https://travis-ci.org/mpaland/printf.svg?branch=master\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"https://codecov.io/gh/mpaland/printf\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://camo.githubusercontent.com/110f1be216adfd1cd2f9e487c7a71f15860755c22f1100f9fbe453f053c93d57/68747470733a2f2f636f6465636f762e696f2f67682f6d70616c616e642f7072696e74662f6272616e63682f6d61737465722f67726170682f62616467652e737667\" alt=\"codecov\" data-canonical-src=\"https://codecov.io/gh/mpaland/printf/branch/master/graph/badge.svg\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"https://scan.coverity.com/projects/mpaland-printf\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://camo.githubusercontent.com/f1fb1318d85fc697ec5488a163923cc132ddc6007c090de6acad80004cfa8227/68747470733a2f2f696d672e736869656c64732e696f2f636f7665726974792f7363616e2f31343138302e737667\" alt=\"Coverity Status\" data-canonical-src=\"https://img.shields.io/coverity/scan/14180.svg\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"http://github.com/mpaland/printf/issues\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://camo.githubusercontent.com/486638945e9db96753ca76c97ba3e005e601a195c5ea7b605b4e54bdc3a3d416/68747470733a2f2f696d672e736869656c64732e696f2f6769746875622f6973737565732f6d70616c616e642f7072696e74662e737667\" alt=\"Github Issues\" data-canonical-src=\"https://img.shields.io/github/issues/mpaland/printf.svg\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/mpaland/printf/releases\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://camo.githubusercontent.com/02d0514a3e34201c5f8f442fa80930d4b0062d182ac630dcec17b09487ebdb46/68747470733a2f2f696d672e736869656c64732e696f2f6769746875622f72656c656173652f6d70616c616e642f7072696e74662e737667\" alt=\"Github Releases\" data-canonical-src=\"https://img.shields.io/github/release/mpaland/printf.svg\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\n\u003ca href=\"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mpaland/avl_array/master/LICENSE\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://camo.githubusercontent.com/6581c31c16c1b13ddc2efb92e2ad69a93ddc4a92fd871ff15d401c4c6c9155a4/68747470733a2f2f696d672e736869656c64732e696f2f62616467652f6c6963656e73652d4d49542d626c75652e737667\" alt=\"GitHub license\" data-canonical-src=\"https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue.svg\" style=\"max-width: 100%;\"\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis is a tiny but \u003cstrong\u003efully loaded\u003c/strong\u003e printf, sprintf and (v)snprintf implementation.\nPrimarily designed for usage in embedded systems, where printf is not available due to memory issues or in avoidance of linking against libc.\nUsing the standard libc printf may pull \u003cstrong\u003ea lot\u003c/strong\u003e of unwanted library stuff and can bloat code size about 20k or is not 100% thread safe. In this cases the following implementation can be used.\nAbsolutely \u003cstrong\u003eNO dependencies\u003c/strong\u003e are required, \u003cem\u003eprintf.c\u003c/em\u003e brings all necessary routines, even its own fast \u003ccode\u003eftoa\u003c/code\u003e (floating point), \u003ccode\u003entoa\u003c/code\u003e (decimal) conversion.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIf memory footprint is really a critical issue, floating point, exponential and 'long long' support and can be turned off via the \u003ccode\u003ePRINTF_DISABLE_SUPPORT_FLOAT\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003ePRINTF_DISABLE_SUPPORT_EXPONENTIAL\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003ePRINTF_DISABLE_SUPPORT_LONG_LONG\u003c/code\u003e compiler switches.\nWhen using printf (instead of sprintf/snprintf) you have to provide your own \u003ccode\u003e_putchar()\u003c/code\u003e low level function as console/serial output.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e2020 announcement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-2020-announcement\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 2020 announcement\" href=\"#2020-announcement\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis project is not dead! I just had no time in 2019 for sufficient support, sorry.\nWithin the next weeks, I will have a look to all PRs and open issues.\u003cbr\u003e\nThank you all for supporting this project.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eHighlights and Design Goals\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-highlights-and-design-goals\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Highlights and Design Goals\" href=\"#highlights-and-design-goals\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThere is a boatload of so called 'tiny' printf implementations around. So why this one?\nI've tested many implementations, but most of them have very limited flag/specifier support, a lot of other dependencies or are just not standard compliant and failing most of the test suite.\nTherefore I decided to write an own, final implementation which meets the following items:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVery small implementation (around 600 code lines)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNO dependencies, no libs, just one module file\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSupport of all important flags, width and precision sub-specifiers (see below)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSupport of decimal/floating number representation (with an own fast itoa/ftoa)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eReentrant and thread-safe, malloc free, no static vars/buffers\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLINT and compiler L4 warning free, mature, coverity clean, automotive ready\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eExtensive test suite (\u0026gt; 400 test cases) passing\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSimply the best \u003cem\u003eprintf\u003c/em\u003e around the net\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMIT license\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eUsage\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-usage\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Usage\" href=\"#usage\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAdd/link \u003cem\u003eprintf.c\u003c/em\u003e to your project and include \u003cem\u003eprintf.h\u003c/em\u003e. That's it.\nImplement your low level output function needed for \u003ccode\u003eprintf()\u003c/code\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-c notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"void _putchar(char character)\n{\n // send char to console etc.\n}\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003evoid\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003e_putchar\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003echar\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003echaracter\u003c/span\u003e)\n{\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// send char to console etc.\u003c/span\u003e\n}\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eUsage is 1:1 like the according stdio.h library version:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-c notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"int printf(const char* format, ...);\nint sprintf(char* buffer, const char* format, ...);\nint snprintf(char* buffer, size_t count, const char* format, ...);\nint vsnprintf(char* buffer, size_t count, const char* format, va_list va);\n\n// use output function (instead of buffer) for streamlike interface\nint fctprintf(void (*out)(char character, void* arg), void* arg, const char* format, ...);\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eint\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eprintf\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003econst\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003echar\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e*\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eformat\u003c/span\u003e, ...);\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eint\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003esprintf\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003echar\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e*\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ebuffer\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003econst\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003echar\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e*\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eformat\u003c/span\u003e, ...);\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eint\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003esnprintf\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003echar\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e*\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ebuffer\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003esize_t\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ecount\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003econst\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003echar\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e*\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eformat\u003c/span\u003e, ...);\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eint\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003evsnprintf\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003echar\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e*\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ebuffer\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003esize_t\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ecount\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003econst\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003echar\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e*\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eformat\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eva_list\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eva\u003c/span\u003e);\n\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// use output function (instead of buffer) for streamlike interface\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eint\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003efctprintf\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003evoid\u003c/span\u003e (\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e*\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eout\u003c/span\u003e)(\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003echar\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003echaracter\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003evoid\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e*\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003earg\u003c/span\u003e), \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003evoid\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e*\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003earg\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003econst\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003echar\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e*\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eformat\u003c/span\u003e, ...);\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDue to general security reasons it is highly recommended to prefer and use \u003ccode\u003esnprintf\u003c/code\u003e (with the max buffer size as \u003ccode\u003ecount\u003c/code\u003e parameter) instead of \u003ccode\u003esprintf\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/strong\u003e\n\u003ccode\u003esprintf\u003c/code\u003e has no buffer limitation, so when needed - use it really with care!\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eStreamlike Usage\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-streamlike-usage\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Streamlike Usage\" href=\"#streamlike-usage\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eBesides the regular standard \u003ccode\u003eprintf()\u003c/code\u003e functions, this module also provides \u003ccode\u003efctprintf()\u003c/code\u003e, which takes an output function as first parameter to build a streamlike output like \u003ccode\u003efprintf()\u003c/code\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-c notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"// define the output function\nvoid my_stream_output(char character, void* arg)\n{\n // opt. evaluate the argument and send the char somewhere\n}\n\n{\n // in your code\n void* arg = (void*)100; // this argument is passed to the output function\n fctprintf(\u0026amp;my_stream_output, arg, \u0026quot;This is a test: %X\u0026quot;, 0xAA);\n fctprintf(\u0026amp;my_stream_output, nullptr, \u0026quot;Send to null dev\u0026quot;);\n}\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// define the output function\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003evoid\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003emy_stream_output\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003echar\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003echaracter\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003evoid\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e*\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003earg\u003c/span\u003e)\n{\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// opt. evaluate the argument and send the char somewhere\u003c/span\u003e\n}\n\n{\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// in your code\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003evoid\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e*\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003earg\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e (\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003evoid\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e*\u003c/span\u003e)\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e; \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// this argument is passed to the output function\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003efctprintf\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e\u0026amp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003emy_stream_output\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003earg\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"This is a test: %X\"\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e0xAA\u003c/span\u003e);\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003efctprintf\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e\u0026amp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003emy_stream_output\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003enullptr\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"Send to null dev\"\u003c/span\u003e);\n}\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eFormat Specifiers\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-format-specifiers\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Format Specifiers\" href=\"#format-specifiers\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eA format specifier follows this prototype: \u003ccode\u003e%[flags][width][.precision][length]type\u003c/code\u003e\nThe following format specifiers are supported:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eSupported Types\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-supported-types\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Supported Types\" href=\"#supported-types\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cmarkdown-accessiblity-table\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eType\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eOutput\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003ed or i\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eSigned decimal integer\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eu\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eUnsigned decimal integer\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eb\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eUnsigned binary\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eo\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eUnsigned octal\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003ex\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eUnsigned hexadecimal integer (lowercase)\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eX\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eUnsigned hexadecimal integer (uppercase)\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003ef or F\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eDecimal floating point\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003ee or E\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eScientific-notation (exponential) floating point\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eg or G\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eScientific or decimal floating point\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003ec\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eSingle character\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003es\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eString of characters\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003ep\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003ePointer address\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e%\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eA % followed by another % character will write a single %\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/markdown-accessiblity-table\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eSupported Flags\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-supported-flags\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Supported Flags\" href=\"#supported-flags\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cmarkdown-accessiblity-table\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eFlags\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eDescription\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e-\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eLeft-justify within the given field width; Right justification is the default.\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e+\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eForces to precede the result with a plus or minus sign (+ or -) even for positive numbers.\u003cbr\u003eBy default, only negative numbers are preceded with a - sign.\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e(space)\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eIf no sign is going to be written, a blank space is inserted before the value.\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e#\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eUsed with o, b, x or X specifiers the value is preceded with 0, 0b, 0x or 0X respectively for values different than zero.\u003cbr\u003eUsed with f, F it forces the written output to contain a decimal point even if no more digits follow. By default, if no digits follow, no decimal point is written.\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e0\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eLeft-pads the number with zeros (0) instead of spaces when padding is specified (see width sub-specifier).\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/markdown-accessiblity-table\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eSupported Width\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-supported-width\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Supported Width\" href=\"#supported-width\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cmarkdown-accessiblity-table\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eWidth\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eDescription\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e(number)\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eMinimum number of characters to be printed. If the value to be printed is shorter than this number, the result is padded with blank spaces. The value is not truncated even if the result is larger.\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e*\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eThe width is not specified in the format string, but as an additional integer value argument preceding the argument that has to be formatted.\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/markdown-accessiblity-table\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eSupported Precision\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-supported-precision\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Supported Precision\" href=\"#supported-precision\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cmarkdown-accessiblity-table\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003ePrecision\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eDescription\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e.number\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eFor integer specifiers (d, i, o, u, x, X): precision specifies the minimum number of digits to be written. If the value to be written is shorter than this number, the result is padded with leading zeros. The value is not truncated even if the result is longer. A precision of 0 means that no character is written for the value 0.\u003cbr\u003eFor f and F specifiers: this is the number of digits to be printed after the decimal point. \u003cstrong\u003eBy default, this is 6, maximum is 9\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003cbr\u003eFor s: this is the maximum number of characters to be printed. By default all characters are printed until the ending null character is encountered.\u003cbr\u003eIf the period is specified without an explicit value for precision, 0 is assumed.\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e.*\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eThe precision is not specified in the format string, but as an additional integer value argument preceding the argument that has to be formatted.\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/markdown-accessiblity-table\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eSupported Length\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-supported-length\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Supported Length\" href=\"#supported-length\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe length sub-specifier modifies the length of the data type.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cmarkdown-accessiblity-table\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eLength\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003ed i\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eu o x X\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e(none)\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eint\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eunsigned int\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003ehh\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003echar\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eunsigned char\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eh\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eshort int\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eunsigned short int\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003el\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003elong int\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eunsigned long int\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003ell\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003elong long int\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eunsigned long long int (if PRINTF_SUPPORT_LONG_LONG is defined)\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003ej\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eintmax_t\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003euintmax_t\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003ez\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003esize_t\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003esize_t\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003et\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eptrdiff_t\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eptrdiff_t (if PRINTF_SUPPORT_PTRDIFF_T is defined)\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/markdown-accessiblity-table\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eReturn Value\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-return-value\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Return Value\" href=\"#return-value\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eUpon successful return, all functions return the number of characters written, \u003cem\u003eexcluding\u003c/em\u003e the terminating null character used to end the string.\nFunctions \u003ccode\u003esnprintf()\u003c/code\u003e and \u003ccode\u003evsnprintf()\u003c/code\u003e don't write more than \u003ccode\u003ecount\u003c/code\u003e bytes, \u003cem\u003eincluding\u003c/em\u003e the terminating null byte ('\\0').\nAnyway, if the output was truncated due to this limit, the return value is the number of characters that \u003cem\u003ecould\u003c/em\u003e have been written.\nNotice that a value equal or larger than \u003ccode\u003ecount\u003c/code\u003e indicates a truncation. Only when the returned value is non-negative and less than \u003ccode\u003ecount\u003c/code\u003e,\nthe string has been completely written.\nIf any error is encountered, \u003ccode\u003e-1\u003c/code\u003e is returned.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIf \u003ccode\u003ebuffer\u003c/code\u003e is set to \u003ccode\u003eNULL\u003c/code\u003e (\u003ccode\u003enullptr\u003c/code\u003e) nothing is written and just the formatted length is returned.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-c notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"int length = sprintf(NULL, \u0026quot;Hello, world\u0026quot;); // length is set to 12\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-smi\"\u003eint\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003elength\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003esprintf\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003eNULL\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"Hello, world\"\u003c/span\u003e); \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e// length is set to 12\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eCompiler Switches/Defines\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-compiler-switchesdefines\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Compiler Switches/Defines\" href=\"#compiler-switchesdefines\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cmarkdown-accessiblity-table\u003e\u003ctable\u003e\n\u003cthead\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eName\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eDefault value\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003cth\u003eDescription\u003c/th\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/thead\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003ePRINTF_INCLUDE_CONFIG_H\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eundefined\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eDefine this as compiler switch (e.g. \u003ccode\u003egcc -DPRINTF_INCLUDE_CONFIG_H\u003c/code\u003e) to include a \"printf_config.h\" definition file\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003ePRINTF_NTOA_BUFFER_SIZE\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e32\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003entoa (integer) conversion buffer size. This must be big enough to hold one converted numeric number \u003cem\u003eincluding\u003c/em\u003e leading zeros, normally 32 is a sufficient value. Created on the stack\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003ePRINTF_FTOA_BUFFER_SIZE\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e32\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eftoa (float) conversion buffer size. This must be big enough to hold one converted float number \u003cem\u003eincluding\u003c/em\u003e leading zeros, normally 32 is a sufficient value. Created on the stack\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003ePRINTF_DEFAULT_FLOAT_PRECISION\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e6\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eDefine the default floating point precision\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003ePRINTF_MAX_FLOAT\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003e1e9\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eDefine the largest suitable value to be printed with %f, before using exponential representation\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003ePRINTF_DISABLE_SUPPORT_FLOAT\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eundefined\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eDefine this to disable floating point (%f) support\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003ePRINTF_DISABLE_SUPPORT_EXPONENTIAL\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eundefined\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eDefine this to disable exponential floating point (%e) support\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003ePRINTF_DISABLE_SUPPORT_LONG_LONG\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eundefined\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eDefine this to disable long long (%ll) support\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003ePRINTF_DISABLE_SUPPORT_PTRDIFF_T\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eundefined\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd\u003eDefine this to disable ptrdiff_t (%t) support\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/markdown-accessiblity-table\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eCaveats\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-caveats\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Caveats\" href=\"#caveats\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eNone anymore (finally).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eTest Suite\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-test-suite\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Test Suite\" href=\"#test-suite\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eFor testing just compile, build and run the test suite located in \u003ccode\u003etest/test_suite.cpp\u003c/code\u003e. This uses the \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/catchorg/Catch2\"\u003ecatch\u003c/a\u003e framework for unit-tests, which is auto-adding main().\nRunning with the \u003ccode\u003e--wait-for-keypress exit\u003c/code\u003e option waits for the enter key after test end.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eProjects Using printf\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-projects-using-printf\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Projects Using printf\" href=\"#projects-using-printf\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/mpaland/turnkeyboard\"\u003eturnkeyboard\u003c/a\u003e uses printf as log and generic tty (formatting) output.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eprintf is part of \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/embeddedartistry/libc\"\u003eembeddedartistry/libc\u003c/a\u003e, a libc targeted for embedded systems usage.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/adrian3git/HatchlingPlatform\"\u003eHatchling Platform\u003c/a\u003e uses printf.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e(Just send me a mail/issue/PR to get \u003cem\u003eyour\u003c/em\u003e project listed here)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eContributing\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-contributing\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Contributing\" href=\"#contributing\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003col start=\"0\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGive this project a ⭐\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCreate an issue and describe your idea\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/mpaland/printf/fork\"\u003eFork it\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCreate your feature branch (\u003ccode\u003egit checkout -b my-new-feature\u003c/code\u003e)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCommit your changes (\u003ccode\u003egit commit -am 'Add some feature'\u003c/code\u003e)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePublish the branch (\u003ccode\u003egit push origin my-new-feature\u003c/code\u003e)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCreate a new pull request\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eProfit! ✔️\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eLicense\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca 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license\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/article\u003e","loaded":true,"timedOut":false,"errorMessage":null,"headerInfo":{"toc":[{"level":1,"text":"A printf / sprintf Implementation for Embedded Systems","anchor":"a-printf--sprintf-implementation-for-embedded-systems","htmlText":"A printf / sprintf Implementation for Embedded Systems"},{"level":2,"text":"2020 announcement","anchor":"2020-announcement","htmlText":"2020 announcement"},{"level":2,"text":"Highlights and Design Goals","anchor":"highlights-and-design-goals","htmlText":"Highlights and Design Goals"},{"level":2,"text":"Usage","anchor":"usage","htmlText":"Usage"},{"level":3,"text":"Streamlike Usage","anchor":"streamlike-usage","htmlText":"Streamlike Usage"},{"level":2,"text":"Format Specifiers","anchor":"format-specifiers","htmlText":"Format Specifiers"},{"level":3,"text":"Supported Types","anchor":"supported-types","htmlText":"Supported Types"},{"level":3,"text":"Supported Flags","anchor":"supported-flags","htmlText":"Supported Flags"},{"level":3,"text":"Supported Width","anchor":"supported-width","htmlText":"Supported Width"},{"level":3,"text":"Supported Precision","anchor":"supported-precision","htmlText":"Supported Precision"},{"level":3,"text":"Supported Length","anchor":"supported-length","htmlText":"Supported Length"},{"level":3,"text":"Return Value","anchor":"return-value","htmlText":"Return Value"},{"level":2,"text":"Compiler Switches/Defines","anchor":"compiler-switchesdefines","htmlText":"Compiler Switches/Defines"},{"level":2,"text":"Caveats","anchor":"caveats","htmlText":"Caveats"},{"level":2,"text":"Test Suite","anchor":"test-suite","htmlText":"Test Suite"},{"level":2,"text":"Projects Using printf","anchor":"projects-using-printf","htmlText":"Projects Using printf"},{"level":2,"text":"Contributing","anchor":"contributing","htmlText":"Contributing"},{"level":2,"text":"License","anchor":"license","htmlText":"License"}],"siteNavLoginPath":"/login?return_to=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fmpaland%2Fprintf"}},{"displayName":"LICENSE","repoName":"printf","refName":"master","path":"LICENSE","preferredFileType":"license","tabName":"MIT","richText":null,"loaded":false,"timedOut":false,"errorMessage":null,"headerInfo":{"toc":null,"siteNavLoginPath":"/login?return_to=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fmpaland%2Fprintf"}}],"overviewFilesProcessingTime":0}},"appPayload":{"helpUrl":"https://docs.github.com","findFileWorkerPath":"/assets-cdn/worker/find-file-worker-7d7eb7c71814.js","findInFileWorkerPath":"/assets-cdn/worker/find-in-file-worker-96e76d5fdb2c.js","githubDevUrl":null,"enabled_features":{"copilot_workspace":null,"code_nav_ui_events":false,"overview_shared_code_dropdown_button":false,"react_blob_overlay":false,"accessible_code_button":true,"github_models_repo_tab":false}}}}</script> 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dir="auto"><h1 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">A printf / sprintf Implementation for Embedded Systems</h1><a id="user-content-a-printf--sprintf-implementation-for-embedded-systems" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: A printf / sprintf Implementation for Embedded Systems" href="#a-printf--sprintf-implementation-for-embedded-systems"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto"><a href="https://travis-ci.org/mpaland/printf" rel="nofollow"><img src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/0e992da93d7bebca52d988790683a07a2b08772a01bedeb2aab53d3900000166/68747470733a2f2f7472617669732d63692e6f72672f6d70616c616e642f7072696e74662e7376673f6272616e63683d6d6173746572" alt="Build Status" data-canonical-src="https://travis-ci.org/mpaland/printf.svg?branch=master" style="max-width: 100%;"></a> <a href="https://codecov.io/gh/mpaland/printf" rel="nofollow"><img src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/110f1be216adfd1cd2f9e487c7a71f15860755c22f1100f9fbe453f053c93d57/68747470733a2f2f636f6465636f762e696f2f67682f6d70616c616e642f7072696e74662f6272616e63682f6d61737465722f67726170682f62616467652e737667" alt="codecov" data-canonical-src="https://codecov.io/gh/mpaland/printf/branch/master/graph/badge.svg" style="max-width: 100%;"></a> <a href="https://scan.coverity.com/projects/mpaland-printf" rel="nofollow"><img src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/f1fb1318d85fc697ec5488a163923cc132ddc6007c090de6acad80004cfa8227/68747470733a2f2f696d672e736869656c64732e696f2f636f7665726974792f7363616e2f31343138302e737667" alt="Coverity Status" data-canonical-src="https://img.shields.io/coverity/scan/14180.svg" style="max-width: 100%;"></a> <a href="http://github.com/mpaland/printf/issues"><img src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/486638945e9db96753ca76c97ba3e005e601a195c5ea7b605b4e54bdc3a3d416/68747470733a2f2f696d672e736869656c64732e696f2f6769746875622f6973737565732f6d70616c616e642f7072696e74662e737667" alt="Github Issues" data-canonical-src="https://img.shields.io/github/issues/mpaland/printf.svg" style="max-width: 100%;"></a> <a href="https://github.com/mpaland/printf/releases"><img src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/02d0514a3e34201c5f8f442fa80930d4b0062d182ac630dcec17b09487ebdb46/68747470733a2f2f696d672e736869656c64732e696f2f6769746875622f72656c656173652f6d70616c616e642f7072696e74662e737667" alt="Github Releases" data-canonical-src="https://img.shields.io/github/release/mpaland/printf.svg" style="max-width: 100%;"></a> <a href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mpaland/avl_array/master/LICENSE" rel="nofollow"><img src="https://camo.githubusercontent.com/6581c31c16c1b13ddc2efb92e2ad69a93ddc4a92fd871ff15d401c4c6c9155a4/68747470733a2f2f696d672e736869656c64732e696f2f62616467652f6c6963656e73652d4d49542d626c75652e737667" alt="GitHub license" data-canonical-src="https://img.shields.io/badge/license-MIT-blue.svg" style="max-width: 100%;"></a></p> <p dir="auto">This is a tiny but <strong>fully loaded</strong> printf, sprintf and (v)snprintf implementation. Primarily designed for usage in embedded systems, where printf is not available due to memory issues or in avoidance of linking against libc. Using the standard libc printf may pull <strong>a lot</strong> of unwanted library stuff and can bloat code size about 20k or is not 100% thread safe. In this cases the following implementation can be used. Absolutely <strong>NO dependencies</strong> are required, <em>printf.c</em> brings all necessary routines, even its own fast <code>ftoa</code> (floating point), <code>ntoa</code> (decimal) conversion.</p> <p dir="auto">If memory footprint is really a critical issue, floating point, exponential and 'long long' support and can be turned off via the <code>PRINTF_DISABLE_SUPPORT_FLOAT</code>, <code>PRINTF_DISABLE_SUPPORT_EXPONENTIAL</code> and <code>PRINTF_DISABLE_SUPPORT_LONG_LONG</code> compiler switches. When using printf (instead of sprintf/snprintf) you have to provide your own <code>_putchar()</code> low level function as console/serial output.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">2020 announcement</h2><a id="user-content-2020-announcement" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 2020 announcement" href="#2020-announcement"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">This project is not dead! I just had no time in 2019 for sufficient support, sorry. Within the next weeks, I will have a look to all PRs and open issues.<br> Thank you all for supporting this project.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Highlights and Design Goals</h2><a id="user-content-highlights-and-design-goals" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Highlights and Design Goals" href="#highlights-and-design-goals"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">There is a boatload of so called 'tiny' printf implementations around. So why this one? I've tested many implementations, but most of them have very limited flag/specifier support, a lot of other dependencies or are just not standard compliant and failing most of the test suite. Therefore I decided to write an own, final implementation which meets the following items:</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li>Very small implementation (around 600 code lines)</li> <li>NO dependencies, no libs, just one module file</li> <li>Support of all important flags, width and precision sub-specifiers (see below)</li> <li>Support of decimal/floating number representation (with an own fast itoa/ftoa)</li> <li>Reentrant and thread-safe, malloc free, no static vars/buffers</li> <li>LINT and compiler L4 warning free, mature, coverity clean, automotive ready</li> <li>Extensive test suite (&gt; 400 test cases) passing</li> <li>Simply the best <em>printf</em> around the net</li> <li>MIT license</li> </ul> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Usage</h2><a id="user-content-usage" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Usage" href="#usage"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Add/link <em>printf.c</em> to your project and include <em>printf.h</em>. That's it. Implement your low level output function needed for <code>printf()</code>:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-c notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="void _putchar(char character) { // send char to console etc. }"><pre><span class="pl-smi">void</span> <span class="pl-en">_putchar</span>(<span class="pl-smi">char</span> <span class="pl-s1">character</span>) { <span class="pl-c">// send char to console etc.</span> }</pre></div> <p dir="auto">Usage is 1:1 like the according stdio.h library version:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-c notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="int printf(const char* format, ...); int sprintf(char* buffer, const char* format, ...); int snprintf(char* buffer, size_t count, const char* format, ...); int vsnprintf(char* buffer, size_t count, const char* format, va_list va); // use output function (instead of buffer) for streamlike interface int fctprintf(void (*out)(char character, void* arg), void* arg, const char* format, ...);"><pre><span class="pl-smi">int</span> <span class="pl-en">printf</span>(<span class="pl-k">const</span> <span class="pl-smi">char</span><span class="pl-c1">*</span> <span class="pl-s1">format</span>, ...); <span class="pl-smi">int</span> <span class="pl-en">sprintf</span>(<span class="pl-smi">char</span><span class="pl-c1">*</span> <span class="pl-s1">buffer</span>, <span class="pl-k">const</span> <span class="pl-smi">char</span><span class="pl-c1">*</span> <span class="pl-s1">format</span>, ...); <span class="pl-smi">int</span> <span class="pl-en">snprintf</span>(<span class="pl-smi">char</span><span class="pl-c1">*</span> <span class="pl-s1">buffer</span>, <span class="pl-smi">size_t</span> <span class="pl-s1">count</span>, <span class="pl-k">const</span> <span class="pl-smi">char</span><span class="pl-c1">*</span> <span class="pl-s1">format</span>, ...); <span class="pl-smi">int</span> <span class="pl-en">vsnprintf</span>(<span class="pl-smi">char</span><span class="pl-c1">*</span> <span class="pl-s1">buffer</span>, <span class="pl-smi">size_t</span> <span class="pl-s1">count</span>, <span class="pl-k">const</span> <span class="pl-smi">char</span><span class="pl-c1">*</span> <span class="pl-s1">format</span>, <span class="pl-smi">va_list</span> <span class="pl-s1">va</span>); <span class="pl-c">// use output function (instead of buffer) for streamlike interface</span> <span class="pl-smi">int</span> <span class="pl-en">fctprintf</span>(<span class="pl-smi">void</span> (<span class="pl-c1">*</span><span class="pl-s1">out</span>)(<span class="pl-smi">char</span> <span class="pl-s1">character</span>, <span class="pl-smi">void</span><span class="pl-c1">*</span> <span class="pl-s1">arg</span>), <span class="pl-smi">void</span><span class="pl-c1">*</span> <span class="pl-s1">arg</span>, <span class="pl-k">const</span> <span class="pl-smi">char</span><span class="pl-c1">*</span> <span class="pl-s1">format</span>, ...);</pre></div> <p dir="auto"><strong>Due to general security reasons it is highly recommended to prefer and use <code>snprintf</code> (with the max buffer size as <code>count</code> parameter) instead of <code>sprintf</code>.</strong> <code>sprintf</code> has no buffer limitation, so when needed - use it really with care!</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Streamlike Usage</h3><a id="user-content-streamlike-usage" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Streamlike Usage" href="#streamlike-usage"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Besides the regular standard <code>printf()</code> functions, this module also provides <code>fctprintf()</code>, which takes an output function as first parameter to build a streamlike output like <code>fprintf()</code>:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-c notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="// define the output function void my_stream_output(char character, void* arg) { // opt. evaluate the argument and send the char somewhere } { // in your code void* arg = (void*)100; // this argument is passed to the output function fctprintf(&amp;my_stream_output, arg, &quot;This is a test: %X&quot;, 0xAA); fctprintf(&amp;my_stream_output, nullptr, &quot;Send to null dev&quot;); }"><pre><span class="pl-c">// define the output function</span> <span class="pl-smi">void</span> <span class="pl-en">my_stream_output</span>(<span class="pl-smi">char</span> <span class="pl-s1">character</span>, <span class="pl-smi">void</span><span class="pl-c1">*</span> <span class="pl-s1">arg</span>) { <span class="pl-c">// opt. evaluate the argument and send the char somewhere</span> } { <span class="pl-c">// in your code</span> <span class="pl-smi">void</span><span class="pl-c1">*</span> <span class="pl-s1">arg</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> (<span class="pl-smi">void</span><span class="pl-c1">*</span>)<span class="pl-c1">100</span>; <span class="pl-c">// this argument is passed to the output function</span> <span class="pl-en">fctprintf</span>(<span class="pl-c1">&amp;</span><span class="pl-s1">my_stream_output</span>, <span class="pl-s1">arg</span>, <span class="pl-s">"This is a test: %X"</span>, <span class="pl-c1">0xAA</span>); <span class="pl-en">fctprintf</span>(<span class="pl-c1">&amp;</span><span class="pl-s1">my_stream_output</span>, <span class="pl-c1">nullptr</span>, <span class="pl-s">"Send to null dev"</span>); }</pre></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Format Specifiers</h2><a id="user-content-format-specifiers" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Format Specifiers" href="#format-specifiers"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">A format specifier follows this prototype: <code>%[flags][width][.precision][length]type</code> The following format specifiers are supported:</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Supported Types</h3><a id="user-content-supported-types" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Supported Types" href="#supported-types"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <markdown-accessiblity-table><table> <thead> <tr> <th>Type</th> <th>Output</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>d or i</td> <td>Signed decimal integer</td> </tr> <tr> <td>u</td> <td>Unsigned decimal integer</td> </tr> <tr> <td>b</td> <td>Unsigned binary</td> </tr> <tr> <td>o</td> <td>Unsigned octal</td> </tr> <tr> <td>x</td> <td>Unsigned hexadecimal integer (lowercase)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>X</td> <td>Unsigned hexadecimal integer (uppercase)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>f or F</td> <td>Decimal floating point</td> </tr> <tr> <td>e or E</td> <td>Scientific-notation (exponential) floating point</td> </tr> <tr> <td>g or G</td> <td>Scientific or decimal floating point</td> </tr> <tr> <td>c</td> <td>Single character</td> </tr> <tr> <td>s</td> <td>String of characters</td> </tr> <tr> <td>p</td> <td>Pointer address</td> </tr> <tr> <td>%</td> <td>A % followed by another % character will write a single %</td> </tr> </tbody> </table></markdown-accessiblity-table> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Supported Flags</h3><a id="user-content-supported-flags" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Supported Flags" href="#supported-flags"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <markdown-accessiblity-table><table> <thead> <tr> <th>Flags</th> <th>Description</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>-</td> <td>Left-justify within the given field width; Right justification is the default.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>+</td> <td>Forces to precede the result with a plus or minus sign (+ or -) even for positive numbers.<br>By default, only negative numbers are preceded with a - sign.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>(space)</td> <td>If no sign is going to be written, a blank space is inserted before the value.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>#</td> <td>Used with o, b, x or X specifiers the value is preceded with 0, 0b, 0x or 0X respectively for values different than zero.<br>Used with f, F it forces the written output to contain a decimal point even if no more digits follow. By default, if no digits follow, no decimal point is written.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>0</td> <td>Left-pads the number with zeros (0) instead of spaces when padding is specified (see width sub-specifier).</td> </tr> </tbody> </table></markdown-accessiblity-table> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Supported Width</h3><a id="user-content-supported-width" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Supported Width" href="#supported-width"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <markdown-accessiblity-table><table> <thead> <tr> <th>Width</th> <th>Description</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>(number)</td> <td>Minimum number of characters to be printed. If the value to be printed is shorter than this number, the result is padded with blank spaces. The value is not truncated even if the result is larger.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>*</td> <td>The width is not specified in the format string, but as an additional integer value argument preceding the argument that has to be formatted.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table></markdown-accessiblity-table> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Supported Precision</h3><a id="user-content-supported-precision" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Supported Precision" href="#supported-precision"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <markdown-accessiblity-table><table> <thead> <tr> <th>Precision</th> <th>Description</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>.number</td> <td>For integer specifiers (d, i, o, u, x, X): precision specifies the minimum number of digits to be written. If the value to be written is shorter than this number, the result is padded with leading zeros. The value is not truncated even if the result is longer. A precision of 0 means that no character is written for the value 0.<br>For f and F specifiers: this is the number of digits to be printed after the decimal point. <strong>By default, this is 6, maximum is 9</strong>.<br>For s: this is the maximum number of characters to be printed. By default all characters are printed until the ending null character is encountered.<br>If the period is specified without an explicit value for precision, 0 is assumed.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>.*</td> <td>The precision is not specified in the format string, but as an additional integer value argument preceding the argument that has to be formatted.</td> </tr> </tbody> </table></markdown-accessiblity-table> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Supported Length</h3><a id="user-content-supported-length" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Supported Length" href="#supported-length"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">The length sub-specifier modifies the length of the data type.</p> <markdown-accessiblity-table><table> <thead> <tr> <th>Length</th> <th>d i</th> <th>u o x X</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>(none)</td> <td>int</td> <td>unsigned int</td> </tr> <tr> <td>hh</td> <td>char</td> <td>unsigned char</td> </tr> <tr> <td>h</td> <td>short int</td> <td>unsigned short int</td> </tr> <tr> <td>l</td> <td>long int</td> <td>unsigned long int</td> </tr> <tr> <td>ll</td> <td>long long int</td> <td>unsigned long long int (if PRINTF_SUPPORT_LONG_LONG is defined)</td> </tr> <tr> <td>j</td> <td>intmax_t</td> <td>uintmax_t</td> </tr> <tr> <td>z</td> <td>size_t</td> <td>size_t</td> </tr> <tr> <td>t</td> <td>ptrdiff_t</td> <td>ptrdiff_t (if PRINTF_SUPPORT_PTRDIFF_T is defined)</td> </tr> </tbody> </table></markdown-accessiblity-table> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Return Value</h3><a id="user-content-return-value" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Return Value" href="#return-value"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Upon successful return, all functions return the number of characters written, <em>excluding</em> the terminating null character used to end the string. Functions <code>snprintf()</code> and <code>vsnprintf()</code> don't write more than <code>count</code> bytes, <em>including</em> the terminating null byte ('\0'). Anyway, if the output was truncated due to this limit, the return value is the number of characters that <em>could</em> have been written. Notice that a value equal or larger than <code>count</code> indicates a truncation. Only when the returned value is non-negative and less than <code>count</code>, the string has been completely written. If any error is encountered, <code>-1</code> is returned.</p> <p dir="auto">If <code>buffer</code> is set to <code>NULL</code> (<code>nullptr</code>) nothing is written and just the formatted length is returned.</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-c notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="int length = sprintf(NULL, &quot;Hello, world&quot;); // length is set to 12"><pre><span class="pl-smi">int</span> <span class="pl-s1">length</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-en">sprintf</span>(<span class="pl-c1">NULL</span>, <span class="pl-s">"Hello, world"</span>); <span class="pl-c">// length is set to 12</span></pre></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Compiler Switches/Defines</h2><a id="user-content-compiler-switchesdefines" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Compiler Switches/Defines" href="#compiler-switchesdefines"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <markdown-accessiblity-table><table> <thead> <tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Default value</th> <th>Description</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>PRINTF_INCLUDE_CONFIG_H</td> <td>undefined</td> <td>Define this as compiler switch (e.g. <code>gcc -DPRINTF_INCLUDE_CONFIG_H</code>) to include a "printf_config.h" definition file</td> </tr> <tr> <td>PRINTF_NTOA_BUFFER_SIZE</td> <td>32</td> <td>ntoa (integer) conversion buffer size. This must be big enough to hold one converted numeric number <em>including</em> leading zeros, normally 32 is a sufficient value. Created on the stack</td> </tr> <tr> <td>PRINTF_FTOA_BUFFER_SIZE</td> <td>32</td> <td>ftoa (float) conversion buffer size. This must be big enough to hold one converted float number <em>including</em> leading zeros, normally 32 is a sufficient value. Created on the stack</td> </tr> <tr> <td>PRINTF_DEFAULT_FLOAT_PRECISION</td> <td>6</td> <td>Define the default floating point precision</td> </tr> <tr> <td>PRINTF_MAX_FLOAT</td> <td>1e9</td> <td>Define the largest suitable value to be printed with %f, before using exponential representation</td> </tr> <tr> <td>PRINTF_DISABLE_SUPPORT_FLOAT</td> <td>undefined</td> <td>Define this to disable floating point (%f) support</td> </tr> <tr> <td>PRINTF_DISABLE_SUPPORT_EXPONENTIAL</td> <td>undefined</td> <td>Define this to disable exponential floating point (%e) support</td> </tr> <tr> <td>PRINTF_DISABLE_SUPPORT_LONG_LONG</td> <td>undefined</td> <td>Define this to disable long long (%ll) support</td> </tr> <tr> <td>PRINTF_DISABLE_SUPPORT_PTRDIFF_T</td> <td>undefined</td> <td>Define this to disable ptrdiff_t (%t) support</td> </tr> </tbody> </table></markdown-accessiblity-table> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Caveats</h2><a id="user-content-caveats" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Caveats" href="#caveats"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">None anymore (finally).</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Test Suite</h2><a id="user-content-test-suite" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Test Suite" href="#test-suite"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">For testing just compile, build and run the test suite located in <code>test/test_suite.cpp</code>. This uses the <a href="https://github.com/catchorg/Catch2">catch</a> framework for unit-tests, which is auto-adding main(). Running with the <code>--wait-for-keypress exit</code> option waits for the enter key after test end.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Projects Using printf</h2><a id="user-content-projects-using-printf" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Projects Using printf" href="#projects-using-printf"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <ul dir="auto"> <li><a href="https://github.com/mpaland/turnkeyboard">turnkeyboard</a> uses printf as log and generic tty (formatting) output.</li> <li>printf is part of <a href="https://github.com/embeddedartistry/libc">embeddedartistry/libc</a>, a libc targeted for embedded systems usage.</li> <li>The <a href="https://github.com/adrian3git/HatchlingPlatform">Hatchling Platform</a> uses printf.</li> </ul> <p dir="auto">(Just send me a mail/issue/PR to get <em>your</em> project listed here)</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Contributing</h2><a id="user-content-contributing" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Contributing" href="#contributing"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <ol start="0" dir="auto"> <li>Give this project a ⭐</li> <li>Create an issue and describe your idea</li> <li><a href="https://github.com/mpaland/printf/fork">Fork it</a></li> <li>Create your feature branch (<code>git checkout -b my-new-feature</code>)</li> <li>Commit your changes (<code>git commit -am 'Add some feature'</code>)</li> <li>Publish the branch (<code>git push origin my-new-feature</code>)</li> <li>Create a new pull request</li> <li>Profit! ✔️</li> </ol> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">License</h2><a id="user-content-license" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: License" href="#license"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">printf is written under the <a href="http://www.opensource.org/licenses/MIT" rel="nofollow">MIT license</a>.</p> </article></div></div></div></div></div> <!-- --> <!-- --> <script type="application/json" id="__PRIMER_DATA_:R0:__">{"resolvedServerColorMode":"day"}</script></div> </react-partial> <input type="hidden" data-csrf="true" value="DEVRenw353uO93XoAPuBoNL1rKzpPIli0stRgmwd95FcFfUr9dfsk/dvWd455m1HYGGBgYIRJJjr0LjfSXs+zw==" /> </div> <div data-view-component="true" class="Layout-sidebar"> <div class="BorderGrid about-margin" data-pjax> <div class="BorderGrid-row"> <div class="BorderGrid-cell"> <div class="hide-sm hide-md"> <h2 class="mb-3 h4">About</h2> <p class="f4 my-3"> Tiny, fast, non-dependent and fully loaded printf implementation for embedded systems. Extensive test suite passing. </p> <h3 class="sr-only">Topics</h3> <div class="my-3"> <div class="f6"> <a href="/topics/iot" title="Topic: iot" data-view-component="true" class="topic-tag topic-tag-link"> iot </a> <a href="/topics/embedded" title="Topic: embedded" data-view-component="true" class="topic-tag topic-tag-link"> embedded </a> <a href="/topics/threadsafe" title="Topic: threadsafe" data-view-component="true" class="topic-tag topic-tag-link"> threadsafe </a> <a href="/topics/format" title="Topic: format" data-view-component="true" class="topic-tag topic-tag-link"> format </a> <a href="/topics/printf" title="Topic: printf" data-view-component="true" class="topic-tag topic-tag-link"> printf </a> <a href="/topics/sprintf" title="Topic: sprintf" data-view-component="true" class="topic-tag topic-tag-link"> sprintf </a> <a href="/topics/embedded-systems" title="Topic: embedded-systems" data-view-component="true" class="topic-tag topic-tag-link"> embedded-systems </a> <a 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<div class="d-flex"> <span class="css-truncate css-truncate-target text-bold mr-2" style="max-width: none;">4.0.0</span> <span title="Label: Latest" data-view-component="true" class="Label Label--success flex-shrink-0"> Latest </span> </div> <div class="text-small color-fg-muted"><relative-time datetime="2019-03-26T15:39:45Z" class="no-wrap">Mar 26, 2019</relative-time></div> </div> </a> <div data-view-component="true" class="mt-3"> <a text="small" data-pjax="#repo-content-pjax-container" data-turbo-frame="repo-content-turbo-frame" href="/mpaland/printf/releases" data-view-component="true" class="Link">+ 20 releases</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="BorderGrid-row"> <div class="BorderGrid-cell"> <h2 class="h4 mb-3"> <a href="/users/mpaland/packages?repo_name=printf" data-view-component="true" class="Link--primary no-underline Link d-flex flex-items-center">Packages <span title="0" hidden="hidden" data-view-component="true" class="Counter ml-1">0</span></a></h2> <div class="text-small 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